Value Chain Analysis Garlic - agriculture.rajasthan.gov.in Agricultural... · Value Chain Analysis - Garlic ii Member firm of Grant Thornton International Ltd Offices in Bengaluru,

RAJASTHAN AGRICULTURAL COMPETITIVENESS PROJECT

Value Chain Analysis

Garlic

Prepared by:

AGRI BUSINESS PROMOTION FACILITY

Value Chain Analysis - Garlic i

Member firm of Grant Thornton International Ltd Offices in Bengaluru, Chandigarh, Chennai, Gurgaon, Hyderabad, Kochi, Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Noida and Pune

Contents

Page

List of Tables iii

List of Figures v

Executive Summary: Garlic 1

Chapter 1- Introduction 6

1.1. Global Scenario 7

1.2. Indian Scenario 12

1.3. State Scenario 19

1.4. District and Cluster Scenario 20

1.5. Approach to Value Chain Analysis 21

1.6. Resourcing mapping of value chain 22

1.7. Marketable surplus of Garlic in Palayatha Cluster 22

Chapter 2- Pre Harvest Management 23

2.1. Major Commercial Varieties Grown in Rajasthan 23

2.2. New Initiatives and Practices 23

2.3. Seasonal Pattern of Garlic in Rajasthan visa-vis other parts of the world 25

2.4. Land Preparation 25

2.5. Sowing, Planting and Cultivation 26

2.6. Climatic and Soil Requirement 27

2.7. Nutrients Management 28

2.8. Water Management 29

2.9. Weed Management 30

2.10. Pest & Disease Management 32

2.11. Recommended Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) 34

2.12. Harvesting 36

2.13. Pre Harvest Constraints of Farmers 36

Chapter-3: Post-Harvest Management 38

3.1. Post - Harvest Losses, Harvesting Care and Post – Harvest Equipment 39

3.2. Grade Specification & Grading at Producer Level 42

3.2. Major Storage Disease and Pest and their Control Measures 44

Chapter 4- Cost of Production and Net Value Accruals to Producers 49

Value Chain Analysis - Garlic ii

Member firm of Grant Thornton International Ltd Offices in Bengaluru, Chandigarh, Chennai, Gurgaon, Hyderabad, Kochi, Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Noida and Pune

Chapter 5- Supply Chain of Commodity 51

5.1. Seasonal Availability and Price Pattern 51

5.1.1. Seasonal Availability 51

5.1.2. Market Arrivals & Prices in Major Markets of Rajasthan 52

5.2. Existing Marketing Channels 52

5.3. Alternative Systems of Marketing 54

Chapter 6- Processing Infrastructure Availability and Utilization 56

6.1. Processing 56

6.2. Stakeholder’s Share in Consumer Rupee 58

6.3. Price build up & Marketing Efficiency Analysis 59

6.4. Consumer preference Analysis 59

Chapter 7- Existing Institutional Support and Infrastructure Facility 60

7.1. Support at cultivation stage 60

7.2. Support at post-harvest, primary processing and secondary processing stage 66

Chapter 8- Gap & Constraint Analysis 70

8.1. As Perceived by Producers and Other Stakeholders 70

8.2. SWOT analysis of the Pre-intervention Value Chain of Garlic 73

8.3. Key constraints in Garlic crop 73

Chapter 9- Proposed Interventions and Investments 78

9.1. Intervention areas for Value Chain Strengthening 78

9.2. Envisaged Post-intervention value chain map of Garlic 83

9.2.1 Proposed Post Intervention Value Chain Map for Garlic 83

9.2.2 Intervention through FPC in the garlic value chain crop: 85

9.2. Outcomes of value chain study 87

9.3. Conclusion 88

References 90

Annexure 1: List of Cold Storage facilities in Rajasthan-NHB 92

Annexure 2: Product wise GST rates of Food Products 96

Annexure 3: Stakeholders interacted for Garlic Value Chain Study 100

Annexure 4: PIESTEC Analysis of Garlic Value Chain Study 101

Value Chain Analysis - Garlic iii

© Grant Thornton India LLP. All rights reserved.

List of Tables

Table 1: Top 10 garlic producing countries/regions for the year 2014 ..................................................... 7 Table 2: Global total of production and yield of garlic for the year 2014 ................................................. 8 Table 3: Continent wise share of production of garlic for the year 2014 .................................................. 8 Table 4: Global production, yield and harvested area of garlic for the years 2009-2014 ........................ 8 Table 5: Annual international trade prices of garlic for 5 years .................................................................. 8 Table 6: Global total import value and quantity of garlic ............................................................................ 9 Table 7: Import data of total international trade country wise (Qty. in kg & Value in mill. USD) ....... 9 Table 8: International import data of garlic (fresh/chilled) for the year 2015 ........................................ 10 Table 9: International import data of garlic (fresh/chilled) for the year 2016 ........................................ 10 Table 10: Global total export value and quantity of garlic ......................................................................... 11 Table 11: International export data of garlic (fresh/chilled) for the year 2015 ...................................... 11 Table 12: International export data of garlic (fresh/chilled) for the year 2016 ...................................... 11 Table 13: Indian garlic production scenario for the year 2014-15 ............................................................ 12 Table 14: Indian production and yield of garlic in the year 2014 ............................................................. 13 Table 15: Indian production, yield and area harvested data of garlic for 2009 to 2014 ........................ 13 Table 16: India import of garlic (fresh/chilled) (Qty in MT and value in Rs lakhs) .............................. 13 Table 17: India import of garlic (dried) (Qty. in MT and value in Rs. lakhs) ......................................... 14 Table 18: Export of garlic value and quantity from 2009 to 2013 ............................................................ 16 Table 19: Export of fresh/chilled garlic from India (Qty. in MT and value in Rs lakhs) ..................... 16 Table 20: Export of dried garlic from India (Qty in MT and value in Rs. lakhs) ................................... 17 Table 21: Rajasthan Garlic Production (MT) and Area (Ha) .................................................................... 19 Table 22: Total production data for the year 2014-15 ................................................................................ 20 Table 23: District wise production data of garlic in Rajasthan .................................................................. 20 Table 24: Production data of garlic for 3 years ............................................................................................ 21 Table 25: Consultations of stakeholders for Value chain Analysis of Isabgol ........................................ 21 Table 8: Resource mapping of value chain ................................................................................................... 22 Table 9: Marketable surplus of garlic in Palayatha cluster ......................................................................... 22 Table 26: Varieties of Garlic in Rajasthan .................................................................................................... 23 Table 27: Garlic Varieties developed for cultivation in India .................................................................... 24 Table 28: Seasonal Availability Pattern ......................................................................................................... 25 Table 29: Chemical weed control table ......................................................................................................... 30 Table 30: Specifications of garlic powered roller conveyer ....................................................................... 40 Table 31: Specification of garlic brusher ....................................................................................................... 40 Table 32: Specification of garlic grader ......................................................................................................... 41 Table 33: Specification of garlic peeler.......................................................................................................... 41 Table 34: Grade specification ......................................................................................................................... 42 Table 35: Grade specification as per AGMARK ......................................................................................... 43 Table 36: Major storage diseases and insect pests and their control measures....................................... 45 Table 37: Cost of Production of Garlic Crop .............................................................................................. 49 Table 38: Season availability of garlic ............................................................................................................ 51 Table 39: Market arrivals and Prices of Garlic in Rajasthan for the period 1 April 2016 to 31 March 2017 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 52

