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Vanguard Case
Bio-aromaticsLeader: Flanders (Ludo Diels)
Co-leaders: South Netherlands, NRW
National Bio-economy DayMilan, 23 May 2019
Why bio-aromatics?
2
1
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6/20/2019 3
CRACKING
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6/20/2019 4
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6/20/2019 5
COSTS
FUNCTIONALITY
6
DRIVERS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ‘LIGNOCELLULOSIC FEEDSTOCK TO
AROMATICS’
❑ Societal driver for transition to bio-economy (i.e. renewable feedstock)
❑ Reducing footprint of industrial processes
❖ Use of biomass
❖ Use of functionality (less steps)
❑ Innovation in chemicals & materials
❖ Safer, performance-based products
❖ Through disruptive enabling process technologies
❑ Economic drivers
❖ 40% of chemicals are aromatic (>23 mln tons BTX-fenol)
❖ Inability to valorize lignin is a lost opportunity in biorefining
❖ Recovery boiler (P&P) is limited in solids content, removal of lignin solves this problem
❖ Shale gas does not deliver higher than C3
❖ 25% of world production in Europe (large amount of jobs)
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Sustainable & renewable
feedstocks
geopolitics
climate
price volatility
environment
HOW CAN BIOMASS REPLACE AROMATIC CHARACTERISTICS?
Based on the lignocellulose biorefinery
8
Replace by lignin-based aromatics
Replace by sugar-based aromatics via
fermentation
Replace by sugar-based furan chemistry or via
Diels-Alder chemistry
Bio-economy as part
of the circular
economy
9
2
BIO-ECONOMY AS PART OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY
❑ MSW at 520 kg/p/y of which 50% is biodegradable
❑ Still huge amounts end up in landfills
❑ Global food loss and waste generate 4.4 Gtons CO2eq, i.e. 8 % if anthropogenic GHG emissions
❑ Only 5% of sewage sludge is converted into CH4
Food & feed processing and domestic use leads to large amounts of waste
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OECD, Realising the circular bioeconomy, Nov 2018, No. 60
WASTE-SUGARS TO FURANICS
Biphasic reactor for conversionof waste into furans (kg/hr)
FURANS TO AROMATICS
12
Bio-economy as part
of negative emissionsForests in climate change mitigation
13
3
NEGATIVE EMISSIONS AND THE PARIS-GAP
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Prof. RadermacherUni. Neu-Ulm
NEGATIVE EMISSIONS
From three trillions of trees to four trillions of trees! (Tom Crowther, Yale Univ., ETH-Zurich)
One trillion of trees can be added without changing biotopes
Action by UNEP and ¨Plant for the Planet”
15
How to proceed from
lignin to aromatics?
16
4
ORIGIN OF LIGNIN
❑ Lignin from pulp & paper industry
▪ Lignosulfonate lignin (wood)
▪ Kraft lignin (wood)
▪ Soda lignin (non-wood)
❑ Lignin modifications
▪ Lignoboost (CO2-precipitation)
▪ Lignoforce (oxidation + CO2-precipitation)
▪ Ligniox (alkaline oxidation step)
▪ Ecolig
▪ ….
