(Vampires) - An Uneasy Essay on the Undead in Film

8/9/2019 (Vampires) - An Uneasy Essay on the Undead in Film

1/191


2/191

(FHI) A IO EIIO J>

@ J@ @

K *IJ-AF *HII

AI O K


3/191

I@ K @ >> * (@ @ >@ J, 4 / /@ @/@)

tLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

K / K H MIFKI> 1993 O JJ " *HII KH J> FHJ fJJ "

JHHO EJIg HJ MJ> > IJJKJ AHJI,. BHHOJM, M H, I FKI> >H HLI J MJ> FHII.

CFOH>J a 1993, 2003 O KJI HIHL

> *IJ-AF *HII35 'H JHJ

KIJ, CHHO "J

@ @ +@ A @ - .

4/191

A$+.6&%&.3

'O FJK FIJH L MI

N>J J> MM F J J> JH < "H,

< J> J>H IHJ I J>J MH J> IJJ f"H

JHJ *H@J,g LH 17d27, 2000; J MI FKI>

A>-A- - 4 (KHO HKHO 2001): 51, J> J

>JJF://MMM.K./FHII/56/.>J. > JM JJHI

FI 82d85 MH FHJ < O IJJ %>@ +@>K ,

MH FKI> J> FH@JiI JK, H I AIIJ AM, 2000).

'O FJK FIJH J J> I>M

fENIJ,g EIF D, BHKJ, LH 25dDH 2, 2000. A AH

JHIJ (O -j- -hA->) < J> IJ fKIg MI FKI> I

f A>-A .> - > g A>-A

- - 4] I AK-IK/->HJ KFFJ

(KOdAKKIJ 2001): 108d111. fKIg I M I *

MH FKI> *O: C@K A4 @@, B, "4@@

1 (BH: K\ AJ SFI, 2002), 19d25 118d121 HIF-

JLO. A AH JHIJ (O -j- -hA->) < J> IJ fI A

K @ - ] - .K>^ - g MI FKI> I f A@ - -^ - @ - ]

- .K>^ - g A>-A

- - 4 (KHOdHKHO 2001): 44d51. >I I

J < () MI HO O J> J FHL J>I

IJI J LHKI FKJI. I M J> H 'KIK,

BI>HHj-, , 1923 > H MJHH, i"HJJ F>JHF> O DJH BJHJI J>J FFHI

F 266; MK J J> J> AH KJ (A) JHF>I

J>H J. 'IJ FHJJO, MI> J J> H KI>, J>

FKI>H < J> IJ H J> MH, J>, I J> JO < J>>K J HHJ JI JJI. L F I IJ < II < J M I>K LO II, > IJH JI MHJ, >L >J>HJ >H KI JJ; KJ I O J> F JJ>H < IIJ M M F KF IK> JHHJ M I> J>H HLJ H J J J> F I


5/191

6/191

1110 11

KJIIDJ>

AJ J> 'LH-KHI A MJ> 'KJKI I ( MH

J -P BO CJ B J J> J>H < J> *J < JKH EL 'HO BKIIIJJ

AFFN J f*>JHF> 'HOg AFFN J fDJ>-P BOgCHJIEJI

178179185186188

200215227228

231232233235257

280281283302318330335

10

KI CHIOHJ>

HIJ I J J> OHJ>!JJHICKJH EFHHiI M CIJK, H J> CI < J> 'II 'I IK HP JBMH 'LJ

> AJLI < 'OIJHO CKJHO ' AJ>H HI < $ ?< ' '* 'KHH J> ()'HJ KJDJ -LH/-LHI A K @ - ] - .K>^

-

CFIJI > KH J> DIH AFFHJ 'KJ HF>

67747580106107109111

116126127129130133134134137138139140140141147

148155159159161172174174

7/191

P344 I.31%4$3*. 3 3& F*13 E%*3*.:

HJ J> JHKJ HIJ < J> , O HO I J , I J FHIJ L I -J M>J JNJ J F J.

>O MHJ LFHI 1992? J I FHIO KI LFH ...) J>J I>K I: M>O LFHI M, O M>J ?"M M>J J-J J-HO I

MHJJ KJ M, M> J >I ? BKJ IiJ J >H-JHIJ < JFJ>O J>J J H>I J> FHIJ < O J

J < J> J HO H J HO < J> J J? >O MHJ LFHI M, HIJ HJO < IIJ M O J> F>-HIJ JFJ>, JMH M>JIJI>I J> H < F>HIJ I M>J O J J> JFJ>, KJ J I I M>J M M J HIIJ J,I J> F>HIJ I M>J IKIIJI. J> I < M>J I J F>-HIJ, O IJJ I JHIJ JMH M>J J J I J; KJ MJ> J> F>HIJ J> IJJ I J F>I, J JHIJ. " D I IKJKI MJ>, JLHJKH O (), O M>J >I J MJ> OHJ> J-FHJO. J I KI J> F>HIJ D HO HIIJI JI< J>JJ HIIJ JI K. BKJ () I HIIJ J>H MO I, MO, >F MO: M>O >I D , J>I J ILHJ>I C> JHFJ H? I J I KI J> J-FJ> J JM J () II J> IH J>@@ < J> JM I? M>> I, J M HLM H MO IJHKJ O O J> J () JI FKI>.

>O MHJ LFHI J J>I IJ >IJHO? H >KJO JGKH J>e HJO M H L J>J HJ,

13

8/191

IJJ, I HIO JFJ J J H < J> HHHI; M>HI M>J I>K O >FF I J>J J H < O KII, IJ>O H IIJO < J> KH, M> IKIJJKJ J>HF HHHI J>J H J> IIJO < J> J> H J> KH.

>HK IJF IJ J J O J> HIJJ. JK J J> I JJO I J HO HII- I< NKILO J J> L, J J>I H IJJI. 3 J I () M J>J KIJ IHI J> FJ M> J I J J>H I K KIII, J> FJ M>H J M>J J>HI IH J

JHHKFJ I J JHHKFJ OJ>. K> JHHKFJI J>KI J K J >KHH J ( D ) I > J>H, H HJ J J>: J> F>HIJ JJ> IK, J J>-I-NJJ; J> IH-I-KJ> J> JJFJ J MO MJ> J> -HHJ>.

>I K >L MHJJ JHI < >FJHI, J> FJH 1: $ @ DK J>HK> JJ; >FJH 2:

$ @ $ J>HK> JJ; >FJH 3: $ DK I DK $ ; >FJH 4: $ DK $ $ .

* "1. U A#43 3& "1.*.?

9/191

J>HMI O L J J> MHIJ < FHII. " J>IKJ FHJ < > @ 9 (H H HJ FJ) IJJI, -/@- IJJI (I IKFHIJKHJ KH),10 IK> IO. > JKJO < H, H I JKJO >I J IHKFJ- O O, M>> KIJ J JI< JHHKFJ O FII (J> FII H IJJ, KIJJ >FF FI; J> O >I J FJHJ KO IJJI < -IKIII J>J H II HO J> M J, JIJHF> F>IJHIJ, J >L JKJO M>H HO MK >L I-JKKI @KF. >K HHI J> HKFJII, J> J> 4 @ K H MJ> M>> J> FHFJJ KHI JIJ,IKFHIJKHJ IKJ K J J> JHKJ < FKHJI. "M J>J J>HI> >I HII J>J KH MI , KI > IKO J J MJ> J> KJIJ FHKJ>K> J> J > > NJHO H JHO (NJI < IFJH IIJO I >FFI KJIJ FHK MI JHO M. CHJ FJ -/@- F>, O FHJJ IJJ J J J>H (J I I : M> OK H> J> JF < J> KJ JK ),NFH J (I J> H < HJKH FHI? C, < J I

J IJ M>J MI > J J IJ/HF O OJ?), MJ>KJ IK F>I JHIJ (J> IIL KO KI J J J> J < IJJ O J>J>HI> < F>I JHIJ), J J> FIIJO < (J> JIJ HO >I J>, HJ>H J> J> FI-IJO < J> LJ < M>J >I L HOeJ>I, O J>H HII < J> FJ < HJKH, >I I HLHIJO).11 J>KJ J> >F < F> J>J FHJ

17

I J >: J>J J> MH MI I I J IOI J>J J> MHIJJ>J >FF I J>J > M I JJ , H L, I JJ >M JJ I JJ, J>J > M .

> MH >I J>J J> H I J J> IIJ < ; > J MI NHJ > J>J NHJ K II J> H J>HJ >.4

F"& T1&% ".% Imaginar Lines :

*F M> M M IJHI5 MJ>KJ OJ J I I J> I MJ>: -

, , @@ @@ ; FHO I I O M> H I FHII), J> IIJ>J KIJ H J> > > I

MH J> KJ J KJ FFHJ J>HI>-.7 KII I>K J >H J> MO J

NFHJI KJ O HHO IHJP 4>@ : M>FJJI M> >L II J> IJHJ HJN H K>J J JJO J> FHJ < J> LIK JHHIFI J J> IJ, J JKH KJ J>J J>O K IJIHJ J>J FHJ LIK LJI, M> J>I , J>H HJJI. > I >M J>O K >L J>I FJJI IMH J>J J>O MH KII O IM J>.8

>I FHIJJI KIJ KF J IJHJI < FIJFJ,

16

10/191

J>J I J> H J>HI>. >H H I JI F J J>H; J J> H J J> LFHiI IJ, J I HO J J.

' MI FF HH J> LFHiI > JMH >IIJ. "HH, DH. "I J>H J>H >I, >I FKH-IKHI IM >KII J> I < J> H HLH, IJI J> II < >II. HI @ J> JM II. >O MHI L H IKHFHI O J> FJ>H < HI HII O J>HK. "HHiI: fBO M>J FHLHI MK MIJ iI JIJHKJ J>I KIII HI?g H AHJ>KH "M LK-JH J>J I J>O MH M H FHJ < J> MH, J>O

MH J NFJ J KJH >HJHIJI < HIJHJ KJKH, M>> I J F K> FHJ LK KJJO. >O HIK J>H FKHIKJ. >HJO, ' K IFO J> FII. > I-J JM J> > J> FKHIKHI HKO I>H, I J>JI> J F J>J I> >J IJ IL. "H>F JI > IKO J LH J> IIFJ (IJM J I J HJ FJ: J J> H M>H J>HIHO M, H J IJ II, J>J J>I I J> FJ< HJKH), J J> H J J> LFHiI IJ. J I J>

11/191

J II IK> I JH, FIO>J FII (H : fAI, J> , LHKI, M HO FK J> KHJOH, M>, > LF O >, HH II. J J> FK. K J HII J. JJO , I, O IJ H M. HJKH LHO F HO, LHKI IF < J>FKg18 ), NIJJ KI (HJHiI GKJ: f IM F< FFH O I FK ... J> H > H> J JMIJJ ... J M, HO H@ J J> JK> < J>I FKF ... MIK. IJO J M M>JM,i J> IJH>J KF, FJO->. H J Mg).19 M ? "M J>I J>I JIIIII H >FF?

JILIO: f>I J I M>J M JHiI @H J>IJJ < h i ... J> KHI < O HK> KILiI >KI J>H > IJJ M> HO J MI J>H L O M I MI M> F J> H J J> J>H FKI> I H H->H;20 HO F>OI H. J MI IIFJ II I M MO H>H MI M IF, K

12/191

L HK, L J> J J> FHOII < HHHJI < H J>.

HLIOiI $> , J> F M K>JH J> HK J J> J>H J> HKJ J> M >H > J> IJJ HK I>MI IJ < JK H K. J> I

IF>I FI H J J>H I < M>> I FJO IF HIII J J> J>H I, J> FJ JKI J>HK> J> FJO IFe > IF>I JH J J> I > MK >L >J IJ IFJ>H. "L MJII JK, MI J IKHFHI J KJH

K: J> HJ J> FJ II J> HHH I J >I KJ IF>IiI; JKH, J> JJH I K O . HLIOiI > , J> M IIKJ>J JK J>HK> H, > J JJ IHKI-O MK J>H JJFJ J FII J J> J>H I; J> IIJ HFiI H J J JHO JJK J>HK> J> H. AJiI * @ , J I

MJ> J> K JM HJI , JK I FHIJJ> J> F O J J> JK J>H IKII J>@ H, KJ MJ> M MJ>KJ I>HJ IMJ FH JH I>J J>HK> J> MM HI. K J> JK < HO, I>J M>HJ> H FI IJ IJ J KJL I-

J, J I, J IK, J> J > M J J> J>H < J>H, I JJ MJ> >I K/IIJ.

O H BHiI @ @ L J> FHII J>O H L JH.

A @@ -HJiI "]I>> , J I

H J> I>JI J>J H KJ LJ KJ J> II, M> @KFKJI FH > I. > KiI L-J/IJKH/KJJH I IJ>O JKKI HII -JK-KI IFI-JI. > I MK >FF MJ> J> L MHJFHJJ J HLI J - > , KJL < - , KI. >H I FH

13/191

HJH, M>H M > FIJ KJ, J> J J> B FHJ J H, M>H M M J >I I>F KH J J J> I.... > KJiI I>F I FIJ KI J> >J HJ>H FHJ< JP.g > FKHIKHI IJO FHIKFFI J>J J> LFHLI H J J> F, JKKI IF, HKO. BKJ J>

LFH >I JH@JHO. > I J>J I JHF IJHKJ IJO J> IJ < J> LFH J> < J> I < JKKI JH@JHO JM J>I JM HI.

