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8/3/2019 Variation From Normal Sex
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Evidence of sex
Evidence of sex is divided into three categories.In Normal cases;
Most certain evidence
It depends on the possession of ovaries in the female and testes in male.
Highly probable evidenceIt include the possession of sexual structures, e.g, development of breasts,female distribution of hair, appropriate physical development and distribution of subcutaneous fat, and vagina in female
Presumptive evidenceIt include outward appearance of the individual, the features and general
contours of the face, the length of head hair, the clothes, the figure, the habits, the
inclinations, the voice, etc
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In doubtful casesex of the person can determined
1. Through external examination
2. Internal examination
3. Gonadal biopsy
4. Nuclear sexing
5. Sex chromosomes
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External Examination:
To see the external features; i.e
Hair colour
Eye colour
Teeth
Moles
Operation Scars (in male)
Tattoos
Weight
Striae of pregnancy (in female)
Old injuries
Internal Examination:
To see the three major cavities
Thoracic
Abdominal
Skull
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Nuclear Sexing
It is method of sexing cells, and help in determining sex in doubtful cases,
that is in decomposed bodies, mutilated bodies
Principle:
Method of sexing cells is based on the differences in the nuclear chromatin
pattern between two sexes
Methods of nuclear sexing:
Barr body
In non dividable cells the females show close to nuclear membrane a small
plano- convex mass of chromatin known as Barr body
Chromatin positive (the cell showing % of Barr bodies varies from 20 – 80
in females)
Chromatin negative (from 0 to 4 in males)
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Davidson’s body: This refers to a thin, stalked, drum-stick like projection
of polymorph nucleus of feminine trait of WBCs
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Sex Chromosome:
In cells that are dividing, a chromosome count is needed to identify the sex
chromosome (XX or XY).
Tissues suitable to demonstrate sex chromosomes:
Blood stain, cartilage, bone marrow, hair (also demonstrate the Barr bodies) teeth
and pulp . In root sheath cells of hair which resist putrefaction, Barr body
and Y chromosome can be demonstrated
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It is due to defective development of single mass of cells from which the
sex organs of both sexes are derived
1. Intersex state2. Imperfect differentiation of external genitalia
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Intersex states
These refer to conditions in which male and femalecharacters, e.g gonads, physical form and sexualbehavior coexist in varying proportion in the sameindividual
Cause:
Due to defective development of single mass of cells inearly fetal life
Types of intersex states:
Gonadal agenesis
Gonadal dysgenesis True Hermaphrodites
Pseudohermaphrodites
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Gonadal Agenesis:
Sexual organs (testes orovaries) have never
developed.Nuclear sexing is
chromatin negative
Gonadal dysgenesis:
External sexualstructures are present
but testes or ovariesfail to develop atpuberty eg. Klinefeltersyndrome in boys and
Turner syndrome ingirls.
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Klinefelter syndrome: The boy grows and develops
normally till puberty but then,one or more of followingfeatures appears
Testes remain small andusually to firm consistency Gynecomastia.
Sign of eunuchoidism (eg.Long arms and legs, scantypubic hairs, poor or no beard
growth) Chromatin positive
Chromosome pattern is XXY He is naturally sterile
Turner syndrome: This girl is characterized by
three principle features
Sexual infantilism (lack of breast
development, scanty pubic hair, imperfect external
genitali, uterus, Fallopian tubes) Short stature
Congenital anomalies (webbing of
neck, corctation of aorta, color blindness, & renal
abnormalities)
Chromatin negative
Chromosome pattern is OX She is naturally sterile
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True Hermaphroditism: The external genitalia may be of
both the sexes and internalgenitals may consist of bothovaries and testis
Power of self replication is not
found and surgical interference isoften needed for their socialrehabilitation with a particular sex
The nuclear sex is usually, butnot always female
Cryptochidism, and inguinalhernia are finding
Pseudohermaphroditism: There is lack of clear cut
differentiation of external genitaliawhile the internal genitalia areisosexual
They are classified as male or
female according to presence oftestes or ovaries They are of two types Male pseudo (male intersex) or
andro-gynoid or (womanly man) Testis are more developed with
rudimentary uterus and ovaries They are chromatin negative Scanty axillary and pubic hairs,
slit like blind vaginal opening,beard, mustache and penis maybe found
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Concealed Sex:Criminals sometimes attempt to conceal their sex by a change
of dress or other methods to avoid detection. This can be detected byphysical examination
Medicolegal complications:Created by Hermaphroditism pertain chiefly to
marriage, inheritance, and civil rights
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