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12/11/2013 1 VEGETABLE SEED PRODUCTION Areas of Production Seed production U.S. vegetable seed production is located in the Pacific Northwest. Seed production is expensive and requires greater inputs and hand-labor. The economic return for the investment is also higher than for other crops. Seed Production OR – Willamette Valley, Treasure Valley, and near Madras. WA – Columbia Basin and Skagit River Valley ID – Treasure Valley and Snake River Valley. Oregon Washington Idaho Carrot Carrot Carrot Hybrid cabbage Hybrid cabbage Onion Radish Radish Green bean Onion Onion Hybrid sweet corn Leek Leek Table beets Dill Hybrid squash Turnip Pumpkin Kale Cucumber Green bean Parsley Parsley Turnip Spinach Watermelon Sugar beet Broccoli Hybrid sweet corn Rutabaga Seed production areas Seed production According to harvest, vegetable seed production is divided into: “Dry” seeds (e.g. onion, cabbage, carrot, sugarbeet, etc.) “Wet” seeds (e.g. tomato, peppers, watermelon, eggplant, cucumber, squash, pumpkin) Fleshy fruits which are dried before seed extraction (e.g. chilies and okra)

VEGETABLE SEED PRODUCTION - Agronomy Coursesagron- · Broccoli Hybrid sweet corn Rutabaga Seed production areas Seed production ... “ Wet” seeds - Tomato Tomato seed production

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Page 1: VEGETABLE SEED PRODUCTION - Agronomy Coursesagron- · Broccoli Hybrid sweet corn Rutabaga Seed production areas Seed production ... “ Wet” seeds - Tomato Tomato seed production

12/11/2013

1

VEGETABLE SEED

PRODUCTION

Areas of Production

Seed production

U.S. vegetable seed production is located in the

Pacific Northwest.

Seed production is expensive and requires greater

inputs and hand-labor.

The economic return for the investment is also higher

than for other crops.

Seed Production

OR – Willamette Valley, Treasure Valley, and near

Madras.

WA – Columbia Basin and Skagit River Valley

ID – Treasure Valley and Snake River Valley.

Oregon Washington Idaho

Carrot Carrot Carrot

Hybrid cabbage Hybrid cabbage Onion

Radish Radish Green bean

Onion Onion Hybrid sweet corn

Leek Leek

Table beets Dill

Hybrid squash Turnip

Pumpkin Kale

Cucumber Green bean

Parsley Parsley

Turnip Spinach

Watermelon Sugar beet

Broccoli Hybrid sweet corn

Rutabaga

Seed production areas Seed production

According to harvest, vegetable seed

production is divided into:

“Dry” seeds (e.g. onion, cabbage, carrot,

sugarbeet, etc.)

“Wet” seeds (e.g. tomato, peppers,

watermelon, eggplant, cucumber, squash,

pumpkin)

Fleshy fruits which are dried before seed

extraction (e.g. chilies and okra)

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Seed production

“Dry” seeds

Cutting the individual heads or inflorescence

Cutting the entire plant

Combine harvesting

“Wet” seeds and Fleshy fruits

Use of specially designed machines or by hand

Fruit maceration and separation of the seed

from the pulp “Wet” seed - Tomato seeds

Greenhouse tomatoes

65 – 75% of vegetable fruit production

Michigan, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Illinois, and

Ontario.

Seed production in greenhouses only limited.

Tomato seed production

Produced the same way as tomatoes for canning.

Raised beds 1.5 m wide and 20 cm high

Land must be leveled for uniform furrow irrigation.

Direct seeding or transplants

Direct seeding reduces cost

Greater flexibility of planting time and variety

“ Wet” seeds - Tomato Tomato seed production

Crop rotation are necessary (soybeans, sugar

beet, wheat, beans)

Soil above 10 °C (optimum germination

between 15 - 29 °C)

Populations of 24,700- 49,500 plants/ha

(10,000 – 20,000 plants/acre)

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Tomato seed production

Manure applications in Fall (high organic

matter requirements).