❑ H-lignin from cellulose ethanol production
▪ Steam/ammonia explosion + enzymes
▪ …
❑ New lignins
▪ scCO2, scAlcohols
▪ Alkali or acid (LXP, Zambezi, Chempolis)
▪ Autohydrolysis (hot water)
▪ Organic solvents: Lignol, FhG, CIMV
▪ Ionic Liquids/DES/ NADES
▪ …
Pulp & paper industry (+ upgraded lignins) or from Cellulose ethanol
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LIGNIN VALUE VS LIGNIN-BASED PRODUCT VALUE
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Lignin-based product potential market value ($/ton)
Lignin actual value ($/ton)
0
600
1300
6500
0 300 650 1000
Low purity lignin
Lignosulfonates
Kraft lignin
LignoboostEcolig
Organo-solv
Lignin
High purity ligninHydrolysis
Lignin
EnergyBitumen
Plasticizer
Carbon fibres
Vanillin, API
Depol.Lignin
PU
AdditivesUV, Bact, FR, AO
Resins
Polymers
CoatingsAdhesives
Flocculant
DispersantFenols
CAT-lignin
Low purity lignin
Lignosulfonates
Kraft lignin
LignoboostEcolig
Organo-solv
Lignin
High purity ligninHydrolysis
Lignin
EnergyBitumen
Plasticizer
Carbon fibres
Vanillin, API
Depol.Lignin
PU
AdditivesUV, Bact, FR, AO
Resins
Polymers
CoatingsAdhesives
Flocculant
DispersantFenols
CAT-lignin
PHYSICOCHEMICAL FACTORS PROMISE A BRIGHT FUTURE FOR LIGNIN-BASED
PRODUCTS
❑ presence of aromatic rings reactive functional groups
❑ good rheological and visco-elastic properties and good film-forming ability
❑ compatibility with a wide range of industrial chemicals
❑ hydrophilic or hydrophobic character depending on origin
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MONOMER MODIFICATION AND REACTIVE SITES!
phenol guaiacol
syringol methyl guaiacolvanillin vinyl guaiacol
vinyl syringolmethyl syringol syringaldehyde
Aromatic ortho site
Aromatic para site
Major
monomeric
products
obtained
during lignin
fractionation
3 2
1
0
1
0
1 1
0
# reactive groupsx
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OLIGOMERS AND REACTIVE SITES!
1
0
3
2
Typical
structures
(dimers &
oligomers)
obtained
from the
BCD
process
Oligomeric
structures are
intrinsically more
suitable than
monomers for
resin development
(higher # of
reactive groups).
Reactivity of
the dimers
is better
compared to
monomers,
but it is not
always
sufficient
Lignin
depolymerization
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5
DEPOLYMERIZATION & FOCUS ON FUNCTIONALITY
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- Reductive- Oxidative- Solvolytic- Thermal- Catalytic- Enzymatic
Voettekst invulling24
MOLECULES THAT ARE OBTAINED
Downstream
separation of lignin
streams25
6
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(Modified) filler
LigninO
O
O
HO
OH
O
O
OH
O
OO
O
OHO
HO
O
O
HO
O
O
OH
O
O OH
O
O OH O
O O
OH
HO
O
HO
O
O
O
O
O
O
OH
O
OH
O
O
O
Polymeric lignin as such
Fractionation
Oligomer based mix
Monomer based mix
Specific fractionation / affinity-based separation
Pure, single molecules/ chemicals
O
OCH3
R2
R1
R
O
R' CH3
O
OCH3
Rx
Ry
OH
CH3O
OH
R'
R
Depolymerization
Chemicals Mix
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Pretreatment by alkaline oxidation
Input Process Output
❑ [Na+] : 8.1 g/L
❑ [CO32-] : 11.5 g/L
❑ [Lignin] : 12 2 g/L
❑ MW : 200 – 4500 g/mol
❑ [organic acids] : 7.75 g/L
❑ [Na+] : 0.8 g/L
❑ [CO32-] : 0.2 g/L
❑ [Lignin] : 67 g/L
❑ [organic acids] < 0.7 g/L
❑ UF/NF
❑ Diafiltration
❑ Concentration
12 g/L 17 g/L[Lignin] Quasi-
complete
removal of
CO32-,
organic acids
and residual
sugars
44 % removal
of Na+
67 g/L
Initial DV 1 DV 2 DV 3 DV 40
2
4
6
8
10
Conc
entr
atio
n (g
/L)
Na+ CO3
2-
Acetic acid Formic acid
Oxalic acid Glycolic acid
Glucose Xylose
ESP04 (PCI - Xylem)
27
2 SEPARATION OF LIGNIN DEGRADATION PRODUCTS
Base catalysed degradation (BCD)
28
Current DSP process
Lower Mw phenolics Higher Mw phenolics
