5
8/14/2019 var measrmnt http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/var-measrmnt 1/5 Accuracy Standards for Phase-Shifting Transformers for VAR Measurement JAMES M. VANDERLECK, SENIOR MEMBER, IEEE Summary-New accuracy standards are proposed for phase-shift- ing transformers generally applied in polyphase circuits for var (reactive volt-amperes) measurement. Limiting values of ratio cor- rection factor (RCF) and phase angle defect (PD) are given for three proposed standard accuracy levels, namely, 0 .3 per cent, 0.6 per cent, and 1.2 per cent. These levels represent the maximum error in var measurement owing to the phase-shifting transformer. The limiting values appear as circle diagrams. The proposals bring the standards up to the same level of development as those for instru- ment current and potential transformers. INTRODUCTION flp MHE AIMl of the paper is to propose new accuracy | standards for those phase-shifting transformers that are used as auxiliary transformers in con- junction with wattmeters for var measurement. Fig. 1 is an example and shows a typical phase-shifting trans- former for application to three-phase, three-wire cir- cuits. The proposed standards apply without restriction on the classification of the circuit in respect to number of phases and wires. OIUTPUT VOLTAGE 4- 5 OUTPUTVOLTAGE 6- 7 (PHASE A LAGGED 90°) (PHASE B LAGGED 9P0" 4 5 6 7 PHASE A 2 PHASE e INPUT VOLTAGE R 2 INPUT VOLTAGE 3 - 2 PHASE ROTATION 1-2-3 Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of typical phase-shifting-transformer three-phase, three-wire circuit. Present accuracy standards are poor because they are not based on the concept of permitting as much ratio error and PD as possible within the confines of an arbi- trary limit of error in the measurement of var. The standards recommended herewith are similar to those in existence for potential and current transformers, in that a geometric figure is given within which the RCF and PD must fall. The bounds of the geometric figure limit the error in var measurement to a standard value, as explained subsequently. Manuscript received July 16, 1964. Presented at the IEEE Sum- mer General Meeting & Nuclear Radiation Effects Conf., Toronto, Ont., Canada, June, 1963. The author is with Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Toronto, Ont., Canada. EXISTING STANDARDS The American Standards Association (ASA) Code for Electricity Meters' requires the components of output voltage, expressed as a percentage of input voltage of the corresponding autotransformer across which the respective components are measured, to be within one per cent of the theoretically correct values. This require- ment does not theoretically limit the RCF and PD of the output voltage, but depends on the fact that in practical designs of phase-shifting transformers, satis- factory results are usually achieved. Obviously, it is impossible to make a definite statement regarding the limit of error in var measurement based on the ASA requirements. Unusual designs could cause intolerable error in var measurement and yet conforim to ASA requirements. The one accuracy standard that is mandatory in Canada for phase-shifting transformers for revenue metering purposes is Specification No. 4 for Approval of Type of Instrument Transformers.2 Fig. 2 is the geometric figure defining the accuracy requirements of this specification. This figure is diamond shaped and has limiting values of 1.012 and 0.988 for RCF and +31.2 minutes and -31.2 minutes for PD. Conse- quently, the maximum error in var measurement de- pends on the power factor (PF) of the load. For exam- ple, at 0.8 PF the limits of error are +0.7 per cent, and at zero PF, the limits of error are + 1.2 per cent [with error expressed as a percentage of the volt-amperes (VA) in the circuit]. These results are derived in the Ap- pendix. No other ASA or Canadian Standards Association (CSA) standards appear to cover specifically the accu- racy of phase-shifting transformers. PROPOSED STANDARDS The recommended geometrical figure defining the limits of RCF and PD is a circle based on rectangular co-ordinates for which the unit of phase defect, the radian, is equal in length to unit value of RCF. Fig. 3 is constructed this way. To conform with the pattern of existing ASA and l "Code for Electricity Meters," American Standards Association, New York, N. Y., ASA C12, sec. 561; 1941. 2 "Specification No. 4 for Approval of Type of Instrument Trans- formers," Dept. of Trade and Commerce, Standards Branch, Ottawa, Canada; effective April 1, 1952. 89 Authorized licensed use limited to: VELLORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Downloaded on March 17, 2009 at 05:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

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A c c u r a c y S t a n d a r d s for P h a s e - S h i f t i n g

Transformers fo r VARMeasurement

JAMES M . VANDERLECK, SENIOR MEMBER, IEEE

Summary-New a c c u r a c y s t a n d a r d s a r e p r o p o s e d f o r p h a s e - s h i f t -i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s g e n e r a l l y a p p l i e d i n p o l y p h a s e c i r c u i t s f o r v a r

( r e a c t i v e v o l t - a m p e r e s ) m e a s u r e m e n t . L i m i t i n g v a l u e s o f r a t i o c o r -

r e c t i o n f a c t o r ( R C F ) a n d p h a s e a n g l e d e f e c t ( P D ) a r e g i v e n f o r t h r e ep r o p o s e d s t a n d a r d a c c u r a c y l e v e l s , n a m e l y , 0 .3 p e r c e n t , 0 . 6 p e rc e n t , a n d 1 . 2 p e r c e n t . T h e s e l e v e l s r e p r e s e n t t h e maximum e r r o r i nv a r m e a s u r e m e n t o w in g t o t h e p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r . T h el i m i t i n g v a l u e s a p p e a r a s c i r c l e d i a g r a m s . T h e p r o p o s a l s b r i n g t h e

s t a n d a r d s u p t o t h e same l e v e l o f d e v e l o p m e n t a s t h o s e f o r i n s t r u -m e n t c u r r e n t a n d p o t e n t i a l t r a n s f o r m e r s .

