Vanhaecke 1982 Aquacultural-Engineering

7/28/2019 Vanhaecke 1982 Aquacultural-Engineering

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AquaculturalEngineering 1 ( 1 9 8 2 ) 2 6 3 - 2 7 3

I N T E R N A T I O N A L S T U D Y O N A R T E M I A . * XVI I I . T H E H A T C H I N GR A T E O F A R T E M I A C Y S T S - A C O M P A R A T I V E S T U D Y

PAUL VANHAECKE and PATRICK SORGE LOOStAr temia Refe renc e Center, State University o f Ghent, J. Plateaustraat 22, B-90 00 Ghent, Belgium

A B S T R A C TA c o m p a r a t i v e s t u d y h a s b e e n c a r ri e d o u t o n t h e h a t c h i n g r a t e o f A r t e m i a c y s t s o fd i f f e r e n t g e o g r a p h i ca l o r ig in a n d o n d i f f e r e n t b a t c h e s o f t h e s a m e so u r ce . S u b s t a n t i a lv a r ia ti o n , a m o n g a s we l l a s w i th in g e o g r a p h ic a l s t ra in s, i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e h a t c h in g - r a t ecr i te r ion i s no t s t ra in spec i f ic .

I n a n a t t e m p t t o i d e n t i f y t h e p a r a m e t e r s w h i c h i n f l u e n c e t h e h a t c h i n g r a te , i t w a sf o u n d t h a t t h e c y s t - d r y i n g t e c h n i q u e a s w e l l a s t h e s t o ra g e c o n d i t i o n s m a y s i g n i fi c a n tl ya f f e c t t h is c r it e ri o n . I t h a s a l so b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e c y s t s ' h a t c h a b i l i t y isi n f l u e n c e d b y t h e i r p r e v i o u s d r y i n g a n d s t o ri n g c o n d i t io n s . O p t i m a l h a t c h i n g re s u l tsa r e g u a r a n t e e d w h e n a f l u i d i z e d b e d d r y e r is u s e d a n d t h e c y s t s ar e s t o r e d u n d e rv a c u u m o r n i tr o g e n .

INTRODUCTIONP r e s e n t l y b r i n e s h r i m p c y s t s a re c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a il a b le fr o m n a t u r a l s o u rc e s i nA r g e n t i n a , A u s t r a l i a , B r az i l, C a n a d a , t h e P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c o f C h i n a a n d th e U S A( S o r g e l o o s , 1 9 8 0 a ) .

F r o m t h e l i m i t e d l i t e r a t u r e o n t h i s s u b j e c t i t i s k n o w n t h a t t h e h a t c h i n g r a t e s o fA r t e m i a c y s t s v a r y f r o m o n e s t r a in t o a n o t h e r ( S o r g e l o o s a n d P e r s o o n e , 1 9 7 5 ; P e rs o n -L e R u y e t a n d S a l a u n , 1 9 7 7 ; S m i t h e t a l . , 1 9 7 8 ) .

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d b y S m i t h e t a l . ( 1 9 7 8 ) , e v e n v a r i a t i o n a m o n gb a t c h e s f r o m t h e s a m e s t r a in m a y b e e x p e c t e d . T h i s c o m p l i c a t e s th e e x a c t t i m i n g f o r* Interdiscipl inary s tudy on Artemia st ra ins coordinated by the Artemia Reference Center , StateUniversity of Ghent.t Research Associate at the Belgian National Science Foundation (NFWO).

2 6 3Aquacultural Engineering 0144-860 9/82/0001-02 63/$02.75 Appl ied Science Publishers Ltd ,England, 1982Printed in Great Britain


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26 4 P. VANHAECKE, P. SORGELOOSt h e m a x i m i z e d h a r v e s t o f i n s t a r I n a u p l i i , w h i c h i s c r i ti c a l b o t h i n fu n d a m e n t a lr e s e a r c h , e . g . in e c o t o x i c o l o g i c a l s tu d i e s ( S o r g e l o o s e t a l . , 1 9 7 9 ; V a n h a e c k e e t a l . ,1 9 8 0 ) , a n d i n a q u a c u l t u r e ( B e n i j ts e t a l . , 1 9 7 6 ; S o r g e l o o s , 1 9 8 0 b ) .

P r e s e n t l y i t i s n o t c l e a r w h e t h e r t h e h a t c h i n g r a t e i s s t r a i n s p e c i f i c , a s a r e s e v e ra lo t h e r c y s t c h a r a c t e r i s t ic s ( V a n h a e c k e a n d S o r g e l o o s , 1 9 8 0 ) , o r t o w h a t e x t e n t c y s tp r o c e s s i n g a n d / o r s t o r a g e c o n d i t i o n s a r e i n v o l v e d . A b e t t e r k n o w l e d g e o f t h e p a r a -m e t e r s t h a t i n f l u e n c e t h e h a t c h i n g r a t e m i g h t le a d t o i m p r o v e d t e c h n i q u e s i n t h ed e v e l o p m e n t o f b e t te r A r t e r n i a - c y s t p r o d u c t s .