2 SEPARATION OF LIGNIN DEGRADATION PRODUCTS
Base catalysed degradation of lignin
29
Alternative membrane process
pH-stable NF membrane
Powered by: TNO, VITO, ECN & Green Chemistry Campus
Grafted ceramic membranes: unique separation capabilities thanks to surface tailoring
New flexible functionalization platform: FunMem®
❖ Unique, direct M-R bond
❖ Stable, non-hydrolysable
❖ Commercial membranes
❖ Broad variety of functional groups
❖ Tailored membrane surfaces
FunMem4Affinity – Exploration of Functional Ceramic Membranes in Organic Solvent
Nanofiltration (2012-14)
Membrane
Solvent Solute
New possibilities for affinity-based separations:
❖ Tuning of interactions
❖ Beyond size-exclusion
❖ Selectivity by design
30
Analytics and
conversion
31
7
C/O mapping 5/31
20/06/2019
©VITO – Not for
32
CO mapping
*NMR database of Lignin and cell wall model compounds (Ralph J. 2009)
C23O2 NF in biological manetic resonance data bank
C22O6 NF in biological manetic resonance data bank
C18O6 C18H22O6 http://www.bmrb.wisc.edu/metabolomics/mol_summary/show_data.php?id=bmse010045
C17O5 C17H18O5 http://www.bmrb.wisc.edu/metabolomics/mol_summary/show_data.php?id=bmse010456
C14O3 NF in biological manetic resonance data bank
C13O2 NF in biological manetic resonance data bank
C18H22O6*C17H18O5*
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DE AND REFUNCTIONALISATION
▪ Removal of propyl-, methyl-groups (O- & C-dealkylation)
▪ Removal of methoxy groups
▪ From alkylfenol mixture to application mixture
▪ Other modifications
▪ Developed on monomers
Applications34
8
CAN THE BIO-ECONOMY BE PART OF CARBON STORAGE
Biological carbon storage is different from a circular economyStorage in engineered bio-based construction materialsNot only by using wood or bamboo in a direct way
35
Rüdiger Lainer + Partner
CLT
TRANSFORM BIO-WASTE INTO FURNITURE
But you need a hardener and a resin!!!!
36
BIOAROMATICS VALUE CHAIN
37
Vanguard approach38
9
39
40
time
Thanks to Triple Helix bio-aromatics is nog verywell on the regional, but also international agenda. It starts from the strong chemical region Antwerp-Amsterdam-Rhein-ruhrRegionIdeal starting point
41
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Horizon 1 Horizon 2 Horizon 3
Ho
rizo
n f
inan
cin
g [M
€]
RTO
partners
Horizon financing
42
2025: 1st Commercial bio-aromatic production
2021: 1st Demo plant (50 ton/year)
2040: Array of commercial bio-aromatic production facilities.2040: Array of commercial bio-aromatic production facilities.
2040: Array of commercial bio-aromatic production facilities.2040: Array of commercial bio-aromatic production facilities.
Array of commercial bio-aromatic production facilities
2018: Pilot skids
Lignovalue Pilot plant
43
Lignin-based business plan for
Thematic Smart Specialization Platform
44
Innovative
Biorefinery
2G Ethanol
Biorefinery
Pulp & Paper
Lignin
e.g. Organosolv,
ionic liquid, ……
Hydrolysis-Lignin
Black Liquor
LignoValue
Lignin
e.g. lignoBoost
CatLignin
LignoValue Oil
fractions
Additives
Resins
Adhesives
Polymers
Coatings
Polyurethane
Dispersants
Building Blocks
Lignovalue: thermal solvolysis, catalytic hydrolysis, membrane fractionation
“The Vanguard network brings
stakeholders together in
different value chains from
feedstock to processes to
material development & via
brand owners to consumers
45
Different value chains
▰Over all lignocellulose biorefinery
▰Sugar + lignin
▰Natural lignin to cosmetics & fragrances
▰Lignin to glues and adhesives
▰Lignin to fenols for cyclohexanon &
Bisphenol-A
▰Combination of timber – pulp –performance
fibers –resins
▰Tannins-based value chain
46
▰Agriculture waste for extraction of specific molecules
▰Bio-composites
▰Bio-asphalt
▰Lignin in 3D-printing
▰Carbon fibers
▰New pulping systems via ILs