Value Chain Analysis - Garlic iv


Table 40: Benefits of Contract Farming ....................................................................................................... 54 Table 41: Price spread table at every stage of the value chain ................................................................... 58 Table 42: statistical data on agricultural Commodities for planning and development and other services ............................................................................................................................................................... 68 Table 43: SWOT analysis table of Garlic ...................................................................................................... 73 Table 44: Tax Structure ................................................................................................................................... 77 Table 45: Intervention Plan with stakeholder matrix for the Value Chain Analysis of Garlic ............ 78 Table 46: List of Cold storages in Rajasthan ................................................................................................ 92

Value Chain Analysis - Garlic v


List of Figures

Figure 1: Import of garlic paste in terms of value (in USD) ...................................................................... 14 Figure 2: Imports of garlic in terms of quantity of import (in kg) ............................................................ 15 Figure 3: Import average price per unit of garlic (in USD) ....................................................................... 15 Figure 4: Export of Garlic Paste in terms of value (in USD) .................................................................... 17 Figure 5: Export of garlic paste from India in terms of quantity of export (in kg) ............................... 18 Figure 6: Export average price per unit of garlic paste (in USD) ............................................................. 18 Figure 7: Garlic Production chart for 3 years .............................................................................................. 21 Figure 8: Purple Blotch in Garlic ................................................................................................................... 32 Figure 9: Stemphylium Blight in garlic .......................................................................................................... 32 Figure 10: Cercospora leaf blight in garlic .................................................................................................... 32 Figure 11: Powdery mildew in garlic ............................................................................................................. 32 Figure 12: Iris yellow spot virus in garlic ...................................................................................................... 33 Figure 13: Thrips in Garlic .............................................................................................................................. 33 Figure 14: Stem & Bulb nematode in garlic ................................................................................................. 33 Figure 15: Mites in garlic ................................................................................................................................. 34 Figure 16: Blue Moulds in garlic..................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 17: Fusarium species ............................................................................................................................ 34 Figure 18: Post Harvest Management ........................................................................................................... 38 Figure 19: Major market centers of Garlic of Rajasthan ............................................................................ 51 Figure 20: Pre Intervention value chain map of Garlic .............................................................................. 53 Figure 21: Garlic Powder Manufacturing Process....................................................................................... 56 Figure 22: Garlic Powder ................................................................................................................................ 56 Figure 23: Garlic Paste Manufacturing Process ........................................................................................... 57 Figure 24: Garlic Paste ..................................................................................................................................... 57 Figure 25: Garlic Oil Manufacturing Process............................................................................................... 57 Figure 26: Peeled Garlic Manufacturing Process ......................................................................................... 58 Figure 27: Peeled Garlic................................................................................................................................... 58 Figure 28: Bima Omkar variety of garlic developed by ICAR DOGR .................................................... 64 Figure 29: Varieties of garlic developed for Rajasthan by NHRDF ......................................................... 64 Figure 30: PIESTEC analysis of Garlic Value Chain.................................................................................. 76 Figure 31: Proposed post intervention value chain map for garlic ........................................................... 84 Figure 32: FPC Development Approach ...................................................................................................... 85

Value Chain Analysis - Garlic 1


Executive Summary: Garlic

All parts of the Garlic plant are edible, but the fresh leaves and the dried seeds are the parts mostly

used in cooking. It is used for flavouring food. USA is said to be the world’s largest import market

of fresh garlic, followed by Indonesia, France, Germany, Australia and Brazil. Garlic is a common

flavouring ingredient used in cooking. It serves as a food additive which prevents food poisoning. It

is used as raw material in the pharmaceutical industries. It is also used to produce supplements

which have enteric coatings. In the presence of a good farm site, garlic production does not require

a huge start-up capital and is less affected by destructive pests and diseases unlike other vegetables.

It does not require sophisticated storage facility and can be stored for long period of time (up to 12

months) after harvest.1 Garlic is one of the most used and well-researched medicinal herbs.

In the year 2014, China was the global leader in terms of quantity of garlic produced with a

production of 20,058,388 tons which represented approximately 80% share of the global market.

The other major producers are India and Republic of Korea followed by Bangladesh, Egypt and

others. In the year 2016, Spain was ranked 1st in terms of the value internationally by exporting 1,

62, 623 tons (net weight) valuing around USD 4, 15, 755, 206. It is followed by France, Italy, Chile,

and Mexico. In the year 2016, Brazil ranked 1st in terms of the value of the garlic imported in the

country. The import was valued at USD 328,515,908 which represented 173,044 tons. Brazil was

followed by Malaysia, USA, Germany, Italy and others. The global import quantity has been stable

throughout the years with minor shifts but the value of imports has undergone great shifts which

may primarily be due to fluctuations in the foreign exchange prices.