Soil sandy, light and well drained.

pH 6.0 – 6.5

Needs N-P-K

Mechanical and chemical insect and weed

control.

Tomato seed production

Ratio 1 male:5 females Hand-emasculation

Tomato seed production Tomato seed production

Harvest:

Mechanically or manually

Fruit fully ripe – physiological maturity

Extraction:

Fruits in a crusher

Separate seed from gelatinous pulp by natural or chemical fermentation

Natural fermentation up to 3 days

Chemicals: hydrochloric acid or sodium carbonate

17

specialist in manufacturing seed processing equipment

Sem-automatic seed extraction machine:

Seeds, juice and pulp

Leaving the machine together

Easy to inspect and

clean out between

lots.

Manual separation

Of pulp and seeds

By means of screens

18 specialist in manufacturing seed processing equipment

Seed Extraction machine: Automatic extraction of seeds out of vegetable fruits like tomato, peppers etc.

pulp

seeds juice

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19 specialist in manufacturing seed processing equipment

Seed Extraction machine: Automatic extraction of seeds out of vegetable fruits like tomato, peppers etc.

Easy to clean out

Tomato seed production

Conditioning:

Airscreen cleaners

Storage:

Cool, dry conditions

MC 6%

Can live 4-6 years

Tomato seeds 3 – 5 mm

Tomato seed production

150-300 seeds/fruit

300,000 seeds/kilo

150-400 kg fruit = 1 kilo of seeds

or 2.5 – 6 kg seed/ton fruit

Yield: 250 - 400 kg/ha (220 – 350 lb/a)

“Wet” seed – Pepper and Eggplant

Pepper and eggplant seed

Harvest:

Manually

Pepper seed a by-product of dehydrated pepper

Extraction:

Fruits cut in two and shaken out

Seeds are washed and dried immediately

They should not be fermented

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Pepper seeds Pepper seed production

Usually an annual crop

Open-pollinated and Hybrids

Self-pollinated, some cross-pollination

Soil pH 6.0 to 6.5

Sown directly or transplanted

Pepper seed extraction

Wet without fermentation

Dry after the fruit is dehydrated

Hot peppers higher yielding than sweet

peppers

1 kg of small hot peppers produced 25-100

grams of seed

100 to 200 kg seed/ha “Wet” seed – Cantaloupe seed

Cucurbitaceae seeds Harvest

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31 specialist in manufacturing seed processing equipment

Seed Extraction machine: Automatic extraction of seeds out of vegetable fruits like tomato, peppers etc.

Pumpkin seed extraction

32 specialist in manufacturing seed processing equipment

Seed Drill: Extraction of seeds out of cucumber fruits, used at breeding stations.

33 specialist in manufacturing seed processing equipment

Seed Belt Extraction machine: Automatic extraction of seeds out of cucumbers and sweet peppers

Discharging of fruits Feeding of fruits into machine

Squeezing fruits between two rubber belts

34 specialist in manufacturing seed processing equipment

Seed Belt Extraction machine: Automatic extraction of seeds out of cucumbers and sweet peppers

Separating seeds from fruit waste

Washing the seeds (fermentation)

35 specialist in manufacturing seed processing equipment

Seed Rinsing and separating : after seed extraction separating of seeds from and skins, pulp etc

Using a rinsing channel for,

Squash, cucumber, melon

and pepper seeds

Using a (tumbling)

separtion unit for tomato and pepper seeds

Drying

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37 specialist in manufacturing seed processing equipment

Seed Dryer: conditioned seed dryer for larger seed lots, like tomato, pepper seeds etc.

Temperature and humidity controlled process

38 specialist in manufacturing seed processing equipment

Seed Box Dryers:conditioned drying in wooden boxes with high capacity.