I n t h i s r e g a r d h a t c h i n g - r a t e a n a l y s e s o n c y s t s a m p l e s f r o m 1 6 g e o g r a p h i c a l st r a in sa n d o n s a m p l e s f r o m t h e s a m e s t ra i n b u t h a r v e s t ed a t d i f fe r e n t m o m e n t s o f t h e y e a r o re x p o s e d t o d i f f e r e n t p r o c e s s i n g a n d d r y i n g t r e a t m e n t s h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d o u t . T h ee f f e c t o f t h e l a t t e r t r e a t m e n t s o n h a t c h i n g e f f i c ie n c y w a s al s o t e s t e d .

MATERIALS AND METHODSC y s t s f r o m 1 6 g e o g r a p h i c a l s t ra i n s o f A r t e m i a w e r e e x a m i n e d . D e t a i ls o f t h e i r o ri g i na r e g i v e n i n T a b le 1 . F o r t h e s t ra i n s fr o m M a c a u a n d S a n F r a n c i s c o B a y d i f f e r e n tb a t c h e s w e r e s t u d i e d .

TABLE 1A r t e m i a st ra ins and batches exam ined

Sourc e o f c y s t s Ba t c h num be r o r y e ar o f harv es tArgentina, Buenos Aires[ Por t AlmaAustral ia ~Shark BayBrazfl, MacauCanada, Chaplin L akeColombia , Ga le ra Zam baFranc e, LavalducIndia , Tut icor inIta ly, Margherita d i SavoiaPeop le 's Republ ic of China, Tien tsinPhi l ippines, Barotac NuevoPuerto Rico, Bahia Salinasl Great Sal t LakeUSA San Francisco Bay

San Pablo BayVenezue la , Port A raya

1977no. l14' May 1978November 1978 (no. 871172)December 1978 (no. 872112)no. 87500197919771979

1977197919781977no. 288-2596no. 288-2606no. 236-2016no. 16281978


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T H E H A T C H I N G R A T E O F A r t e m i a CY ST S - A CO M PA R A T I V E ST U D Y 2 65F o r e a c h c y s t s a m p l e t w o c y l i n d r o -c o n i c a l t u b e s w e r e s e t u p , w i t h e a c h 2 5 0 - r a g c y s t

i n 1 0 0 m l n a t u r a l s e a w a t e r ( 3 5 % 0 ) . T h e h a t c h in g t u b e s w e r e i n c u b a t e d a t 2 5 C a n de x p o s e d t o a li g h t in t e n s i t y o f 1 0 0 0 l u x . Th e c y s t s w e r e k e p t i n s u s p e n s i o n b y g e n t l ea i r - b u b b l i n g . A t i n t e rv a l s o f 1 h , f o u r 2 50 -/2 1 s u b s a m p l e s w e r e t a k e n f r o m t h e d u p l i c a t et u b e s w i t h a n a u t o m a t i c m i c r o p i p e t a n d t h e n u m b e r o f n a u p l ii c o u n t e d . S a m p l i n g w a sc o n t i n u e d u n t il t h e m a x i m u m h a t c h i n g e f f i c ie n c y w a s a tt a i n e d ( p r e d e t e r m i n e d u s i n gt h e m e t h o d o f S o r g e l o o s et a l . , 1 9 7 8 ) , o r u n t i l n o i n c r e a s e i n t h e n u m b e r o f n a u p l i iw a s r e c o r d e d i n t h r e e c o n s e c u t i v e s e r ie s o f s a m p l e s .

T h e m e a n v a l u e s o f th e f o u r s u b s a m p l e s, t a k e n e v e r y h o u r , w e r e e x p r e s s e d a s ap e r c e n t a g e o f t h e m a x i m u m h a t c h i n g v a lu e . F o r e a c h r u n , t h e m e a n p e r c e n t a g e s f r o mt h e d u p l i c a t e t u b e s w e r e u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e t h e n o n - l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n l i n e s u s i n g t h em e t h o d o f o r t h o g o n a l p o l y n o m i a l s . A n a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e t e s t o n t h e s e r e g r e s s i o nl i ne s re v e a l e d t h e o n e b e s t f i t ti n g t h e h a t c h i n g c u r v e .

F o r e a c h c u r v e t h e f o l l o w i n g t i m e p e r i o d s , f r o m i n c u b a t i o n o n , w e r e d e r iv e d g ra p h i-c a l ly : to = t i m e u n t i l a p p e a r a n c e o f th e f i r st n a u p l i i; t l O , S O , 9 0 = t i m e u n t i l , r e s p e c -t i v e l y , 1 0, 5 0 o r 9 0 % h a t c h i n g i s a t ta i n e d . T h e t i m e i n t e rv a l t s = t 9 o - - t l o w a sc a l c u la t e d a s a m e a s u r e o f h a t c h i n g s y n c h r o n y .

