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09-24-2007, 12:33
PM#1
Sur Elen
Forum Member
Join Date: Aug 2007
Location: DanubianBulgaria
Posts: 47
Varna Necropolis
The Varna Necropolis (Bulgarian: ) (also
Varna Cemetery) is a burial site in the western industrial zone
of
Varna (approximately half a kilometre fromLake Varna and 4
km
from the city centre), Bulgaria. It is internationally
considered one of
the key sites in world prehistory.
The site was accidentally discovered in October1972 by
excavator
operator Raycho Marinov. Research excavation was under
thedirection of Mihail Lazarov (1972-1976) and Ivan Ivanov
(1972-
1991). About 30% of estimatednecropolis area is still not
excavated.
294 graves have been found in the necropolis, many
containing
sophisticated examples ofmetallurgy (gold and
copper),pottery
(about 600 pieces, including gold-painted ones), high-quality
flint and
obsidian blades, beads, and shells.
There are crouched and extended inhumations. Some graves do
not
contain a skeleton, but grave gifts (cenotaphs). Interestingly,
the
symbolic (empty) graves are the richest in gold artifacts. 3000
gold
artifacts were found, with a weight of approximately 6
kilograms.Grave 43 contained more gold than has been found in the
entire rest of
the world for that epoch. Three symbolic graves contained masks
of
unburnt clay.
The findings showed that the Varna culture had trade relations
with
distant lands (possibly including the lowerVolga and
theCyclades),
perhaps exporting metal goods and salt from the Provadiya
rocksalt
mine. The copper ore used in the artifacts originated from a
Sredna
Gora mine nearStara Zagora, and Mediterranean Spondylus
shells
found in the graves may have served as primitive currency.
The culture had sophisticated religious beliefs about afterlife
and
developed hierarchal status differences: it offers the oldest
knownburial evidence of an elite male . The high status male buried
with the
most remarkable amount of gold held a war adze or mace and wore
a
gold penis sheath. The bull-shaped gold platelets perhaps
also
venerated virility, instinctional force, and warfare. Gimbutas
holds
that the artifacts were made largely by local craftspeople.
According to J. Chapman (2005), "Once upon a time, not so very
long
ago, it was widely accepted that steppe nomads from the North
Pontic
zone invaded the Balkans, putting an end to the Climax Copper
Age
society that produced the apogee of tell living, autonomous
copper
metallurgy and, as the grandest climax, the Varna cemetery with
its
stunning early goldwork. Now the boot is very much on the other
foot
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