India ranks second in the area and production of garlic in the world but unfortunately, the

productivity per hectare is very low as compared to China, US and other countries where the crop is

grown commercially. Over the years, the productivity has remained static. In the year 2014-15, the

garlic production was led by Madhya Pradesh with production of 424,500 tons with a total share of

29.78%. It was followed by Gujarat with 22.32%. Rajasthan came fourth with production of 172,040

tons garlic which represented 12.07% of the total share. In the year 2015-16, India imported dry

garlic from China worth Rs. 25.94 lakhs representing 12 MT quantities. It also imports garlic oil,

garlic paste, garlic powder. Mexico ranks first in import of dried garlic from India with an import of

190 MT quantities valuing Rs 1.73 Cr. Mexico is followed by UAE, Kazakhstan and Nepal.

Rajasthan is one of the state’s leading in garlic production. Out of the 12 districts in the state, Kota

zone, including Baran district is the leading zone which has highest area under cultivation. Baran,

Chittor and Bundi are the major garlic producing clusters in the state. The most common variety of

Garlic is “Yamuna Safed” which again has different variants. The other variety of garlic cultivated in

1 http://agriculturenigeria.com/farming-production/horticulture/garlic (retrieved on 18th April 2017)

http://agriculturenigeria.com/farming-production/horticulture/garlic



the State is “Bhima Omkar”. The season of Fresh garlic starts from July and extends till the 1st week

of October. The harvesting season for garlic is from mid-February to mid-April.

The bulbs of garlic if left too long in the field, are subjected to dews and rains and may split and

loosen their outer scales as a result of which they become less attractive and prone to storage

diseases. Logistic problems have been recognized as a major hindrance to effective crop protection

programme. For instance, farmers may recognize a problem situation in the field but may not

understand its causes. This calls for educating & training farmers with the assistance of ground staff

working in rural areas. The other logistic problem in crop protection is inadequate plant quarantine

and sanitation programmes. The plant protection problems have their own social aspect. For

instance, an individual farmer cannot take effective measures against pests which ravage’s over a

large territory, in the case a joint action must been take with the neighbouring farmer.

A range of support institutions exist in the region. These include a range of farmer’s level advisory

service and service providers including State Agriculture University, ICAR, KVK, which supports

the farmers regarding the information dissemination of market intelligence and agricultural

extension services. Some important support institutions for Garlic in Rajasthan are Department of

Agriculture, Govt. of Rajasthan who provides extensive support through their team of

State/District/ Tehsil and Panchayat level officials on; recommended package and practices for the

crop, mini kits for crop demonstration and subsidy support on certified seed distribution to farmers.

Other support structures of the Department of Agriculture are the Rajasthan State Seed and

Organic Production Certification Agency, The Rajasthan State Seeds Corporation Ltd, the State

Institute of Agriculture Management, Rajasthan State Warehousing Corporation, Department of

Agriculture Marketing and Rajasthan State Agriculture Marketing Board who contribute to the

productivity, storage and market linkage of the crop. Apart from this, there are various Krishi

Vigyan Kendras around Jaipur, Alwar and Kota attached through State Agriculture Universities/

ICAR also contribute in terms of seed production, technology demonstration and post-harvest

management of the crop. RARI, Durgapura has also played a significant role in production of

improved varieties of Garlic contributing to both production and productivity in the State. Also,

Indian spice board has established Spice Parks at Jodhpur and Kota for supporting the storage and

processing of garlic bulbs. There is also support of National Research Centre (NRC) on Onion and

Garlic of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).

The price spread and values accrued to stakeholders across the chain reflects the profit margins

accrued to different stakeholders. Farmer shares 45% of the consumer’s rupee while the shares of

traders, processors, wholesalers and retailers are about 1%, 19%, 6% and 29% respectively. 54% of

the value accruals are accrued to processors, wholesalers and retailers. Producers’ incomes are

apparently dependent on yield as well as their dependency on the type of end product (eg. Garlic

paste, dehydrated garlic powder, peeled garlic etc.). Here in the existing value chain of Maize, the

price build up has been calculated for the important first channel where the target consumers are

urban households and institutional buyers. The product considered is garlic paste.

Typically farmers sell the raw garlic at about Rs 5000 per quintal to traders. In the local mandis, it

was sold by traders to the processors at Rs 5150 per quintal (with commission about 1.5% and cess

of 1.5%). The processors, upon primary and secondary value addition, sell it to wholesalers at Rs

7210 (gross margin about 40%). Thereafter the wholesale and retail prices are set up at Rs 7859 per

quintal and 11052 per quintal with a gross margin of 9% and 40% respectively. Due to limited

infrastructure facilities at the dispersal of various stakeholders, marketing efficiency is adversely

affected.



A SWOT analysis of the garlic value chain highlights that the second largest producer of garlic in the

world is India with Rajasthan being one of the leading producer in the country. Garlic is widely used

around the world for its pungent flavour as a seasoning or condiment. Garlic plants are usually

hardy and not affected by many pests or diseases. Garlic plants are said to repel rabbits and moles

Garlic powder is a major ingredient in several blends like blended masala, curry powders, etc.

Dehydrated garlic powder and its paste with ginger has become a mainstay ingredient for several

ready to cook curries, instant noodles, etc. But when it comes to its disposition in the target clusters

of RACP, one finds that there is lack of knowledge of coriander production technologies among the

local farmers. They also face the non-availability of improved & good quality seed. There is lack of

grading and storage facilities. There is inadequate infrastructure/ facilities with producers, traders,

millers and at market level resulting in marketing inefficiencies. The large number of intermediaries

in the chain leads to low income to producer which eats into the margins of farmers.Obsolete

techniques are being used in processing, which reduces output. Under-ripe harvested garlic have

poor shelf life and decay during storage. Fluctuations in supply (based on production), coupled with

export-import dynamics, make prices of coriander unstable which obviously affects producers and

consumers both.