J> < H H , HJO MI J> < J>IJHJ J> H IJ < IIiI (1946): IFFJ O IFHIi KJI J>J HII, J J> HI >F < FHJL O. BP: f> J>-GK < II KKJO JI J IKII< LJI, KJ J>I J I> > MJ> J> IFHJI <

M>. > >I J F J>H I FIFF J>J iI IJJI JM JM HI, H J>J III iI I MI. AJKO J I J < J> II < IJ J M FF J HII HLHI MJ>KJ MJJ J>H

14/191

BPiI fIII HII < HJOg J NIJ NFJ M>H J>>I HK J H I. J> HI < KJ> II, HJO I, I -HJiI KPiI MHI, , "HH II IKIII I > FFH>IJ> LFHiI IJ: f KIJ >L IF, L J J> FFH> < IK> HH- Fg; 'KHKiI $ , "HH II IKIII M>L J> LFHiI IJ. > F < JHO < J>OHJ> H < KJ> I II I > O J>JH J>J IPI J>H ( @@ @. 2. A I H FJ O M>>J JH; @@ . . 1. FKJ J JH A @ H D@K ).32 I J IFHJK IJH I JJH J J> JH < F, J>I JI J>J J> JJH I J OHJ>. > JHO J NJ H < KJ> KHI FI > I II.33 J> J> NFJ < J> O/IJH, I MOI HO K.34 K J>H JH HL J> OHJ>; OKiL MOI IJ J, J>J I OK J H. AH OK J> LH J> OHJ> > OKJ L? F, OHJ> I J -HI , JMIJI LKJI, J> OHJ> I HH, > J J> OHJ>, J I J KI I IJ> OHJ>, OHJ> JI J> KJI (J>KI J>I KH), KJ KI J I J> OHJ> J>J I IJ. ,FII H IKH J KH J J> OHJ> I J I J >L I < 3, I J H KHIJ < FHJL KJKHI MJ>KJ

27

MJ> IJF HJO HII HLH L < J> FI JM J>@KJJ IJI J >FF J J MO-IF J J> KJ I $@ I>K J I>M KI >KJH, >, I J> I I>J.J I IFO GKIJ < HIFJ IFJ KJO < LJ JJ> J M> J IFJ J KF MK > J HJ IJ> HO ... J> I "@ K < -JH J> >H, F>JHF> I F I>J, IH ...g30 AI I J> JM FHJI MJ> J> HJ J>HJ H J> < J> FII J J> J>H, BPiIGKJ < J I L. H@KiI B> B , M> J> I>F H JH II M>J I J>FF J J>, >HI J J> JJH IO J>O MHI JI > J I J> HK, I < J> K >FF J J.J I J> IKO :31 J. IJH I J> >HIiIKMHII < J> J HJ H J J FII IF KJ I>J < J> >HIIKJO IJ. >L M < J >H: LHO J JM FHII, H FHI IJJ , H MJ> I JJO KMH < J> J H I> H > H J I , J>H M KH KJ, M>J>H J> @ J

I>J J> I>J M>> J>J FHI H I . J>I < KJ, M, J> K, M J M MJ J>HK> FI, J>J J> H IHKIO @KH H FHI >I HF MJ> J> I>J O K, J>J J I J> JJH J>J I H HLO @KH H I J>J J I >IHI< J>J >I @KH H O K < J> FHI H M>I FHI- > H I> I, KI >I H >H IKHFHI I J>J < J O HO .

26

15/191

KIII J>J HIKJ II, > J> HJ HI < F >FHO IIg J> I (iI @, 2000) .

'HKHJ DKHI HJPI IJ > HLI JI< HI>M > H >H J> IKIIL IJI < J, I < > HI> MH J M> K J J>HMI KHIJ M>J MI >F-F. DKHI I O FHJO H>J >H IIJ J>J J> JK-JO J> FHJHO < JI IFI MJ>: HP >J< JJ J> IFJJH F JJ>H M>J >FF O FH@J

M>J MI IFF I J NJHO MHJ J IJI KIJ >FF JM J> JM I>JI IJI @KF KJ. -HJ MHJI: f> KHJ < J>H MH I MO IKHO, I LHI, < HNJ H hHi KHJ M>> MK J>J < J> -J, < J> HHJ IJHO. >H I, J> JHHO, IKJ -JJO JM J> JM KHJI. > JH IJHO < @4 >FFIJ>H JM OHI H J>H OI, KJ NJO >KH > NIJ < J> J> M 'H fIJI O I I J> HJHPJ I HHJ; J>II, J J> J>J JI

16/191

I> J> KJIJ.g I IJH FHK O J>I -IMH? O M> J> IKHFHI, J> KO I I> I J>KFI>, J> LHK J> I LJ I I>.O J>I M> H LH J IKHFHI HJ-HKJ.

BH JHiI D> I MJ> "HHiI IJHII J: f3 K . BL .e JHIJ FJH J>FJH (fJ> "HHiI KHe @@ g) > KHI FJH I MJ> fA I M K-IKIg >FJH IJHJI MJ> f KIJ >L IF, L J J> FFH> HH FgeJ> KH JHIJI ( @@ ) FJH J >FJH , FJH J >FJH , FJH J >FJH , FJH J >FJH iJ KH FJH , DH.MHiI DHOe @@ ,g fC>FJH , DH. MHiI DHOe @-

31

> H >H ,J> J MH FHIJ O J> MH IJ J> O J> J< J> FH@J < J> JJH. I J> >HJHI H J IKH-FHI O J @KF KJI, J> JHIJ H KJ LJ ( FHN- JKJO J J> L < J> ), I

A@@ , H KJ J> JM IKJL FHJI < JKKIF>HI KJJH IO ( FHN JKJO J J> L K> I>J 24 "]I>> I>MI J>

M J> IJHJ JMH BO]O I>J 25 I>MIJ> HHL J>H, , M> MI IO IO fK H J, JKI >H F>HI IO J> -L I NFJ >H: fJK- >H F>HIg): fK >L @KIJ HHL KHO < ...ge J>I J FII IFJJH J FH@J J>J O J> JKO FII JM > JMH BO]O HHL J>H. FHJKHJO < IK> IJKJ I J>J J> KJI I H M>J I J J>KJI LJ /H IKJL FHJI < J> IF>HI, J> LHI JI-JI H H IFHJ, KJH, J> KJI I M I J> I -J, I J>J M> H HJI I >I JI-JI, I I J J> IJHJ < J> I I>J < > @KF KJ

J> I J.fBK KF: 1. DHJ KJJ J N J> J; 2.

J> IHJ < J J> MH FHJ.g ELHOJ> I II IJI, J>I I INFH I N, I IKHFHI. I>K >L @ ,J>K> J KH J>I >HJ- FII, KJ I I IK-O KJ < J>. "M J IJHJ () MJ>KJ IJHJ ( IKH-FHI)? f"M J> KJIJ I>?g fO O

30

17/191

J> M> KHMJ J> J I M>J >I O M> > MIIJ ( K>iI " U ; "HPiI H G>, KH J> > J> JHI NFJ MH >OFJP); O FHJHO H I I < JKH M>> J> FHI I J KIKI (I IK < J> M>I J> H. >GKJK MH < -HJ I FHJ O JHJJI J>JJ JH LH < J> 1965 HL *HIIJ < J> JM LI >K I@ "4K@ "]I>> J> KJ>H -HJ J> >H < J>J MM I. J> " @4 , J J J> JH F IJ < J> IHFJ (fJ HKH JHLI, >JH H,FFIJ > LI MM, I>MI H IJJO J> IJ>J LH J> Mg) I J J> F IJ < J> NIJ < J>I M> IKI LJI H HL O J>IFHII.

BHJKiI * ] , AJ>I II JM LHI HJI J J J J> >J. >O HK KJ M>>HJ J I, FJ FFIJ MOI. f> OK IJJ M>>HJ I J> >J i FII O .g > I J AJ>I MI J> HJ < J> JM HK , @ -

33

@ ,g fC>FJH , DH. MHiI DHOe @@ ,g fC>FJH , J> "HHiI KHe @@ ,g I M I fC>FJH g (J> < >FJH JKI J> HO JHO FHLKI>FJH) H IHJI/KJ-MOI (I J> @@ NIJ < FII J>J J>HMI MK J >L II.

D@ > MI MOI J. H; J>I I NFH JHO O I>PF>HI, FFJI, FF D. O IO J>O HJKH J ] > , J>J I J J>FFH < J. BKJ @- M>H H J>O? A FFJ: fJ

MI KJ L i M> FKJ M O F, J, KF J J> e IJH >e IM J>J J MI J KJI FIJ L. > NJ J MIIJ KF J J> J> >I IJ J J. > HK> , CJKJO B.g41 > I> JHI J J >H H, I> HPI J>J I>I J M M>> MO J I. J> J> FFJ, J> JM I< NK > J>H. C J IKIII, J> e > @ @ , IKJ-KIO. A J> KI I M> J> KH J>J KI H

H MJII H J>I J I J>H MJ>KJ @J J>J MK NK J, HFHKJ J>J I LIJ J> FJ JI J, .., M>J I MO MJ> J> KH,

MK >L JHIJ JH B@).fJ I < J> @J I J NIJI J ,

HH, I FHJ < J> KHJ < J> @J.g 42

" FHIHLI I J> I < J. J I I J> O KJ FFJ H @ > ) JH, M

32

18/191

>L K> J, L > J>H HLHI ILI I KHI, J LHJ HI> J > J>H. A HI> JMJ>H I. J I J J J>J J>J N < JM J>I J>J> J> J MJ> > J>H, M>> KI>H J, MIHJ, I J O J> FFH < J> >HI, J J>, J>HJ JH.

S&.*3*5*38 3 I.*3*"/F*." C.%*3*.:

>LH M MJ> J> KIKI, M IJJMHJ>O >HJHIJ < J> IJJ I J> NJHIIJLJO ( IKIJJO) J J JI: >H J> . CIGKJO, I-FI H MJ> MO MJ> H J IJ >L IJHO LHJ> BH IJJ, fFMHIg J>J J J>HK> K , J>J < M J> J I J . K> M MK FHJ J JHO J J> IJJ J MJ> J>: JJ, > J> L FJ JH LH iI IJH < IKIII /HIKJ J>J I F>II J>IIJ J I HI J>JM J>HJJ> JKHI fJ> I>J I I J J J>J < J> KJ J> >> , J> IJ O < J> MH ... J>

HJ J>H J> L J J> IH... > O M I >I JH , > M JFJ J>H O IFH LH >I II, O J> hL-HOi < >I I, H O J> FIIJ L J>I J> FHII. "I JJJK KH J>I II < >I MHI -JHHO, M KJ >I I < > LI MO. > I HF J> IJ KJ ...g44

35

@K >@ H>I J>, I J>J M I > M, J>NJ I IHO, MO , MJ> J> JM IJ-HK >L M N> FIJI, I J>J J> M> MI IJ IH J L LHI. >I JI J>J

AJ>I J FII J> JM HK I J. A IH NFH FFIO KH

J>H > LHJO. > O > FII > IK MH J-FI (J-FI JHF>O HFHKI J> J> I IF- LKI @HII < FFIO), I J>J LHOJ>

MI IF KF > K J MI KIKO JIM J FHL. > > H J> > FIIIJFF, J> MH IMH.

> FJH AHM OJ> FHJHOI " I O MHIe4JFHI, 12 HOHKI> FJI, 63 MJHHI, 164 F IJ>I HMI, J.e I O JJJKI, FIJI, IKHHKI,I J>J J> IJKJI J>J >L J FHJHO I> IIJ HII J I JHHKFJ O IH J> HIKJ J> I FJ MJ> fAI MI IO.g AJ J>H JI, J>K> J>I>J I J JHHKFJ < J>I FHIJ KJI , > FIJH@J >I J MJ>: fAI MI IO.g

M&1"#& A$$*%&.3:

"I H HI> MI H J J O KI > IJHH J IM HLM < >I

19/191

O KI, , > >I IJFF J OK. A M> OKJ>H L J> I>I > JJO (OKH JJ I >IFIKI) I HJ L J> KJ>HJI FHI J>J>H, J>H J>I JI J>J J I J> J>H, J OK, M> J-J J> J, H OK M ILH J>J OK I M> J>J>H MJ , J>J OK IJ @ @ (J> JJ J> MI> KI); H J>HiI I>I JKH H, CH, FHJO, FF M , J OK: M MOI L OK M>J M J >, M>J>H J>J >I I>I; OKH IF K OKiJ M: < J> J>HJO-JM I>PF>HI M> >KJ EI> >IFJ, INJ K J IF J>I K;48 H>L FMHI OK J HO >L: J BH> IM HO 'O DH, M> MI J L, F KF IJH-IP J>HKH J J> J J> J>H.49

AHII J> JH < J> JH H < O H IKIII,.., < J> JH J>HI> J>J I II, O HF O K, I IOFJJO J 'iI KI A@

A@ @ I, GK IKII, MJ> J>H IJI I< M>H > LI, J> H KF HJ K- (f L KFIJHIg); M> J I J IJF HK> M>> M I M II, > JI, f,, J J>H: J KF.g > H J> HIKI JI IJ,

J IJF J M MM @KIJ I O MIKF, I J J> H IOI: fS!g > I HHJH, HJ FIJ, JI KI J>J > LI J> I K; J>H LI KF J> K, IJFF J MM M>H IIJ. > HHJHiI L JI: f, J>JiI J ! "iI J>FFO.g J> H II J J>H HHJH, J> MKI > IJH "H BH, M> I LIJ J >I >H>,

37

T14 3& U.1&'&$3*5& G":

FIII J>HK> J> KHJ>H IK-O I CJKiI % H HKO I J> IIL MICHHiI * "@-G> (f> II MI J JMO, @KIJ H>J ILHO IJ. / J>H J A MIJ>HK> J> IIg),45 J>H I J J> HPJ J>J >I HF O H I >J J> I MJ> J> K, I A>] A@ @ @>@ : fBKJ < J J> I, J> NJGKIJ I hM> J> MH ? ... KIJ >L > I JJFJ J IHJ M>J>H J> -II > II J> HHH-I HH I.