I N T R O D U C T I O N

flpMHE A I M l o f t h e p a p e r i s t o p r o p o s e new a c c u r a c y| s t a n d a r d s f o r t h o s e p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r st h a t a r e u s e d a s a u x i l i a r y t r a n s f o r m e r s i n c o n -

j u n c t i o n w i t h w a t t m e t e r s f o r v a r m e a s u r e m e n t . F i g . 1i s a n e x a m p l e a n d s h o w s a t y p i c a l p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s -

f o r m e r f o r a p p l i c a t i o n t o t h r e e - p h a s e , t h r e e - w i r e c i r -c u i t s . The p r o p o s e d s t a n d a r d s a p p l y w i t h o u t r e s t r i c t i o no n t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e c i r c u i t i n r e s p e c t t o n u m b e ro f p h a s e s a n d w i r e s .

OIUTPUT VOLTAGE 4- 5 OUTPUT VOLTAGE 6- 7(PHASE A LAGGED 9 0 ° ) (PHASE B LAGGED 9 P 0 "

4 5 6 7

PHASE A2

PHASE e

INPUT VOLTAGE R 2 INPUT VOLTAGE 3 - 2

PHASE ROTATION 1-2-3

F i g . 1 S c h e m a t i c d i a g r a m o f t y p i c a l p h a s e - s h i f t i n g - t r a n s f o r m e rt h r e e - p h a s e , t h r e e - w i r e c i r c u i t .

P r e s e n t a c c u r a c y s t a n d a r d s ar e p o o r b e c a u s e t h e y a r e

n o t b a s e d o n t h e c o n c e p t o f p e r m i t t i n g a s much r a t i oe r r o r a n d PD a s p o s s i b l e w i t h i n t h e c o n f i n e s o f a n a r b i -t r a r y l i m i t o f e r r o r i n t h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f v a r . The

s t a n d a r d s r e c o m m e n d e d h e r e w i t h a r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s ei n e x i s t e n c e f o r p o t e n t i a l a n d c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m e r s , i nt h a t a g e o m e t r i c f i g u r e i s g i v e n w i t h i n w h i c h t h e RCFa n d PD m u s t f a l l . The b o u n d s o f t h e g e o m e t r i c f i g u r el i m i t t h e e r r o r i n v a r m e a s u r e m e n t t o a s t a n d a r d v a l u e ,a s e x p l a in ed s u bs e q u e nt l y .

M a n u s c r i p t r e c e i v e d J u l y 1 6 , 1 9 6 4 . P r e s e n t e d a t t h e IEEE S u m -m e r G e n e r a l M e e t i n g & N u c l e a r R a d i a t i o n E f f e c t s C o n f . , T o r o n t o ,O n t . , C a n a d a , J u n e , 1 9 6 3 .

The a u t h o r i s w i t h H y d r o - E l e c t r i c P o w e r C o m m i s s i o n o f T o r o n t o ,O n t . , C a n a d a .

E X I S T I N G S T A N D A R D S

The A m e r i c a n S t a n d a r d s A s s o c i a t i o n ( A S A ) C o d e f o rE l e c t r i c i t y M e t e r s ' r e q u i r e s t h e c o m p o n e n t s o f o u t p u tv o l t a g e , e x p r e s s e d a s a p e r c e nt ag e o f i n p u t v o l t a g e o ft h e c o r r e s p o n di n g a u t o t r an sf o r m e r a c r o s s w h i c h t h er e s p e c t i v e c o m p o n e n t s a r e m e a s u r e d , t o b e w i t h i n o n ep e r c e n t o f t h e t h e o r e t i c a l l y c o r r e c t v a l u e s . T h i s r e q u i r e -m e n t d o e s n o t t h e o r e t i c a l l y l i m i t t h e RCF a n d PD o ft h e o u t p u t v o l t a g e , b u t d e p e n d s o n t h e f a c t t h a t i np r a c t i c a l d e s i g n s o f p h a s e - sh i f t i ng t ra ns f o r m e r s, s a t i s -

f a c t o r y r e s u l t s ar e u su a l l y a c h i e v ed . O b v i o u s l y , i t i si m p o s s i b l e t o make a d e f i n i t e s t a t e m e n t r e g a r d i n g t h el i m i t o f e r r o r i n v a r m e a s u r e m e n t b a s e d o n t h e ASAr e q u i r e m e n t s . U n u s u a l d e s i g n s c o u l d c a u s e i n t o l e r a b l ee r r o r i n v a r m e a s u r e m e n t a n d y e t c o n f o r i m t o ASAr e q u i r e m e n t s .

