Valve Type of Vales

VALVESVALVES

Valve:Valve:Valve:Valve:Valve:Valve:Valve:Valve:

Any Device for closing or Any Device for closing or

modifying the passage modifying the passage

through a pipe, outlet, inlet through a pipe, outlet, inlet

or likely to stop, allow or or likely to stop, allow or

control the flow of a media.control the flow of a media.

�� Valve cost is upto 20 to 30% of the piping Valve cost is upto 20 to 30% of the piping costcost for a plant, depending on the process; for a plant, depending on the process; and the cost of a given type and size of and the cost of a given type and size of valve can vary 100%, depending on its valve can vary 100%, depending on its construction. construction.

�� Thus the Thus the selection of valves is extremely selection of valves is extremely important to the economics, as well as important to the economics, as well as operationoperation, of process plants. , of process plants.

�� The size of a valve is mainly determined by The size of a valve is mainly determined by the size of its ends, which connect to the the size of its ends, which connect to the pipe. pipe.

CLASSIFICATION OF VALVESCLASSIFICATION OF VALVES

GATE VALVE

BALL VALVE

PLUG VALVE

PISTON VALVE

DIAPHRAGM VALVE

BUTTERFLY VALVE

PINCH VALVE

ISOLATION

GLOBE VALVE

NEEDLE VALVE

BUTTERFLY VALVE

DIAPHRAGM VALVE

PISTON VALVE

BALL VALVE

PLUG VALVE

PINCH VALVE

REGULATION

SWING CHECK VALVE

LIFT CHECK VALVE

CHECK VALVE

NON RETURN

MULTI PORT VALVES

FLUSH BOTTOM VALVES

FLOAT VALVES

FOOT VALVES

LINE BLIND VALVES

KNIFE GATE VALVES

SPECIAL PURPOSE

BASED ON FUNCTIONS

SCREWED ENDS

SOCKET WELD ENDS

FLANGED ENDS

BUTT WELD ENDS

WAFER TYPE ENDS

Based on end connections

CAST IRON

DUCTILE IRON

BRONZE

GUN METAL

CARBON STEEL

STAINLESS STEEL

ALLOY CARBON STEEL

POLYPROPYLENE

GLASS

BASED ON CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

in Ball and Butterfly valves

Hand lever

in Gate ,Globe and Diaphragm valves

Hand wheel

Chain

Gear

Electric Pneumatic

Hydraulic

Powered

Solenoid

for small Plug valves

Wrench

Based on operators

VALVES:VALVES:

Basic Parts:Basic Parts:

1.Body1.Body

2.Bonnet2.Bonnet

3.Stem3.Stem

4.Disc4.Disc

5.Seat5.Seat

6.Port6.Port

7.Seal (includes Gasket, 7.Seal (includes Gasket,

Metal Bellows)Metal Bellows)

Body:Body:----The Body & Bonnet houses the stem.The Body & Bonnet houses the stem.

---- Selection of the material to fabricate the Selection of the material to fabricate the

interior of the wall body is important if the valve interior of the wall body is important if the valve

is used for the process of chemical.is used for the process of chemical.

----Some Valves may be obtained with the entire Some Valves may be obtained with the entire

interior of the interior of the body lined with corrosion resistant body lined with corrosion resistant body lined with corrosion resistant body lined with corrosion resistant body lined with corrosion resistant body lined with corrosion resistant body lined with corrosion resistant body lined with corrosion resistant

material.material.material.material.material.material.material.material.

Bonnet:Bonnet:

�� The Bonnet is a part which is attached with the The Bonnet is a part which is attached with the

body of the valve. body of the valve. The Bonnet is classified on the The Bonnet is classified on the

type of attachmenttype of attachment as Bolted, Bellow, Sealed, as Bolted, Bellow, Sealed,

ScrewedScrewed--on, Welded, Union, Pressure Sealed etc.,on, Welded, Union, Pressure Sealed etc.,

Stem:Stem:

�� The Stem moves the disc. The Stem moves the disc.

�� In some valves the fluid under pressure does In some valves the fluid under pressure does

the work of the stem.the work of the stem.

----There are two categories of screwed stem.There are two categories of screwed stem.

((a)a) Rising Stem:Rising Stem:

Hand wheel can either rise with the stem, or stem Hand wheel can either rise with the stem, or stem can rise through the stationary hand wheel.can rise through the stationary hand wheel.

(b)(b) NonNon--Rising Stem:Rising Stem:

�� The Hand Wheel and the stem are in the The Hand Wheel and the stem are in the same position weather the valve is opened or same position weather the valve is opened or closed.closed.

�� In this case, the screw is inside the Bonnet In this case, the screw is inside the Bonnet and in contact with the fluid.and in contact with the fluid.

DISC, SEAT & PORT:DISC, SEAT & PORT:

�� The part directly affecting the flow is termed as The part directly affecting the flow is termed as

Disc Disc regardless of its shape.regardless of its shape.

�� The NonThe Non--moving part the body bears is termed as moving part the body bears is termed as

seat.seat.

�� The The portport is the maximum internal opening for is the maximum internal opening for

flow.flow.

SEAL:SEAL:BETWEEN STEM AND BONNET:BETWEEN STEM AND BONNET:

---- Gasket is used in between a bolted bonnet and Gasket is used in between a bolted bonnet and valve body.valve body.

---- Metal Bellows where high vaccum or corrosive, Metal Bellows where high vaccum or corrosive, flammable fluids are to be handled.flammable fluids are to be handled.

---- Flanged Valves use gasket to seal against the line Flanged Valves use gasket to seal against the line flanges.flanges.

---- Butterfly Valves may extend the resilient seat to Butterfly Valves may extend the resilient seat to also serves as line gaskets .also serves as line gaskets .

Based on the shape of the port these valves can Based on the shape of the port these valves can Based on the shape of the port these valves can Based on the shape of the port these valves can Based on the shape of the port these valves can Based on the shape of the port these valves can Based on the shape of the port these valves can Based on the shape of the port these valves can be classified into,be classified into,be classified into,be classified into,be classified into,be classified into,be classified into,be classified into,

(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)Regular pattern:Regular pattern:Regular pattern:Regular pattern:Regular pattern:Regular pattern:Regular pattern:Regular pattern:

�� They have plug ports generally rectangular in They have plug ports generally rectangular in They have plug ports generally rectangular in They have plug ports generally rectangular in They have plug ports generally rectangular in They have plug ports generally rectangular in They have plug ports generally rectangular in They have plug ports generally rectangular in section and have area substantially equal to full section and have area substantially equal to full section and have area substantially equal to full section and have area substantially equal to full section and have area substantially equal to full section and have area substantially equal to full section and have area substantially equal to full section and have area substantially equal to full bore of the pipe.bore of the pipe.bore of the pipe.bore of the pipe.bore of the pipe.bore of the pipe.bore of the pipe.bore of the pipe.

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Short pattern:Short pattern:Short pattern:Short pattern:Short pattern:Short pattern:Short pattern:Short pattern:

�� Face to face dimensions corresponding to gate Face to face dimensions corresponding to gate Face to face dimensions corresponding to gate Face to face dimensions corresponding to gate Face to face dimensions corresponding to gate Face to face dimensions corresponding to gate Face to face dimensions corresponding to gate Face to face dimensions corresponding to gate valves.valves.valves.valves.valves.valves.valves.valves.

(3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) Venturi pattern: Venturi pattern: Venturi pattern: Venturi pattern: Venturi pattern: Venturi pattern: Venturi pattern: Venturi pattern:

�� They have reduced port area.Thus producing a They have reduced port area.Thus producing a They have reduced port area.Thus producing a They have reduced port area.Thus producing a They have reduced port area.Thus producing a They have reduced port area.Thus producing a They have reduced port area.Thus producing a They have reduced port area.Thus producing a venturi effect to restore a large percentage of venturi effect to restore a large percentage of venturi effect to restore a large percentage of venturi effect to restore a large percentage of venturi effect to restore a large percentage of venturi effect to restore a large percentage of venturi effect to restore a large percentage of venturi effect to restore a large percentage of velocity head loss through the valve and produce velocity head loss through the valve and produce velocity head loss through the valve and produce velocity head loss through the valve and produce velocity head loss through the valve and produce velocity head loss through the valve and produce velocity head loss through the valve and produce velocity head loss through the valve and produce a resultant total pressure drop of relatively low a resultant total pressure drop of relatively low a resultant total pressure drop of relatively low a resultant total pressure drop of relatively low a resultant total pressure drop of relatively low a resultant total pressure drop of relatively low a resultant total pressure drop of relatively low a resultant total pressure drop of relatively low order.order.order.order.order.order.order.order.

________�� OperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperator:: This is a device, which opens or closes This is a device, which opens or closes

a valve. Different devices are available.a valve. Different devices are available.

MANUAL OPERATORS MANUAL OPERATORS MANUAL OPERATORS MANUAL OPERATORS MANUAL OPERATORS MANUAL OPERATORS MANUAL OPERATORS MANUAL OPERATORS

(1) (1) Hand leverHand leverHand leverHand leverHand leverHand leverHand leverHand lever:: It is used to actuate the stems of It is used to actuate the stems of

small butterfly, ball, plug valves and cocks. Wrench small butterfly, ball, plug valves and cocks. Wrench

operation is used for cocks and small plug valves.operation is used for cocks and small plug valves.

�� (2) Hand Wheel(2) Hand Wheel(2) Hand Wheel(2) Hand Wheel(2) Hand Wheel(2) Hand Wheel(2) Hand Wheel(2) Hand Wheel:: It is the most common means of It is the most common means of

rotating the stem on the majority of popular rotating the stem on the majority of popular

smaller valves such as gate, globe and diaphragm. smaller valves such as gate, globe and diaphragm.

Hammer blow or impact hand wheels that may be Hammer blow or impact hand wheels that may be

substituted for normal hand wheels, if easier substituted for normal hand wheels, if easier

operation is needed but where gearing is operation is needed but where gearing is

unnecessary offer additional operating torque for unnecessary offer additional operating torque for

gate and globe valves.gate and globe valves.

(3) Chain:(3) Chain: It is used where a hand wheel would be out It is used where a hand wheel would be out

of reach. of reach.

�� The stem is fitted with a chain wheel or wrench The stem is fitted with a chain wheel or wrench

(for lever operated valves) and loop of the chain is (for lever operated valves) and loop of the chain is

brought within one meter of working floor level.brought within one meter of working floor level.

(4)(4)GearGearGearGearGearGearGearGear :: These are used to reduce the operating These are used to reduce the operating

torque. For manual operation, it consists of a hand torque. For manual operation, it consists of a hand

wheel operated gear train actuating the valve stem. wheel operated gear train actuating the valve stem.

�� As a thumb rule, gear operators should be As a thumb rule, gear operators should be

considered for valves of 350 mm NB and larger upto considered for valves of 350 mm NB and larger upto

300#, 200 mm NB and larger upto 600#, 150 mm NB 300#, 200 mm NB and larger upto 600#, 150 mm NB

and larger upto 1500# and 100 mm NB and larger and larger upto 1500# and 100 mm NB and larger

for higher ratings.for higher ratings.

�� §§ Pneumatic and HydraulicPneumatic and HydraulicPneumatic and HydraulicPneumatic and HydraulicPneumatic and HydraulicPneumatic and HydraulicPneumatic and HydraulicPneumatic and Hydraulic:: These may be used These may be used where flammable vapour is likely to be present. where flammable vapour is likely to be present. They are of following forms:They are of following forms:

�� §§ Cylinder with double acting piston driven by air, Cylinder with double acting piston driven by air, water, oil or other liquid, which usually actuates the water, oil or other liquid, which usually actuates the stem directly.stem directly.

�� §§ Air motor, which actuates the stem through Air motor, which actuates the stem through gearing. These motors are commonly piston and gearing. These motors are commonly piston and cylinder radial type.cylinder radial type.

�� §§ A double acting vane with limited rotary A double acting vane with limited rotary movement in a sector casing, actuating the stem movement in a sector casing, actuating the stem directly.directly.

�� POWERED OPERATORS:POWERED OPERATORS:

�� Electric Geared Motor:Electric Geared Motor: Geared Motor Geared Motor moves the valve stem. This is useful for moves the valve stem. This is useful for operating large valves in remote areas.operating large valves in remote areas.

�� SolenoidSolenoidSolenoidSolenoidSolenoidSolenoidSolenoidSolenoid:: These can be used for fast acting These can be used for fast acting check valves, and with on/off valves in check valves, and with on/off valves in lightlight--duty instrumentation applications.duty instrumentation applications.

VALVES IN DETAIL:VALVES IN DETAIL:VALVES IN DETAIL:VALVES IN DETAIL:VALVES IN DETAIL:VALVES IN DETAIL:VALVES IN DETAIL:VALVES IN DETAIL:Gate valve:Gate valve:

�� They function as block valves.They function as block valves.They function as block valves.They function as block valves.They function as block valves.They function as block valves.They function as block valves.They function as block valves.

�� 75% of all valves in process industries are gate 75% of all valves in process industries are gate 75% of all valves in process industries are gate 75% of all valves in process industries are gate 75% of all valves in process industries are gate 75% of all valves in process industries are gate 75% of all valves in process industries are gate 75% of all valves in process industries are gate valves.valves.valves.valves.valves.valves.valves.valves.

�� Gate valves are not suitable to throttle flow Gate valves are not suitable to throttle flow Gate valves are not suitable to throttle flow Gate valves are not suitable to throttle flow Gate valves are not suitable to throttle flow Gate valves are not suitable to throttle flow Gate valves are not suitable to throttle flow Gate valves are not suitable to throttle flow because it will pass maximum flow when it is because it will pass maximum flow when it is because it will pass maximum flow when it is because it will pass maximum flow when it is because it will pass maximum flow when it is because it will pass maximum flow when it is because it will pass maximum flow when it is because it will pass maximum flow when it is partially open.partially open.partially open.partially open.partially open.partially open.partially open.partially open.

�� The end flanges can be integrally cast into the The end flanges can be integrally cast into the The end flanges can be integrally cast into the The end flanges can be integrally cast into the The end flanges can be integrally cast into the The end flanges can be integrally cast into the The end flanges can be integrally cast into the The end flanges can be integrally cast into the body.(ref:ANSI B16.5 for flanged connections).body.(ref:ANSI B16.5 for flanged connections).body.(ref:ANSI B16.5 for flanged connections).body.(ref:ANSI B16.5 for flanged connections).body.(ref:ANSI B16.5 for flanged connections).body.(ref:ANSI B16.5 for flanged connections).body.(ref:ANSI B16.5 for flanged connections).body.(ref:ANSI B16.5 for flanged connections).

�� Also for welded connections(ref:ANSI B16.11 for Also for welded connections(ref:ANSI B16.11 for Also for welded connections(ref:ANSI B16.11 for Also for welded connections(ref:ANSI B16.11 for Also for welded connections(ref:ANSI B16.11 for Also for welded connections(ref:ANSI B16.11 for Also for welded connections(ref:ANSI B16.11 for Also for welded connections(ref:ANSI B16.11 for

weld/screw connections).weld/screw connections).weld/screw connections).weld/screw connections).weld/screw connections).weld/screw connections).weld/screw connections).weld/screw connections).

��There are two types of port designs There are two types of port designs There are two types of port designs There are two types of port designs There are two types of port designs There are two types of port designs There are two types of port designs There are two types of port designs

(1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Full port design:Full port design:Full port design:Full port design:Full port design:Full port design:Full port design:Full port design:

The net area of the bore through the seat is as The net area of the bore through the seat is as The net area of the bore through the seat is as The net area of the bore through the seat is as The net area of the bore through the seat is as The net area of the bore through the seat is as The net area of the bore through the seat is as The net area of the bore through the seat is as

nearly as equal to the pipe size.nearly as equal to the pipe size.nearly as equal to the pipe size.nearly as equal to the pipe size.nearly as equal to the pipe size.nearly as equal to the pipe size.nearly as equal to the pipe size.nearly as equal to the pipe size.

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Reduced port design:Reduced port design:Reduced port design:Reduced port design:Reduced port design:Reduced port design:Reduced port design:Reduced port design:

The port diameter is normally one size less than The port diameter is normally one size less than The port diameter is normally one size less than The port diameter is normally one size less than The port diameter is normally one size less than The port diameter is normally one size less than The port diameter is normally one size less than The port diameter is normally one size less than

the size of the pipe.the size of the pipe.the size of the pipe.the size of the pipe.the size of the pipe.the size of the pipe.the size of the pipe.the size of the pipe.

