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Valvular Heart Disease

Valvular Heart Disease. Normal heart valves function to maintain the direction of blood flow through the atria and ventricles to the rest of the body

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Page 1: Valvular Heart Disease. Normal heart valves function to maintain the direction of blood flow through the atria and ventricles to the rest of the body

Valvular Heart Disease

Page 2: Valvular Heart Disease. Normal heart valves function to maintain the direction of blood flow through the atria and ventricles to the rest of the body

Valvular Heart Disease

• Normal heart valves function to maintain the direction of blood flow through the atria and ventricles to the rest of the body

• Heart valves operate by passively opening and closing in response to pressure changes in the heart

• Valvular disease occurs when the valves are compromised and don’t open and close properly

Page 3: Valvular Heart Disease. Normal heart valves function to maintain the direction of blood flow through the atria and ventricles to the rest of the body
Page 4: Valvular Heart Disease. Normal heart valves function to maintain the direction of blood flow through the atria and ventricles to the rest of the body

Valvular Disease

• Two valvular problems:– Stenosis: thickening of the valve tissue narrowing– Insufficiency: valve unable to close completely

• Valvular heart disorders include:– Mitral stenosis, Mitral insufficiency– Aortic stenosis, Aortic insufficiency– Tricuspid stenosis, Tricuspid insufficiency– Pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary insufficiency

Page 5: Valvular Heart Disease. Normal heart valves function to maintain the direction of blood flow through the atria and ventricles to the rest of the body

Mitral Stenosis

• Obstructs blood flow from LA to LV

• Leads to:– Pulmonary HTN – RV hypertrophy – Right sided heart failure– Low cardiac output from inadequate filling of LV

• May be caused by congenital abnormality or Rheumatic Fever

Page 6: Valvular Heart Disease. Normal heart valves function to maintain the direction of blood flow through the atria and ventricles to the rest of the body

Mitral Regurgitation(Mitral Insufficiency)

• Abnormality of leaflets, annulus, chordae tendinae, papillary muscles, or LV (hypertrophic CM)

• Blood from LV flows back into the LA during systole– LA dilation and LV hypertrophy– Left sided heart failure

Page 7: Valvular Heart Disease. Normal heart valves function to maintain the direction of blood flow through the atria and ventricles to the rest of the body

Mitral Regurgitation(Mitral Insufficiency)

• May be caused by:– Rheumatic fever– Mitral Valve prolapse– MI with ruptured chordae tendinae– LV failure – Marfan Syndrome

Page 8: Valvular Heart Disease. Normal heart valves function to maintain the direction of blood flow through the atria and ventricles to the rest of the body
Page 9: Valvular Heart Disease. Normal heart valves function to maintain the direction of blood flow through the atria and ventricles to the rest of the body

Mitral Valve Prolapse

• Congenital• Cusps of Mitral Valve are enlarged, thickened

and • Cusps of valve prolapse into LA during

systole causing a “click” sound• Benign unless MV regurgitation develops

Page 10: Valvular Heart Disease. Normal heart valves function to maintain the direction of blood flow through the atria and ventricles to the rest of the body

Aortic Stenosis• Narrowed valve opening obstructs blood flow from

LV to Aorta

• LV pressure increases to overcome resistance – Increases workload– Left sided heart failure– Poor coronary artery perfusion

Page 11: Valvular Heart Disease. Normal heart valves function to maintain the direction of blood flow through the atria and ventricles to the rest of the body

Aortic Stenosis

• May be caused by:– Congenital (Bicuspid AV)– Rheumatic Fever– Atherosclerosis

Page 12: Valvular Heart Disease. Normal heart valves function to maintain the direction of blood flow through the atria and ventricles to the rest of the body

Aortic Regurgitation(Aortic Insufficiency)

• Blood flows back into the LV during diastole– Fluid overload in the LV– LV dilation and hypertrophy

• Will eventually lead to Left sided heart failure

Page 13: Valvular Heart Disease. Normal heart valves function to maintain the direction of blood flow through the atria and ventricles to the rest of the body

Aortic Regurgitation(Aortic Insufficiency)

• May be caused by:– Rheumatic Fever – Syphilis – HTN – Endocarditis – Marfan Syndrome

Page 14: Valvular Heart Disease. Normal heart valves function to maintain the direction of blood flow through the atria and ventricles to the rest of the body

Pulmonic Stenosis

• Obstructs RV outflow causing RV hypertrophy and Right sided heart failure

• May be a congenital abnormality or rarely caused by Rheumatic fever

Page 15: Valvular Heart Disease. Normal heart valves function to maintain the direction of blood flow through the atria and ventricles to the rest of the body

Diagnostic Tests

• Cardiac Catheterization• EKG• Echocardiogram – Transthoracic and Transesophogeal

Page 16: Valvular Heart Disease. Normal heart valves function to maintain the direction of blood flow through the atria and ventricles to the rest of the body

Medical Treatment of Valvular Disorder

• Treat heart failure– Sodium restriction, diuretics, digoxin

• Reduce risk factors• Repair or replace valve

Page 17: Valvular Heart Disease. Normal heart valves function to maintain the direction of blood flow through the atria and ventricles to the rest of the body

Surgical Treatment of Valvular Disorders

• Open Heart Surgery– Valve Replacement- mechanical or tissue– Commissurotomy- repair (splitting of the fused

mitral valve leaflet for treating stenosis• Valvuloplasty – surgical reconstruction of

deformed cardiac valve– Percutaneous– Balloon reshapes and opens valve

Page 18: Valvular Heart Disease. Normal heart valves function to maintain the direction of blood flow through the atria and ventricles to the rest of the body

Nursing Interventions

• Goals:– Assist with ADLs– Symptomatic relief– Promote Comfort– VS, I&O, Auscultation lungs/heart; capillary

perfusion checks, diet compliance, O2 tx