>I I>J, M>> I IKJKIO < J> IHIJ < J> KIJ, , FOI HHO < J FHJ J J> K I>P-F>HI, FHIJH, M> J>J I MI LHO FHLI LJ J> HK> >HJH I, I IM>H J> K IH J> HKIJ J>J J> HK>>HJH I O J >I II HJ>H J> I J J> J>H@JI HH J M>J>H > I J HHH J H-III? H I>K HJ>H LM J>I

J JI > < IK> -KI IJKJI?

HK MHJI KJ < >I HI: f I> O JMH J KI KI J>O MH MI I I HK... > FKJ OI< J>I JL, JH FHIFJL, M> J I J>J>H MO HK! J> 'IJHiI F ... " > H H O IJFF J >I I>I.g47 B H JI OK IJF J >I I>I

36

20/191

H J J> J>H >HJHI J J> , J FJ J KI > J>L JJ H.

>J H KJ KJH J> K I J> J>H FFiI IHJO,50 J>J O HIFIJO M KIKI). DIJOLIOiI * D4> , J>H FFiIIJH KO HI JM O >I K M> J> JM H JJ>H I @ J J>H I-J >I K M> J>O H IHJ, HIFIJO < HFH>I JI LH FHI KIJ I J>J >L JHF>I.

B1&"3&:

FKHIKJ, J> LFH JK M >JO. JM J IH H JH: f KJ .g IJ < >I >H J> LFHiI L> >: f, J, KJ < HJ>.g " J J I HH. BKJ J> > MI > O J> HPJ J>J FHI, J> LFH J HJ>. EL MJH JI O LI HJ> KJ < >I KJ>eO, IM>HHO MI IJ H LFH > J> IIJ < HJ> O M> > >H KK>> HHH, L FF J IJ>H J MJH I J>H HJ>, LI J>, >I J>IKH HHH. BKJ, MJ> J> LFH, KJHI N-IJJ HHH > O NIJJ HJ>.

T& U.%&"% H" N M*111 I"&:

HI H@KiI EK F , C>HIJ, OK M M>I M J I J>J J>FF HJ > HJ J> H. " JI: fELHOO HPI .g AI J> IK@JL H I J IJF H J> HHJH KJ KI: f, , J>JiI J ! J J>JOK.g > O J>HI M H J>I J>H IJI < IJ- JJO FIO> MO: J> J>H FF MJ> M> J>J>H FHJIIJI H JHO IJ HFHIJ HIFJLO

M>J J> JJH OH I,FHII, >FFII; J> J>H, OKJ>; LM J> I -M J> FIIJO < HFJ O J> K HII J>JH J>HI> J J> JH H J M>> FH@JIJ> H, FH@J J>J >FFI HO J> J H J> < J> IJHO HJ FIJIIKI J> HI HJ: J> FIJ, J> KJH, J>O FOH, J> K H M> FI IO J J> < J> FHJ>H M H MJII K, ..,

M>J>H O H < J>I FHJFJI H J> FIJiI KI,FI M>J>H J> OI IHJO, M>> JJI J> FIIJO < K, I LMHiIJO J IH M>J>H J> FIJ J> J>HI H J-.

"3 D& N3 R&&#& M& L+ E"$38 L*+& M&/"3 L+

E"$38 L*+& M& D& N3 R&&#& M&:

< J> KJH MJ> J> K >FFI M> II J>HiI HHH , H iI , I J>J, L JI J , J>H I HI J J>HI FHJIJ

38

21/191

e JHP M>J M J HK> MJ> IJJI < JH IKIII H O. O IKH >I >IJ fI,g J> HJO HHL OK KIJ J CKJ DHKiIIJ : f I J>HK> OK.g > HLHI I>J I>MIJ> LFH I J> JHIKJ, >I LJiI LIJK J>HK> >, HL J> LJiI HHH H JI J >.51

e H IKIF J> JO >I, M> JIJHJ H FO J NII J> JH . >I I

HIJ J IKIH J 'I JHJiI FH>J HFHIJJ < J> FHF>JI HP O J> KHi-, J> >hJ I ( J IIHO J> HKI IKIHFJ IIKI 'KI.J.I J>J MJ> KIiI FH>J < J> HFHIJJ< >M> (JHK-"KJiI @ A@ ). BKJ H J> J> -H- < JHIJ HI, HK>:

e I. HI, J> I >HJH I FO O I-KF M> JI JO J K LKJ IJ HIIJ O J> H HI < J>

I H >HJHPI> FHI); J I IP (J JH HJ JM >I>HJH >I H).... > I-KF I J> FJHO >LI < J> (FO O L

41

< J> H M. > JHI J> H M>H J>JJH I IJHJ> IJ>JP FHJ, I J >H. AJ FJ I H@K KJ HIJ J >H FJ< LM < J> O IJ>JP. "H FJ < LM

MK >L I>M >H >H ( M M>I I HL, M> I LH O -I, I J H M>> I> MI FHI

MHI J>HK> J> >KI. NFJ J>J I> MK KJHC>HIJ, M> J FHIJ >I >H >H (JL)HHH . BKJ J> JM M J J. J FFHI J>J I

MJII J> J>I IJI J> FIIJO < HHH .BKJ J>I FIIJO I >HJHIJ < J> K, IF IKO HH J>J J> C>HIJiI J> IH M MI KH HL MJ> C>HIJiI HL J> JIJ.

> LFH >I HHH L J> > I J J >L @ >4 .

> H> K MH @@@ HJH, HJ HJJK. > iI @@@ J> KJ> H KI IK> H I OHJ>, KI > H I> H >I , > L >L >H I, FH>FI KJO,J L FHJHJ < J> K, J>J > H I> HJ-

J I J>H FHJHJ < > H >H I > HI> MI M> IJ L, H H FHJHJ.

T& I.%&'*.*3& P&318 ' D&"3:

DI J> HKIJ J>J LI JJI M JJK < IJHJ LH IHFJ J>JK H FHI J> JHHO FHI? J IIHO. >I I FHK FJ JO J IJ JM

22/191

G>> J> IFIJ LKIL @HI < HJO- MK < J> IH IIH J>J I L. H J>J J>H I IFJ HJj-, J> IJ < IIH FHFJKJ 1975 O *>IJJHFI J> *IJI M> L J> HH I MI O KHI> I MH HJ I-LH, HJHIJI < J> KJ>H, J>H J J J> ( G>> , J.), M>> J> FH@J IKJHI O , J IJ IJI, MJ> J> HLJI IIH. >J JKO JK (!) O J> fg IJ J>J JI JI, > MJ> H, F>JHF> < HO KI ('I DLI, >CJH, C>H 'KI, C>H *HH, J.), IIK LJLFFH H HLH I J JHO -H IJI, J> JHO KI IJHJI J> OKJ>I M> HM J>>JK J> M L J J I J>O O < J> J>H>JKI J> JO. >J JHO J @KIJL IK> F J>J IFJ O L J> J >F J>I I I K> J>. BKJ < J>H I IJ> J>J I J JOIJ HH J JK, J I JJ,BHH >KHO, MK >L > O J J J> HII J>J >HO FFH J> FHIK II HL J J> IJ < J> I-

IH J IHJ J>J KHO I>K I >LFH KHiI * @@ .

Here Lies ".% 3& 1%&:

'> HHI: fAJ J> LHO IJ < H, M>>I IF IJ> J>H J> >KI LKK. B-J>H I IO JHIJ J> H> K: -U ( > ), JJHg).*I> H < M>J I J> HJJ , < J> K,

M>I I H I J I HJJ, M>I IM J> BH IJJ >L J> FMHI < , I J>O *IiI * F> >> .

iL I J> < J> J> K I

42

23/191

>MLH, I NKI J>J FHI LHO J>H, H H J>J> NKI < , >H H I IHL I J>H : J> NKI < J> < J>.g61 > J> I IKJH L IO, M>H J FFI J >I, ..,J IJHI J>J J @>K ,62 J> LJ>HP < H *HIiI @HHH I- IJHJM H JO IKO IJ HIJ < J> MH, J>IJ>HK> FKI >I.

DKH J> HO II, H FHJ < J> MHFKJ J> $@ , JI J>J HH J> I I I>FI < J> I J> I>F < J> , HK M>> HLLI ^ KPiI * C@ > ; I M I J> I J>J JHIFHJ DHK J ,IH JHF .. J HO: f> J> J J> IHI J F O MK H.g64 I 'KHK

K?BJ> J> K, J> , M> L KI I LHO H < J> hHJJOi < KH KJKH,

44

24/191

< J> J> LFH IJI J> >J >I LJIJI J> O>J, J>H I J> 4> iI KJ J >J HI IJF IKI J> J O HI IJHJ J> (H J> HI HJ J> LJiIJ>?).

> F>JHF> < OHH "HP F 24 < K44 ( C @R , KVH >HI-IH, 1980), < J> J> M>I LHOJ> IJK, L J J> I H, I J> JJH @ I J IJ; J> I >HH J, F>IP J J> CH; A, G J> *HKL@K; FL> J> AP @K), M>> O J JHF>, I HJO J I. H iJ"HP >OFJP >I JHI KH J> ? AIiJ >OFJI J> I H KIJJ < JNJ? fK L I< IM J, KI J> M> H OK H I >LO MJH A "@ , 'O DH JHKJI I>JI < >H HM J LH MJ> FJI J I>JI < >H FJHJ J>J. AIKJH I> KH J> J I < OK H F-JHJ J>JieJ>KI IFI MJ> J> J>J I>JI. > HIKJ

MK >L J>J H >I OJ> JF>HKJ J, KJ >I J MJ> I > , I @ . H J> K> J J JH O J> I>J H I, > H I> MK FH J JKO H @KIJ >L J> I>J < DH L J>J JHKJ H IKFHFI J> I>J < >H HF J> J ... H MJH OK LO MJ> OKH O >I LHO >J. KH LFH J

MH FIJMH JI IK> I BHKJ, H J I>JJH I>FII, M>I H JJHI I MHI J>JHIJ MJ> >I HOFJ K.

LFH J> J >IFJI I>PF>HINFH J> I J>H I H I>I, J> 4>@ J>H, IIKJ L I J>O L; J> HFI< J> LFH, HIJHJ MJ> K KIII, I JIIL J> HJ> M> J> I, H FJH:66 >MLH K> O P J> KMH HP, J> JJ HH. > MH FHJ < 'HJJiI "]E >S I>MI JKH-

IF >KI MJ> JI >JI ( K @ ?), M> J>KFFH FHJ I>MI KH IO ( $ DK ?). AJ FJ B

iI * >@ > , JKH F I IKHHK O KH

IF. J I KJ LFH MI J> JHF"HHiI M J (>H) Me H, J> LFH IJ >JJ FHJ < J> >I LJ I KH IJ < J (*IIiI >@

$ , 1904). < IK> KJH >I J I>M MJ>KJ J>HKHI J JJ, J> I>J MK >L J 4> , J> H< IF JM J> I < O J> L M> JI 'HJJ- NIJ < O >J IFHJ FHJI

46

25/191

@ ) FHL < IJ JH M FH LJI )J>J >L J K>J J> JI< J> J NIJJ F>JHF>H >I OI LI JI , I J, J> J>HMI J J J> I

M> MH FO J> MJ> J.DKH J> H>HII < F 44 , HKH HJHI MH L J>HK> J> II M>>J>O MH J FFH I J>J J> J> JHI J> H FHJH

MK M J>I >HJHIi NJ JH@JHO. f> M> M I>JJ> I, M iJ KI J> FHJH J> JHI

MK >L J M>H J> >HJH MI HJ J J> -K, M>> MI LH O *IJI J NIJ.g69 J IHI >I @ " < HI > MJII M>> J> FHJFJI,*IJ JHI, LJI < JJ, FO MJ>KJ O HI J>H >I.70

J> H KJHO KI J>O H O JH FJ, O I < JJ, MJ> M>J J>O H HIF J H JHO J -JJ. H HJ J I MJII J> FHI F>-iI FJ> LHI, M>> KHI M> J> JJ FHII I J FJHO IJ,

M>> M HHIF J J> KH J> I < J> IJKKIJ>J KIKO JI J> HHIF H JLJO: HI ( @

48

26/191

LHKI JI: >H H), I IKHJO KHI, >H HI IJOI; >H >OF IJJI; >H H IFHJ -HK, LO O "J> J>HK> J> KI < LKI FH-@JI KH >H >HI-H. J> I M>> I> KHHPI>H FOH, J> IIJ I IF J J> IJ: J> IH I KJ >< O J> FHFKH M < J> IJ I M J 'H PP J> O >< < J> J> J>H >< J> I J> J>H J. >I FHII IH HKIJ J>J M> 'H II J> >LO H < J> I I J HJ O J> IK, I J >HJ. J> IJ I>J, J KJ, J> JHK,'H >H >KI HL J M>J MI, J J> < J>L I>M J>J < J>H I AH KJO < M>> J>*IJI H FHJ, J> FJ I J, I O IHI MK J> MH J L, J>J *IJ HJ J IJJ J> AH KJHI J M>> J>O > NF; KJ J>JHHO, J>J J> J>H AHI >L J>ILI N O J>IH KFJe J>I J KI JM 1948 1967 J>

IJ B MI HK O H J> P JHF MI IJHO EOFJ. HGI, AHI, I, J., >L N O J>IH KFJ. hAMOO FFHI J H MJ> L J J> L-LH I N Le L I 1956 JP-J < J> KP IF> HIJ H H> J>IH-KF JHHJHI *IJeJ I K> J> O, JIIKH, I , KJHO, MJ>KJ M>> L M> HJ

51

JJ, J FJ. M, JJ KJ KJJ O HLJ. >J I O KJ B , M>J >KJI I @ ?

