Variations in Consciousness

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Levels of Awareness

Controlled Automatic Daydreaming Altered states (meditation, hypnosis, drug

use) Sleep Freud’s Unconscious Unconscious

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Biological Clocks

Circadian Rhythm- biological clock that is programmed for 24-25 hours (1 Day)

Light- Receptors in retina- Hypothalamus (suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN)- Pineal Gland- secretion of melatonin

High levels of melatonin = drowsiness Body temperature also plays a role

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Morning or Night Person?

Depends on body temperature Morning person- temp. rises more quickly

and peaks earlier in the evening

Ignoring Circadian Rhythms

Jet Lag, working the Grave Yard shift, sleep deprivation

Decreased productivity Accident- prone Quality of social relationships

suffer Decrease immune system functioning- lower T-cell count

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Measuring the Stages of Sleep

Sleep Labs EEG (brain waves) EMG (muscle tension) EOG (eye movement)

EEG patterns in sleep

Stages of Sleep

Awake- Beta waves Drowsy- Alpha waves Stage 1- Theta waves

1-7 minutes Very light stage; easily awoken Hypnic jerks

Stages of Sleep

Stage 2- theta waves & mixed EEG Sleep spindles Respiration, heart rate, muscle tension, and

body temperature continue to decline 10-25 minutes

Stages of Sleep

Stages 3 & 4- Delta (Slow-wave) sleep 30-45 minutes Deepest stage of sleep Sleepwalking (Somnambulism) can occur Secretion of growth hormones which controls

levels of metabolism, physical growth, and brain development

Repeat stages backwards

Stages of Sleep Stage 5-REM

Paradoxical sleep- beta waves 20% of sleep time All voluntary muscles paralyzed Occurs about 4 times a night about 15-45 min

each Remembering dreams REM “Rebound Effect”

Brain areas involved in sleep

No single “sleep center” or “sleep chemical”

RAS, Pons, Medulla, Thalamus, Hypothalamus

Serotonin & Gaba

Evolutionary Bases of Sleep

Conservation Theory- sleep helps to conserve organisms’ energy

Immobilization Theory- sleep reduces exposure to predators

Restorative Theory- sleep helps to restore energy and other resources depleted during the day

Cultural Variations in Sleep

Co-sleeping Siesta Cultures

Sleep Disorders Insomnia

35% Causes: anxiety, depression, use of

stimulants Treatments: benzodiazepine medications

(sedatives) effect GABA synapses Narcolepsy

.05% Cause seems to be entirely genetic Treatment: stimulant drugs

Sleep Disorders

Sleep Apnea 2-4% usually between ages 30-60

Nightmares Cause: stress Frequent nightmares might reflect emotional

disturbances Night/Sleep terrors

Occur in NREM sleep usually stage 4 Feel panic; may wake up crying or screaming