Gate valveGate valve

Flow

in

Flow

out

GATE VALVEGATE VALVEGATE VALVEGATE VALVEPRESSURE-SEAL BONNETGATE VALVEGATE VALVEGATE VALVEGATE VALVE

BOLTED BONNETFLEX WEDGE

BALL VALVE:BALL VALVE:

�� Ball valves function as both block valves and flow Ball valves function as both block valves and flow Ball valves function as both block valves and flow Ball valves function as both block valves and flow Ball valves function as both block valves and flow Ball valves function as both block valves and flow Ball valves function as both block valves and flow Ball valves function as both block valves and flow

regulating(special design) valves.regulating(special design) valves.regulating(special design) valves.regulating(special design) valves.regulating(special design) valves.regulating(special design) valves.regulating(special design) valves.regulating(special design) valves.

�� Quarter turn positive shut off valves.Quarter turn positive shut off valves.Quarter turn positive shut off valves.Quarter turn positive shut off valves.Quarter turn positive shut off valves.Quarter turn positive shut off valves.Quarter turn positive shut off valves.Quarter turn positive shut off valves.

�� Suited for conditions where quick onSuited for conditions where quick onSuited for conditions where quick onSuited for conditions where quick onSuited for conditions where quick onSuited for conditions where quick onSuited for conditions where quick onSuited for conditions where quick on--------off and/or off and/or off and/or off and/or off and/or off and/or off and/or off and/or

bubble tight shut off is required.bubble tight shut off is required.bubble tight shut off is required.bubble tight shut off is required.bubble tight shut off is required.bubble tight shut off is required.bubble tight shut off is required.bubble tight shut off is required.

�� Soft seats are usually used only for low Soft seats are usually used only for low Soft seats are usually used only for low Soft seats are usually used only for low Soft seats are usually used only for low Soft seats are usually used only for low Soft seats are usually used only for low Soft seats are usually used only for low

temperature services.temperature services.temperature services.temperature services.temperature services.temperature services.temperature services.temperature services.

�� Metal seated ball valves are used for high Metal seated ball valves are used for high Metal seated ball valves are used for high Metal seated ball valves are used for high Metal seated ball valves are used for high Metal seated ball valves are used for high Metal seated ball valves are used for high Metal seated ball valves are used for high

temperature services.temperature services.temperature services.temperature services.temperature services.temperature services.temperature services.temperature services.

�� Soft seats are not normally used for throttling Soft seats are not normally used for throttling Soft seats are not normally used for throttling Soft seats are not normally used for throttling Soft seats are not normally used for throttling Soft seats are not normally used for throttling Soft seats are not normally used for throttling Soft seats are not normally used for throttling

because of erosion or distortion/displacement because of erosion or distortion/displacement because of erosion or distortion/displacement because of erosion or distortion/displacement because of erosion or distortion/displacement because of erosion or distortion/displacement because of erosion or distortion/displacement because of erosion or distortion/displacement

caused by fluid.caused by fluid.caused by fluid.caused by fluid.caused by fluid.caused by fluid.caused by fluid.caused by fluid.

�� The Pressure The Pressure The Pressure The Pressure The Pressure The Pressure The Pressure The Pressure –––––––– Temperature ratings are Temperature ratings are Temperature ratings are Temperature ratings are Temperature ratings are Temperature ratings are Temperature ratings are Temperature ratings are

established based on the seating material.established based on the seating material.established based on the seating material.established based on the seating material.established based on the seating material.established based on the seating material.established based on the seating material.established based on the seating material.

�� Offers minimum resistance to flow.Offers minimum resistance to flow.Offers minimum resistance to flow.Offers minimum resistance to flow.Offers minimum resistance to flow.Offers minimum resistance to flow.Offers minimum resistance to flow.Offers minimum resistance to flow.

Advantages:�Easy Operation.�Low torque.�Low Pressure Drop.�Economical.�Excellent Sealing.( Used in Vacuum Services)

---------------- Two designs are available.Two designs are available.Two designs are available.Two designs are available.Two designs are available.Two designs are available.Two designs are available.Two designs are available.

(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1) Regular port design:Regular port design:Regular port design:Regular port design:Regular port design:Regular port design:Regular port design:Regular port design:

The port diameter will be smaller than the pipe The port diameter will be smaller than the pipe The port diameter will be smaller than the pipe The port diameter will be smaller than the pipe The port diameter will be smaller than the pipe The port diameter will be smaller than the pipe The port diameter will be smaller than the pipe The port diameter will be smaller than the pipe

inside diameter. Normally the port diameter is one inside diameter. Normally the port diameter is one inside diameter. Normally the port diameter is one inside diameter. Normally the port diameter is one inside diameter. Normally the port diameter is one inside diameter. Normally the port diameter is one inside diameter. Normally the port diameter is one inside diameter. Normally the port diameter is one

size less than the pipe diameter.size less than the pipe diameter.size less than the pipe diameter.size less than the pipe diameter.size less than the pipe diameter.size less than the pipe diameter.size less than the pipe diameter.size less than the pipe diameter.

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Full port Design: Full port Design: Full port Design: Full port Design: Full port Design: Full port Design: Full port Design: Full port Design:

The port diameter of the valve will be the same The port diameter of the valve will be the same The port diameter of the valve will be the same The port diameter of the valve will be the same The port diameter of the valve will be the same The port diameter of the valve will be the same The port diameter of the valve will be the same The port diameter of the valve will be the same

as that of the pipe inside diameter.as that of the pipe inside diameter.as that of the pipe inside diameter.as that of the pipe inside diameter.as that of the pipe inside diameter.as that of the pipe inside diameter.as that of the pipe inside diameter.as that of the pipe inside diameter.

PLUG VALVE:PLUG VALVE:

�� Plug valves are quarter turn positive shut off valves.Plug valves are quarter turn positive shut off valves.Plug valves are quarter turn positive shut off valves.Plug valves are quarter turn positive shut off valves.Plug valves are quarter turn positive shut off valves.Plug valves are quarter turn positive shut off valves.Plug valves are quarter turn positive shut off valves.Plug valves are quarter turn positive shut off valves.

�� Well suited for quick ON/OFF, AND/OR bubble tight shut off.Well suited for quick ON/OFF, AND/OR bubble tight shut off.Well suited for quick ON/OFF, AND/OR bubble tight shut off.Well suited for quick ON/OFF, AND/OR bubble tight shut off.Well suited for quick ON/OFF, AND/OR bubble tight shut off.Well suited for quick ON/OFF, AND/OR bubble tight shut off.Well suited for quick ON/OFF, AND/OR bubble tight shut off.Well suited for quick ON/OFF, AND/OR bubble tight shut off.

�� Not normally used for throttling, because soft seats are Not normally used for throttling, because soft seats are Not normally used for throttling, because soft seats are Not normally used for throttling, because soft seats are Not normally used for throttling, because soft seats are Not normally used for throttling, because soft seats are Not normally used for throttling, because soft seats are Not normally used for throttling, because soft seats are subjected to erosion.subjected to erosion.subjected to erosion.subjected to erosion.subjected to erosion.subjected to erosion.subjected to erosion.subjected to erosion.

�� Lesser resultant total pressure drop across the valve.Lesser resultant total pressure drop across the valve.Lesser resultant total pressure drop across the valve.Lesser resultant total pressure drop across the valve.Lesser resultant total pressure drop across the valve.Lesser resultant total pressure drop across the valve.Lesser resultant total pressure drop across the valve.Lesser resultant total pressure drop across the valve.

�� In certain designs,a low friction Poly Tetra Fluro Ethylene In certain designs,a low friction Poly Tetra Fluro Ethylene In certain designs,a low friction Poly Tetra Fluro Ethylene In certain designs,a low friction Poly Tetra Fluro Ethylene In certain designs,a low friction Poly Tetra Fluro Ethylene In certain designs,a low friction Poly Tetra Fluro Ethylene In certain designs,a low friction Poly Tetra Fluro Ethylene In certain designs,a low friction Poly Tetra Fluro Ethylene (PTFE) is impregnated on the surface structure of the valve (PTFE) is impregnated on the surface structure of the valve (PTFE) is impregnated on the surface structure of the valve (PTFE) is impregnated on the surface structure of the valve (PTFE) is impregnated on the surface structure of the valve (PTFE) is impregnated on the surface structure of the valve (PTFE) is impregnated on the surface structure of the valve (PTFE) is impregnated on the surface structure of the valve plug.plug.plug.plug.plug.plug.plug.plug.