H a t c h i n g e f f ic i e n c y d a t a w e r e d e t e r m i n e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r o c e d u r e o u t l i n e d b ySo r g e l o o s et a l . ( 1 9 7 8 ) , b u t a t 2 5 C i n s t e a d o f 3 0 C .

RE SU L T S A N D D I SCU SSI O NC o m p a r a t i v e a n a ly s is o f d i f f e r e n t A r t e m i a strains

Fr o m t h e h a t c h i n g - t i m e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ( Ta b l e 2 ) i t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e h a t c h i n g r a t e sd i f f e r c o n s id e r a b l y f r o m o n e s t ra i n t o a n o t h e r . T h e a p p e a r a n c e o f th e f ir s t n a u p l iif l u c t u a t e s f r o m a m i n i m u m o f 1 3 - 8 h a f t e r i n c u b a t i o n f o r B a h i a S a l i n a s c y s t s , u p t oa m a x i m u m o f 3 4 h f o r c y s t s f r o m T u t i c o r i n , i. e. a v a r i a t io n o f m o r e t h a n 2 0 h .

N o t o n l y h a t c h i n g r a t e s b u t a ls o h a t c h in g s y n c h r o n i e s v a r y c o n s i d e ra b l y f r o m o n es t r a i n t o a n o t h e r ( Ta b l e 2 ) : e . g . B u e n o s A i re s a n d T i e n t s i n c y s t s b o t h s t a r t t o h a t c ha f t e r a b o u t 1 6 h o f i n c u b a t i o n , t h e i r t9 0 v a l u e s , h o w e v e r , d i f f e r w i t h m o r e t h a n 5 h .Ev e n h i g h e r v a r i a t i o n is r e c o r d e d b e t w e e n Gr e a t Sa l t La k e a n d Ch a p l i n La k e c y s t s ,i .e . f o r a s i m i l a r t o f i g u r e , a d i f f e r e n c e o f m o r e t h a n 1 1 h i s r e c o r d e d f o r t h e i r t sova lues .

I t i s i n t e r e s ti n g t o n o t e t h a t t h e h a t c h i n g r a t e s o f Sa n F r a n c i s c o B a y c y s t s d i f f e rf r o m t h e v a l u e s o b t a i n e d f o r c y s t s o r ig i n a ti n g f r o m S a n F r a n c i sc o B a y t ra n s p l a n t a t i o n si n M a c a u a n d B a r o t a c Nu e v o . T h i s is a f i r st i n d i c a t i o n t h a t t h e h a t c h i n g r a t e is n o tu n d e r c o m p l e t e g e n e t i c c o n t r o l b u t d e p e n d s t o s o m e e x t e n t o n t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a lc o n d i t i o n s u n d e r w h i c h t h e c y s t s h a v e b e e n p r o d u c e d . T h i s i s a l s o c o n f i r m e d b y t h eo b s e r v a t i o n t h a t s t r a i n s b e l o n g i n g t o t h e s a m e s i b l i n g s p e c i e s ( B o w e n e t a l . , 1 9 7 8 ) d on o t h a v e s im i l a r h a t c h i n g r a t e s .


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266 P . V A N H A E C K E , P . S O R G E L O O STABLE 2Hatching-time characteristics for A r t e m i a cysts from different geographical origin

Sou rce o f c y s t s t o t s o t 90 t sSan Francisco Bay (batch no. 288-2596) 15.0 17.6 20.5 5.0San Pablo Bay 13.9 17.3 20.1 5.0Macau (batch no. 871172) 16.4 19-8 21-9 4.4Barotac Nuevo 14-7 18.8 22.0 6 -3Great Salt Lake 14.1 t7.5 21-7 7.0Buenos Aires 16.1 19.7 22-6 5.3Shark Bay 20.3 23.8 28-1 7,0Margherita di Savoia 18.7 22-3 25-3 5.3Bahia SaUnas 13-8 16-6 20.1 5.8Galera Zamba 27-8 32.5 37-5 8.9Port Araya 21-4 34.4 39.8 15-0Port Alma 15-8 18-0 21.9 5.7Chaplin Lake 14.3 22.4 33.0 17.3Tientsin 16.0 21.0 27.2 10.lLavalduc 19-5 24.4 30.5 l 0-0Tuticorin 34-0 43.6 48.3 10.4t o = time until appearance of the first nauplii.ts0 = time until 50% hatching is attained.tg0 = time until 90% hatching is attained.t s ~ t 9 o - - t l 0 .