> J>J I J JJ J J> , KJ FFHI J J> HHI M>H J> JIFJI O II, NFHO O HLL HK JHK >OIJH >HJHI. J I LKI J> I H J> < "J>iI @ M>> J> FOKI FHJIJ

LIJI >H J>H J>J J> HK < J> IJHJ, IJ JO J>IFKKI I>F, I FJ.72 'H I HJKH J J> IJ < M>JI H I> MI IJ >, I> IH. > IIJ < J> >OIJH FHJIJ IIKI

50

27/191

JJO < J> @J J> >OIJH II. > >OIJH FHI < @J , M>J>H J> @J HI I I>JI J J> < IIHiI D IJHJ MJ> -J O O J J> H F M>H J> FHJIJ I FIJ. AFFHFHJO, J> FHJ-IJ I I IIJ >I K.

> IJ> FI < DHOHiI % , I KF J J KJI, M>H J> >HJHI LH > J>H, .., LH HJO K> JKKI J J> L J J (J IJI J DHOHiI >HJHI,

M> J J > J>H KJ J>H HJI % ,G , H J>H OI IK> @ I). > NJ-J-IJ IJI < % , M>> J> J>H IJI,

M>H J> HI J J> IJ J J>J JO,74 O I IH> IHI O M ILH J>J J I J K> J HJ J>

H>J < HJKH J L *IJI (H J J> A JJ 1,211,480 H FI; J>O HL JM : 376,472 < M>> 210,715 H FI;

H: 1,570,192 < M>> 280,191 H FI; P JHF:824,622 < M>> 451,186 H FI; J> IJ B: 583,009 > 157,676 H FI; J> OH AH FK: 383,199< M>> 111,712 H FI),73 KJ J>J J>O >L J HJ J IJ J> >IJI H J>HKJ >KII H I HKH J >KJ.

AHI, MJ> I O JHO IF I O K@KIJO I HIKJ < J> L MHI K, , AH, < J>HFHII < J> KHI HG, J., >L M I>M FII JJ> H>J < HJKH KH IJI, HLJI, HHFHII J O HJO, KJ I, HO, *IJI J>ILI >L J FJ J> H>J < HJKH K KIII, < J>I *IJIK@KIJO KJO H. MHJ FHJ I J>J J>

MK J MJ>> J> H>J < HJKH.

Presence :

AJiI @@ @ *, > I I>M JM JHO J

FJ J> HMI. > @ < J> HI I I- O J> J J>K> I, J> M, J> IF-JJHI, > >H MI, J>I K > J FJ HMI LH J> IJI

28/191

MK J J IJF J >I M? FFH>I, > I >I OI. " H FI >I >I. "F >I OI. A J> J >FF: >H H < J fI >I >.g76 "H @OI J J>I J >HefK J I J!geH I J II J>I < J> J>H. " I: fJ I HJ FHNJO J>H-II IF.g >, I> HFJ: fK J I J !g

>iI CK @ ('O 1890) JM HL HJM HJ FJ> > O LH> K KI LH-JI FM J> IO. A LHO J OFHII KJI J> FJ JM HI: I O, J> J>H >J.77 J> H O H >J, J I, KJI J>.

> M M> J J J> LFH MJ> >H J IKHIILH M>J I> > II J> J I> KJH >: >I J I, KJI J> >J O.

AJ M, J> LFH IK LHO I (B>iID> ), J> J>HII IF.

" MI HM J J> @J O J HH I> FFH>. H, HJ>H, > P >I< J> J>HII IF HJ J J>J @J O >M H K J> IK MI.

AI H H> H HJ; IJI, I O I I . EJH J> L He

J>I JH HIO IJHI I FFHJK J IH J>I J>H-II IKH M>H JK J H J> J J> >HJHIJ FHJHO IK I> KJJHI M> I> >I I-LH MI O H-J. H J, MI KHJ M>J>H I> IM I FKJH M>J>H I> > HO I I J I J>HII.DK J J> I < J>H, J>KI < IJJ JM -

55

T& A#&.$& ' E3&1, 3& V"$*"3*. ' D*&.*., ".% E$&*5&

P1&&.$&:

J> I < J>H, > >HI FHL I-KF . > M> >HI I J> H IH J> JI< HO LIJ < J> HK, J>KI J I IMJ>JM JM IJJI. H H J> I-KFJ>J >I J> H J J> JH HKH -F>JI -I>Jg),75 KJ H IKH O J> IJHJ -I-KF < J> I>J.

EHIJP IJ: H HL I JHK LHII MJI MJ> >I > IJ JI HIi , *J . HKIJ I NFH M> J>I H FHL I IFHJ J> FHJIJ HMI IJJ O >H I, >I HI>JJHI J HHH I>HI) H O J>. " MI IHLJ HH >H J IJ>. > KJ L. " JKH J J >I JH J M, > IK-O HK: > > >J IJJ>/IF! " IJ KF JH J L, KJ > >J IJ IF. J J> IHLJ, > IM >H IJH JHHH HJ HJ. DH . " J> I H-J, > M > MI I J>: > > O J> > J I HIJ FI. HK IJ:

KH D JHF, J FF IJ HII FOHK MH I HJ J>J J> IJ FFHFHJ H J H> J> I JI J> JJHI H J HL JJHI . >I JJH H I-J KI O J> I < J>H I J>I J I I < J> >HP. J JHJI MJ>, H I H NFH LI IK> LHJ HLJO I MHF -J, IJ> J>JJJI H H

29/191

J H H GKHK.g78 > I K >F-F IJJI < JH IKIII (JJ J>HK> -IF,I IK >F KJ O, J> IK JO J II IJK-KI J>J MI H IJJI J>H J II H H J J> L< JHIJ FHJKHJ, M>HI M, K J J> LHO H >- @ >@ , J >I JH . > JHI J >I H.g "M J>I J J J> J H < J> >- FJ>? "HH >J I M >L I J J>: f H < .g

@ , EIIJ JI fJOeMJ>KJ JHIJegJM I-KFI < M, J> > >H F-P I JJ,

M> J> I J I II>, >H O I >H KJ> IF IH. EIIJ JI J> FHJ < J>I < J NF < f HJ IFJJH fJ> FHII J >JJ J> Og79 (J>JK FJ < J> KJ IJ J> J MJ> IJHIF H J>J MHI J IF< II J> J> < I, J> "H EHJ KII).

AJKO J> FHJ < J>I < J I J>J J LI J> FHIIHJ-HKJ J> < KJ 0.05 I JM J> J

M> J> KJ JKO >JI J> O J> J M>, FKII @KH F HL I >L H> J> H, MHII

JI F J>J J> O >I >J. > @KF KJ I>K IJI KI J FJ J> JFJ>O J>J IIJI HL J> O JM FHF>HO < J> O J> I-GKJ MHII J> H. J I J> J>J J

JH B@ J J J , K . A I>J I>M JFJ> O J J>J,

J>K> I>M M>J > H I> I I, I H FJ I J> J MJ> >I H >H JK H I < J> FOHK J>J J> HI > MI J>H O O HKO IJ; HJ>H, > J J>J FHIiI IJFI MH IKII.

V"18*. S0&$31":

IO J> K MK I FF J>I I J>O HFHL O L >KIi IFJH. BKJ H, > IM FHJI I I J>O FFH KH HIF, MJ> J> H FHI >H I.

KH KJH MJ> IJ J>I, L H J, LJI, KHHK IIHO IFJHK FOI GKLJ H J J>J FO O M JFHJKH J> I < >HJ I: J J>J NIJI, K KHILI, J >HJ. J>, MJ> JINJH NJI < J> IFJH, I J> HJKH < J> HFHII. >J J>J > @KIJ M HJ MI HKI H >HJ FHI FHL J (JFJ>O?)> NJ >I IFJHK O J> J < FIO>. > NJ-I < J> IFJHK I LHO HIO KI J> FMH < J> JJO

MJ> M> J >J FKJ HJ O HI J>J JFHJ < J> IFJHK.

T&&0"38:

< J> J J>HK> I < KI MH, >JJH OHIJ J> KFFH, H I, M>> I J> IJ J J> LHJ. BKJJ HJ LK c , J>H I IJ < J>H LJ. *HHJ c J> OI->- IOIJ J>H

30/191

I>JI.81 BKJ I J I FOJ < JFJ>O JMKHJ I>JI, M>J>H IKFHFI ( C ) H J('KHKiI $ ), J> FI MJ> > I>J KIJ J>-J J>H (L J> H HLJ I IJKI, HIOJ>iI, >I FFH fFJ>O DHI.g >I I>K J IHIO J FIO>OJ @ . AJ IJ FHJ < J> JH J>JI MJ> JFJ>O KIJ H IM>H, O .

>KI J>I FFHI JFJ>O H J @KIJ J>HJ MHI KJ J,KJ H HO IJ < J.

@ , < J> JM FF M> M KI FIJJO IJ, J I IKJ MHI < J> J>H. BKJ J>JI O J M>>JI F L IF MHI I FJ- O HJ J> HLHI HJ, -@@ , F>- M>> MI FJ NFH O KH OIJI, K HK HP.82

J> I < K 'KiI D. K>> @ .HK , J> H I J O: FF IF J > J J. >H J>HiI HLHI J J> JHJ IOIJ

M>H J> H I J JI @JL, J J>H J I IK@JL, J>H HI, L M> J> @JL , JJ O

O-"O, M> J>KI M KJ LJI J>J > J I KJ

J> H MJII.83 >I I>K >L J> HI M>O J> H O M>> "O MI KJ J> LIJ LO *HI HHIJ O. JLIiI , M>> J> JM FHIJI,

O "O, f> HO ,g 'KiI K>L KJ KJF FHIJI MJ> I HHHJM J>, I MK >L J H J>J J> H J> HO > "O >L J> II.

59

LM, FIJ H IJ MJ> HHI J J> @J. >KI J> IJ-H J JH @ I>K HF O J>H,H H J>J FFO J IJKJI IK> I H-J>,

M>> I FJJI >L HFHJO J I M>J I J IJ < J> >IFJ H J HJO II J J>H

LI.80 H J> KHJ < J> JFJ> FI, J> I>J < J>JFJ>iI I>J I>M M>J > I FFH> J IJ. > HIKJ 4> J I J> I LHN-FI < > I H>JO NFI: M> HO J H,

LFHI IF < J> fJ K> >Jg J>H, < fJ> II < J>Og (B>J); I J FHK LHNFIKH O < J> JMI H KHNFI. >I K NFIKH I KJ IKHII HJ ( II M>H J> >J IKHI J> JM I H HJ , FIO> IJJI. > LFH

M O H FI I J>J J> KKJL >J MK H>J < J> JM I. > J> I < J> JM IKFH-FI I>JI I J> J J> FHIJ L LHI.

HJO HGKHI J> I < FHJKHJI J O FHIJ KJ I , O GK H N J> >K JFJ> FHJO < J> FHIJ J J> H KHHJ KI O J> FII< JH I>J KKJI J> HII J>H I>J M>>J> I HJ I>M FJ> M>H J> JMIKFHFI I>JI

M>J >FFI J>H J>K>J >I JJ J MJ> J (J> J I @ @ ), MJ>KJ J>H @ J, J> J>J MK >L J I HHH JM J> JM

58

31/191

J>J < HJO/ J> @KIJ JJ > IF KJ> F @KIJ I > I I-HJO J> HJO/ L J>J FHI HIJHJ < J> JM FI. FHI J J>I FHIII, J> KJJH IFFII < J>

AH HIi FHI, I M> J>O H FHI F J>O H IHJ J> J>H F. HJI M> IJHJ IJ J> K< H, KJ I L J 'H-J AII, M> JM IF J>H F. DL BH H J>I J>I, O

J> IKH, J >I FHJIJ, 'H, FH>FI > >I J J>HK> K @ @ K K J BO (J> IJ

AH FHIJ H BKI> K> < IJH IJH, .

- "..KIO I J "JH,84 KJ 'H, J-I-KJ FHHH 1991, I J AII, M> 1919.85 HJJK J DL BH, H IFHJ, L < f HJ-JKg MH FI J fHJJK,g L < J> J>F M MH J JHO > J>H.