These weakness can be removed with the intervention opportunities such as setting up a FPC in the

cluster which would then have a scope for tie up of FPCs through FCSC with firms like Patanjali,

MDH, Catch, coriander processing units/ MSME firms, housing societies in urban areas and retail

outlets. There is also scope for facilitation of start-ups from amongst FPOs or individual

entrepreneurs, in secondary processing of value added products of Coriander like powder, blends,

roasted coriander, etc. There is also scope for establishment of quality sorting and grading facilities

as part of FCSC, along with facilities for packaging and vehicle to facilitate transportation. The FPC

can then promote good agricultural practices with regard to planting, harvesting, use of inputs,

disease management, pest control, etc. through FCSC. FPCs can also undertake joint input sourcing

activities for seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, etc. under the umbrella of CFC or FCSC as well as facilitate

custom hiring services and hence lead farm mechanization through CFC.

The pre and post intervention value chain for the commodity may be viewed as follows:

• Pre-Intervention Value Chain: Garlic

The present pre-intervention or the value chain for Garlic may be viewed as one with three critical

production-distribution or activity-marketing channels. The product is largely marketed by farmers

through the APMC, local vendors and private processors. Channel 1 and channel 2 may be viewed

in terms of one for for processed products of garlic like dehydrated garlic, garlic paste, garlic pickle,

garlic powder and vinegar, catering to the urban and rural households respectively. The third

channel deals with the consumers from foreign countries like US, UAE who can take both table

varieties as well as processed and packaged garlic products. The producers market their produce in

both value chains through local traders and APMC Commission agents largely. There are total post-

harvest losses of 5-9% in the storage, handling, transportation of garlic at every stakeholder’ point.

In the existing value chain of garlic, the farmers are basically limited to the production of garlic and

selling it at village points or nearest mandis to the local traders/ mandi commissioning agents.

Currently, their share in the consumer’s rupee is 45% while other stakeholders such as traders,

processors, wholesalers and retailers share 55% value of the consumer’s rupee. At the farm level,

there is lack of farm mechanisation as well GAP and modern market led production technologies

due to which the yield is lower and quality of produce is compromised. Even the post-harvest

facilities such as cold storage and cleaning, grading and sorting units are negligible at the cluster

level.



Though there is presence of support institutions like NGO, KVK, SAU, Dept. of Agriculture, etc. at

the farmer’s level yet there are visible lacunae in the crop production system of garlic.

• Post Intervention Value Chain: Garlic

The post intervention value chain map for Garlic may be visualised as one with the production-

distribution or activity-marketing channels: raw garlic and value-added products like dehydrated

garlic, Garlic paste, garlic pickle, Garlic powder, vinegar. It is also envisaged that PCs of producers

with FCSCs is evolved. Such FCSCs undertakes cold storage, drying, curing, grading and sorting and

packaging of produce activity. These FCSCs may offer other related services in terms of input

facilitation, custom hiring, facilitating B2B connectivity etc.

The FPC intervention would take away the direct share of 3% in the channel 1 while there would be

direct benefit of additional 2% to the farmers. The remaining stakeholders would remain unaffected

as such from the FPC intervention. The FPC intervention would benefit the farmers by providing

them with the appropriate storage facility as well as drying systems (solar preferably). This would

positively impact the post-harvest losses which would reduce to 2-3% as compared to previously. It

would also improve the holding period at the cluster level any FPCs would have an added benefit of

storage system. Also, the restructured value chain will have PC/s and their FCSC/s replacing

Mandis and undertaking aggregation plus grinding and sorting and packaging services. The PCs need

input facilitation, custom hiring and marketing of produce.

The constraints and intervention plan may be considered in context of 4 stakeholders, viz., farmers

at the production and post-harvest stage while processors at the processing stage, NGOs and

RACP. The constraints may be viewed in terms of pest and fungus attack on crops and use of

obsolete farming technologies by small and marginal farmers. These may be addressed through

provision of resistant varieties to producers through an envisaged FCSC, which in addition to input

facilitation may also provide custom hiring services.

At the post-harvest stage, critical constraints may be viewed in terms of inadequate cold storage

facilities, drying, curing, grading and processing facilities. The FCSC established under the umbrella

of PC can cater to the insufficient quantity and uneven quality supply to the buyers. The PC can

grade and aggregate the farmer’s produce at common point. The enormous intermediaries in the

value chain can be corrected through PCs facilitating service as these would be replaced by the PC

itself thus ensuring direct benefit to the farmers in terms of higher price realization at par with the

prevalent market prices.

At the processing stage, there are limited processing units in the region and the state. They are into

producing value-added Garlic products including dehydrated garlic, garlic paste, garlic pickle, garlic

powder and vinegar. The PC can also expand its FCSC to include such processing facility.

Appropriate start up counselling may also address this issue as potential individual agri-

entrepreneurs can be trained for the same.

In terms of intervention on the production front, productivity is low which is also partly because of

inadequate availability of high yielding varieties. There is, therefore, scope for intervention by the

way of introduction of new high yielding varieties in the region. Line departments under RACP and

NGO service-provider may support the initiatives in terms of dissemination of benefit of going in

for new high yielding varieties. Traditional package of practices results in lower yield as against

potential. There is therefore need to train farmers on the best package of practices. This could also

be undertaken by stakeholders like large processors.



There have been limited efforts in capacity building of farmer leaders (entrepreneurs) and BODs at

the field- level. In this regard, it may be appropriate for ABPF to enable formation of FPCs to meet

minimum scale requirements for upgrading as well as developing alternate market channels. Also,

bank linkages under KCC scheme etc. may be explored. The RACP and line departments need also

work in coordination with the NGO/service providers and the KVK etc. on high moisture content

in harvested coriander, harvesting of immature grains and inadequate post-harvest infrastructure

facilities for storage and drying at farm level. The storage facility may be established as an FCSC

with assistance under the project.