The o n e a c c u r a c y s t a n d a r d t h a t i s m a n d a t o r y i nC a n a d a f o r p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s f o r r e v e n u em e t e r i n g p u r p o s e s i s S p e c i f i c a t i o n N o . 4 f o r A p p r o v a lo f T y p e o f I n s t r u m e n t T r a n s f o r m e r s . 2 F i g . 2 i s t h eg e o m e t r i c f i g u r e d e f i n i n g t h e a c c u ra c y r e q u i r e m e n ts o ft h i s s p e c i f i c a t i o n . T h i s f i g u r e i s d i a m o n d s h a p e d a n dh a s l i m i t i n g v a l u e s o f 1 . 0 1 2 a n d 0 . 9 8 8 f o r RCF a n d

+ 3 1 . 2 m i n u t e s a n d - 3 1 . 2 m i n u t e s f o r PD. C o n s e -q u e n t l y , t h e maximum e r r o r i n v a r m e a s u r e m e n t d e -p e n d s o n t h e p o w e r f a c t o r ( P F ) o f t h e l o a d . F o r e x a m -p l e , a t 0 . 8 PF t h e l i m i t s o f e r r o r a r e + 0 . 7 p e r c e n t , a n dat z e r o P F , t h e l i m i t s o f e r r o r ar e + 1 . 2 p e r c e n t [ w i t he r r o r e x p r e s s e d a s a p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e v o l t - a m p e r e s( V A ) i n t h e c i r c u i t ] . T h e s e r e s u l t s a r e d e r i v e d i n t h e A p -p e n d i x .

No o t h e r ASA o r C a n a d i a n S t a n d a r d s A s s o c i a t i o n( C S A ) s t a n d a r d s a p p e a r t o c o v e r s p e c i f i c a l l y t h e a c c u -r a c y o f p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s .

P R O P O S E D S T A N D A R D S

T h e r e c o m m e n d e d g e o m e t r i c a l f i g u r e d e f i n i n g t h el i m i t s o f RCF a n d PD i s a c i r c l e b a s e d o n r e c t a n g u l a rc o - o r d i n a t e s f o r w h i c h t h e u n i t o f p h a s e d e f e c t , t h er a d i a n , i s e q u a l i n l e n g t h t o u n i t v a l u e o f RCF. F i g . 3i s c o n s t r u c t e d t h i s w a y .To c o n f o r m w i t h t h e p a t t e r n o f e x i s t i n g ASA a n d

l " C o d e f o r E l e c t r i c i t y M e t e r s , " A m e r i c a n S t a n d a r d s A s s o c i a t i o n ,New Y o r k , N . Y . , ASA C 1 2 , s e c . 5 6 1 ; 1 9 4 1 .

2 " S p e c i f i c a t i o n N o . 4 f o r A p p r o v a l o f Type o f I n s t r u m e n t T r a n s -f o r m e r s , " D e p t . o f T r a d e a n d C o m m e r c e , S t a n d a r d s B r a n c h , O t t a w a ,C a n a d a ; e f f e c t i v e A p r i l 1 , 1 9 5 2 .

8 9

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9 0 I E E E TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT J u n e - S e p t .

L 0 1 2

L 1 0 0 8

:0

U 1 , 0 0 4

z0

1 . 0 0 0W

§0 . 9 9 6

Q992

0 . 9 8 I

LAGGING LEADING

. - -3 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0PHASE DISPLACEMENT

ERROR (MINUTES)

F i g . 2 - A c c u r a c y l i m i t s f o r p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s -C a n a d i a n D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a d e a n d C o m m e r c e .° - r - t 7 Y - C ~ ~ C L A S A

0 2

1. 2 -18 -0.J 0 t0.4 +0.S +1.2

PHASEDEFECT-CENTIRADIANS

LAGGING LEADING

- 4 8 . 1 -34.4 -20.6 -6.9 +6.9 +20.6 ±34. +48.1

- 4 1 . 3 - 2 7 . 0 1 | 3 . 7 0 +13.7 +27.5 + A 1 , 3

PHASEDEFECT- MINUTES

THERATIOCOR?RECTION FACTO)R ANDPHASEDEFECTOFTHEPHASE-SHIFTING TRANSFORMERSHALL SEWITHINTHE

INDICATED CIRCLESFORTHERESPECTIVEACCURACYCLASSES

Fig. 3-Standard accuracy classes for phase-shifting transformers,

limits for 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 accuracy classes.

GSA instrument-transformer accuracy standards,3'4

three different accuracy classes would be established

to limit the error in var measurement, expressed as a

percentage of VAin the circuit, to 0.3 per cent, 0.6 per

cent, and 1.2 per cent, respectively. Each accuracy class

would be represented by a c i r c l e , defining the limits of

RCFandPDas shown in Fig. 3. It is l i k e l y, however,

that the 1.2-per cent accuracy class would be almost

always specified in practice. As shown in Fig. 3, the

limiting values of RCFandPDof the 1.2-per cent circle

are 1.012 and 0.988 for RCFand 41.3 minutes

(±0.012 radian) for PD. The proof that a circle gives

the limits o f RCFandPDfor a given percentage error in

var measurement when load PFvaries is given in the

Appendix.

It is suggested that any new standard for phase-

shifting transformers might well copy the GSA Stand-

ard for instrument voltage transformers4 in respect of

3 "American Standard Requirements, Terminology, and Test

Code for Instrument Transformers," American Standards A s s o c i a -t i o n , NewYork, N.Y.,ASAC 5 7 . 1 3 - 1954.