CH IJJ < JH IKIII M>> FIJ J >I NFHII f J H MHJ KJ J KI iL J>Hg I I I I IJ J>H. J I J>I II JJ>J MHJ I J KJ NFH: J> JH IJJ < IKIII

I J O IFHJ I J OJ I J NFH. >H I J>KI I-J> JJ KJ J> FII IJJ < JH -IKIII J J> H IJJ. J> FH J>J f < JH IKIII I J> JH J> J IKJKI MJ>J: HJ, J> J O M JHF, J IJ FHJO, FIJ J> K>J-IHJ,FKII, IIII, J., O HFJ. > MJ>KJ KH,

61

I I J J> I 'KiI JJ > JFJ> LHKI. > I HLHI I KJH O, M>> M> J FII- J IKFFHII J> III J M IJI>I M FMH LH J>: J>FIIJO < FII O J>H JI, J> O, H-

LO, HK, H, J. LHIO, O M>J I J-FJ> I IKHHK O >: GK FHK K > HK L @JI J> FII 1999 O J> I FHJ < M J>JPI J> FHJ < MHJFF F> LHIJI(O J> FHIJ, IJHI, FHJ HI H NFJ-), J II J>J J> O < JM-MO JK-J J>J H KJFF I JFJ>O.

P"1"& M.3"&:

DJ> >FFI JM FI, J> HJO/KJ> . AH> IJI > J J> O J> I M. HKI, J>H I IJJ JM J> HJO/H J>J O JKH H J KJ IJ KJ> H. M M J>J @ 44@ MI FH IJH J IH K> < M>J J F J> K< H, I

O 7% < J> I HFF J> HG >>O FHII O J>FHI < J> >M III H JHJI B>, K> H FHII MJ> J> 'H-J AII-C < DL BHiI J, % DK *>@ A@ B (1992) L J> KJ>H HK> 1818 1919 J 1991 J NJ I J MI H F,

60

32/191

/H J>H I LHI H < JH IKIII IJ> NFHJ IF, M> J>O I MHJHI J> JHIF. J>H MHJHI KI J>H I LHI H < JHIKIII I J> NFHJ IF, J>H HJHII J> JH IF (J J> II J>J J>H >HJHI H HFF, KJ J>J J>O J> I LHIiI KI/H-IHLH). 86

MJ>IJ J> KO MHII J>J KI @KIJ NFH >I HO >FF J IKJ-O J H. I HFHJ IK> MHII J J>H

FHI. BKJ J MH J>J J >I LH IJFF >FF IJ HP O J> I J J>J J HJO HFHJ J JJ>H. > M> >I IK> HPJ III J>J > LHL J> J M>H > >FFI J ; J>J > >I MOI J; J>J < > I KJ J MK I J>H FHI; J>J >IM J>J J>H >I H J>H I J JKKI M- J>J FII MJ> > J>HK> J> J>HI> KJ IJ> J>J> >I HL HJO FHI J>H O JHHKHH. EL M> J II J J>J >L IKJO NFH- JH HKHH I J> FIJ, IJ JIO J>J >I HJO HL O I FHI O >I @ NFH-: J> >HHJ > >I MOI M>H >>FFI J J>J > J L J K F. >

FHIJ < J> JH HKHH I J> > I JII HPJ, M>J HKHI > J HJ JJ>H J> I H H!ge> < JI J>J H J J JHIJL J NIJ, I HI J I KJ J>: J > O>; H < @ 4 ; H < MHJHJ, KMIJ J H J J>, J M>J I KHH J J> J> H < JH IKIII; H < J>I HJ FH, HF-HIJI H J @@ . >K FHFJO J IK,I J II J>J O J>I M O J> I LJ J> JHH- F>J < J> LHI < I< J> J LHIiI FII H

33/191

M> LHOJ> HK I HJ H J>, ILHOJ> FJHJI KI J>?

J O LHO M J>J K> < M>J MHJ KJ J> IJJ< KJ> M J JH, KJ O J> M H JJ> KJ J, J KJJH J, H J MHJ. @ I J I K> MH, I J> HLHHJ < MHIi MJ>HM. > L HJ >IJ> > J KJJH M>J J> I LHI < > H >H H< JH IKIII J; J HL M>J M JH FI.

>H I H MHJ

FHII < J>K>JI I FHIJI J J> < FH FIJ < L HJHHO I I>P-F>H, >OF J>, M> @4> > (H I4> > ), J> JM BH IJJH M>J>H J>I H H H KIHO I FI. >I FI-J J J> H I IIJ J>H M ( FFH> PF>H, 'H KJ MJ J >OF-JP O HJ>H J> JKJKI J>K>JI); H K J> , > O K J> . EIIJ: f> JH < J> IK- JHK JH < J> IK- K ..."M K>J ... "M OKJ hJ OKHII H K KJI

O FIIII, KJF FHIJI MJ> I HHH JMJ>, H J> K-I-J>- J>J. J KI IJH J>IfJH < J>K>Jg J> f< KHIg JH < J>IK- K > I, J I KI J I M KH J>H K J>J I >> J> @ . BP: f> OJJ O I J> IFJJH J I K, J J >IJJJ O MJ> J>J < J> HJH M> M

65

A I D@? I II FJ I< JKHI J>HJ F>J, J M> J> M >FF, LHOJ> >L HO >FF J > FHH J >I J>. J MK I J>J

"HHiI I IJJ < J>JII. JMJ>IJ J>IFHII, J> IFHJK IJH MI J>J, I MJ> J> JHFHI M> I HIJH F J> >OFJP > HI - MJH M> >I I > I HFHJ KJ < >I MH-II KJJ MHJ I JIJO < F, @@ >> @ I K@ @@ , K FII J> I < J (M>> K J> FHIJ, J> K@ -

@@ ). , IH H JH, J> IK@J NFJO LI J>>F < IFHJK IJH/K/HL NFH J>LHI < @@ >> @ J K@ @@ .

B"% R&$&03*.:

>H H O JO J HL: e A JO J HL HL, M>J>H J> @ K@ JM J> FJO J H J>FJJiI M J>J > H OJ>; H < HKiI K-IKI MJ> J>JII J> , M>H J O LHOJ> FJHJIKI, KJ I M>H J>J M>> FJHJI KI I JI< JHIHII JIKHI J>HM KF JI< KI (J>I HO

34/191

JI (FHI H HM >J I>JHI >II.

C&-U0:

J I I>J < IF, M> M MJII M>J I FHJKH KJ J>J O FHJ, M H FHL J M> J I, M>H /H M> J I J J>J J.HO M> J> > I I-KF >OFII, -LJJ KJ, J H I J J> IK@J J>KI J I H IK@J J >I M KJ J J>J < J> >OFJIJ;

KI I >OFJP IK@J J, J KHI>I J>J HH J L HK> >OFII H -JJ (f J> LI I J NIJI JIKJ O JI JJ>H J>I. ENK J>H J>K>JI H FHFJ < J> LI JM JM OFJIJ HFJ: f>H H OK M?g

R4*.:

A J> HI > IM J> IHJ MH < HKI. MJ> O JM II O J>H IHJ J> 1982 IH LI < . D J>I J> FHJJ HK? I, J KI J MI ILHO

KH KH J> IJ OI < J> J MI KH J> JK L MH MI IJ JK O J H JJO IJHO. BKJ I>K

M J LHJ J> MO M IH M>J MI J F? J MIKI J>I >KII > HKI O IHJ J>J J>

MH J NJ KJ J>O J JKH NFJO J HKI, J -

67

>I M>J > I>K I, >H MJ> FJ> . J I I JJ-J >I M J>J J> < J> FHJ HLI.g89

'J I FHJJ OFII, KI, /H KJ>KI J FI J> IFJJH H H J>H JHFHJJI J>J JH JHJ MJ> J> J >I IJ O HFJ HL FHJKH JJO M> J HKI LHOJ> J @KIJ

II, JH >H KH JK?

C*.$*%&.$&(?):

HIJHJI, M> LK IJ > FH -JI, H J KMH J>J J>H I FKH >.

6/24/1990. JH F I HM MJ> FF F HHI. O K

35/191

J JI HK.gKI: FI >KJ O J> L M> >J J>. > J>

I IJJ HJIJI "@J>I > H MHJ J>H JHKJHO J J J>H F f>H H KBJM J>I DM J> *HLKI ?g, f >L J, M >LHJ HI, A, H, ' "H, E J> J>HI.

>HK> J>H KJI, M J KIJHJ JM MJ> IJHO KI ... M>H J>KII < FF H J>H MJ> KI M>> >I . KFK>J HI, IHJ >J HI,g95 I>K M JJ J>H fM >L J, M >L HJ HI ... J> J>HIg IJL < J> IHJ < KHJJO HH M>J>H I H- J>J IJI KJH IFJH?

> HK I J IHJ O J> LFH, I > I J HO J>H M> > >KJI J, I I>M O >I H HHH J J>J J.

>I J I J> IJHJ < IJJKI HJJ JM J>J J I FHIO KI J JI JI HO JI< J>JHP JJH J HHJ J> FHIJ. A J>J J> -JHHO J I LI M>> IFFH, M>> H LH (LI-LH J>III I) IJ IJJO > >L HO (< J>HII IIKJ) J>J HHJ J> FHIJ. H I@ @ J H @@ $ @ D C> , M> J> KI J-

H @JI H, J> LI J.96

"M FHL 1992 BHKJ MK MH J J HK> HKI, I KI J>J MHHI < FHMH BHKJ H M JI OHJ> P. >J IIJ-IF OHJ> IF-J < JIHKI, M>J KI J> J- IJ-IF I> >KI MI < J> @ K.97 J>I >KIFHJI, MJIII J> I JKH J

69

H HO HKI. 'O J> H BKIJHKI H >KI (

36/191

JH J>J IFH J >H . J MI MJ> KH J> IJHO JO JH IKFHFI J J> FHMH JO JH. >I HHHJI J>J J>H I LHO FIJ J>J J> FHIJ< HKI JI< IHJI, J I J I JKH J>J J

MK H >I O I I B, O I H J> J> 1940I, J> JHH J> JO JH J>HK> J> HI < J>FHJI, > M>> I J J> 1960I, 1950I, 1940I. J MI O O J> J>H H LIJ J J>J H J>J I> HO J J>IJHO JO JH MI J> HJOeM>J I HPJ

MI >H J J> FHI < H IJHOKI.

>I M> H HIJHKJ BHKJiI CJH DIJHJ KH J>H JJ fAJ CJO < J> KJKHg H LKI J>JHKI IHJ NIJ FIJ J>J I HJJ I J J >IJHO, MI J HKO FHK O J. A IKHI KJ>JJO FI IKIF JMH, FHFHI J> HK - fHKI,g O < M>> M> J HIJH H FHO HHKI, H OHJ> J>H JFHJO IF.

FHIHL MH- H HK K, KJ >I O JH LH M>J>H J M H HK. M M>O MH- H HK KI JKH J>H IOHJ, JFHJO, J J>J H J. > MH < J> AH H>JJKH H K; JHJ U, M>H IJ HK> J J> LI J>IIOHJ JFHJO, J>KI I < J> MH- KI > IKIK >H J, O MH IJ HKI, J>KI J>H

71

KJI. CHH >HJH L FHJJ M M> O, > J J> K MJ> IK> M >I I>:J>J I O IOFJI < J> HL J JKH J> I KJI J ILI >.

J I MH- HI J>J J> I@KJ JM J> IJHJ J> KI J J> HIJ, J>I L M> J>IJHJ IJHO KI I -FK-JKH FJ>I KH, LHJKH HI, KI HKI J>KI OHJ>I, IJHJI J.

KO I HII I-H< MH-IJHO I H> @JI H JHKO, J FIIO JHIJO, H>-. > MH- JO JH I, J IJ JHIJO, FHJ < J>H> IJI < eI K> FHJ < J> I B,

M>> I J>HK> JI II IJHKJKHI (O JFI) < J>IJ FHIIL NFI < FH H>JJKH, M>>JI J> 'K IGK < iI -hAO J> HI < L JO. 1992, Dj- -"..KIOj

-, J> JJKHIJKJ J J> AH LHIJO < BHKJ, MJ, I FHJ < NKHI O >H II, J J> IJHO JO JH, I HHI MH H J> H KI JJKH FHIFJL J FIJJ> MJ> J F M> J> I MI B- Hj-I ...g) JH J J> J HLHHJ < J>I I, J>I-HJ HI, H FHJI, J>O J.

> J-O IJK MJ> M>> I> > J KH J> NKHI M> FI O, J LHO H >, I> JH J H M>JI> IM. IJ < J> IJHO, IHJ JO JH, J MI J> JO JH < J> HI < >H FHJI, J> H

37/191

J> LH > JI J>H I JKO HLJ; H J> MO, JMH J> < KHiI * @@ (1980), HHiI M>J >H >KI MI HK>J J J I HK; 98 H J> MO "HPiI $, (1978) J> I>JI < "HHiI JHF J> LIJ J I I>JI I>M J>IJ I HO HK. H I I J>H IJ H MH-KI J> CJH DIJHJ, < J> HI IJ ILHO O J> J KH J> L MH, IK> KI M IJL KJH J J> HKI M>J < J> OH HJKI J>J H IJHKJ J> HIJ < BHKJ MJ>

HH L J LIJ KJH LJ J> FF M> J> M> < J> JO I HIJHKJ H KJM. IK> IKH I J FH@J J >J, HPOIPJ< P-

MI, HIJHKJ I. AJ>H IKH I J IJHJ IH J> O

M> J> IJ K >I HIJHKJ J> H H BHKJ, MH- H >JHeKJ J> I >L I JH-HJ J>J II O HI J> IHI J>

LIJK H II IHJ>I J> J M> MH- KI >L LI> JHIJI J>J J>O H FFH-> L HIJHKJ KI I HKI. > J> J

< IIJH I I AI, M>> >I J HO HK J HKI, I J>J < JI IJHKJ, NFHO HJ>-GK,99 HIJHKJ I IJ HK JO.