There is also need for awareness seminars and B2B meets amongst processors and producers on the

options for Special Licence and to source directly from producers (effectively aggregated into

FPOs/ FPCs). Scope for re-orientation of Agri- marketing policy with reduced mandi taxes on

direct procurement; and related capacity building interventions for farmers is a necessity that may be

facilitated by the ABPF.

By way of conclusion, this report on the value chain of garlic clearly brings out that unlike any other

enterprise, agriculture is highly dependent on external factors like nature and particularly climate for

its success. This perpetual environment of high risk and vulnerability has significantly lowered

farmers’ confidence and suppressed their entrepreneurial instincts as was reflected in the discussions

held at the cluster level meetings. In the Garlic value chain, despite increasing input costs, all active

players such as suppliers, transporters, processors, traders and corporates but for producer farmers

have benefitted. Thus RACP along with the market driven interventions of ABPF, aims to aggregate

farmers and help join hands for a collective cause, help and even push them move up the agriculture

value chains as to actively participate in market functions. This would spur vertical business

integration and diversify their market channel mix to reduce their vulnerabilities.

In this regard, an important role of ABPF- GT would be to carry out capacity building initiatives of

the potential leaders (BoDs) of the FPC, NGO staff and PMU staff line, conduct value chain studies

of crops (market led), plan interventions required to improve returns to farmers in the 17 project

clusters, help develop the business plans for the registered producer companies of clusters, support

and assist agri start-ups in the region and thus, develop alternate and direct market linkages. The

formation of FPC, supported by RACP ABPF, local NGOs and facilitation centres like KVKs,

provides the much needed opportunity to farmers to positively re-orient their destiny.



Chapter 1- Introduction

Garlic, Allium sativum, is an herbaceous, annual, bulbous plant in the family of Amaryllidaceae, grown

for its pungent, edible bulb of the same name. The garlic plant can either have a short, woody

central stem (hardneck) or a softer pseudostem made up of overlapping leaf sheaths (softneck).

Hardneck varieties produce a false flower stock which is termed a 'scape' and produce larger garlic

cloves but in smaller numbers. Softneck garlic is the most popular variety of garlic grown in the US.

The bulb can be up to 7 cm (2.8 in) in diameter and is made up of 1–15 cloves. The stem is very

short and flattened and gives way to a pseudostem, the garlic plant can possess 6–12 flat, blade-like

leaves which can stretch up to 50 cm (19.7 in) long. The plant can reach 60 cm (23.6 in) in height

which survives one growing season. Garlic is believed to have originated from Asia.2

Origin

Garlic started its journey in central Asia, domesticated during Neolithic times and spread to the

Middle East and northern Africa in 3000 BC, which quickly enabled it to reach Europe. The

incredible journey of garlic through our history touched every major civilization of the ancient

world, but its true origins lies in West and Central Asia. The wild plant called Allium longicuspis

evolved for millennia, eventually shaping itself into the form of the modern Allium sativum, or

garlic. The plant was identified by the ancient Indians who managed to domesticate it around six

thousand years ago, incorporating its taste and medicinal properties.3

Importance

Economic Importance: Garlic is generally used for flavouring the food. But over the years, it has

also been used as a medicine to prevent or treat various types of diseases. Presented below is the

economic importance of garlic:

Cash crop: USA is said to be the world’s largest import market of fresh garlic, followed by

Indonesia, France, Germany, Australia and Brazil.

Flavouring in food: Garlic is a common flavouring substance used while cooking. It serves

as a food additive which prevents food poisoning.

Pharmaceutical Industry: Garlic is used as raw material in pharmaceutical industries. It is

used to produce supplements which have enteric coatings.

Low capital requirement: In the presence of a good farm site, garlic production does not

require a huge start-up capital. It is less affected by destructive pests and diseases unlike the

2 https://www.plantvillage.org/en/topics/garlic (retrieved on 18th April 2017)

3 http://www.vegetablefacts.net/vegetable-history/history-of-garlic/ (retrieved on 18th April 2017)

https://www.plantvillage.org/en/topics/garlic

http://www.vegetablefacts.net/vegetable-history/history-of-garlic/



other vegetables. It does not require sophisticated storage facility and can be stored for a

long period of time (up to 12 months) after harvest.4

Health Benefits: Garlic is one of the most used and well-researched medicinal herbs. Multiple

studies are carried on garlic and alicen, for its effects on the cardiovascular system, infections,

respiratory system, blood sugar and more:

Treating respiratory infections. Its antibiotic properties render it useful for throat

infections and amygdalitis.

Treating jock itch or fungal skin infections. Fresh garlic juice works to inhibit fungi

from growing, and has long been used as a topical treatment for them.

Reducing blood pressure. The aromatic compounds in garlic work in the body as many

aromatics do: by dilating blood vessels, as well as opening and relaxing the circulation.

Balancing cholesterol. Garlic has the ability to improve the function of the liver, which is

the key in moderating healthy cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the body.

Halting arteriosclerosis. Garlic has a positive effect on halting – and sometimes even

reversing – arteriosclerosis.5

1.1. Global Scenario

In the year 2014, China was the global leader in the quantity of garlic produced with a production of

20,058,388 tons which represented approximately 80% share of the global market. The other

producers are India and Republic of Korea followed by Bangladesh, Egypt and others.

China also includes the China Mainland which is the geopolitical area under the direct jurisdiction of

the People's Republic of China (PRC). China Mainland alone produced 19,984,724 tons of garlic in

the year 2014.