Since there is found to be no correlation either between hatching rates and cystbiometrics (Vanhaecke and Sorgeloos, 1980) or between hatching rates and theamounts of energy consumed during the hatching process (Vanhaecke e t a l . , 1982), itwould appear that the hatching rate of A r t e m i a cysts does not directly depend on theenergy content of the cysts.

When considering the practical use of cysts in aquacul ture hatcheries, those nee dingonly a short inc uba tio n time and assuring a high hatching synch rony are mostinteresting.

C o m p a r a t i v e a n a l y s is o f d i f f e r e n t h a r v e s ts f r o m t w o s t r a in sThree harvests of San Francisco Bay and four harvests of Macau cysts revealimportant differences in hatching rate among harvests within the same strain (Fig. 1).

The v ariation in the Macau batches is lowest at the onset of hatching; but a 7-h varia-tio n in the tgo values is observed. In the San Francisco Bay samples on the other hand,hatching synchronies are fairly constant, but up to 10-h variation in time ofcomme nceme nt of hatching exists among batches.

It is evident from these data that the hatching-rate criterion is not strain specific.Variat ion within strains may be the result of temp oral variation due to changing abioticand biotic conditions in the salt ponds. Bohra (1980)and Sarasquete Reiriz (1979)reported variations in the hatching rate depending upon the season in which the cysts


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T H E H A T C H I N G R A T E O F Artemia C Y S T S - - A C O M P A R A T I V E S T U D YA

267

1 , 3 0 .

30 -

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80 "

Fig. 1.

/ < r , " / ~/ , ' ~ ; / / / / //)~ //. / // / / / /

/ - : V ' , , . . . . . . . . . . . .-B 18 -~0 22 24 26 28 30

~ATCH MAY 1978BATCH NO 871172BATCH NO 872112BATCH NO 87500

I i

32

/ / '/ /

//l / / / // / - . -///, 1 1 , , , . /

L 1 I i ~ / i i i i i i i 1 D

16 29 24 28 32 3B 40

BATCH NO 288-2596BATCH NO 288-2606BATCH NO 236-20i6

INCUBATION TIME, HHatching curves for different batches of cysts from M acau (A) and San Fran cisco Bay (B).

had been produced . V ar i a t i on am ong cys t ba t ches can , how ever , a l s o be due t odi f f erent harves t ing t echniques . Indeed, comparing cys t s col l ected in brine and thoseharves t ed f rom t he s hore , t he l a t t er m ay have been s ubj ec t ed t o repeat ed hydrat i on-dehydrat ion cycles which certainly af fect the hatching rate (Morri s , 1971; Sorgeloose t a l . , 1 9 7 6 ) .


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2 6 8 1,. V A N H A E C K E , P . S O R G E L O O ST h e v a r i a b i l i t y i n t h e h a t c h i n g r a t e a m o n g c y s t b a t c h e s i m p l i e s t h a t t h e h a t c h i n g

r a t e o f a n e w b a t c h o f c y s t s s h o u l d b e c h e c k e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e m o s t a p p r o p r i a t et i m e s c h e d u le f o r in s t a r I p r o d u c t i o n , i n o r d e r t o e n s u r e t h e o p t i m a l u s e o f A r t e m i ac y s t s i n a q u a c u l t u r e h a t c h e r i e s .Ef f ec t o f dry ing t echn iques

F i v e s u b s a m p l e s o f a h o m o g e n e o u s b a t c h o f u n p r o c e s s e d L a v a l d u c c y s t s w e r e d ri e du n d e r t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t io n s :

- f l u i d i z e d - b e d d r y e r a t 3 5 C ( 2 h d r y i n g t i m e ) ;- o v e n d r y e r a t 3 0 C ; t h i c k n e s s o f c y s t l a y e r : 0 -5 c m a n d 1 -5 c m ( 4 8 h d r y i n g

t i m e ) ;- o v e n d r y e r a t 3 8 C ; th i c k n e s s o f c y s t la y e r : 0 . 5 c m a n d 1 .5 c m ( 4 8 h d r y i n g

t i m e ) .Th e h a t c h i n g c u r v e s a r e g r a p h i c a l ly r e p r e s e n t e d i n F i g . 2 a n d t h e h a t c h i n g e f f i c i e n c yd a t a a r e g i v e n i n Ta b l e 3 . A l l t h e d r i e d c y s t s , e x c e p t f o r t h e s e r i e s o v e n - d r i e d i n t h e1 .5 c m t h i c k l a y e r , w e re a n a l y z e d a g a i n a f t e r v a c u u m s t o ra g e f o r o n e m o n t h .