> I F>OI IJHKJKHI J HIJHKJ H -J H IM JHHJ, HKI GKO L KI J> FKI, < J J>KH J FHIHL KJI < J> F>JHF>I, L, H O J>II IO IJ H>JJKH FJ MJ>

73

IJHKJ MI I HHLHJ I MK J>J < J> H>HKI < B: KI HKI NIJ >HIJ, OHJ>JFHJO, J>O H IJJO J. > F>OI IJHKJ HI J>H F I IH-KI J KI J>O H J I HKI: HK J JJO J I L M> J I HIJHKJ H -I> HF O M K, J I JKO IJ HK, J>J I,JI OHJ> IF J, J>I F>OI IJHKJ I IHKI KI < J>HKJ KMHII J JHOI < J> I HKJJO J>J MI I>M KH J> MH. > J < O < J> HK KI < J> JO JH O FII H J>HMI MI MH O J>H I; J> MH J>JHI < J> MH I FHJ < J> JHI < J> MH, > II J>JJ> MH I JK. JJ M>J>H HJ MH-K I HK O M>J>H J I >KJ (H HFHJ J >KJeI J>H IFJ J J> K FI M>J>H I < J> KHKI MH- KI H IJHKI, MJ> >HIJ JFHJO.

K J >FF BHKJiI MH-LIJJ JO JH,L HKI, J>KI OHJ>I, K>J I! H J> IOIJJ>J I FHIJO FMH, J> FJIJ , J J JI >O FH@J J>J L >I, M>> M> J

FIO>eNFJ >HHH H JFHJO J>J I J J J J> >H- KJ I , M>> J J J> KLHIKJ HH J, M K>J I O J> KLHIiI PI.

JI >L J> FFH>I J>J J> HIJHKJI BHKJiI CJH DIJHJ H J H, J>J O O JKO IJ> J> MO J> FHJIJ < @ 'PK>iI + @ (1953) FHLI J> NGKIJ I I HK J

72

38/191

IKO J J>H I HIJ IJJ JM J> J FJ>I, HJ J> , J> J>H J> L.

L"#81*.3:

BJ> J> J> FJiI J FJH JI HK >L J>H I J J> IFJJH. J> I IJH,J> FJH I JKH JMH J> J LI M>> M I HFHI-JJ HJ < >I I ! AJ>K> IJH>J JH FJH J> HK J J> IFJJH, J> JM 180` LH-JKHIKH O J> HK, J KF J 360` H KJ J 0`, J HJKH >J >I IJHJ FIJ: OHJ> H.

> H OHJ> KHiI * @@ I J J> F>OI P J> HKI < J> >J, KJ J> HH I MHJ, < J> I F>HI @ , MHJ HI, HKHHJ HJKH J J> I FJ (MK J> iI JJ J> IF>HI?). J I KI HH I HO IJ J> OHJ> < J> J>J > I K J NJ < J> F>OI P. >I KHHKI H J> JJH, DO HJHI >I IJFI MH,J FJ @KF J J> I > > < J> >I,

I J>J >I H, I IJFI, II J> IeO I LH IM. DO, M> I JFJ> HLOJ, I J MJ> OHJ>, I > I MJ> H, J>K> HLHI, J:> II J> H H FIJ; I J FJ

M> HJH >I IJFI MH I > J>H I H >L J>FFH>I J>J > MK MJII J> HKFJO.

> I H < H 237, J> HH H < J>J>, M>H HH I FHI O >I MKJ FII J>HK> II MJ> JI JJJ >K-JI, J>I HL J>I IK@JI I KJHO I L O H I>J H >I J HO JM KJHO LH MJ>HKIeH I KJHO HKI >I J JK MJ> JH-

LMI MJ> H IJ FIO>JI. J >I J HL J KI J>KI, OHJ> IF-J < HKI; , I HKIIKIIJ >IJ J FFH, J IKFFJ HJO I IJ HLJ. FIJMH KJHI, IJ I J > I HO f1. . A JL HJ H FHJI J>J I J HFHIJ JKJO KJ >I LJ. 2. Ag ( A@ H D@K ); KJ J> II J>J < J> I FFH I J>H LI, I>HJ IJHI, FHKI K> K KIII, H J >IJI J> HJO (>KJ >KII) J KI f KLHI J>J IiJ F . D)eJ> KHHJ LHJK I FHHHH JHJKH < >IJI J> K (KI H KJ J>HII HLJ NHI L); H J >H O H IJHI KJ >IJI BHKJ JI

CJH DIJHJ I >J, J I M IJ HO KKFIJO KI < J> HII. H J>H < J>I LJKJIJ >FF, J> J>I MK H IJ < FIJ-JHKJI, J>I J J>J < J>I M> FHJKHO K@KIJO J> MH.

U.%.& C*1$&:

IJJ < JH IKIII, MO HKH FJ>,

74

39/191

J KHO O >KI IJ J, J>KI I -MO J>HI>.

H J> < *IiI * F> >> ,J> FH IZI J> MH HJ: HII @K >@ . Ii O D B H , J>K ' AI>J JHO MHI MJ> 180`-IJ- : LH-JKH. * ] , J J> GKIJ Ii I KJ >I HiI J>H IIJ JKI KJ J> O < >I HO H MJ> J> K F>HI: f" IiJL ... > HKI.g > HH < DIJLIOiI * D4> O JJ> L IOH KI < J> JF>H J > J> JH: fH J> L,g102 f" > H .g103 H J>JHI J> HH H IFJJH J O J> >HJH: K-JKI KJ J> J OK H J J>I MHI I< J> OHJ> J> KI < @I, FHFHNI, JF>HI,I, K MI JK J KH L OHJ>, IK OK J J> J> J>J OK H J OJ J J JK J JHFHJ J> HJ>HJ> HLHJ J FI < . J> HIFJ J OHJ>, J>O J M> OK iJ J> MHI I M> OK iJ JJ>, I JI J>I MHI O J> OHJ>. >IJ, J O IF J, KJ I iI , I>KIJF IK-

, M>J FI < iI LI, H > FHIJJ KKH.

< HO I IKFFHJ O IFJ FF (HI JIi * A K ), J> J> OHJ> >I HHKI OHJ> KIJJI J> fg J, I J>J J>H > H I>I NFJO IJ J J> IJ J>HI J>H, H I, I MJ> J>

77

F, J>K> < J> L KFJI < J> >J FH J < F J>H. >I I J IIJJ HIHJ J J>>OFJ>II J>J I F J> H, KJ KJ- HKIJ J>J M H MJ> OHJ>IJHKJKH, M>H J> I I KJIe L-LHI: J I IO JLH J> HKIJ J>J J> > I>JI < J> HJIIGK J>J I * @@ , I>M HHiI HL KF JJ> LH "J, H FHJ < J> >J.

< 'J EHIiI KJ J>I, J> @@ @ , M>> > KII M> J> IKI JH IK@J, JI IK@J I K> (f JJ>H M ... J J < J>H JKHI J>H > JKHI ... KJ iJ M M>> I J> IHI < > ... , FO JJJ LHO IO, KI MiL J J J H Mi > > ... i J >H J> J>JiI , J> > M i > MJ> JM > JM . , iJ J>H > , M>> I M > MJ> > ...g)101 J>J > I KF FO MJ> O IJJJ(fDHF J JHg) J>J MK NJHJ > H >H , J> > HL "HH J J> IJ FI LH J> I IFJ, O J> FH- J J> IJ. I

40/191

K>J >; J> FKHIK I >I< J>: fI O J> LFH H H >KJ?g < KJO MLH J> LFH, J I J KI > < JI HI FO >IH >H NFHJI J>H K J IJ J> K,I J> OHJ>, J>O H IJ J > J>H I f

LFH ; KJ KI J>H > I J J IJHO IGKJO J> IJI>J < F. > JJHI, I>F I, HI H> I LHKI FF M> >L K-

JH J> LFH J> OHJ> H O 106 (J>J- JHKO I J JI M O M> J> IFHJ JMIIH HFJ I OHJ>, J> II J> H> J>HFJ JMJ>IJ J>J J> IIH MI IJ M HIJ J> OHJ>). J I J>KI J J I J> JFJ> ' M>III J>. J I O J> J >H HHJL J> F J>J I MJ> J >L IJI> J>J KKJH MJ> J> LFH >FF.

* ] , J> I HLI O J>H FIIH J L J> JH M>> > HHL J H J> I>J < J> JFH J>HI> O

M>> J>H I HJKH: AJ>I I>K >L J J>J FJ - OHJ> H.

J I FII J L J> OHJ> H < KJ>. >I

FIIJO J ILH OIO L: KHiI * @@ , HH I F>OI P J>J I FHJ < J> OHJ> >J. O IIKIII J J> HH, M>J>H J> H < "HH 'KHKiI $ , M> JI < >I JI>HJ HF LHO >> MM < J> J>HMII IJ; H, H J J>L O HJ < >L HII J> HH, J IKH

79

LFH, M> M> J HJ J I J FFH J> HHHJ>H, L M> > H I> I FFHJO HJ P < J>OHJ>, > H I> I J J. F MJ>KJ J (II HHH J>H), L LHI:

M> J F, J JeI J>I J , KJ >KJI J.

> FKHIKHI < J> K I IFHJ J>H, KIKO O H >I < . < J >FFI J>J J>H I FH-J M J>, I> M J KJH J> K KJ

J>H I> HJI >H , M>J>H FHJKHO H J, J >H O O J J IFHJ. >O I J KJHI J> >IJ H J> LFH ?

>O I J J>J M> I MJ> J>HI > H I> I J FFH? I JIIHO KI > H I> I IK@JL >KJ < J>

MJII? J>H, J I KI J> >IJ H J> LFH I J J>OHJ> H < KJ>, H M>H FF H IJ, K- J > J>H.104 >H >IJ < "JiI H, M> II O "J J> FO < "HJ JM KHI, I JHO J J> KJ> H. J I >IJ >IFHiI > C . KKI HIFI J BHKJKIi IF MJ>: f >L IFJ, O H, HO.g BHKJKI: fA J>KI>J IF ; / M J > J> ...g (4.3.261d263). KKIFOI KI HJ J J>J J> J>HJ-

>IJ < CIH FFHI J BHKJKI. IJ JJ>H >KI IF; J I OHJ>, M>H M J JJ>-H IGKJO J IJ JJ>H. M J>J > MI IJ JJ> J>HI, J> LFH FFH J >. " HK KJ I K FKHIKH J>K> J> JJH MI M >-JO. >I .105 > HK-HJO < J O IJ IFH J> FKHIK HIKJ < J>HKHJO < IF: > I IJ LFH M> >I HO

78

41/191

M> >I LIJI J "..H JHJ >I >I< KI>JO KH MIJHK K> O J> L I < J> MH- HIJHKJ KI IJ J > O I H IJJ J J J , M>, , >I LI. > I LFH MI I: f>O OK J?g,107 > IMH KJO: fH HKI ...g f KHIJ J>J MK J O MK O J 2002 MH L MH >L !g f IJ I, OK HLH J> OHO J-O HJL LJ hA-I>K-H-i. JJH MHJH IJ MHJ: hDKH hA

-I>K-H-i,

J iI O I J> I H HI, H M> FHI, < >K , < @ (H ), < ...g; F HP O I L-HI '>.K

- "..K@O@ AH hJHj-, > J>O LJ

IL FHII


42/191

8382


43/191

8584

44/191

M> FF LFH I J> FHFKIJH: f>J I O ?g f iJ M. M OK h'.ig f"K,

M>O h'i?g fBKI OK H 'IJH.g f>J I OKH ?g fEI.gfEI, J> HLJ < h'IJHi I h'H.i J h'.i 110 M L OKJ> JO < OK IKIII IJI H J> M-KF JO. " J> F >I J- @KJJ M: f> J J H MJ> M>J K >KI HK KJ J>H HI

M. A M J I>. > M> JHI J I> JJKHI J H FHI, I >I< M. FH

M. > HKI IIJO < HJ ... *HK KJ H>I J> IJ JHH, IJ > < MI:iI JJ>. > JJ> J>ILI KIJ J FHHK> M>> J> KLHI HKJIi; MK, IJO, NFJJ> KL JJ> < FHFKIJ HI.g " KF J >H J I>H KL JJ> . " ILH J>J I> > HO H J>

87

< J> HI I HK J> LFH I LHO , J> J> H FFH J J J> LFH OKJ>. > LFH I: f>H H OK M?g J>IJIO HIJHKJ >KI FFH I HK, MJ> , HJJ FFHI IJHM J> J F KF J>IIJ J >. J I>M J> L H. " F KF I F>-JHF>. J I>M > J> K. " IH: fBKJ, iL LH >H > MI F KF J>H F>JHF>, J>

LFH HH: f> J OK JH J> OHJ>, OKiL J>H J J < J> F>JHF> > > @KIJFI, KJJH IH F>JHF>I>M > O J> I . LH >JI JH, LFH MJKJ IH> < FHO. " J MJ> > M-KF JO I J,F J >I J J> IJHJ J FJ < >H J KH >H J >I H JJ >H,K GKO IIJ I > IF FHFKIJ H JH J> >, I > KFO MJ> J> JO. " J>K>J J>J KHJO L ( ) IJ