Based on sealing,Based on sealing,Based on sealing,Based on sealing,Based on sealing,Based on sealing,Based on sealing,Based on sealing,

Lubricated metal seated plug valves:Lubricated metal seated plug valves:Lubricated metal seated plug valves:Lubricated metal seated plug valves:Lubricated metal seated plug valves:Lubricated metal seated plug valves:Lubricated metal seated plug valves:Lubricated metal seated plug valves:

�� The lubrication of the seating surfaces is by means The lubrication of the seating surfaces is by means The lubrication of the seating surfaces is by means The lubrication of the seating surfaces is by means The lubrication of the seating surfaces is by means The lubrication of the seating surfaces is by means The lubrication of the seating surfaces is by means The lubrication of the seating surfaces is by means

of lubricant,which is fed into the operating of lubricant,which is fed into the operating of lubricant,which is fed into the operating of lubricant,which is fed into the operating of lubricant,which is fed into the operating of lubricant,which is fed into the operating of lubricant,which is fed into the operating of lubricant,which is fed into the operating

surfaces.surfaces.surfaces.surfaces.surfaces.surfaces.surfaces.surfaces.

Cross Section of a Plug Valve:Cross Section of a Plug Valve:

ADVANTAGES OF PLUG ADVANTAGES OF PLUG VALVE:VALVE:

�� Used in Oil & Gas Industries.Used in Oil & Gas Industries.

�� Fly Ash Applications.Fly Ash Applications.

�� Plug & Body Seating Surfaces which are lapped & Plug & Body Seating Surfaces which are lapped &

matched arenmatched aren’’t exposed to the line fluid, which t exposed to the line fluid, which

reduce the corrosion and Erosion loses.reduce the corrosion and Erosion loses.

�� Fire Safety.Fire Safety.

�� Reduced torque.Reduced torque.

�� Online Maintenance.Online Maintenance.

Butterfly valve:Butterfly valve:

---------------- They are quarter turn positive shut off valve.They are quarter turn positive shut off valve.They are quarter turn positive shut off valve.They are quarter turn positive shut off valve.They are quarter turn positive shut off valve.They are quarter turn positive shut off valve.They are quarter turn positive shut off valve.They are quarter turn positive shut off valve.

---------------- Seats are made of PTFE with certain reinforcement.Seats are made of PTFE with certain reinforcement.Seats are made of PTFE with certain reinforcement.Seats are made of PTFE with certain reinforcement.Seats are made of PTFE with certain reinforcement.Seats are made of PTFE with certain reinforcement.Seats are made of PTFE with certain reinforcement.Seats are made of PTFE with certain reinforcement.

---------------- Valves up to 12Valves up to 12Valves up to 12Valves up to 12Valves up to 12Valves up to 12Valves up to 12Valves up to 12”””””””” are operated with lever.are operated with lever.are operated with lever.are operated with lever.are operated with lever.are operated with lever.are operated with lever.are operated with lever.

---------------- Higher diameter valves are provided with gear unit Higher diameter valves are provided with gear unit Higher diameter valves are provided with gear unit Higher diameter valves are provided with gear unit Higher diameter valves are provided with gear unit Higher diameter valves are provided with gear unit Higher diameter valves are provided with gear unit Higher diameter valves are provided with gear unit and hand wheel.and hand wheel.and hand wheel.and hand wheel.and hand wheel.and hand wheel.and hand wheel.and hand wheel.

---------------- These valves are wear resistant.These valves are wear resistant.These valves are wear resistant.These valves are wear resistant.These valves are wear resistant.These valves are wear resistant.These valves are wear resistant.These valves are wear resistant.

---------------- Elastomers have higher life expectancy Elastomers have higher life expectancy Elastomers have higher life expectancy Elastomers have higher life expectancy Elastomers have higher life expectancy Elastomers have higher life expectancy Elastomers have higher life expectancy Elastomers have higher life expectancy

than conventional metallic seated valves than conventional metallic seated valves than conventional metallic seated valves than conventional metallic seated valves than conventional metallic seated valves than conventional metallic seated valves than conventional metallic seated valves than conventional metallic seated valves

when used in high density mineral slurry when used in high density mineral slurry when used in high density mineral slurry when used in high density mineral slurry when used in high density mineral slurry when used in high density mineral slurry when used in high density mineral slurry when used in high density mineral slurry

services.services.services.services.services.services.services.services.

---------------- Generally used for line sizes >8Generally used for line sizes >8Generally used for line sizes >8Generally used for line sizes >8Generally used for line sizes >8Generally used for line sizes >8Generally used for line sizes >8Generally used for line sizes >8””””””””........

Cross Sectional

Top View

WRENCH CONTROLED

WAFER TYPE BUTTERFLY VALVE

HAND WHEEL CONTROLED

BUTTERFLY VALVES

GLOBE VALVE:GLOBE VALVE:---------------- Globe valves are mainly used to throttle the fluid flow.Globe valves are mainly used to throttle the fluid flow.Globe valves are mainly used to throttle the fluid flow.Globe valves are mainly used to throttle the fluid flow.Globe valves are mainly used to throttle the fluid flow.Globe valves are mainly used to throttle the fluid flow.Globe valves are mainly used to throttle the fluid flow.Globe valves are mainly used to throttle the fluid flow.

---------------- Smaller sizes are hand controlled.Smaller sizes are hand controlled.Smaller sizes are hand controlled.Smaller sizes are hand controlled.Smaller sizes are hand controlled.Smaller sizes are hand controlled.Smaller sizes are hand controlled.Smaller sizes are hand controlled.

---------------- Application of larger size valves are limited to bypass controlApplication of larger size valves are limited to bypass controlApplication of larger size valves are limited to bypass controlApplication of larger size valves are limited to bypass controlApplication of larger size valves are limited to bypass controlApplication of larger size valves are limited to bypass controlApplication of larger size valves are limited to bypass controlApplication of larger size valves are limited to bypass controlvalve stations.valve stations.valve stations.valve stations.valve stations.valve stations.valve stations.valve stations.

---------------- Provide relatively tight shut off.Provide relatively tight shut off.Provide relatively tight shut off.Provide relatively tight shut off.Provide relatively tight shut off.Provide relatively tight shut off.Provide relatively tight shut off.Provide relatively tight shut off.

---------------- Valve patterns involve change in flow directions.Valve patterns involve change in flow directions.Valve patterns involve change in flow directions.Valve patterns involve change in flow directions.Valve patterns involve change in flow directions.Valve patterns involve change in flow directions.Valve patterns involve change in flow directions.Valve patterns involve change in flow directions.

---------------- The discs of globe valves shall be flatThe discs of globe valves shall be flatThe discs of globe valves shall be flatThe discs of globe valves shall be flatThe discs of globe valves shall be flatThe discs of globe valves shall be flatThe discs of globe valves shall be flatThe discs of globe valves shall be flat--------faced type,faced type,faced type,faced type,faced type,faced type,faced type,faced type,

plug type,ball type,needle type,port type.plug type,ball type,needle type,port type.plug type,ball type,needle type,port type.plug type,ball type,needle type,port type.plug type,ball type,needle type,port type.plug type,ball type,needle type,port type.plug type,ball type,needle type,port type.plug type,ball type,needle type,port type.

---------------- Commonly used for pipe sizes up to 8Commonly used for pipe sizes up to 8Commonly used for pipe sizes up to 8Commonly used for pipe sizes up to 8Commonly used for pipe sizes up to 8Commonly used for pipe sizes up to 8Commonly used for pipe sizes up to 8Commonly used for pipe sizes up to 8””””””””

---------------- High pressure drop across valve.High pressure drop across valve.High pressure drop across valve.High pressure drop across valve.High pressure drop across valve.High pressure drop across valve.High pressure drop across valve.High pressure drop across valve.

CHECK VALVE:CHECK VALVE:

---------------- Check valves prevent flow reversal.Check valves prevent flow reversal.Check valves prevent flow reversal.Check valves prevent flow reversal.Check valves prevent flow reversal.Check valves prevent flow reversal.Check valves prevent flow reversal.Check valves prevent flow reversal.