The detailed production report for 2014 of the top 10 countries/regions is presented in the table

below:

Table 1: Top 10 garlic producing countries/regions for the year 2014

Rank Country/Region Production Quantity (in tons)

1 China 20,058,388

2 China, mainland 19,984,724

3 India 1,252,000

4 Republic of Korea 353,761

5 Bangladesh 312,000

6 Egypt 263,167

7 Russian Federation 256,406

8 Myanmar 208,900

9 Ukraine 191,140

10 Spain 177,420

11 USA 175,450

(Source: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize(retrieved on 18th April 2017) )

The total global production quantity of garlic in the year 2014 was 24,939,965 tons and the

harvested area to generate the above-mentioned production quantity was 1,547,381 hectares of land.

4 http://agriculturenigeria.com/farming-production/horticulture/garlic (retrieved on 18th April 2017)

5 https://www.herbazest.com/herbs/garlic(retrieved on 18th April 2017)




The tables presented below shows the production and yield of garlic and the continent/region wise

share of production of garlic for the year 2014:

Table 2: Global total of production and yield of garlic for the year 2014

Particulars Value

Area harvested (in Ha) 1,547,381

Production (in tons) 24,939,965

(Source: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize (retrieved on 18th April 2017))

Table 3: Continent wise share of production of garlic for the year 2014

Area Production Quantity (in tons)

Asia 2,288,1751

Europe 836,228

Americas 658,401

Africa 561,771

Oceania 1,814

(Source: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize(retrieved on 18th April 2017))

Comparing the data of past 5-year period from 2009 to 2014, it is observed that the production

quantity has an upward trend and is increasing by 2-3% every year. Also, the area under production

has been increasing simultaneously throughout the period. On the contrary, the yield, hectogram per

hectare, has a downward trend during the said period. Based on the data, it can be concluded that

the increase in production was on account of increase in the harvest area. The detailed numbers are

presented in the table below:

Table 4: Global production, yield and harvested area of garlic for the years 2009-2014

Year Production (in tons) Yield (hg/ha) Harvested Area (ha)

2009 22,045,317 167,017 1,319,944

2010 22,557,355 168,774 1,336,544

2011 23,088,184 166,428 1,387,275

2012 23,411,764 162,037 1,444,841

2013 24,188,693 155,002 1,560,544

2014 24,939,965 161,175 1,547,381

(Source: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#compare(retrieved on 18th April 2017))

International trade of garlic comprises of four types of garlic which have been identified in the table

presented below. The table gives international price details of the four types of garlic traded in the

world market for the current year till April 2017 and the past 4 years. It is observed that the

maximum and minimum prices were around USD 1500-2000 for the years 2013, 2014 and 2015. But

the year 2016 has seen a drastic increase in the prices of garlic which shot up to USD 8000. The year

2017 till now has further seen an increase in the value of the minimum prices indicating that garlic is

performing very well in the international trade market.

Table 5: Annual international trade prices of garlic for 5 years

Type of

Garlic

Chinese powdered,

CFR NW Europe

(USD/t)*

Chinese first grade

granules, CFR NW

Europe (USD/t)*

Chinese Grade A

dehydrated flakes,

CFR NW Europe

(USD/t)*

Chinese top grade

garlic granules, CFR

NW Europe (USD/t)*

Year Max

Price

Min

Price

Max

Price

Min

Price

Max

Price

Min

Price

Max

Price

Min

Price

2017 5900 5900 6450 6450 7500 7500 8000 8000

2016 5900 1800 6450 2100 7500 2000 8000 2700



2015 1800 1300 2100 1800 5358 2000 2700 1800

2014 1300 1300 1800 1800 2000 2000 2700 2700

2013 2300 1300 2800 1800 4000 2000 4200 2700

(Source: Agra-net (Public Ledger);

http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/int_prices/international_price.aspx(retrieved on 18th April 2017))

Import Scenario

The table presented below indicates the global import values in terms of 1000 USD and global

import quantity in terms of tons of garlic for the period 2009 to 2013. It is observed that during

2013, the world has imported a sum total of 1,830,644 tons of garlic at a total value of 2,119,036

thousand USD. The global import quantity has more or less been stable throughout the years with

minor shifts but the value of imports has seen great shifts which was primarily be due to fluctuations

in the foreign exchange prices.

Table 6: Global total import value and quantity of garlic

Year Quantity (in tons) Value (in 1000 USD)

2009 1,769,391 1,276,905

2010 1,657,287 2,325,210

2011 1,848,279 2,355,483

2012 1,640,119 1,819,741

2013 1,830,644 2,119,036

(Source: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#compare(retrieved on 18th April 2017))

The global leader in terms of value of international imports of garlic is USA with an import quantity

of 87,765,371 kg worth USD 183.58 million. USA holds 12.6% in the international import market of

the garlic around the world. USA is followed by Brazil, Malaysia, Korean Republic and others. The

table presented below shows the international import data of garlic of the top 10 countries as per

international import share percent in 2014. The table also gives statistics about the imports during

the years 2012 and 2013 and shows the growth in share percent compared to the previous years.

Korean Republic has seen a huge jump in the quantity of imports of garlic. Also, France is seen to

have a negative percentage growth over the previous year, it still occupies 7th Rank with an import

market share of 4.06%.

Table 7: Import data of total international trade country wise (Qty. in kg & Value in mill. USD)

Importing

Country

2012 2013 2014 Percent

growth

on

previou

s Year

(%)

Percen

t Share

in 2014

(%) Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. Value

USA 7,30,54,04

4 184.3 8,06,38,856

144.1

8 8,77,65,371

183.5

8 27.33 12.62

Brazil 17,67,71,8

19

219.6

9

16,72,32,36

7

171.5

2

16,17,60,02

6

176.0

2 2.62 12.1

Malaysia 9,49,77,27

2 85.64 9,83,20,933 79.28

11,56,56,51

8 124 56.41 8.53



Korean

Republic 35,73,786 2.34 39,26,543 2.62 5,33,19,296 73.77 2,715.65 5.07

Russia 5,16,97,70

5 69.92 5,21,48,599 66.24 5,25,55,243 71.03 7.23 4.88

Italy 2,75,14,77

5 68.53 2,74,79,228 58.1 2,89,95,241 61.28 5.47 4.21

France 2,22,84,30

7 61.69 4,09,53,907 82.61 2,71,02,099 59.03 -28.54 4.06

Pakistan 4,77,71,82

8 33.23 5,78,46,245 45.06 3,14,98,384 58.63 30.12 4.03

UK 2,14,38,41

9 46.44 2,38,63,147 46.96 3,00,93,717 54.59 16.25 3.75

Saudi

Arabia

3,84,28,02

9 31.12 4,28,93,000 30.29 4,66,66,000 40.35 33.21 2.77

(Source: UN Comtrade, as reported by the Importing countries;

http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/inttrade/productdetail.aspx?prdc=070320&value=2(retrieved on 18th April

