Variaties of Language i

8/12/2019 Variaties of Language i

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VARIATIES OF LANGUAGE I

SLANG, JARGON, ARGOT, CANT

By :

Erwan sholeh

Rudi Romadloni

Zaenul Arifin

Susilo umar Dani

English Department

FACULTY OF TEACHING TRAINING AND EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2010


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VARIATIES OF LANGUAGE I

SLANG, JARGON, ARGOT, CANT

SLANG

Slang is the use of informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the

speaker's dialect or language. Slang is often to be found in areas of the lexicon that refer to things

consideredtaboo (seeeuphemism). It is often used to identify with one's peers and, although it

may be common among young people, it is used by people of all ages and social groups.

Indicators and characteristic

Slang is often to be found in areas of the lexicon that refer to things considered taboo (see

euphemism). It is often used to identify with one's peers and, although it may be common amongyoung people, it is used by people of all ages and social groups.

Defining slang

Fewlinguists have endeavored to clearly define what constitutes slang. Attempting to remedy

this, Bethany K. Dumas and Jonathan Lighter argue that an expression should be considered"true slang" if it meets at least two of the following criteria:

It lowers, if temporarily, "the dignity of formal or serious speech or writing"; in otherwords, it is likely to be considered in those contexts a "glaring misuse ofregister."

Its use implies that the user is familiar with whatever is referred to, or with a group of

people who arefamiliar with it and use the term.

"It is a taboo term in ordinary discourse with people of a higher social status or greaterresponsibility."

It replaces "a well-known conventional synonym". This is done primarily to avoid the

discomfort caused by the conventional item or by further elaboration.

Slang should be distinguished fromjargon,which is the technical vocabulary of a particular

profession. Jargon, like many examples of slang, may be used to exclude nongroup membersfrom the conversation, but in general has the function of allowing its users to talk precisely about

technical issues in a given field.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taboohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_%28linguistics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_%28linguistics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taboo


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The Examples

American slang

Dude, pal, Buddy : man or friends

Airhead : stupid person

Mad : angry

Cop : police officer

Big cheese : a very important person

British slang

Bobby : police officer

Mad : Insane

Broke : No money

Trampy: disgusting

Jammy : Lucky

JARGON

Generally speaking, jargon, in its most positive light, can be seen as professional, efficient

shorthand. The word "jargon" can be traced to 14th century Old French, but the actual origin is

unknown. Jargon is derived from the fourteenth century term for twittering or warbling of

birds, which in turn has the root garg from which also stem such words as gargle, and

gurgle. The original meaning was to make a twittering noise or sound,but by modern

standards, it has three derivations. One current or modern definition of jargon is an outlandish,

technical language of a particular profession, group, or trade. Another meaning is

unintelligible writing or talk. Yet another definition is specific dialects resulting from a

mixture of several languages. Since the reoccurring problem with jargon is that only a few

people may understand the actual terminology used by different groups, this may explain its

origin from twittering which, of course, would be misunderstood by most people. However, a


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jargonaut, one who studies jargon, may claim that jargon was invented simply as a professional

shorthand, developed out of convenience rather than intentional trickiness.

Jargon is terminology which is especially defined in relationship to a specific activity,

profession, or group, terminology which is especially defined in relationship to a specific

activity, profession, or group. The philosopheCondillac observed in 1782 that "Every sciencerequires a special language because every science has its own ideas." As a rationalist member of

theEnlightenment he continued, "It seems that one ought to begin by composing this language,

but people begin by speaking and writing and the language remains to be composed.

In other words, the term covers the language used by people who work in a particular area or

who have a common interest. Much likeslang,it can develop as a kind of short-hand, to express

ideas that are frequently discussed between members of a group, though it can also be developed

deliberately using chosen terms. A standard term may be given a more precise or unique usage

among practitioners of a field. In many cases this causes a barrier to communication with those

not familiar with the language of the field. As an example, the words RAM,bit,byte,CPU,andhexadecimalarejargon terms related to computing.


Jargon is commonly used by groups that have a similar interest, like trades and/or professions.

However, it can be used by people involved in sports or other casual groups. Most people

associate jargon with the medical or law professions rather than everyday conversations. People

may use jargon to leave an impression of intelligence or to confuse a person.

Examples

Indonesian Criminal

Mangsa, means the target/things

Bapak, Means the police

Ayam, means female prey

sikat, means attack or take

Americans Thieves

Chruzo : a term to call jewelry (diamond, gold and pearl)

Bleir : a term to call a cop

Rowl : a term to instruct someone to escape.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology


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Argot

Argot is a secret language used by various groupsincluding, but not limited to, thieves and

other criminalsto prevent outsiders from understanding their conversations. The term argotisalso used to refer to the informal specialized vocabulary from a particular field of study, hobby,

job, sport, etc.