NIJeJMHI FHFKIJI. > > J FHFKIJ, >K FHFKIJiI HHFJO MJ>KJ J> JJH >L J FII J>HK> J>. < M JK J HHF MH> FKHJO HFHK INKO, J I H C>HIJ HHe M KH-IJ >> J FO IFKI J J> KJ>H FHJ H >H O J> OHJ> J>H; ,H HO, J>J I HJI M H HO (L I M L):

86

45/191

J>.g fKiL L >K .g fK OK J J J> FHH < K @: * B> >> @ K @ J ' >JH H MK OK FHHi H?g >O FJ FHH. > MJ I J >H: f HL J>J BHKJ I J I HM I J>K>J J MK .g fL J>J OK H O H HKI O J >J, J J OK

MK J J> IO FJO CJH DIJHJ MK LH HM MJ> HLJI J> J> HIJ < BHKJ I MJ> L FF.g DKH J> I < J> KJ>H -JH>KI, O FF L, J> LFH LH->H FHI J> J>H HH J>J J> L MI K." HO O. > I> I > M>O > MI IO, > IMH: f >L J J>J J> @HJO < IFJJHIH J IIJL K> J J> KII < HJ IJJJI, JM FHF>I J>J F J> L: h J> KJ>HJO < "K>OHH, O II J>: > AFIJ , MK IO J : fOKH , , L;g MK IO M KF:f*HI J , M> >J> HLL KI , J > I J> IKHHJgi (HHJ O -BK>-Hj-, A---MMj-, G@ ) hKH I H J M > KF (> 11:11),i J>H

KI J>O J J> O FJO, K-IKIO HHJ J> KJ>H, IKIJJKJ IJH H IJJ-J M>J J>O J> J> KJ>H KIJ >L J (J IJ IFJJHI< H @ , DKHI KIJ J >L HO J: hK >LI J> "HI>. J>,i KJ IJ> J> IJ OK H J OK MH J "HI> KH H J> < J> KH NFI, J.,OK >L I LHO JJ "HI>ieJ>O JKO J> J>J

89

JO. " J>J J>O MH JF>OII J>HJI, J>IFHFKIJI: f> LHH IH < IJ JJ HJI, J>J>H >, I J J J > < J>H JOI ... J> H HII IMI IH FI J> JO. J I OI IJHH ... " J> > JMIJI JKHI J> JO, IHJ>I J,I>I J, I J IJ J> M, >KHI J J> HK ... FHII J F ... BKJ > ? >I J HI J> -I < IJKFH >g (C>HI BKH, f>*>IF>O < OIg).112 " J J> MHI J> IM J> I FJJH < I@J I. " J >H J J J> H-IJHKJ MH- >KI > > FKH>I J> CJH DIJHJ, F >I FI >H , < >H I." J> IK >H . JJ, > J < >H. BKJ J> I > J >H IM J> IJ IF H , >

46/191

JFHHO MH. h> IH < JFHHO III J H J>I fIHg IFJO >KOi (JH B@), M>> I < hJ> I II < J> JFHHO O < J> KH,i

MK J>J I J> M HIO KHJJ JJFJ J MO MJ> J> I J>O H IJ J>JM IJ < J> KH, J>KI < IJe I LH JJO

MJ> J> H H J> K M> H IM>H, JHH.115 AH OK >M J OK I>K F OKHKJ> I>KJ I OKH L I J FHJ < J> IKJH < J>I J I J IKIH J > CiI IJ>JI. K I>KiJ J

M> OKiH MJ> K >L HH J>: I .g AJ J>I HKFJ JKH J < >I JHKJH >I FO J>J > MI , J> JKJLO JKH MO JMHI J> HHH IM J>H O >I M H > JKH JMH J>

LFH J > M>J>H > MI IJ J>H, > MI J J IIJ M FJ > I >I I (J> I J HJ; KJ >K, M> I HJ, >L -- >I H >H J>). KO > MI >> KF HH< J> J>H MJ> FIILO M>I MI J > JJ O M > M KF J> NJ H >I, > JH J III J> LJI < J> FHLKI >J, J> J>IKJ.g BKJ M> >

KJ < J> MM IM J> FIIHIO M IM J. " MH: fA L?g117 " >H L> >I M>IFH HO: f< OK H, J> MO < LHJ- IKHFHI I J H> J> IJ < HKI>I, I J> HIJM J> H J FHL I @KF-KJI.g DIFJ >I H, > J JKH, KJ LFH I: fA M, OI, J I MM OK J

MJ> J < OK iJ KII?g f'O M H IIJ J>J M MJ> J>I H H."M K H HIJ HGKIJ J> >J N J : hK J L, L OK. L OK H J> LOI J.ig f>J I OKH ?gf-j-.... D OK HI?g fI.g f>J I J J>J JJHJI OKKJ J>?g f, , J>J M H J> J>HJ J>

90

47/191

I: J> FF I @JI J> IJHJ L J> FII J > @JJHO LJ J>H JHFHJ J>J > I I MK J J MH. "I II JIMH. BKJ JJ JH, > J >H J> H < F>.JH: J MI J J> I KH F>eJ> O F> > >. ANKIO, > I F> MI J J MI J HeM> J> H JK J> FHJ-J! K> H I I J MH H< J> HH. BO JI IIJ, J HLI J J> M> >HI J

>M K> >I H >H I MJ> M IIJJ I >I H >H JK < K HJO IFJI O II J>J I>K > H >H J> J>HMI.KO, J> H IJFF. H J IJO , > >I H-H J IJO MJ> > FHFJO . JMJ>IJ >H >JI> , KJ > >H FKJ KF HHH. " KJ < J>

MM; , > IM FF M IM J. " IH>H . > JKH JMH >. " FJ J J> IJHJ MI J> FJ < IO J>J FF MH M IM J, M>> J J>J J>O MH M M H MO. " F-P H. > I FIIJO, J> JKH J HIK >H KF. BKJ M, J MI >H JKH J N: >H

J> HHH MI J H, KJ IJ >I HJ. 119 A I H, > MJ J J> I , > < J> CH, J JHO J KHIJ M>J >FF J> FH- LKI >J. JHO, M> > JH J HH JJ KJ >J, DKHIi I@ @ " E@@ ( * C>@ ), > MI K J KJJH J> MHI, I J>J > > J FJ JJ> JM I J > J J KH J>FH@J. >< < >KH J I@ @ , > MI IP O

92

48/191

HO J J> J>H I, M>> J J JIH HI, J.), LH JO J> J>J KIJ . J I HJ>H J>HK> IHI < H, J>HMIKNF >FFI J>J J J> KI: f KIJ >L.g A J> LFHiI LJ J>I H J J>IKI J > MI > NIJ HHM J.

> J> LFH J >I LJ JI JH J J J MJ> *H@LiI K $ , > N: fD !g B J J>

LFHiI HK, J> LFH J >: fH KH < OHI,*H@LiI K $ MI J IH KI < NJHIHII: J> HFHII O J> LJ H MJ> JI H < IHI J> L I J> "HI>, J>i: J>IIJJJ

FI J J> H> M, FFI J J> I FH> >I H >H LI O J, I K> I JJ> I H I FHJ < J> KJO IKHFII IIJH, J>KI I HM < JH-J J>I FIJ IK> IIJH. H K $ ,*H@LiI @KF KJI H J> IF-JJH J >I H >H NIJ JIJ KLHI < HM H-J. MJ J H OK J OKH NIJ: J J> HHH.g

A , J> HHH, J> LFHiI JHKJH J I >I J J> HHH, J I O HH, J>HL O, J>J iJ NIJ J ; OJiL LH I MH < O O, KI LH I J> >J OKHJO IK O , LHJKIO J

95

NJO FH I > IM J>J J> -IH FHJIJI J J F J>H KJ>I. >J : M>O MI J J>I IK-H O M>> > KNFJO I< K J J J>JJ>I MI FO, < H J>

LFHiI L: f-j-, JKH JMH .g " JKH KJ I< IJ I HJ, MO LFH.120

> LFH JK: f", K, MJ> >I J >, JKHIJMH >, KJ >I JKH I LHJKH O LH-JKH, I J>J >JKI J J> H HJ. D OK M J> - < . . EJiI A @K : hBKI J >F J JKH / BKI J >F / BKI J >F J JKH /DIH J>I iI J iI IF / H IJHL JIJHL JMHI IK> J> / (>O I>K J> IJHJ> JI

MI?) / >O I>K KH / > LI> FMH < J> KIKH? / BKI J >F J M / > KH / BKI J J> / BKI M I>J M / > LHJ JHIJHO FMH / BKI JH / >H, M>H JHI J >J, J f>Ig HK, J> LFH FH-J M J> JJH J J .f> OK K>J J>J

OK MK J> MO !g fAH OK IKH J>J OKiHFHIJO L?g > LFHiI JHKJH MI IP O NJO H JHO IF>II. > LFH HIK: f> J J KJ J>O J>HK> J> HO < J> F 'KJ>. >J II I@ @ H FF M> >L J J>HK> IK> HO.g II, J -FJO IKH J O J J>J I J : I I MOIJH J J> JH < J>, I MOI

49/191

I IO. J> IKH < 1995, J> I HJIJ Aj- -h IJHKJ MHJJ HGKIJ J J> J>H 44 FHJFJI J> JL .

-Oh H FH@J,122 I J> J HJ > IF < 30 3 > < J> 23 FH@JI FHFH: J JKJ>I M JHLJ. > I HJ J> HGKIJ, O H FHJFJI J> L J J JI J FO J>J J> KI J >IJ FHL J J> HJMH I J JI< >L J,

M> J IiJ F. D) I J L J>I LJKJO FHIO KI J -JI JI< JI M P(I) M>H J HI M (hi KH F>OIKLHI, J> I MJ> J>H IKHJI M>H J>KHLJKH < IFJ I J IJ FIIJO J> H-J < KLHI? I, KJ J>J I J J>J J I FIIJ HJ KLHI, KJ HJ>H J>J > KLHI JI FI J>H FHJFJI J> .

-Oh H FH@J,K J> JM M> H

I L HJ J JKH: MHI < HJ H II J>I h303i J>J HJIJI HGKIJ H FI J> KLHI, IHJ J>HK>J> JKH IJ> J>J I J J J, LH-JKH. IiJ @ 4 h30 3i (J FHI, 75 N 65) IF HGKIJ H FI O 'HJJ J> KLHI H JIJ JKH, M>> I J J LH-JKHI? KH MH I -IIJJ K> J O J IKIIJ JM OI KJ I JJ J> JHKJ J>HK> HJIJ JHHO MHI

97

JHIJ < J>I JM LHJKI NFHI, J J>J >L O, J HK J LH, II J>HFO JHHMI J>J iJ >L O! IIK OK J I < LHJ IJJO?g fI. MK >L NFHI IJHO FPiI h >I OJ JH M>J J> BO ... J> BO JII M>> JI ' MHI Ji ( E , : 142.5d13) IC>HIJ J> I O I IKI, >K HJ, J>KI I

M>I O I LHJKO LH. A J> J>I > MK >LNFH I I IJ J HLJO: >K HK H>J F LO KI M L HJ>H IIL FJ KI M H LHJK-O LHKI HJI; J I O J> JJH J>J I KH JHI M>J.D OK M OJ> KJ >I?g fHO JJ.g > LFH> JMHI >I I> FII J> HHH J> M,J>H > H >I JHKJH FFH J. " J KJ ,F J H J I J> IJ >HP J J> IKHJO? .... J> IKHJO I I I, 10-33

JJH, I J J> FHI JH < J> >, J> IJHP I>K GK J J> >HPiI HKI.

K H JFJ J KJ J>I HKI O J> IJH J> HK

50/191

F H >JH. J MJ> >H J J> MM, > MHK: f"M O H I M J J J FHK J @KIJ >I KI, KJ >, >MLH I, HJO, JH HJO JIJ J MK H III I J>JJ>H MK H J S J>J BHiI @ ?g (AI > I IO J>I, J> H MK F J J> HHH, M>H J>

LFH I J FFH, I > J.) > I> J -IKIII, I> > J HIJKHJ. > J J MI J I HM I KIK, MI FHIJO OFHIIJL J IKI. > IJ KJH J

HH. > I < J> J I> MK >L HI, J> IJ H J HH.JMJ>IJ J> FHI < J>H IJ KIJHI, < J>JM IJ H I: fJiI FJO J>J!g "I J J>O MH J I >H, J>J J>J MI KI I> H NIJ. > HKI> JJ> J>H FFH>ILO J J> HHH J>H: I>FFH J! > MI HL J>J J> IHH >LH < J> KJH MI J JJHKJ HO J J>IiI KLII. > IFJ J> NJ JI fMJ>gJ> LFH. > >H H NJ, I> MI I I>> J HKI> J J> >IFJ. " MJ J> > KJI J>HO H. " K I MMI

KJI F . ELHO J > MK FII HJIFJ KI, J> KJJ >J MK ,J> > L MO J IFJ. A, J>J > J J> HO H J > J> -J < J> H > HK>J I>HJO J> IM J>H F . " MI KIJJ O J> F> > NJ IM: J> >J J JKH M> J>J FII J> I IFJ

99

< M>J I > ( J> III, JH; JO IJJ I J>O H,HJIJI MHJHI I>K JHO J hK KLHI J>J IiJ F . D; : h J> OK ... J> H-J >J> MOI FJ MH J IJMi) J>JHO J L HKKIO IK JJO J (JPI>: hJ I IIHO J IFHI J> KLHI, J I HIFJ

M>i).123 AJJFJ J H KF IFHI KLHI ( IJKH

51/191

IJ < IKHFII IIJH, J>.g > JK J ML >I LFHiI OI, > H> >I H>J > IJHJ> J JMH J> LFHiI IJ> F I J> H < J> >HJ. 4 , J>I IK@JJ LH-JKHI, @ 4.