---------------- Typical check valve applications are in pump and compressor Typical check valve applications are in pump and compressor Typical check valve applications are in pump and compressor Typical check valve applications are in pump and compressor Typical check valve applications are in pump and compressor Typical check valve applications are in pump and compressor Typical check valve applications are in pump and compressor Typical check valve applications are in pump and compressor discharge piping.discharge piping.discharge piping.discharge piping.discharge piping.discharge piping.discharge piping.discharge piping.

---------------- Valves with discs provide lower resistance to flow of working Valves with discs provide lower resistance to flow of working Valves with discs provide lower resistance to flow of working Valves with discs provide lower resistance to flow of working Valves with discs provide lower resistance to flow of working Valves with discs provide lower resistance to flow of working Valves with discs provide lower resistance to flow of working Valves with discs provide lower resistance to flow of working fluid than those that contain balls or pistons.fluid than those that contain balls or pistons.fluid than those that contain balls or pistons.fluid than those that contain balls or pistons.fluid than those that contain balls or pistons.fluid than those that contain balls or pistons.fluid than those that contain balls or pistons.fluid than those that contain balls or pistons.

---------------- The later are often used where there is an angular change in The later are often used where there is an angular change in The later are often used where there is an angular change in The later are often used where there is an angular change in The later are often used where there is an angular change in The later are often used where there is an angular change in The later are often used where there is an angular change in The later are often used where there is an angular change in flow stream.flow stream.flow stream.flow stream.flow stream.flow stream.flow stream.flow stream.

---------------- Ball and lift check valves are used for sizes 2Ball and lift check valves are used for sizes 2Ball and lift check valves are used for sizes 2Ball and lift check valves are used for sizes 2Ball and lift check valves are used for sizes 2Ball and lift check valves are used for sizes 2Ball and lift check valves are used for sizes 2Ball and lift check valves are used for sizes 2”””””””” and smaller.and smaller.and smaller.and smaller.and smaller.and smaller.and smaller.and smaller.

---------------- Swing check and Plate check valves are used for higher pipe Swing check and Plate check valves are used for higher pipe Swing check and Plate check valves are used for higher pipe Swing check and Plate check valves are used for higher pipe Swing check and Plate check valves are used for higher pipe Swing check and Plate check valves are used for higher pipe Swing check and Plate check valves are used for higher pipe Swing check and Plate check valves are used for higher pipe sizes.sizes.sizes.sizes.sizes.sizes.sizes.sizes.

---------------- Major types are as below.Major types are as below.Major types are as below.Major types are as below.Major types are as below.Major types are as below.Major types are as below.Major types are as below.

SWING CHECK VALVES:SWING CHECK VALVES:SWING CHECK VALVES:SWING CHECK VALVES:SWING CHECK VALVES:SWING CHECK VALVES:SWING CHECK VALVES:SWING CHECK VALVES:

----------------The disc swings freely in the form of an The disc swings freely in the form of an The disc swings freely in the form of an The disc swings freely in the form of an The disc swings freely in the form of an The disc swings freely in the form of an The disc swings freely in the form of an The disc swings freely in the form of an

arc.arc.arc.arc.arc.arc.arc.arc.

----------------Valve is kept open by the flow and disc Valve is kept open by the flow and disc Valve is kept open by the flow and disc Valve is kept open by the flow and disc Valve is kept open by the flow and disc Valve is kept open by the flow and disc Valve is kept open by the flow and disc Valve is kept open by the flow and disc seating is accomplished by gravity and/or seating is accomplished by gravity and/or seating is accomplished by gravity and/or seating is accomplished by gravity and/or seating is accomplished by gravity and/or seating is accomplished by gravity and/or seating is accomplished by gravity and/or seating is accomplished by gravity and/or flow reversal.flow reversal.flow reversal.flow reversal.flow reversal.flow reversal.flow reversal.flow reversal.

---------------- When used in vertical lines the flow When used in vertical lines the flow When used in vertical lines the flow When used in vertical lines the flow When used in vertical lines the flow When used in vertical lines the flow When used in vertical lines the flow When used in vertical lines the flow should be upwards only.should be upwards only.should be upwards only.should be upwards only.should be upwards only.should be upwards only.should be upwards only.should be upwards only.

SWING CHECK VALVESWING CHECK VALVESWING CHECK VALVESWING CHECK VALVESWING CHECK VALVESWING CHECK VALVESWING CHECK VALVESWING CHECK VALVE--------WORKING:WORKING:WORKING:WORKING:WORKING:WORKING:WORKING:WORKING:

LIFT CHECK VALVES:LIFT CHECK VALVES:LIFT CHECK VALVES:LIFT CHECK VALVES:LIFT CHECK VALVES:LIFT CHECK VALVES:LIFT CHECK VALVES:LIFT CHECK VALVES:

---------------- Basic types are piston lift check valve,Ball lift check Basic types are piston lift check valve,Ball lift check Basic types are piston lift check valve,Ball lift check Basic types are piston lift check valve,Ball lift check Basic types are piston lift check valve,Ball lift check Basic types are piston lift check valve,Ball lift check Basic types are piston lift check valve,Ball lift check Basic types are piston lift check valve,Ball lift check

valve etc., valve etc., valve etc., valve etc., valve etc., valve etc., valve etc., valve etc.,

---------------- Used for sizes Used for sizes Used for sizes Used for sizes Used for sizes Used for sizes Used for sizes Used for sizes ½”½”½”½”½”½”½”½” to 2to 2to 2to 2to 2to 2to 2to 2””””””””........

---------------- Reverse flow forces piston or ball against seat.Reverse flow forces piston or ball against seat.Reverse flow forces piston or ball against seat.Reverse flow forces piston or ball against seat.Reverse flow forces piston or ball against seat.Reverse flow forces piston or ball against seat.Reverse flow forces piston or ball against seat.Reverse flow forces piston or ball against seat.

---------------- Used to control vertical flow.Used to control vertical flow.Used to control vertical flow.Used to control vertical flow.Used to control vertical flow.Used to control vertical flow.Used to control vertical flow.Used to control vertical flow.

THE PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

Drawing and simulation of a direct operating pressure relief valve: left: valve closed; middle: symbol of a direct operating pressure relief valve according to ISO 1219; right: simulation of an operating pressure relief valveDescription:The pressure relief valveis mounted at the pressure side of the hydraulic pump. It's task is to limit the pressure in the system on an acceptable value. In fact a pressure relief valve has the same construction as a spring operated check valve. When the system gets overloaded the pressure relief valve will open and the pump flow will be leaded directly into the hydraulic reservoir. The pressure in the system remains on the value determined by the spring on the pressure relief valve! In the pressure relief valve the pressure (=energy) will be converted into heat.For that reason longtime operation of the pressure relief valve should be avoided.

Closed position Open position

DIAPHRAGM VALVE:DIAPHRAGM VALVE:

---------------- These valves are used for low pressure corrosive These valves are used for low pressure corrosive These valves are used for low pressure corrosive These valves are used for low pressure corrosive These valves are used for low pressure corrosive These valves are used for low pressure corrosive These valves are used for low pressure corrosive These valves are used for low pressure corrosive services as shut off valve.services as shut off valve.services as shut off valve.services as shut off valve.services as shut off valve.services as shut off valve.services as shut off valve.services as shut off valve.

---------------- These can also be used as control valves.These can also be used as control valves.These can also be used as control valves.These can also be used as control valves.These can also be used as control valves.These can also be used as control valves.These can also be used as control valves.These can also be used as control valves.

---------------- Here the diaphragm moves up and down to operate Here the diaphragm moves up and down to operate Here the diaphragm moves up and down to operate Here the diaphragm moves up and down to operate Here the diaphragm moves up and down to operate Here the diaphragm moves up and down to operate Here the diaphragm moves up and down to operate Here the diaphragm moves up and down to operate the valve.the valve.the valve.the valve.the valve.the valve.the valve.the valve.