The authorVictor Hugo was one of the first to research argot extensively. He describes it in hisnovel,Les Misrables,as the language of the dark; at one point, he says, "What is argot; properly

speaking? Argot is the language of misery."

Bruce Sterling defines argot as "the deliberately hermetic language of a small knowledgeclique... a super-specialized geek cult language that has no traction in the real world." For

example: "He philosophized and recited baseball statistics in a Brooklyn argot that was fast-

fading."

The earliest known record of argotwas in a 1628 document. The word was probably derived

from the contemporary name, les argotiers, given to a group of thieves at that time.

Under the strictest definition, an argotis a proper language, with its own grammar and style. But,such complete secret languages are rare, because the speakers usually have some public language

in common, on which the argot is largely based. Argots are mainly versions of other languages

with a part of its vocabulary replaced by words unknown to the larger public. For example, the

term is used to describe systems such asverlanandlouchbem,which retain French syntax andapply transformations only to individual words (and often only to a certain subset of words, such

as nouns, or semantic content words). Such systems are examples of argots clef, or "codedargots.


The term argotis also used to refer to the informal specialized vocabulary from a particular field

of study, hobby, job, sport, etc.

Examples

Indonesian Criminal

Mangsa, means the target/things

Bapak, Means the police

Ayam, means female prey

sikat, means attack or take
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rableshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rableshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rableshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Sterlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louch%C3%A9bemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louch%C3%A9bemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louch%C3%A9bemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louch%C3%A9bemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Sterlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rableshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_language


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Americans Thieves

Chruzo : a term to call jewelry (diamond, gold and pearl)

Bleir : a term to call a cop

Rowl : a term to instruct someone to escape.

CANT

Cantis thejargon,argot or cryptolect of a group, often implying its use to exclude or mislead

people outside the group.


Cant is often implying its use to exclude or mislead people outside the group

Usage

TheThieves' Cant was a feature of popular pamphlets and plays particularly between 1590 and

1615, but continued to feature in literature through the 18th century. There are questions about

how genuinely the literature reflectedvernacular use in the criminal underworld. A thief in 1839claimed that the cant he had seen in print was nothing like the cant then used by gypsies, thieves

and beggars. He also said that each of these used distinct vocabularies, which overlapped; thegypsies having a cant word for everything, and the beggars using a lower style than the thieves.

In June 2009 it was reported that inmates in one English prison were using "Elizabethan Cant" asa means of communication that guards would not understand, although the words used are not

part of the canon of recognised cant.

The word was also been used as asuffix to coin names for modern day jargons such asmedicant,

a term used to refer to the type of language employed by members of the medical profession that

is largely unintelligible tolay people.

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Barallete,fromGalicia,Spain

Bargoens,from theNetherlands

Bron fromLen andAsturias

Fala dos arxinas,fromGalicia,Spain
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thieves%27_Canthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medicant&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_peoplehttp://d/sociolinguistic/Cant_(language).htm%23cite_note-McArthur-0http://d/sociolinguistic/Cant_(language).htm%23cite_note-McArthur-0http://d/sociolinguistic/Cant_(language).htm%23cite_note-McArthur-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baralletehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_%28Spain%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargoenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bron_%28language%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturiashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fala_dos_arxinashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_%28Spain%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_%28Spain%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fala_dos_arxinashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturiashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bron_%28language%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargoenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_%28Spain%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baralletehttp://d/sociolinguistic/Cant_(language).htm%23cite_note-McArthur-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medicant&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thieves%27_Canthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargon


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Fenya fromRussia

Gacera,fromSpain

Germana,from Spain

Grypsera,fromPoland

Klezmer-loshn,fromEastern Europe

Lunfardo,from Argentina and Uruguay

Javanais,fromFrance

Louchbem,from France

Meshterski,from Bulgaria

Polari fromBritain[6]

Rotwelsch,fromGermany

Thieves' cant,from Britain

Verlan,from France

Xriga,from Asturias

Example

Beggar : nyuwon sewu le, kulo nyuwon welas asihe sampean, niki kulo dereng

nedha mulai wingi.

Person : Mboten wonten mbah

Beggar : Sak ikhlase mawun, nyuwon tulung

Person : Mboten

Beggar : Ojo medit le, kualat koe engko
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gacer%C3%ADahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%C3%ADahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grypserahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klezmer-loshnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunfardohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanaishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louch%C3%A9bemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshterskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotwelschhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thieves%27_canthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%ADrigahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%ADrigahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thieves%27_canthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotwelschhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshterskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louch%C3%A9bemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanaishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunfardohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klezmer-loshnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grypserahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%C3%ADahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gacer%C3%ADahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenya

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Variaties of Language i