4 " S p e c i f i c a t i o n and Test Code for Instrument Transformers,"

Canadian Standards Association, Ottawa, Canada, CSAC13; 1958.

v a r i a t i o n o f v o l t a g e a n d b u r d e n . T h a t i s , t h e l i m i t s d e -f i n e d b y t h e c i r c l e d i a g r a m s s h a l l a p p l y f r o m t e n p e rc e n t b e l o w t o t e n p e r c e n t a b o v e r a t e d i n p u t v o l t a g e a tr a t e d f r e q u e n c y , a n d f r o m z e r o b u rd e n o n t h e t r a n s -f o r m e r t o r a t e d b u r d e n a t t h e n o m i n a l f a c t o r PF o fr a t e d b u r d e n . T h i s r e q u i r e m e n t i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t i n t h e

ASA S t a n d a r d . 3I t i s r e c o m m e n d e d t ha t t h e l i m i t s d e f i n e d b y t h e c i r -

c l e d i a g r a m s b e s p e c i f i e d t o a p p l y w h e n a l l o u t p u tp h a s e s a r e b u r d e n e d e q u a l l y , b e c a u s e s u c h b u r d e n i n g i sn o r m a l l y e n c o u n t er e d i n p r a c t i c e .

I t i s p r o p o s e d t h a t t h e s t a n d a r d r a t e d b u r d e n s f o rp h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s b e i d e n t i c a l t o t h o s e f o r i n -s t r u m e n t t r a n s f o r m e r s i n ASA a n d CSA s t a n d a r d s f o ri n s t r u m e n t t r a n s f o r m e r s . T h r e e o f t h e s e a r e d e s i g n a t e dW , X , a n d Y a n d h a v e VA v a l u e s o f 1 2 . 5 , 2 5 , a n d 7 5 ,r e s p e c t i v e l y .

T E S T METHODS

T h e p r o p o s e d s t a n d a r d s r e q u i r e t e s t m e t h o d s c o m -

p a r a b l e t o t h o s e f o r i n s t r u m e n t p o t e n t i a l a n d c u r r e n tt r a n s f o r m e r s . T h e t e s t m e t h o d i n t h e ASA C o d e f o rE l e c t r i c i t y M e t e r s ' w o u l d b e u n s a t i s f a c t o r y b e c a u s e t h e

m e t h o d d o e s n o t y i e l d RCF a n d PD d a t a . A t e s t i n gb r i d g e f o r m e a s u r i n g t h e RCF a n d p h a s e a n g l e o f i n -s t r u m e n t p o t e n t i a l t r a n s f o r m e r s , h o w e v e r , c a n b e u s e dt o d e t e r m i n e t h e RCF a n d PD o f p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s -

f o r m e r s . T e s t s may b e c o n d u c t e d w i t h e i t h e r s i n g l e -p h a s e o r p o l y p h a s e v o l t a g e s u p p l y t o t h e p h a s e - s h i f t i n gt r a n s f o r m e r , b u t p o l y p h a s e s u p p l y i s r e c o m m e n d e d .

W i t h p o l y p h a s e v o l t a g e s u p p l y , t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o fRCF a n d PD i s s i m p l e s t w h e n t h e t r a n s f o r m e r i s

b u r d e n e d o n a l l o u t p u t p h a s e s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y w i t hi m p e d o r s h a v i n g s t a n d a r d - b u r d e n v a l u e s . T h e p o l y -p h a s e v o l t a g e s n e e d b e b a l a n c e d o n l y a p p r o x i m a t e l y .T h e p o t e n t i a l t r a n s f o r m e r t e s t i n g b r i d g e c a n b e c o n -

n e c t e d t o e a c h s i n g l e - p h a s e t r a n s f o r m e r i n t u r n t o

m e a s u r e t h e r a t i o a n d p h a s e a n g l e o f e a c h t a p v o l t a g e .F o r e x a m p l e , i n F i g . 1 t h e t e s t i n g b r i d g e c a n m e a s u r e

d i r e c t l y t h e RCF a n d p h a s e a n g l e o f t h e v o l t a g e a c r o s s

t e r m i n a l s 4 - 2 r e l a t i v e t o t h e v o l t a g e a c r o s s t e r m i n a l s

1 - 2 , t h e n o m i n a l r a t i o b e i n g 1 : V 3 . A s i m p l e m a t h e -m a t i c a l o p e r a t i o n w i l l c o n v e r t t h e s e b r i d g e i n d i c a t i o n so f RCF a n d p h a s e a n g l e t o v a l u e s o f RCF a n d PD t o b e

a p p l i e d t o t h e o u t p u t v o l t a g e a c r o s s t e r m i n a l s 4 - 5 . A

s i m i l a r t e s t i n v o l v i n g t e r m i n a l s 2 , 3 , a n d 5 a n d a s i m i l a rm a t h e m a t i c a l o p e r a t i o n y i e l d s a d d i t i o n a l v a l u e s o f RCFa n d PD t o b e a p p l i e d t o t h e o u t p u t v o l t a g e a c r o s s

t e r m i n a l s 4 - 5 . T h e sum o f t h e two v a l u e s f o r e a c h o fRCF a n d PD y i e l d s t h e r e q u i r e d f i n a l v a l u e s o f RCFa n d PD f o r t h e o u t p u t v o l t a g e 4 - 5 . S i m i l a r l y , r e q u i r e dv a l u e s c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d f o r a n y o u t p u t v o l t a g e o f a n yp h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r f o r v a r m e a s u r e m e n t .