---------------- The major parts of diaphragm valves are,The major parts of diaphragm valves are,The major parts of diaphragm valves are,The major parts of diaphragm valves are,The major parts of diaphragm valves are,The major parts of diaphragm valves are,The major parts of diaphragm valves are,The major parts of diaphragm valves are,

1.Body1.Body1.Body1.Body1.Body1.Body1.Body1.Body

2.Diaphragm2.Diaphragm2.Diaphragm2.Diaphragm2.Diaphragm2.Diaphragm2.Diaphragm2.Diaphragm

3.Bonnet3.Bonnet3.Bonnet3.Bonnet3.Bonnet3.Bonnet3.Bonnet3.Bonnet

4.Stem4.Stem4.Stem4.Stem4.Stem4.Stem4.Stem4.Stem

5.Stem bushing5.Stem bushing5.Stem bushing5.Stem bushing5.Stem bushing5.Stem bushing5.Stem bushing5.Stem bushing

6.Compressor6.Compressor6.Compressor6.Compressor6.Compressor6.Compressor6.Compressor6.Compressor

7.Hand wheel7.Hand wheel7.Hand wheel7.Hand wheel7.Hand wheel7.Hand wheel7.Hand wheel7.Hand wheel

8.Bonnet bolting.8.Bonnet bolting.8.Bonnet bolting.8.Bonnet bolting.8.Bonnet bolting.8.Bonnet bolting.8.Bonnet bolting.8.Bonnet bolting.

CONTROL VALVES & PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES & PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES & PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES & PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES & PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES & PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES & PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES & PRESSURE

REGULATORS:REGULATORS:REGULATORS:REGULATORS:REGULATORS:REGULATORS:REGULATORS:REGULATORS:

---------------- Control valves automatically regulates temperature, Control valves automatically regulates temperature, Control valves automatically regulates temperature, Control valves automatically regulates temperature, Control valves automatically regulates temperature, Control valves automatically regulates temperature, Control valves automatically regulates temperature, Control valves automatically regulates temperature, pressure,level and flow rate for any process variables. pressure,level and flow rate for any process variables. pressure,level and flow rate for any process variables. pressure,level and flow rate for any process variables. pressure,level and flow rate for any process variables. pressure,level and flow rate for any process variables. pressure,level and flow rate for any process variables. pressure,level and flow rate for any process variables.

---------------- The control valve is usually chosen to be smaller than line The control valve is usually chosen to be smaller than line The control valve is usually chosen to be smaller than line The control valve is usually chosen to be smaller than line The control valve is usually chosen to be smaller than line The control valve is usually chosen to be smaller than line The control valve is usually chosen to be smaller than line The control valve is usually chosen to be smaller than line size to avoid throttling and consequent rapid wear of the size to avoid throttling and consequent rapid wear of the size to avoid throttling and consequent rapid wear of the size to avoid throttling and consequent rapid wear of the size to avoid throttling and consequent rapid wear of the size to avoid throttling and consequent rapid wear of the size to avoid throttling and consequent rapid wear of the size to avoid throttling and consequent rapid wear of the seat.seat.seat.seat.seat.seat.seat.seat.

---------------- Globe pattern valves are normally used for control and their Globe pattern valves are normally used for control and their Globe pattern valves are normally used for control and their Globe pattern valves are normally used for control and their Globe pattern valves are normally used for control and their Globe pattern valves are normally used for control and their Globe pattern valves are normally used for control and their Globe pattern valves are normally used for control and their ends are usually flanged for ease of maintenance.The disc is ends are usually flanged for ease of maintenance.The disc is ends are usually flanged for ease of maintenance.The disc is ends are usually flanged for ease of maintenance.The disc is ends are usually flanged for ease of maintenance.The disc is ends are usually flanged for ease of maintenance.The disc is ends are usually flanged for ease of maintenance.The disc is ends are usually flanged for ease of maintenance.The disc is moved by hydraulic,pneumatic or electrical operators.moved by hydraulic,pneumatic or electrical operators.moved by hydraulic,pneumatic or electrical operators.moved by hydraulic,pneumatic or electrical operators.moved by hydraulic,pneumatic or electrical operators.moved by hydraulic,pneumatic or electrical operators.moved by hydraulic,pneumatic or electrical operators.moved by hydraulic,pneumatic or electrical operators.

---------------- Control valves of globe type which adjusts downstream Control valves of globe type which adjusts downstream Control valves of globe type which adjusts downstream Control valves of globe type which adjusts downstream Control valves of globe type which adjusts downstream Control valves of globe type which adjusts downstream Control valves of globe type which adjusts downstream Control valves of globe type which adjusts downstream pressure of liquid or gas to a set pressure is called as pressure of liquid or gas to a set pressure is called as pressure of liquid or gas to a set pressure is called as pressure of liquid or gas to a set pressure is called as pressure of liquid or gas to a set pressure is called as pressure of liquid or gas to a set pressure is called as pressure of liquid or gas to a set pressure is called as pressure of liquid or gas to a set pressure is called as Pressure regulators.Pressure regulators.Pressure regulators.Pressure regulators.Pressure regulators.Pressure regulators.Pressure regulators.Pressure regulators.

Fig shows how a control valve can be used to control the rate ofFig shows how a control valve can be used to control the rate of flow in a line.flow in a line.

----Here flow rate is related to the pressure drop across the sensinHere flow rate is related to the pressure drop across the sensing element.g element.

----The controller receives the pressure signals,compares them with The controller receives the pressure signals,compares them with the the

pressure drop for the desired flow and thus if the actual flow ipressure drop for the desired flow and thus if the actual flow is different ,it s different ,it

adjusts the control valve to increase or decrease the flow.adjusts the control valve to increase or decrease the flow.

VALVE SELECTION PROCESS:VALVE SELECTION PROCESS:VALVE SELECTION PROCESS:VALVE SELECTION PROCESS:VALVE SELECTION PROCESS:VALVE SELECTION PROCESS:VALVE SELECTION PROCESS:VALVE SELECTION PROCESS:

---------------- The steps that follow provide a general procedure for selectingThe steps that follow provide a general procedure for selectingThe steps that follow provide a general procedure for selectingThe steps that follow provide a general procedure for selectingThe steps that follow provide a general procedure for selectingThe steps that follow provide a general procedure for selectingThe steps that follow provide a general procedure for selectingThe steps that follow provide a general procedure for selectingvalve components,valve components,valve components,valve components,valve components,valve components,valve components,valve components,

1. Determine operation1. Determine operation1. Determine operation1. Determine operation1. Determine operation1. Determine operation1. Determine operation1. Determine operation--------on/off, regulating, special on/off, regulating, special on/off, regulating, special on/off, regulating, special on/off, regulating, special on/off, regulating, special on/off, regulating, special on/off, regulating, special purpose.purpose.purpose.purpose.purpose.purpose.purpose.purpose.

2. Determine type of conveyed fluid2. Determine type of conveyed fluid2. Determine type of conveyed fluid2. Determine type of conveyed fluid2. Determine type of conveyed fluid2. Determine type of conveyed fluid2. Determine type of conveyed fluid2. Determine type of conveyed fluid--------liquid,gas,slurry or liquid,gas,slurry or liquid,gas,slurry or liquid,gas,slurry or liquid,gas,slurry or liquid,gas,slurry or liquid,gas,slurry or liquid,gas,slurry or powder. powder. powder. powder. powder. powder. powder. powder.

3. Determine nature of fluid:3. Determine nature of fluid:3. Determine nature of fluid:3. Determine nature of fluid:3. Determine nature of fluid:3. Determine nature of fluid:3. Determine nature of fluid:3. Determine nature of fluid:

�� Neutral services:Neutral services:Neutral services:Neutral services:Neutral services:Neutral services:Neutral services:Neutral services: Oil,Drinking water, Nitrogen, Gas, Air.Oil,Drinking water, Nitrogen, Gas, Air.Oil,Drinking water, Nitrogen, Gas, Air.Oil,Drinking water, Nitrogen, Gas, Air.Oil,Drinking water, Nitrogen, Gas, Air.Oil,Drinking water, Nitrogen, Gas, Air.Oil,Drinking water, Nitrogen, Gas, Air.Oil,Drinking water, Nitrogen, Gas, Air.

�� Corrosive service:Corrosive service:Corrosive service:Corrosive service:Corrosive service:Corrosive service:Corrosive service:Corrosive service: Acid,Alkaline.Acid,Alkaline.Acid,Alkaline.Acid,Alkaline.Acid,Alkaline.Acid,Alkaline.Acid,Alkaline.Acid,Alkaline.