Th e f i n d i n g s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e h a t c h i n g p e r f o r m a n c e s a r e v e r y s i m i la r f o r f l u id i z e d -b e d d r ie d a n d u n p r o c e s s e d c y s t s. T h e v a r i a t io n i n h a t c h i n g e f f i c i e n c y a m o n g t h e o v e n -d r i e d s e r ie s is r e l a t e d t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e r a t e o f w a t e r r e m o v a l . I t is o b v i o u s t h a t t h em o r e s l o w l y w a t e r i s r e m o v e d ( s ti ll 4 0 % w a t e r c o n t e n t a f t e r 4 8 h d r y i n g in a 1 .5 c mt h i c k l a y e r a t 3 0 C a g a i n s t o n l y 4 % f o r t h e 0 . 5 c m , 3 8 C s e r i e s ) t h e m o r e t h e c y s t ' sv i a b i li t y d e c re a s es . A p p a r e n t l y s o m e o f t h e l o w - d r y i n g c y s t s h a d b e e n e x p o s e d f o r to ol o n g a p e r i o d t o w a t e r l e v el s , e x c e e d i n g 6 5 % , th a t a s s u r e a c t i v e c y s t m e t a b o l i s m ( C l e g ga n d C a v a g n a r o , 1 9 7 6 ) . S u b s e q u e n t d e h y d r a t i o n o f t h e s e c y s t s b e l o w th e c r i ti c al w a t e rl e v e l d o e s n o t r e s u l t i n a n o t h e r w i s e r e v e r si b l e i n t e r r u p t i o n o f t h e h a t c h i n g m e t a b o l i s m( M o r r is , 1 9 7 1 ) b u t i n t h e k i ll in g o f th e e m b r y o s . F r o m t h e h a t c h i n g r a t e d a t a i t a ls oa p p e a r s t h a t i n a l l o v e n - d r i e d s e r i e s , d e h y d r a t i o n i s n o t f a s t e n o u g h . Va r i a t i o n o f t h eh a t c h i n g r a t e a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e s t o ra g e t i m e u n d e r v a c u u m , p r o v i d e s t h e p r o o f t h a td u r i n g t h e d r y i n g p r o c e s s t h e s e c y s t s h a d b e e n e x p o s e d t o a h y d r a t i o n - d e h y d r a t i o nc y c l e . A s c o m p a r e d t o t h e c o n t r o l , t h e ts o v a lu e s a r e in d e e d s h o r t e n e d w h e n t h e c y s t sa r e i n c u b a t e d i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r s u c h a c y c l e ( Mo r r i s, 1 9 7 1 ) , b u t a r e si g n i f ic a n t l yp r o l o n g e d a f t e r v a c u u m s t o ra g e o f t h e c y s t s f o r o n e m o n t h ( S o r g e l o o s et al., 1 9 7 6 ;Ben i j t s et a l ., 1 9 7 7 ) .

I n t h e f lu i d iz e d - b ed d r ie d c y s t s , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e w a t e r c o n t e n t d r o p p e db e l o w 1 0 % a f t e r l e s s t h a n 2 h o f t r e a t m e n t . As a r e s u l t , n e i t h e r t h e h a t c h i n g r a t e( p r i o r t o a n d a f t e r s t o r a g e) n o r t h e h a t c h i n g e f f i c ie n c y d i ff e r e n t s i g n if i ca n t ly f r o m t h er e s p e c ti v e v al u e s o b t a i n e d f o r u n t r e a t e d c y s t s.Ef f ec t o f s torage condi t ions

S a n F r a n c i s c o B a y c y s t s ( b a t c h n o . 2 8 8 - 2 5 9 6 ) a n d M a c a u c y s t s ( b a t c h n o . 9 7 1 0 5 1 )w e r e s t o r e d u n d e r v a c u u m , a i r, n i t ro g e n , o x y g e n a n d i n s a t u r a te d N a C 1 b r i n e f o r1 and 2 yea rs , r e spec t ive ly .


7/11

T H E H A T C H I N G R A T E O F Artemia CYSTS - A COMPAR ATIVE STUDY 269

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INCUBAT ION TIME, HF i g . 2 . T h e e f f e c t o f t h e d r y i n g c o n d i t i o n s o n t h e h a t c h in g r at e o f Arternia c y s t s . A , c y s t si n c u b a t e d i m m e d i a t e l y a f t er d r y i n g ; B , c y s t s i n c u b a t e d a f t e r v a c u u m s to ra g e f o r o n e m o n t h .