W i t h s i n g l e - p h a s e s u p p l y , t h e t e s t i n g b r i d g e i s a p -p l i e d i n t h e s a m e manner a s f o r p o l y p h a s e v o l t a g e . As t a n d a r d - b u r d e n i m p e d o r , h o w e v e r , w i l l n o t a p p l y t h ec o r r e c t b u r d e n f o r t e s t i n g p u r p o s e s . An y known b u r d e n

c a n b e c o n n e c t e dt o

t h e same p a i r o f t e r m i n a l s ( 4 - 5 i n

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1 9 6 4 V a n d e r l e c k : S t a n d a r d s f o r

t h e e x a m p l e ) a s c o n n e c t e d t o t h e t e s t i n g b r i d g e , a n dt h e n t h e m e a s u r e d r e s u l t s o f RCF a n d p h a s e a n g l e m u s tb e c o r r e c t e d t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h ea p p l i e d b u r d e n a n d a s t a n d a r d - b u r d e n c o n n e c t e d p o l y -p h a s e . B e c a u s e t h i s c o r r e c t i o n i s i n v o l v e d , p o l y p h a s et e s t i n g i s p r e f e r r e d .

ERROR IN VA

B e c a u s e v a r r e a d i n g s a r e f r e q u e n t l y u s e d a l o n g w i t hw a t t r e a d i n g s t o d e t e r m i n e VA f o r b i l l i n g p u r p o s e s , i t i so f i n t e r e s t t o c o n s i d e r th e e r r o r i n VA o w i n g t o t h e e r r o r

i n v a r m e a s u r e m e n t . E q . ( 7 ) d e v e l o p e d i n th e A p -p e n d i x r e v e a l s t h a t t h e p e r c e n t a g e e r r o r i n VA i s t h esum o f t w o c o m p o n e n t s , o n e r e l a t e d t o w a t t m e a s u r e -m e n t a n d t h e o t h e r r e l a t e d t o v a r m e a s u r e m e n t . T h el a t t e r c o m p o n e n t i s e q u a l t o t h e p e r c e n t a g e e r r o r i nv a r m e a s u r e m e n t t i m e s th e s i n e o f t h e p h a s e a n g l e o ft h e l o a d . P e r c e n t a g e v a l u e s a r e e x p r e s s e d a s a p e r c e n t -a g e o f t h e VA i n t h e c i r c u i t .

From t h e f o r e g o i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p i t f o l l o w s t h a t b y

s e l e c t i n g a s t a n d a r d a c c u r a c y c l a s s t o l i m i t t h e e r r o r i nv a r m e a s u r e m e n t t o 1 . 2 p e r c e n t o f t h e V A , f o r e x a m -p l e , t h e p e r c e n t a g e e r r o r i n VA o w i n g t o t h e e r r o r i nv a r m e a s u r e m e n t w i l l n e v e r e x c e e d 1 . 2 p e r c e n t , a n dm u s t b e l e s s t h a n 0 . 7 2 p e r c e n t i f t h e l o a d PF i s g r e a t e rt h a n 8 0 p e r c e n t , f o r e x a m p l e . I f t h e r e i s a n e e d t o l i m i tt h e e f f e c t o f t h e e r r o r i n v a r m e a s u r e m e n t t o h a l f a sm u c h , t h a t i s , t o 0 . 3 6 p e r c e n t i n t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o fV A , t h e n t h e 0 . 6 - p e r c e n t a c c u r a c y c l a s s c a n b e s p e c i -f i e d f o r t h e p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r .

C O N C L U S I O N

1 ) New l i m i t s o f RCF a n d PD h a v e b e e n r e c o m -I m e n d e d f o r p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s f o r v a r m e a s -u r e m e n t .

2 ) U n l i k e e x i s t i n g s t a n d a r d s , t h e n e w l i m i t s p e r m i tmaximum v a l u e s o f RCF a n d PD w i t h o u t e x c e e d i n g af i x e d e r r o r i n v a r m e a s u r e m e n t , e x p r e s s e d a s a p e r -c e n t a g e o f VA i n th e c i r c u i t , i r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e PF o ft h e l o a d .

3 ) T h e p r o p o s e d l i m i t s a r e s h o w n a s t h r e e c i r c l e d i a -g r a m s i n F i g . 3 . T h e l i m i t i n g e r r o r s i n v a r m e a s u r e -m e n t a r e 1 . 2 p e r c e n t , 0 . 6 p e r c e n t , a n d 0 . 3 p e r c e n t , e x -p r e s s e d a s a p e r c e n t a g e o f VA i n t h e c i r c u i t .

4 ) T h e e f f e c t o f t h e e r r o r i n v a r m e a s u r e m e n t o n

t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f VA i s s i m p l e ; t h e p e r c e n t a g e e r r o ri n VA e q u a l s t h e e r r o r i n v a r m e a s u r e m e n t , e x p r e s s e da s a p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e V A , t i m e s t h e s i n e o f t h e p h a s ea n g l e o f t h e l o a d .

5 ) A c c u r a c y t e s t m e t h o d s h a v e b e e n s u g g e s t e d u s i n ga t e s t i n g b r i d g e f o r i n s t r u m e n t p o t e n t i a l t r a n s f o r m e r s .

A P P E N D I XA . D e f i n i t i o n s

T h e RCF a n d PD o f a p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s f o r m e rar e t e r m s a p p l i e d t o t h e v e c t o r i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e no u t p u t a n d i n p u t v o l t a g e s . The RCF a n d PD o f a n o u t -

p u t v o l t a g e a r e t h e RCF a n d p h a s e a n g l e w i t h r e f e r e n c e

P h a s e - S h i f t i n g T r a n s f o r m e r s 9 1

t o t h e t h e o r e t i c a l l y c o r r e c t o u t p u t v o l t a g e , w h e n b a l -a n c e d p o l y p h a s e v o l t a g e s ar e a p p l i e d t o t h e i n p u t t e r -m i n a l s .