�� Hygienic services:Hygienic services:Hygienic services:Hygienic services:Hygienic services:Hygienic services:Hygienic services:Hygienic services: Food,Drugs.Food,Drugs.Food,Drugs.Food,Drugs.Food,Drugs.Food,Drugs.Food,Drugs.Food,Drugs.

�� Slurry:Slurry:Slurry:Slurry:Slurry:Slurry:Slurry:Slurry: Suspension of solid particles in the fluid media.Suspension of solid particles in the fluid media.Suspension of solid particles in the fluid media.Suspension of solid particles in the fluid media.Suspension of solid particles in the fluid media.Suspension of solid particles in the fluid media.Suspension of solid particles in the fluid media.Suspension of solid particles in the fluid media.

4.Pressure and temperature of conveyed fluid.4.Pressure and temperature of conveyed fluid.4.Pressure and temperature of conveyed fluid.4.Pressure and temperature of conveyed fluid.4.Pressure and temperature of conveyed fluid.4.Pressure and temperature of conveyed fluid.4.Pressure and temperature of conveyed fluid.4.Pressure and temperature of conveyed fluid.

5.Method of operating stem: consider closing time.5.Method of operating stem: consider closing time.5.Method of operating stem: consider closing time.5.Method of operating stem: consider closing time.5.Method of operating stem: consider closing time.5.Method of operating stem: consider closing time.5.Method of operating stem: consider closing time.5.Method of operating stem: consider closing time.

6.Cost.6.Cost.6.Cost.6.Cost.6.Cost.6.Cost.6.Cost.6.Cost.

7.Availability.7.Availability.7.Availability.7.Availability.7.Availability.7.Availability.7.Availability.7.Availability.

8.Installation problems:Such as welding valves into lines.8.Installation problems:Such as welding valves into lines.8.Installation problems:Such as welding valves into lines.8.Installation problems:Such as welding valves into lines.8.Installation problems:Such as welding valves into lines.8.Installation problems:Such as welding valves into lines.8.Installation problems:Such as welding valves into lines.8.Installation problems:Such as welding valves into lines.

�� Hydro testsHydro tests

�� Pneumatic TestsPneumatic Tests

�� Fugitive Emission & Helium Leak TestsFugitive Emission & Helium Leak Tests

�� Cryogenic TestsCryogenic Tests

�� Fire TestsFire Tests

�� Hot & Cold Cyclic TestsHot & Cold Cyclic Tests

�� Seismic TestsSeismic Tests

�� Natural Frequency TestsNatural Frequency Tests

�� Static Load SimulationStatic Load Simulation

�� Pipe End Reaction TestsPipe End Reaction Tests

TESTS CONDUCTED ON VALVES:TESTS CONDUCTED ON VALVES:TESTS CONDUCTED ON VALVES:TESTS CONDUCTED ON VALVES:

Valve afterCryogenic Test

Fire TestFire TestFire TestFire Test

Cryogenic Test FacilityCryogenic Test FacilityCryogenic Test FacilityCryogenic Test FacilityCryogenic Test FacilityCryogenic Test FacilityCryogenic Test FacilityCryogenic Test Facility

TESTING FACILITIES:

4242424242424242”””””””” TrunnionTrunnionTrunnionTrunnionTrunnionTrunnionTrunnionTrunnion--------mounted Ball mounted Ball mounted Ball mounted Ball mounted Ball mounted Ball mounted Ball mounted Ball

Valve undergoing Hydro Valve undergoing Hydro Valve undergoing Hydro Valve undergoing Hydro Valve undergoing Hydro Valve undergoing Hydro Valve undergoing Hydro Valve undergoing Hydro

testtesttesttesttesttesttesttest

TERMS USED FOR VALVES TERMS USED FOR VALVES TERMS USED FOR VALVES TERMS USED FOR VALVES TERMS USED FOR VALVES TERMS USED FOR VALVES TERMS USED FOR VALVES TERMS USED FOR VALVES

SPECIFICATION:SPECIFICATION:SPECIFICATION:SPECIFICATION:SPECIFICATION:SPECIFICATION:SPECIFICATION:SPECIFICATION:

1.Pressure1.Pressure1.Pressure1.Pressure1.Pressure1.Pressure1.Pressure1.Pressure--------Temperature ratings:Temperature ratings:Temperature ratings:Temperature ratings:Temperature ratings:Temperature ratings:Temperature ratings:Temperature ratings:

It is the maximum allowable sustained nonIt is the maximum allowable sustained nonIt is the maximum allowable sustained nonIt is the maximum allowable sustained nonIt is the maximum allowable sustained nonIt is the maximum allowable sustained nonIt is the maximum allowable sustained nonIt is the maximum allowable sustained non--------shock shock shock shock shock shock shock shock pressure at the corresponding tabulated temperaturepressure at the corresponding tabulated temperaturepressure at the corresponding tabulated temperaturepressure at the corresponding tabulated temperaturepressure at the corresponding tabulated temperaturepressure at the corresponding tabulated temperaturepressure at the corresponding tabulated temperaturepressure at the corresponding tabulated temperature

Reference standards:Reference standards:Reference standards:Reference standards:Reference standards:Reference standards:Reference standards:Reference standards: ANSI B 16.34 & ANSI B 16.5.ANSI B 16.34 & ANSI B 16.5.ANSI B 16.34 & ANSI B 16.5.ANSI B 16.34 & ANSI B 16.5.ANSI B 16.34 & ANSI B 16.5.ANSI B 16.34 & ANSI B 16.5.ANSI B 16.34 & ANSI B 16.5.ANSI B 16.34 & ANSI B 16.5.

2.Class:2.Class:2.Class:2.Class:2.Class:2.Class:2.Class:2.Class:

As per American standard,As per American standard,As per American standard,As per American standard,As per American standard,As per American standard,As per American standard,As per American standard,

Class 150#Class 150#Class 150#Class 150#Class 150#Class 150#Class 150#Class 150#







�� Material StandardsMaterial Standards-- ASTM ASTM (America Society for Testing and (America Society for Testing and Materials)Materials)

�� Dimensional StandardsDimensional Standards--ANSIANSI (American National Standards (American National Standards Institute)Institute)

�� Adapted by Adapted by ASMEASME (American Society for Mechanical (American Society for Mechanical Engineers)Engineers)

�� The American Petroleum Institute (API) The American Petroleum Institute (API) Standards for Some Standards for Some Commonly used Valves are as follows:Commonly used Valves are as follows:

�� API 6D API 6D –– Pipe Line Valves, End Closures, Connectors and Pipe Line Valves, End Closures, Connectors and SwivelsSwivels

�� API 6F API 6F –– Recommended Practice for Fire Test valvesRecommended Practice for Fire Test valves

�� API 593 API 593 –– Ductile Iron Plug Valves Ductile Iron Plug Valves –– Flanged EndsFlanged Ends

�� API 598 API 598 –– Valves Inspection and Test Valves Inspection and Test

�� API 600 API 600 –– Steel Gate ValvesSteel Gate Valves

�� API 602 API 602 –– Compact Design Carbon Steel Gate ValvesCompact Design Carbon Steel Gate Valves

�� API 604 API 604 –– Ductile Iron Gate Valves Ductile Iron Gate Valves –– Flanged Ends Flanged Ends

�� API 607 API 607 –– Fire Test for Soft Seated Ball Valves Fire Test for Soft Seated Ball Valves

The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), StandardsforStandardsfor Some Some Commonly used Valves are as follows:Commonly used Valves are as follows:

American Welding Society (AWS)American Welding Society (AWS)

American Water Works Association (AWWA)American Water Works Association (AWWA)

These Standards refer to the piping elements required for low These Standards refer to the piping elements required for low pressure water services. pressure water services.

These are less stringent than other standards. Valves, Flanges eThese are less stringent than other standards. Valves, Flanges etc., tc., required for larger diameter water pipe lines are covered under required for larger diameter water pipe lines are covered under this standard and are referred rarely by the piping Engineers.this standard and are referred rarely by the piping Engineers.