T h e h a t c h a b i l i t y d a t a i n T a b l e 4 r e v e a l t h a t s t o r a g e u n d e r v a c u u m o r n i t r o g e n d o e sn o t s i g n if ic a n t ly a f f e c t t h e h a t c h i n g e f f i c ie n c y . T h e p r e s e n c e o f o x y g e n i n th e s t or a g em e d i u m r e s u lt s, h o w e v e r , in a s u b s ta n t ia l d e c r e as e in h a t c h a b i l it y . A c c o r d i n g t o C r o w e( 1 9 7 1 ) a n d C r o w e a n d C l eg g ( 1 9 7 3 ) t h i s i s c a u s e d b y t h e f o r m a t i o n o f h ig h l y d et ri -


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270 P. VANHAECKE, P. SORGELOOSTABLE 3The effect of drying conditions on the hatching efficiency of Lavalduc cysts

Dr ying cond i t ions Ha tch ing e f f i c iency{nauplii/g cysts)

Me thod Temp erature Thickness o f Y s~(C) cys t layer (cm)

Oven drier

Fluidized-bed drierControl (unprocessed cysts)

30 1.530 0.538 1.538 0.535

69 120 9 760149600 10240(154 120)a (7 600)150 880 7 200181 360 9600(179 200) (10 100)182400 6400(181 960) (6 920)178 640 (8 840)

a In parentheses data for same cysts but after one month storage under vacuum.

TABLE 4The effect of different storage conditions on the hatchability a o f A r t e m i a cysts fromtwo localitiesStorage con ditio ns San Francisco Ba y Macau cys ts

(1 yea r storage) (2 years storage)Oxygen 70 56Air - 83Nitrogen 101 91Vacuum 100 98Brine { 20C 66 74

- 2 0 C 7 6

a Expressed as a percentage of the result obtained with the original sample.

ment al free radicals. Storage in bri ne also leads to a significant drop in hatch abili typroba bly due to the relatively high water c ont ent o f cysts stored in NaC1 brine(appr oxima tely 20%; Clegg, 1978). Indeed , Clegg and Cavagnaro (1 97 6) no te d indica-tions of enzyme activity and a significant drop in the ATP concentrat ion at 10-35%water content. At freezing temperatures, the metabolic processes in the cysts stored inbrine are greatly retarded, which might explain their lower decrease in viability ascompared to t he cysts stored at 20C.

Fro m the hatching curves of the San Francisco Bay cysts it appears that the storageconditions also influence cyst hatching rate (Fig. 3). The presence of oxygen againappears to have the most retarding effect.


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THE HATCHING RATE OF Artemia CYSTS - A COMPARA TIVE STUDY 271

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INCUBATION IME, HFig. 3. The effect of storage conditions on the hatching rate of Arternia cysts.

CONCLUSIONS

1 . T h e h a t c h i n g r a t e i s a n i m p o r t a n t c r i t e r i o n i n t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e o v e r a l l h a t c h -ing qua l i ty of Artemia c y s t s a m p l e s .2 . Th e h a t c h i n g r a t e is n o t o n l y a f u n c t i o n o f t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l o r i g in o f t h e c y s t

m a t e r i a l b u t i s t o a v e r y l a r g e e x t e n t m a s k e d b y t h e h a r v e s t i n g , p r o c e s s i n g a n ds t o r a g e c o n d i t i o n s .

3 . I n o r d e r t o e n s u r e t h e o p t i m a l u s e o f Artemia i n a q u a c u l t u r e h a t c h e r i e s , t h eh a t c h i n g r a t e o f a n e w b a t c h o f c y s t s sh o u l d b e d e t e r m i n e d p r i o r t o u s e .

4 . T h e o p t i m a l h a t c h i n g q u a l i t y o f Artemia c y s t s c a n b e e n s u r e d b y h a r v e st in g t h ec y s t s f r o m t h e w a t e r , b y p r o c e s s i n g t h e c y s t s i n a f l u i d i z e d - b e d d r y e r a n d b ys t o ra g i n g th e c y s t s u n d e r e i t h e r v a c u u m o r n i t r o g en .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

T h i s s t u d y h a s b e e n s u p p o r t e d b y t h e B e lg ia n N a t i o n a l S c ie n c e F o u n d a t i o n ( N F W O )t h r o u g h F K F O G r a n t 2 . 00 1 0 . 7 8.

We ar e g r e a t l y i n d e b t e d t o P r o f e s s o r P . B r a e c k m a n a n d M r P . Gy s e l i n c k ( p h a r m a c i s t )f o r t h e i r h e l p i n t h e u s e o f t h e f lu i d i z e d - b e d d r y i n g t e c h n i q u e a n d t o Dr E . J a s p e r s fo rr e a d in g o v e r t h e m a n u s c r i p t .