Your company

name Conditioned box dryer, closed rooms,

temperature and humidity controlled process

“Dry” seed – Onion seed

Leek seeds

Onion seed production

Soil friable, fertile, well drained

Planted 75 cm between rows, 1-3 cm within the

row

Rate 4.5 – 6.7 kg per hectare

Fertilize to obtain large bulbs before winter

pH 6.0-6.5

Onion seed production

Vegetative growth:

Cool season crop

Biannual

First year – fleshy seeds arising from a small conical

terminal stem (bulb)

Reproductive:

Seed formation in Spring and early summer

Requires vernalization

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Onion seed production

Seed:

Three sided 3 – 3.5 mm

Onion seed production

Reproductive:

Open-pollinated

Insect pollinated (cutter and honey bees)

Hybrid seed production ratio 2 male:8 female

Seeds

Bulb to seed

Seed to seed

45 specialist in manufacturing seed processing equipment

Seed Thresher: threshing of seeds out of plants, seed pods or seed heads

Designed for stock (foundation) seed

productions Option: drawer with rails for the seed

Collecting containers

46 specialist in manufacturing seed processing equipment

Mobile Seed Threshers: threshing of seeds out of plants, seed pods or seed heads

47 specialist in manufacturing seed processing equipment

Seed Belt Thresher: threshing of seeds out of seed pods/heads, like onion, beans and cabbage.

Onion seed production

Irrigation

Weed and insect control

Harvesting, drying, and threshing

Seed head harvested at 30% MC

Hand-cut with 10-15 cm stem

Heads transported inside bags

Dried with forced air

Yield 560 – 784 kg/ha (open pollinated) or 336 –

1,120 kg/ha (hybrid)

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Onion seed production

Conditioning:

Some cases light seed is separated by floating

Time should not exceed 3 minutes

Spin dried to 12% or less

Storage:

Seeds deteriorate rapidly

At 6% MC retain viability for 3 years

50 specialist in manufacturing seed processing equipment

Seed Pre Cleaners: for separating plant parts, soil and sand after seed threshing.

51

specialist in manufacturing seed processing equipment

Seed Pre Cleaners: for separating plant parts, soil and sand after seed threshing.

Box turner (drying box) and than

pre-cleaning of seeds.

Special box turner, with feeding system included

“Dry” seed – Cabbage and Lettuce

Cabbage seed production

• Biannual plant

• Cool-season crop

• Not photoperiod sensitive

• Head must be quartered with a knife to allow flowering

• Seed stalk 1 – 2 m in height

• Inflorescence starts flowering from bottom to top

Cabbage seed production

• Soil heavy, very fertile (OM), pH 6.0-6.5

• Requires abundant water supply

• Production throughout the U.S.

• Planted 107 cm between rows, 40 cm between plants

• Plant population between 3,650 – 4,000 plants/ha (9,000 – 10,000 plts/a)

• Hybrids labor intensive – insect pollinated

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Cabbage seed production

• Harvesting:

–Siliques or pods with uneven maturity

–By hand

–Some open-pollinated varieties by machine

–Windrowing

• Conditioning:

–Air screen cleaners

• Storage:

–Remains viable for 4-6 years. MC 6%

“Dry” seeds-Lettuce

Lettuce seed production

• Similar to cabbage

• Annual, cool-season crop

• Either long-day sensitive or day neutral

• Some varieties need deheading, slashing or quartering, or application of growth regulators

Spinach seeds

59 specialist in manufacturing seed processing equipment

Seed Blower: used for air separation of small seed lots. For example breeding stations.

Glass tube, antistatic, automatic clean out button!

60 specialist in manufacturing seed processing equipment

Seed Air Separator: used for air separation of medium small seed lots.

Dust collection in container

on the back of the machine

Hinged glass door,

easy to clean out

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61 specialist in manufacturing seed processing equipment

Seed Air Screen Machine : used for separating seeds from stones, dust and empty seeds

Seeds are dosed on the first scalping screen

Seeds are sized and than separated on

weight with air

Option: belt feeder (standard vibratory feeder)