D e f i n i t i o n s o f RCF a n d p h a s e a n g l e a r e g i v e n i n ASAC 4 2 . 3 0 - 1 9 5 7 , 3 0 . 8 1 . 1 1 0 a n d 3 0 . 8 1 . 1 2 0 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . I na p p l y i n g t h e ASA t e r m i n o l o g y t o p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s -f o r m e r s , t h e m a r k e d r a t i o i s n o r m a l l y t a k e n a s e x a c t l yu n i t y , t h e s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e i s t a k e n a s t h e o u t p u t v o l t -a g e , a n d t h e p r i m a r y v o l t a g e i s t a k e n a s t h e i n p u t v o l t -a g e .

B . D e v e l o p m e n t o f C i r c l e D i a g r a m s

T h e c i r c l e d i a g r a m s a r e d e v e l o p e d f o r c o n v e n t i o n a lp h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s a s a p p l i e d t o t w o c om m ont h r e e - p h a s e c i r c u i t s w i t h b a l a n c e d v o l t a g e s a n d c u r -r e n t s . T h e s a m e r e s u l t s c a n b e o b ta in e d b y s i m i l a r m e t h -o d s f o r o t h e r p o l y p h a s e c i r c u i t s a n d p h a s e - s h i f t i n gt r a n s f o r m e r s . T h e e f f e c t o f u n b a l a n c e d v o l t a g e s a n dc u r r e n t s i s b e y o n d t h e s c o p e o f t h i s p a p e r .

N o m e n c l a t u r eV 1 = i n p u t v o l t a g e o f p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r

1 2 = o u t p u t v o l t a g e o f p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s f o r m e rI = p h a s e c u r r e n t0 = p h a s e a n g l e o f l o a d ( I r e l a t i v e t o X 1 )a = - P D , r a d i a n s-= v a r e r r o r , p e r u n i t o f V A .

T h r e e - P h a s e F o u r - W i r e Wye C i r c u i t s : C o n v e n t i o n -a l l y , t h e p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r i s s u p p l i e d w i t ht h r e e p o l y p h a s e v o l t a g e s r e p r e s e n t i n g l i n e - t o - n e u t r a lc i r c u i t v o l t a g e s . T h e p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s u p -p l i e s t h e e n d d e v i c e w i t h t h r e e c o r r e s p o n d i n g v o l t a g e ss h i f t e d 9 0 d eg re e s i n p h a s e . The v a r r ea di ng o f a n i d e a le n d d e v i c e i s e q u a l t o t h e sum o f t he v a r s i n e a c h o f t h et h r e e p h a s e s . O w i n g t o o n e p h a s e ,

v a r r e a d i n g = V 2 I 1 s i n ( 0 + a ) VARs

T r u e v a r s = V 1 1 s i n 0

V 2 1 s i n ( 0 + a ) - V 1 I s i n 0=

V i l

s i n 0 c o s a + c o s 0 s i n a-sin 0 .

RCF

F o r v a l u e s o fa

w i t h i n 0 . 0 1 2 r a d i a n ,c o s a = 1 w i t h i n 7 5 p a r t s i n 1 0 l

s i n a = a w i t h i n 3 0 p a r t s i n 1 0 6 .

T h u s ,

1, E = - [ ( 1 - R C F ) s i n 0 + a c o sG ] .

RCF( 1 )

A s s u m i n g t h a t t h e RCF a n d PD a s s o c i a t e d r e s p e c -t i v e l y w i t h e a c h o f t h e t h r e e t r a n s f o r m e r o u t p u t v o l t -a g e s a r e t h e s a m e b e c a u s e o f s y m m e t r y a n d b a l a n c e db u r d e n s , t h e n ( 1 ) a p p l i e s t o e a c h p h a s e s e p a r a t e l y a n d

a l l t h r e e p h a s e s i n t o t a l

I _ t, - 7 - r t, P-" tr r

I

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9 2 I E E E TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT J u n e - S e p t .

e i s a maximum w h e n d c / d O = 0 ,

w h e n

( 1 - R C F ) c o s 0 = a s i n 0 . ( 2 )

L e t t h e e r r o r s i n V A , P , a n d Q b e

A V A , A P , a n d A Q , r e s p e c t i v e l y ,

( V A + A V A ) 2 - = ( p + A p ) 2 + ( Q + A Q ) 2 .

L e t maximum v a l u e o f va r e r r o r i n p e r u n i t o f VA=m. S u b s t i t u t e ( 2 ) i n ( 1 )

1 / a s i n 2 \

( m=

+ C o s 0RCF cosO

a=RCF)em cos a .

I f RCF= 1 . 0 0 0 w i t h i n 0 . 0 1 2 , t h e n

a =mcos w i t h i n 1 . 2 pe r c e n t .

S u b s t i t u t e ( 3 ) i n ( 2 )

1 -RCF =m s i n

( 3 )

( 4 )

S i n c e em i s t o b e c o n s t a n t , ( 3 ) a n d ( 4 ) d e s c r i b e a c i r c l ef o r v a l u e s o f aa n d (1-RCF), when 0 i s t h e i n d e p e n d -e n t v a r i a b l e .