C C –– 500 : Gate Valves for Water and sewage system500 : Gate Valves for Water and sewage system

C C –– 510 : Cast Iron Sluice Gate Valves510 : Cast Iron Sluice Gate Valves

C C –– 504 : Rubber Seated Butterfly Valves504 : Rubber Seated Butterfly Valves

C C –– 507 : Ball Valves 6507 : Ball Valves 6”” to 48to 48””

C C –– 508 : Swing Check Valves 2508 : Swing Check Valves 2”” to 24to 24””

C C –– 509 : Resilient Seated Gate Valves for Water and sewage509 : Resilient Seated Gate Valves for Water and sewage

The Manufacturers Standardization Society of Valves and Fitting The Manufacturers Standardization Society of Valves and Fitting Industry Industry –– Standard Practices (MSS Standard Practices (MSS –– SP):SP):

In addition to the above standards and material codes, there areIn addition to the above standards and material codes, there arestandard practices followed by the manufacturers and are standard practices followed by the manufacturers and are widely used.widely used.

The most Common MSSThe most Common MSS--SP standards referred for Valves are as SP standards referred for Valves are as follows:follows:

MSS MSS –– SP SP –– 42 : Class 150 corrosion resistant gate, globe and check 42 : Class 150 corrosion resistant gate, globe and check valvesvalves

MSS MSS –– SP SP –– 61 : Pressure testing of valves 61 : Pressure testing of valves

MSS MSS –– SP SP –– 67 : Butterfly Valves67 : Butterfly Valves

MSS MSS –– SP SP –– 68 : High Pressure off seat butterfly valves 68 : High Pressure off seat butterfly valves

MSS MSS –– SP SP –– 70 : Cast iron gate valves70 : Cast iron gate valves

MSS MSS –– SP SP –– 71 : Cast iron check valves71 : Cast iron check valves

MSS MSS –– SP SP –– 72 : Ball Valves 72 : Ball Valves

MSS MSS –– SP SP –– 78 : Cast iron plug valves78 : Cast iron plug valves

MSS MSS –– SP SP –– 80 : Bronze gate, globe and check valves 80 : Bronze gate, globe and check valves

MSS MSS –– SP SP –– 85 : Cast iron globe valves 85 : Cast iron globe valves

MSS MSS –– SP SP –– 88 : Diaphragm valves88 : Diaphragm valves

MSS MSS –– SP SP –– 108 : Resilient seated eccentric CI plug valves108 : Resilient seated eccentric CI plug valves

BRITISH STANDARDS (BS):BRITISH STANDARDS (BS):

The following are some of British Standards referred by Indian The following are some of British Standards referred by Indian Manufacturers for Valves:Manufacturers for Valves:

BS 970 : Steel for Forging, Bars, Rods, valves steel, etcBS 970 : Steel for Forging, Bars, Rods, valves steel, etc

BS 1212 : Specification for Float Operated ValvesBS 1212 : Specification for Float Operated Valves

BS 1414 : Gate Valves for Petroleum IndustryBS 1414 : Gate Valves for Petroleum Industry

BS 1868 : Steel Check Valves for Petroleum Industry BS 1868 : Steel Check Valves for Petroleum Industry

BS 1873 : Steel Globe and Check Valves for Petroleum IndustryBS 1873 : Steel Globe and Check Valves for Petroleum Industry

BS 2080 : Face to Face / End to End dimensions of ValvesBS 2080 : Face to Face / End to End dimensions of Valves

BS 5150 : Cast Iron Wedge and Double Disc Gate Valves for generaBS 5150 : Cast Iron Wedge and Double Disc Gate Valves for general l purposespurposes

BS 5151 : Cast Iron Gate (Parallel slide) Valves for general purBS 5151 : Cast Iron Gate (Parallel slide) Valves for general purposesposes

BS 5152 : Cast Iron Globe and Check Valves for general purposes BS 5152 : Cast Iron Globe and Check Valves for general purposes

BS 5153 : Cast Iron Check Valves for general purposes BS 5153 : Cast Iron Check Valves for general purposes

BS 5154 : Copper alloy Globe, Gate and Check ValvesBS 5154 : Copper alloy Globe, Gate and Check Valves

BS 5155 : Cast Iron and Cast Steel Butterfly Valves for general BS 5155 : Cast Iron and Cast Steel Butterfly Valves for general purposespurposes

BS 5156 : Diaphragm Valves for general purposesBS 5156 : Diaphragm Valves for general purposes

BS 5157 : Steel Gate (parallel slide) Valves for general purposeBS 5157 : Steel Gate (parallel slide) Valves for general purposess

BS 5158 : Cast Iron and Cast Steel Plug Valves for general purpoBS 5158 : Cast Iron and Cast Steel Plug Valves for general purposesses

BS 5159 : Cast Iron and Cast Steel Ball Valves for general purpoBS 5159 : Cast Iron and Cast Steel Ball Valves for general purposesses

BS 5160 : Flanged Steel Globe and Check Valves for general purpoBS 5160 : Flanged Steel Globe and Check Valves for general purposesses

BS 5163 : Flanged Cast Iron Wedge Gate Valves, smaller than 2BS 5163 : Flanged Cast Iron Wedge Gate Valves, smaller than 2””NBNB

BS 5353 : Specification for Plug ValvesBS 5353 : Specification for Plug Valves

BS 5433 : Specifications for underground stop valves for water BS 5433 : Specifications for underground stop valves for water

BS 6364 : Specifications for Valves for Cryogenic servicesBS 6364 : Specifications for Valves for Cryogenic services

BS 6755 : Testing of ValvesBS 6755 : Testing of Valves

BS 6759 : Safety ValvesBS 6759 : Safety Valves

INDIAN STANDARDS : Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)INDIAN STANDARDS : Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)

Unlike American Standards, Indian Standards cover Dimensional Unlike American Standards, Indian Standards cover Dimensional and material Specifications under the same Standard Number:and material Specifications under the same Standard Number:

The following are some of the commonly referred Indian standardsThe following are some of the commonly referred Indian standardsby Piping Engineers:by Piping Engineers:

IS 778 : Specification for Copper Alloy Gate, Globe and Check IS 778 : Specification for Copper Alloy Gate, Globe and Check ValvesValves

IS 780 : Specification for Sluice Valves IS 780 : Specification for Sluice Valves –– 50 NB to 300 NB50 NB to 300 NB

IS 2906 : Specification for Sluice Valves IS 2906 : Specification for Sluice Valves –– 350 NB to 1200 NB350 NB to 1200 NB

IS 4038 : Specifications for Foot ValvesIS 4038 : Specifications for Foot Valves

IS 5312 : Specification for Check ValvesIS 5312 : Specification for Check Valves

IS 6157 : Inspection and Testing of ValveIS 6157 : Inspection and Testing of Valve

IS 10605 : Steel Globe Valves for Petroleum IndustriesIS 10605 : Steel Globe Valves for Petroleum Industries

IS 10611 : Steel Gate Valves for Petroleum IndustriesIS 10611 : Steel Gate Valves for Petroleum Industries

IS 10805 : Foot ValvesIS 10805 : Foot Valves

IS 11790 : Code of practice for preparation of Butt welding endsIS 11790 : Code of practice for preparation of Butt welding ends for for valves, flanges and fittingsvalves, flanges and fittings

IS 11792 : Steel Ball Valves for Petroleum IndustryIS 11792 : Steel Ball Valves for Petroleum Industry

IS 13095 : Butterfly ValvesIS 13095 : Butterfly Valves

DIN standards of Germany and JIS standards of Japan.DIN standards of Germany and JIS standards of Japan.

ERECTION TIPS:ERECTION TIPS:�� Gate/ Globe Stem to be erected in vertical direction Gate/ Globe Stem to be erected in vertical direction

to avoid the chances of leakage.to avoid the chances of leakage.

�� Check Valve to be erected in Horizontal and Check Valve to be erected in Horizontal and

according to the flow of direction marked in the according to the flow of direction marked in the

valve.valve.

�� While lifting Higher size Gate valves, Integral ByWhile lifting Higher size Gate valves, Integral By--

pass lines should not be used for lifting purpose.pass lines should not be used for lifting purpose.

�� If Valves are tested with water, Valve internals to be If Valves are tested with water, Valve internals to be

dried by Nitrogen/ Air.dried by Nitrogen/ Air.

Quality needs:Quality needs:

�� ISO 9001ISO 9001--2000.2000.

�� API Spec Q1.API Spec Q1.

�� API 6A.API 6A.

�� API 6D (Product Specification).API 6D (Product Specification).

�� IBR.IBR.

Documents

Valve Type of Vales