*@ ? DI J> >IJ, M> I J IJO F KJ>KJI J M> I J>KI J> -JHIJ J>>@ ,124 JHIJ LI? J I J I J J> I: M> J>H HIFJLHHLI J> FJ BHH HIFI: f L J> g);J> "HJ 'HKI H HH O HI: fJ, >!

>iI J>H?g (J M>> "HJ HIFI: fHI J J>I HK,g 'HKI HJI: fA J J> Dg); J> >IJ IJ I J fIJ, KI< M> > FFHI J>FJ I J MJ> KI J> I IF, H JJJH J> I KJHO: M> J> LFH IJIO IJ

MJ> KI I HL J J KH FO J>HK> J FFH MJ> KI J> HHH; J> >IJ I I>M J J MJ> KI J>HK>JHKI KJ, M>> I J>KI HL J J ,-FHI KJ JKO JKJ MJ> J> O, JFHI (< M>J H >I FHI):* > @@@ - >@ @@@ (E>@, E, @ B, A) @@. B@, >>,

@ H > @>. Z - >K, @>K KK. @> @>K : @ @ @ \@ >> @];

>@. *@ 4 .[ A @] , @> .

E@ G

'ACE*, H J> KI. " J>K>J MJ> @KI HJ >M KIM MJ>HM J>J KIJ J J J JJ >. J> OI, J> J J>J MI LFH.

A JI H I>H >IFJ, J> MJ>HIJH MI J J> LFHiI >KI. " I J >H: fD OKH MJ>HO >L OI, KJ J I.g > >, M> JK J J FFH J> HHH, I >H: f>H H OK M? ? BH?

HIOL? ?g " J >H J> IK >H . AJ J>I FJ J> JJHiI : fAJ IJ LFHiI HIFI MI: f>H?g >LH H JMH >H O, JK> J, ML >I H>J > H OI J IHJ M>J>H I> MI , J> I>H: fKiL >H!g L >I >OFHIIJLJO J J> H-LJI J>JK IJKH, J> LFH J O >I OI, KJI FHJ H-IJKHIeNFJ : J>J < J> LJ< J> > OI J>J > I

J I. > J J> I >, J> LFH H >I I LI, JK @KIJ NJ J >.IJJLO, J> I ML IJKH KJ M J> HJ < J> LFH. > JJHiI OI IKO P, H > H IM. >I FIKH,J> LH I J J> LFH: fA J I.g I, J> LFH HIF: fIIJL J>J OKH, J HFHO J OK: OK >L I J> BHKJ , J>

100

52/191

> "HJ II J> >IJ < J> J J IF KJ J> JJHIiJ J, J> I I LHO K> < J> J NFH-JI KI J> JHJ J IJI> L KLIK K-J JM LKI LHKI KJHI H JJI, J> IKI "HJ J>K> J> I (J "JiIfD OK J IF J J?g "HJ IMHI: f'O H, ; / BKJIMH J : OJ J>K>J / J HII / JI< J J, I J MK IF ...g). J L >IJ I KIJ II; H LI>I FI KJ >I L I J >H J O >I JHKJH; H >I MHI

H HM I H HK I J>J >I JHKJH I JJ M>J > IOI; H J> J I I II, O J>J J>H I IJ> MH, HJJ J>

L, H J> KJHO, H J> MH (J J> >IJiIFFH, 'HKI IOI: fJ> I HJJ J> IJJ J KHMJ I JJ FFKJ I H 3 ; M>IH, J> KJHO J iI IKJ>H HH, >I MHH,

AH >H, I FHH; M> HG, E ", M> MI J> > *>IJIi J LI 1982 M> MI O IHiI > CII IK>JH KHI, FIIO J>KII < *IJI J> .H

- >-Jj--

H I J>JiI .

'ACE >K HJ I>H, IF J J, "HJ.

BAADI J J J> ? H J, "HJ.

"A'IJ : J >HHMI MJ> @ @> > @.

E@ G "A

BKJ I, M>H J I !...

JO ......

IF.BAAD ... iI >H."A iI >H.

* @> @ 4 @ 4> @ @ .'ACE iI .

102

53/191

"A'E ( )... "! >L OK OI?

...... I IKH OK >L,

EI K OK J >L J, KJ IKH J>J III FFN, HBKJ J HIHL I GKJJO < >

IHL IK> J J>KI >J> P OK J >-?EOI MJ>KJ J,EHI MJ>KJ >I H OI, I II ,H KJ IO FHJ < JHK IICK J I F.

AI "J I IH >I J>H I P,126 J> >IJ I J H FFHI. H J>KI FHL MJ> I J

MJII J> KI < >H IJJ I P: I> >I HFHII J> >IJ( > I J I >).

E@ G

"A'EL >LH iH MJ> OKH MI,

K >LO KHI!e>J MK OK, HKIiI .

..."A'E

"M I J MJ> OK, O?EDE

AI, >M IiJ MJ> OK, >J OK OKH O LO, A MJ> J>iHFH H > IKHI?

105

J>H JI I IJH LHKI FIJMH I LHJI, MI H < FHJ HKI IJHI I IJ JH> J> FFKJ L J>H I HII M>> >I I> J> J- M>> >I F O > O > J>H FHI M> FHLI J> H I IK@J J J>, L

M> J>O IJH > >I : LJI M>I HH, JH-O , I KJ IOI, I >KHHO J NJHJ >II IJ> FH J>J J> I H FO >IJ, HFHII < J> HLJ M MH. > J>>IJ I I> H HFHII, FF JKH J PI, J IK-J J> MHIJ IJ H < IJKJI. "HO 'H:f OK >L L KF J> >IJ, LHOJ> H-JJO, L J> IJ < >Ig (J> F < * C@ ). AI, M J> >IJ J F FO- J KI O >I H >KJ >M HJJ I J> KJHO M>H M L(M> "J HJKHI I KJH MJ> J> IFJH, "HJII >: f>HiI JI K@KIJ J> I J>H >H IJ >HJHP >H I P:

104

54/191

MHJ JJH H> O O JJH.

C4.3&1'&*3*.:

@@] @ @ IJHJI MJ> MJJO I@KJ JM IJH DMiI HI H I H J H FHJ < L FHIiI >IJHO, IFO J>J< IJH, J> KJHJ I J MJ> >IJHO, MJ>J> FIJ, KJ MJ> J> J, J> , OJ I MO II @JL. BO HiI F , J> KII < J>H KH HJ-O L IJH H >H HI >I HJ H< KJHI MJ> >H J> I < CH L . AJ J>L < J> >IJH FIJ, M>J J> FHKH IM CHI: HiI JH J HHIJ >H ; I> MI J> KIJ

107

L&33&1:

' IJI>I KHO @KHI JJHI< J> HFHJ < IFHJ KJI J HHJL I J < iI IH

55/191

HJO IJ J>JJ J GKHJH FIJ JML, J> JH J>JJ >I J J> >KI H CIIJJ, M> I, H J J> I IKJ, O J> JML KFJI < J> CI-JK >, M> H L J> KHHI J> JJH JJ.J I FFHFHJ J>J C>HIJiI J> AHIJH I, M>>CIIJJ J> J>H JML FIIHI H FJ, I JFIJHH J J> KHH; J I MII KJiI L IJHJ MJ> J> IJ J> AHIJH IJHO, I J>I JHIJI>I J>JJ I HO CIIJJ L I KHH.

B , HIJHKJ M>J >FF I J FHKH < K-JL HI, JJH FF, I *iI * @ I < J> >H "I IJHI, FH-@JL MO JMH J> I JI HI J> J JHKJ> < J> JeM>J>H HJO H O JHFI I JHFJ > H >H, I M> >I J>H JJHiIJHKJ>eJ II >I H >H HLHI J IKFHFIJ < FH-JI (MJ> J> J>J JI JKP JH H J IJ HO FHJKHJO < J> FHI JiI JHKJ>

He IK> II J> I J>eJHO J JJ J>); J>I,JI, M> IH> >IJH JHKJ> < J> , I J>J J>JJH FH@J O KIJJ ILHO KJ J> FHI JJ> >IJH FIJ.

S&$1&3:

< >J I J @KIJ J J> LFH, KJ IJHO >, J>I I J IFO KI J I M>J HHI > H >JIJ J>HJO OHI HH MJ> J> FHKH, J> H IIIJJ J> IJ. BJM >IJH HJ J> KJH J, J>H I J> IKH < HiI J>. f> I AJ>I'? ... A JHJH H >H? ... >J MI J> H IJHO < AJ>I'?g >J I J> GKIJ HK M>> * ] HLLI. "IJHO, IJ O > MI JKO M>J J> J>H J-PI < H L > J : HJOH IIIIJ O I IJHO MI JHI JI C . BKJ FHIF-

JL < >I IiI JJFJ J M J> JHKJ> < >I J H, AJ>I' I JHJH. f>O > JHO?g BKI >I IiI IH> I IJHO I J> J IJHO L J>J J> I JIJ J >IJHO: M H J NFJ IK> FIJ>KKI I < J> > . * @>K , J O KI J>JI J> JHJH J>J I J HKI J KI; KJ I, IIJO,KI LHO I JHJH, I< H>HI JHJH I J> O JHJH J , JKI J> MK >L >I FKI>J HO KJ KILHO I JHJH. F * ] , JMJ>IJ JI FHJPJ < >M JJ HO M KJ FHI, CL@ @ , M>> IJHJI MJ> J> FJGKIJ f> MI ?g (fKiL J J J KI M> > MIg),IJI J @J

J>I < fHJ IJHg >H , L FHI I KJ>I LIJJ < M> J>O MH I < J> , KJ IJ J >IJHO J> I < J> IJH. > KI J J> JJH I HJ. AJ> C>HIJiI @ %@ EJ , *HJ FHFKI

JM IKJI J J> KHH. < J>I IJI J >IJHO, M> J>J>H J. AH J J> KHHH @ J>JH J BH H L, > J J

56/191

J> >I H F, JHL JH- FJ> J> F>J J HI IHJ J KI.

> GKJK >I M> JKKI IHLJ I FIJKJ.133 IHLJ >I J>L H I J> JJH >FFI IHJ. I DKP, MHJ BHI: fK H JMIJJI H JM FIJI JJ>H J JHL JM J> JM, J>H MHI >OKH .g134

A1& 4 S41& I S"6 I3?

> DHOHiI @ @ A , M>> IIJI IJO HK> I O HJI, >I NJ FIIJO < /H J> K-JO < M>J>H J < LI I J F. J> I>J, HO LI J I F < J> H< J>J JKI MJ> JJ M I MJ> HO JH J> J MI IKFFIO >I FJ< LM I>J. ", I HO I J> IGK JI, I MJII J>H:

e A NHJ < LI, HO J >IJ NFJ IIJ H KJ < J> O NFH H >OF- IJJ M KH O >, I J>I IJJI J FII J J>HMI > H I> J I. e H I FIIJO < LI, J> J HL JIH J> FJ < LM I>J. > JM-I>JIGK MK J> IHL J KJ J> J < M>J I F OI < J> LFH I J> LM < J>

LFH, J MJ < J> , J J J J> J I. JII J>J DHOH MI MH J>J J>I KJHO IKH M J>H LH H I FHL -

111

O J>I, J MK J IJHO J> IHJL, J> M> HI> L M> I -FFH J> HHH J J> J M>H > I IJIO IJ MJ> >IJHKJH (J>I HL J> JJHiI FHFJ J >L - >>@@ ). >J, M>J HHI LI,

LFH, J> IHJL O KI >J I IKJKIO J> FH- < J> IHJL ( J @KIJ J> I M> J I NII, , > J J> IHJ).

> I IHJLII MI HJP-JPHiIJ>HO < JHJ. HO J IL J> J>H M J>HO, H

HI JPH NF J> JL HIKJI < J> '>I-'HO NFHJ, 1887eJ> >J IF I IJJeO FIJKJ- J>J J> J>H M FKJI FHIIKH L @J, KI JJ I>H JJ J> HJ < J> J, J> JHJHI I J> @JiI IF FFH>I J> IF < >J. >JHJ MK @KIJ K> J F J> IF < >J IJJ:J> J>H M JHJI J> H < J> JH J>H M, I J> HKJ < J> LJO < J> >J JHL J J> J>H M J JJ ( IHJ). >IJ>HO J JIJ O IKH J> J> < J> FFHJKI JI < J I>HJI J> HJ < J> HJ>iI J, I J> HKH

MK I I>HJ J> I FHFHJ. HJP I FIJKJJ>J I MK IM M O J> J>H M, @KIJ IK> MO I J J> LJO < >J MOI J> I.131 > J>HO

M I J> JPH-HJP JHJ J>HO.132

Documents

(Vampires) - An Uneasy Essay on the Undead in Film