2017))

In the year 2015, Indonesia ranked 1st in terms of value of international imports of garlic by

importing 479,941,117 kg quantity (net weight) worth USD 342,672,572. Indonesia is followed by

USA, Brazil, Malaysia, Korean Republic and others. The facts and figures are presented in the table

below.

Table 8: International import data of garlic (fresh/chilled) for the year 2015

Rank Importing Country Net weight (in kg) Trade Value (in USD)

1 Indonesia 479,941,117 342,672,572

2 USA 87,554,581 182,975,271

3 Brazil 161,760,026 176,023,741

4 Malaysia 115,656,517 124,004,193

5 Russian Federation 52,555,243 71,032,773

6 United Arab Emirates 60,666,033 70,598,499

7 Germany 22,612,806 62,347,740

8 Italy 28,995,231 61,279,038

9 Pakistan 31,498,384 58,629,495

10 France 26,233,951 56,916,974

Source: https://comtrade.un.org/data/(retrieved on 18th April 2017)

In the year 2016, Brazil ranked 1st in terms of value of international imports of garlic by importing

173,043,663 kg (net weight) worth USD 328,515,908. Brazil is followed by Malaysia, USA, Germany,

Italy and others. The facts and figures are presented in the table below:

Table 9: International import data of garlic (fresh/chilled) for the year 2016


1 Brazil 173,043,663 328,515,908

2 Malaysia 138,771,563 235,107,660

3 USA 87,340,120 221,587,178

4 Germany 23,462,312 81,334,486

5 Italy 27,365,766 80,849,369

6 France 26,864,768 75,466,736

7 United Kingdom 33,886,306 72,977,277

8 Japan 20,597,281 54,160,124



9 Canada 18,392,933 51,931,807

10 Sri Lanka 30,973,886 44,220,407


Export Scenario

The table presented below shows the global export values in terms of USD and global export

quantity in terms of tons for the period 2009 to 2013. It is observed that during 2013, the world has

exported a sum total of 1,970,505 tons of garlic at a total value of USD 2,040,452 thousand. The

global export quantity has more or less been stable throughout the years with minor shifts but the

value of exports has seen a great shift which was primarily be due to the fluctuations in foreign

exchange prices.

Table 10: Global total export value and quantity of garlic

Year Quantity (in tons) Value (in 1000 USD)

2009 1,910,046 1,554,048

2010 1,675,937 3,040,428

2011 1,975,097 2,834,921

2012 1,755,649 1,989,889

2013 1,970,505 2,040,452

Source: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#compare(retrieved on 18th April 2017)

In the year 2015, China secured the first rank in terms of value of international exports of garlic by

exporting 1,754,166,471 kg (net weight) worth USD 1,861,135,411. China is followed by Spain,

Argentina, Netherlands, France and others. The facts and figures are presented in the table below.

Table 11: International export data of garlic (fresh/chilled) for the year 2015


1 China 1,754,166,471 1,861,135,411

2 Spain 149,206,951 269,024,510

3 Argentina 66,247,996 83,567,656

4 Netherlands 31,910,990 67,112,541

5 France 10,068,522 30,764,157

6 Italy 10,557,748 27,997,546

7 Chile 10,042,619 27,916,975

8 USA 9,218,098 16,797,727

9 Malaysia 20,718,593 14,931,721

10 Mexico 13,458,845 13,257,239


In the year 2016, Spain secured the first rank in terms of value of international exports of garlic by

exporting 162,623,031 kg (net weight) worth USD 415755206. Spain is followed by France, Italy,

Chile, Mexico and others. The facts and figures are presented in the table below.

Table 12: International export data of garlic (fresh/chilled) for the year 2016


1 Spain 162,623,031 415,755,206

2 France 14,638,603 43,438,249

3 Italy 10,040,385 36,864,905

4 Chile 10,468,719 30,635,522

5 Mexico 15,658,751 21,448,237




6 India 21,534,414 19,782,564

7 USA 10,114,824 19,467,502

8 Peru 12,589,354 19,372,807

9 Egypt 11,980,246 15,157,776

10 Malaysia 8,326,273 11,608,301


1.2. Indian Scenario

Garlic is cultivated in the world on over 12.25 lakh hectares (lha) of land with 156.85 lakh tonnes (lt)

of production which translates in productivity of 12.80 tonnes/hectare. India is one of the largest

producers of spices in the world and leads the production table in many spices including garlic.

Garlic was grown in India in 2007-08, over 1.69 lh with 8.3 lt production. China is the world leader

in production (120.88 lt) contributing to 77.07% of world tonnage followed by India at 5.29% (8.3

lt), South Korea at 2.08% (3.27 lt) and Russia at 3.98% (2.54 lt).

Although, India is second in area and production of garlic in the world, the productivity per hectare

is very low as compared to China, USA and other countries where the crop is grown commercially.