T h r e e - P h a s e T h r e e - W i r e C i r c u i t s : C o n v e n t i o n a l l y , t h e

p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r i s s u p p l i e d w i t h two v o l t a g e sr e p r e s e n t i n g two o f t h e t h r e e l i n e - t o - l i n e c i r c u i t v o l t -ages. The p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s u p p l i e s t h e e n d

d e v i c e w i t h two c o r r e s p o n d i n g v o l t a g e s s h i f t e d 9 0 d e -

g r e e s i n p h a s e , as i n F i g . 1 , f o r e x a m p l e . I t i s a s s u m e dt h a t t h e RCF a n d PD a s s o c i a t e d r e s p e c t i v e l y w i t h e a c h

o f t h e two t r a n s f o r m e r o u t p u t v o l ta ge s ar e t h e same b e -

c ause o f symmetry and b a l a n c e d b u r d e n s . T he va r

r e a d i n g o f an i d e a l varmeter i s e q u a l t o t h e sum o f t h e

c o n t r i b u t i o n s f r o m t h e two e l e m e n t s .

W i t h an i d e a l p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r , t h e c o n-

t r i b u t i o n s a r e 5

F i r s t e l e m e n t ,

V 1 I co s + \ - 3 s i n )

S e c o n d e l e m e n t ,

V j I t - 2 c o s O + \ 2 3 s i n 0 )

VARs

V A R s .

F o r a p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r w i t h e r r o r s , s u b s t i t u t e

V2 f o r V I an d ( 6 + a ) f o r 0 .

va r r e a d i n g =3 V 2 I s i n ( 6 + a ) vars

T r u e vars=3 V 1 i s i n 0 .

E q . ( 1 ) a n d t h e c i r c l e d i a g r a m s f o l l o w as in t h e f o r e g o i n g

p a r t .

C . E r r o r i n VA

V o l t - a m p e r e s ar e d e t e r m i n e d f r om measu re d v a l u e s o f

w a t t s P and vars Q f r o m t h e r e l a t i o n

( V A ) 2 = p 2 + Q 2 . ( 5 )

I A . E . K n o w l t o n , " E l e c t r i c Power M e t e r i n g , " 1 st e d . , p . 2 2 1 .

E x p a n d ( 6 ) , n e g l e c t v a l u e s o f s m a l l q u a n t i t i e s s q u a r e d ,

a n d s u b s t i t u t e ( 5 ) ; t h e n ,

AVA( V A ) =P ( P ) + A Q ( Q ) .

P e r u n i t s e r r o r i n VA i s

AVA AP P AQ Q

VA VA VA VA VA

' A P AQ= cos +-i n 6,

VA VA

w h e r e AQ/VA i s th e e r r o r i n var m e a s u r e m e n t s

p r e s s e d as p er u n i t o f V A . 0 i s t h e p h a s e a n g l e o fl o a d .

( 7 )

ex -

t h e

D . L i m i t s o f E r ro r -S p e c i f i c at i o n N o . 4 f o r A p p r o v a lo f T y p e o f I n s t r u m e n t T r a n s f o r m e r s

I t w i l l b e s h o w n t h e a p p l ic at io n o f F i g . 2 g i v e s l i m i t s

o f e r r o r o f + 0 . 7 pe r c e n t a t 0 . 8 PF o f l o a d .R e f e r r i n g t o S e c t i o n B o f t h e A p p e n d i x , a t 0 . 8 PF ( 1 )

r e d u c e s t o

e = 0 . 6 ( 1-RCF) + 0 . 8 a a p p r o x i m a t e l y .

T h e e q u a t i o n f o r t h e l o w e r - r i g h t - h a n d s i d e o f F i g . 2 i s

RCF 0 . 9 8 8 + 1 . 3 2 4 a .

T h u s ,

e -=. 0 0 7 2 + 0 . 0 0 6 a .

e i s a maximum when a s + 0 . 0 0 9 r a d i a n

Em + 0 . 0 0 7 2 5

-+ 0 . 7 pe r c e n t , a p p r o x i m a t e l y .

S i m i l a r l y , em= - 0 . 7 pe r c e n t when a s - 0 . 0 0 9 r a d i a n .

T h u s , l i m i t s o f e rr or a re + 0 . 7 per c e n t a t 0 . 8 P F .S i m i l a r l y , i t c a n b e s h o w n t h a t a t zero PF t h e m a x i -

mum errors o c c u r when RCF e q u a l s 0 . 9 8 8 a n d 1 . 0 1 2 .

T h u s , l i m i t s o f e rr or a re + 1 . 2 per c e n t a t zero P F .

D i s c u s s i o n b y G . J . Wey6

V a n d e r l e c k i s t o b e c ommend ed f o r h i s t i m e l y paper

on a very l i v e s u b j e c t . H i s f o r m u l a f o r c o m p u t i n g t h e

error i n t e r m s o f VAs i s p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l .

H o w e v e r , t h e a u t h o r ' s p r o p o s a l t o express t h e e r r o r

l i m i t s f o r t h e v a r i o u s accuracy c l a s s e s a s a c i r c l e seems

t o be r a t h e r r e s t r i c t i v e on t h e d e s i g n o f t h e p h a s e - s h i f t -

6 A s s i s t a n t t o E n g i n e e r i n g M a n a g e r , W e s t i n g h o u s e Meter D i v i -s i o n , R a l e i g h , N . C .