10/11

2 7 2 P . V A N H A E C K E , P . S O R G E L O O SR E F E R E N C E S

B e n i j t s, F . , V a n v o o r d e n , E . & S o r g e lo o s , P. ( 1 9 7 6 ) . C h a n g e s i n t h e b i o c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h eea r l y l a r v a l s t ag es o f t h e b r i n e s h r i m p , Ar te m ia sa l ina L . I n : P ro c. l O t h E u r o p e a n S y m p o s i u mon M ar ine B io log y - 1 , ed s G . P e r s o o n e & E . J a s p e r s , U n i v e r s a P r e s s, W e t t e r en , p p . 1 - 9 .B e n i j t s , F ., V a n d e p u t t e , G . & S o rg e l o o s , P . (1 9 7 7 ) . E n e r g e t i c a s p e c t s o f t h e m e t a b o l i s m o fh y d r a t e d A r t e m i a cys ts . In : F u n d a m e n t a l a n d A p p l i e d R e se a rc h o n t h e B r i n e S h r im p , A r t e m i asal ina {L .) , in Be lg iu m, e d s E . J a s p e r s & G . P e r s o o n e , E M S S p e c i al P u b l i c a t i o n N o . 2 , I n s t i t u t ef o r M a r i n e S c i e n t i fi c R e s e a r c h , B r e d e n e , B e l g i um , p p . 7 9 - 8 7 .B o h r a , O . P . ( 1 9 8 0 ) . A n o t e o n A r t e m i a c u l t u r e f r o m a l o c a l s tr a i n : A b s t r a c t . I n : T h e B r i n e S h r i m pA r t e m i a - 3 , ed s G . P e r s o o n e , P . S o r g e l o o s , O . R o e t s & E . J a s p e r s . U n i v e r s a P r e s s, W e t t e r en ,p . 1 3 1 .B o w en , S . T . , D u r k i n , J . P ., S t e r l in g , G . & C l a rk , L . S. ( t 9 7 8 ) . A r t e m i a h e m o g l o b i n s : g e n e t i c v a r ia -t i o n i n p a r t h e n o g e n e t i c a n d z y g o g e n e t ic p o p u l a t i o n s . Biol . Bul l . , 1 5 5 , 2 7 3 - 8 7 .C l eg g , J . S . ( 1 9 7 8 ) . I n t e r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n w a t e r a n d c e l l ul a r m e t a b o l i s m i n A r t e m i a cy s t s . V I I I .S o r p t i o n i s o t h e rm s a n d d e ri v e d t h e r m o d y n a m i c q u a n t it i e s . J . b iophy s , b ioc he m . C y to l . , 9 4 ( 2 ) ,p p . 1 2 3 - 3 8 .C le gg , J . S . & C a v a g n a r o , J. ( 1 9 7 6 ) . I n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n w a t e r a n d c e l lu l a r m e t a b o l i s m i nA r t e m i a c y s t s. I V . A T P a n d c y s t h y d r a t i o n . J. b iophy s , b ioe he m . C y to l . , 88 (2 ) , 159- -66 .C r o w e , J . H . ( 1 9 7 1 ) . A n h y d r o b i o s i s : a n u n s o l v e d p r o b l e m . A m . N a t . , 1 0 5 , 5 6 3 - 7 4 .C r o w e , J . H . & C l eg g , J . S . ( 1 9 7 3 ) . A n h y d r o b i o s i s , D o w d e n , H u t c h i n s o n & R o s s , S t r o u d s b u rg ,U S A .M o r r is , J . E . ( 1 9 7 1 ) . H y d r a t i o n , i t s r e v e r s i b i li t y , a n d t h e b e g i n n i n g o f d e v e l o p m e n t i n th e b r i n es h r i m p , A r t e m i a s a l i n a . C o m p . B i o c h e m . P h y s i o l . , 3 9 A , 8 4 3 - 5 7 .P e r s o n - L e R u y e t , J . & S a l au n , A . ( 1 9 7 7 ) . E t u d e co m p ar a t i v e d es p o s s i b i l it 6 s d '6 1 ev age l a r v a i r e d eq u e l q u e s p o i s s o n s m a t i n s a v e c u n e s o u c h e d ' o e u f s d 'Ar t e m ia sa l ina d e C h y p r e . I C ES- C M , 3 2 ,1 3 p p .S a r a s q u e t e R e i r i z , M . d e l C . ( 1 9 7 9 ) . E s t u d i o d e l o s q u i s t e s d e A r t e m i a s a l i n a d e l a s s a l i n a s d eC ad i z . Thesis , U n i v e r s i t y o f S a n t i a g o d e C o m p o s t e l a , S p a i n .S m i t h , T . I . J . , H o p k i n s , J . S . & S an d i f e r , P . A . ( 1 9 7 8 ) . D ev e l o p m en t o f a l a r g e - s ca l e A r t e m i ah a t c h i n g s y s t e m u t i l i z i n g r e c i r c u l a t e d w a t e r . I n : P r o c . 9 t h A n n . M e e t i n g N M S , ed . J . W. A v u l t ,J r ., L o u i s i a n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , B a t o n R o u g e , p p . 7 0 1 - 1 4 .S o r g e lo o s , P. ( 1 9 8 0 a ) . I m p r o v e m e n t s i n a v a i la b i l it y a n d u s e o f A r t e m i a a s f o o d s o u r c e f o r M a c r o -b r a c h i u m . I n : G r a n t P r a w n , 1 9 8 0 , B a n g k o k , I F S P r o v is i o n a l R e p o r t N o . 9 , I n t e r n a t i o n a lF o u n d a t i o n f o r S c i en c e , S t o c k h o l m , p p . 1 2 3 - 3 2 .S o r g e l o o s , P . ( 1 9 8 0 b ) . T h e u s e o f t h e b r i n e s h r i m p A r t e m i a i n a q u a c u l t u r e . I n : T h e B r i n e S h r i m pA r t e m i a - 3 , e d s G . P e r s o o n e , P . S o r g e l o o s , O . R o e l s & E . Ja s p e r s , U n i v e r sa P r e ss , W e t t e r e n ,p p . 2 5 - 4 6 .S o r g e l o o s, P . & P e r s o o n e , G . ( 1 9 7 5 ) . T e c h n o l o g i c a l i m p r o v e m e n t s fo r t h e c u l t i v a t i o n o f i n v e r t e -b r a t e s a s f o o d f o r f i s h e s a n d c r u s t a c e a n s . I I. H a t c h i n g a n d c u l t u r i n g o f t h e b r i n e s h r i m p ,A r t e m i a s a l in a L . A q u a c u l t u r e , 6 , 3 0 3 - 1 7 .S o r g e l o o s , P ., B a e z a -M e s a , M ., B e n i j t s , F . & P e r s o o n e , G . ( 1 9 7 6 ) . C u r r e n t r e s e a r c h o n t h e c u l t u r i n go f t h e b r i n e s h r i m p Ar te m ia sa l ina L . a t t h e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y o f G h e n t , B e l g iu m . I n : Proc . lOthE u r o p e a n S y m p o s i u m o n M a r in e B i o l o g y - 1 , ed s G . P e r s o o n e & E . J a s p e r s , U n i v e r s a P r e s s,W e t t e r e n , pp . 4 7 3 - 9 5 .S o r g e l o o s , P . , P e r s o o n e , G . , B aeza - M es a , M . , B o s s u y t , E . & B r u g g em an , E . ( 1 9 7 8 ) . T h e u s e o fA r t e m i a c y s t s i n a q u a c u l t u r e : t h e c o n c e p t o f ' h a t c h i n g e f f i c i e n c y ' a n d d e s c r i p t i o n o f a n e wm e t h o d f o r c y s t p r o c e s s i n g . I n : P r o c. 9 t h A n n . M e e t i n g W M S , ed . J . W. A v au l t , J r . , L o u i s i an aS t a t e U n i v e r s it y , B a t o n R o u g e , p p . 7 1 5 - 2 1 .S o r g e l o o s, P . , R e m i c e - V a n d e r W i e l e n , C . & P e r s o o n e , G . ( 1 9 7 9 ) . T h e u s e o f A r t e m i a n a u p l i i f o rt o x i c i t y t e s t s - a c r i t i c a l an a l y s i s . E c o t o x i c o l o g y a n d E n v i r o n m e n t a l S a f e t y , 2 , 2 4 9 - 5 5 .V a n h a e c k e , P . , P e r s o o n e , G . , C l a u s , C . & S o r g el o o s , P . ( I 9 8 0 ) . R e s e a r c h o n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o fa s h o r t t e r m s t a n d a r d t o x i c i t y t e s t w i t h A r t e m i a n a u p l i i . I n : T h e B r i n e S h r i m p A r t e m i a - 1 , e d sG . P e r s o o n e , P . S o r g e l o o s, O . R o e l s & E . J a s p e r s , U n i v e r s a P r e s s , W e t t e r e n , p p . 2 6 3 - 8 5 .


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T H E H A T C H I N G R A T E o F A r t e m i a C Y S T S - A C O M P A R A T I V E S T U D Y 2 7 3V a n h a e c k e , P . & S o r g e l o o s, P . ( 1 9 8 0 ) . I n t e r n a t i o n a l s t u d y o n A r t e m i a . I V . T h e b i o m e t r i c s o fA r t e m i a s t r a i n s f r o m d i f f e r e n t g e o g r a p h i c a l o r i g i n . I n : T h e B r i n e S h r i m p A r t e m i a - 3 , e dsG . P e r s o o n e , P . S o r g e lo o s , O . R o e l s & E . J a s p e r s , U n i v e r s a P r e ss , W e t t e r e n , p p . 3 9 3 - 4 0 5 .V a n h a e c k e , P ., L a v e n s , P. & S o r g el o o s . P . ( 1 9 8 2 ) . I n t e r n a t i o n a l s t u d y o n A r t e m i a . X X . E n e r g y

c o n s u m p t i o n i n c y s t s a n d e a r l y l a r v a l s t ag e s o f v a r i o u s g e o g r a p h i c a l s t r a in s o f A r t e m i a ( s u b -m i t t e d f o r p u b l i c a t i o n ) .

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Vanhaecke 1982 Aquacultural-Engineering