( 6 )

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V a n d e r l e c k : S t a n d a r d s f o r P h a s e - S h i f t i n g T r a n s f o r m e r s

1 . 2 ACCURACY CLASS

L O A D PF L A G G I N G

ERROR I N 'v A

ERROR I N V A=

[ ( I - R C F ) S I N 4 - c t C o S e ]

60 40 2 0 0 20 40 60

- LAGGING C . ( M I N U T E S ) LEADING +

F i g . 1 - L i m i t s f o r RCF a n d p h a s e a n g l e f o r p h a s e - s h i f t i n i g t r a n s f o r m -er s u s e d f o r va r m e a s u r e m e n t , l o a d PF l a g g i n g .

LOAD PFLEADING

1 . 0 0 6 _ ____- ] 0 4 E R R O R IN V A

0 . 9 9 7ERROR IN V Aa

0 . 9 9 8 4L[ ( R C F ) S I N e + X C O S 0 ]

0.988~-

60 40 20 0 20 40 60

LAGGING + a ( M I N U T E S ) LEADING -

F i g . 2 - L i m i t s f o r RCF a n d p h a s e a n g l e f o r p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s f o r m -er s u s e d f o r va r m e a s u r e m e n t , l o a d - P F l e a d i n g .

i n g t r a n s f o r m e r t o meet a s p e c i f i c accuracy c l a s s w h e r eo n l y l a g g i n g o r l e a d i n g vars a r e t o b e m e a s u r e d . That

i s , t h e c i r c l e e n v e l o p e i s a p p l i c a b l e o n l y i n t h e c a s e

w h e r e b o t h l e a d i n g a n d l a g g i n g var measurementsar e necessary.

I f , h o w e v e r , o n l y l a g g i n g o r l e a d i n g va r m e a s u r e -

ments are t o b e m a d e , t h e more l e n i e n t r a t i o and p h a s ea n g l e e r r o r e n v e l o p e s shown i n F i g . 1 or 2 may b e u s e d .

T h u s , an error f a l l i n g o u t s i d e o f a c i r c l e b u t w i t h i n t h e

c o r n e r a r e a as shown i n F i g . f o r l a g g i n g PF p e r m i t st h e u s e o f a s m a l l e r t r a n s f o r m e r f o r a g i v e n accuracy

c l a s s .

I n v i e w o f t h e p r e p o n d e r a n c e o f a p p l i c a t i o n s r e q u i r -

i n g t h e measurement o f l a g g i n g va rs o n l y i t w o u l d ap-

p e a r t h a t t h e more l e n i e n t e r r o r - l i m i t e n v e l o p e o f F i g .i s p r e f e r a b l e . A l s o , i t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t t h e e r r o r

p a r a l l e l o g r a m s commonly u s e d w i t h i n s t r u m e n t t r a n s -

f o r m e r s a p p l y o n l y t o l a g g i n g P F s . T h u s , w h e r e i n s t r u -m e n t t r a n s f o r m e r s ar e t o b e u s e d on l e a d i n g l o a d PF i t

i s n e c e s s a r y t h a t t h e a c t u a l r a t i o a n d p h a s e a n g l e e r r o r so f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r s b e u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e o v e r - a l la c c u r a c y o f t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n f o r m e a s u r i n g e i t h e r vars o r

w a t t s .

I t appears o n l y l o g i c a l , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t p h a s e - s h i f t i n gt r a n s f o r m e r s f o r va r measurement b e p e r m i t t e d e r r o r

l i m i t s c o m p a r a b l e t o t h o s e p l a c e d on i n s t r u m e n t t r a n s -

f o r m e r s .

J . M. V a n d e r l e c k

W h e t h e r t h e s t a n d a r d s f o r p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s f o r m -er s s h o u l d b e b a s ed o n any l o a d power f a c t o r o r j u s t on

l a g g i n g PF d e p e n d s on w e i g h i n g t h e p r o s a n d cons. Thea n y - p o w e r - f a c t o r b a s i s w o u l d b e p r e f e r r e d a t m e t e r i n gp o i n t s s u c h as i n t e r c h a n g e p o i n t s b e t w e e n s y s t e m s ,

w h e r e t h e PF c a n c h a n g e f r o m l a g t o l e a d . I t a l s o h a st h e a d v a n t a g e t h a t any c o n f u s i o n i n a s s e s s i n g w h e t h e rt h e PF i s l a g or l e a d c a n b e o v e r l o o k e d . T h e l a g g i n g - P Fb a s i s h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e t h a t t h e p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s -

f o r m e r c a n b e s m a l l e r , p e r h a p s 3 0 p e r c e n t s m a l l e r . F o ran a u x i l i a r y t r a n s f o r m e r , h o w e v e r , t h i s d e c r e a s e i n s i z emay n o t b e s i g n i f i c a n t .

I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t w h e n p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s -

f o r m e r s o p e r a t e f r o m p o t e n t i a l t r a n s f o r m e r s , a n d

varmeters f r o m c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m e r s , t h e n t o assurea c e r t a i n a c c u r a c y o f va r measurement, t h e n e t RCFa n d n e t p h a s e a n g l e s h o u l d f a l l w i t h i n t h e d e s i r e d a c c u -

r a c y d i a g r a m , f o r e x a m p l e , t h e 1 . 2 - a c c u r a c y - c l a s s c i r c l e .By n e t RCF i s meant t h e p r o d u c t o f t h e RCFs o f t h ep o t e n t i a l , c u r r e n t , a n d p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s . Byn e t p h a s e a n g l e i s meant t h e sum o f t h e p h a s e a n g l e s o ft h e p o t e n t i a l a n d p h a s e - s h i f t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s , m i n u st h e p h a s e a n g l e o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m e r s .

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