Further, over the years the, productivity in India has remained static.6

In the year 2014-15, the garlic production in India was led by Madhya Pradesh which produced

424,500 tons of garlic with total share of 29.78%. It is followed by Gujarat which has total share of

22.32%. Rajasthan came fourth with production of 172,040 tons with share of 12.07%. The total

Indian production was calculated to be 1,425,460 tons for the year 2014-15. The detailed scenario

about the garlic production for all the states has been presented in the table below:

Table 13: Indian garlic production scenario for the year 2014-15

Sr. No. State 2014-15

Production (in 000’tons) Share(%)

1 Madhya Pradesh 424.5 29.78

2 Gujarat 318.2 22.32

3 Uttar Pradesh 196.13 13.76

4 Rajasthan 172.04 12.07

5 Assam 70.17 4.92

6 Punjab 65.6 4.6

7 West Bengal 40 2.81

8 Maharashtra 40 2.81

9 Haryana 35.83 2.51

10 Orissa 35.5 2.49

11 Himachal Pradesh 6.14 0.43

12 Karnataka 5.47 0.38

13 Bihar 4 0.28

14 Chhattisgarh 3.4 0.24

15 Tamil Nadu 2.89 0.2

16 Telangana 1.68 0.12

17 Uttarakhand 1.54 0.11

6 http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/static-productivity-poor-postharvest-technology-pound-

garlic/article2506671.ece (retrieved on 18th April 2017)

http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/static-productivity-poor-postharvest-technology-pound-garlic/article2506671.ece




18 Meghalaya 1.11 0.08

19 Kerala 0.63 0.04

20 Jammu & Kashmir 0.46 0.03

21 Nagaland 0.15 0.01

22 Mizoram 0.01 0

23 Arunachal Pradesh 0.01 0

24 Andhra Pradesh 0 0

25 Manipur 0 0

Total 1,425.46

Source: National Horticulture Board (NHB);

http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/India%20Production/India_Productions.aspx?hscode=1100(retrieved on 18th

April 2017)

The total India production quantity of garlic in the year 2014 was 1,252,000 tons with harvested area

of 231,000 hectares. The table presented below shows the production and harvested area of garlic

for the year 2014.

Table 14: Indian production and yield of garlic in the year 2014

Element Value

Area harvested (in ha) 231,000

Production (in tons) 1,252,000

Source: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize(retrieved on 18th April 2017)

Comparing the data for past 5 Year period from 2009 to 2014, it is observed that the production

quantity has shown an upward trend and is increasing by 1-2% every year. Also, the area under

production has been increasing throughout. On the contrary, the yield, hectogram per hectare, has

seen an upward trend but by acute figures during the 5 years. It can be calculated that the increase in

production was on account of increase in harvested area. The detailed numbers have been presented

in the table below:

Table 15: Indian production, yield and area harvested data of garlic for 2009 to 2014

Year Production (in tons) Yield (in hg/ha) Area Harvested (in ha)

2009 831,100 50,003 166,210

2010 833,970 50,587 164,860

2011 1,057,800 52,732 200,600

2012 1,228,000 50,744 242,000

2013 1,259,000 50,766 248,000

2014 1,252,000 54,199 231,000


Import of Garlic

With regards to import of fresh/chilled garlic, India did not see any noticeable imports till the year

2013-14. In in the year 2014-15, India started importing fresh/chilled garlic from the region Egypt

Arab Republic. In the year 2015-16, India imported garlic from Nepal worth Rs 71,660,000 a

quantity of 1761.9 MT. The following table presented shows the import of fresh/chilled garlic in

India for the past 3 years.

Table 16: India import of garlic (fresh/chilled) (Qty in MT and value in Rs lakhs)

Country 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value

Nepal 0 0 0 0 1,761.91 716.6



Egypt Arab Republic 0 0 432 101.61 0 0

Total 0 0 432 101.61 1,761.91 716.6

Source: DGCIS Annual

Import;http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/importtoindia/Product_description.aspx?hscode=07032000 (retrieved

on 18th April 2017)

Considering India’s import of dried garlic, a noticeable quantity was imported in the year 2013-14.

However, in the year 2014-15, there were no major imports. In the year 2015-16, India imported

dried garlic from China Mainland worth a value of 2,594,000 a quantity of 12 MT. The following

presented table gives details of the imports of dried garlic for past 3 years.

Table 17: India import of garlic (dried) (Qty. in MT and value in Rs. lakhs)

Country 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. Value

China Mainland 6 15.76 0 0 12 25.94

Netherland 0 0 0.1 0.34 0 0

Singapore 3 9.92 0 0 0 0

United States 0.4 1.15 0 0 0 0

Total 9.4 26.83 0.1 0.34 12 25.94

Source: DGCIS Annual

Import;http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/importtoindia/Product_description.aspx?hscode=07129040 (retrieved

on 18th April 2017)

Import of Garlic Paste

In regard to the import of garlic paste during the period of February 2014 to October 2016, it is

observed that there were few imports in the months of January 2015 and February 2015 and

towards the end of the year 2016. Apart from these months, there were very little or no imports.

The highest import during this period was in July 2016 a value of USD 10,465. The graph presented

below gives details of the imports of garlic paste in terms of the value of imports.

Figure 1: Import of garlic paste in terms of value (in USD)

(Source: https://www.zauba.com/importanalysis-garlic+paste-report.html(retrieved on 18th April 2017))

With regards to quantity import of garlic paste during the period of February 2014 to October 2016,

it is observed that there were few imports during the past years. Though, there was reported an

increase in imports during the months of February 2015 and July 2016 when 592 kg and 1593 kg

quantity were imported respectively. The graph presented below gives details of the imports of garlic

paste in terms of quantity of the imports.

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Total Value (in USD)

http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/importtoindia/Product_description.aspx?hscode=07032000

http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/importtoindia/Product_description.aspx?hscode=07129040



Figure 2: Imports of garlic in terms of quantity of import (in kg)

Source: https://www.zauba.com/importanalysis-garlic+paste-report.html (retrieved on 18th April 2017)

During the period of February 2014 to October 2016, the average price per unit of import was USD

10.19. The highest import price was in January 2015 where the average price per unit was 40.04.

Prices more or less remained in the range of 12-22 USD during the year 2016 with a decline trend

towards the end of the year. The following graph shows the average prices per unit levels for the

different months.

Figure 3: Import average price per unit of garlic (in USD)

Source: https://www.zauba.com/importanalysis-garlic+paste-report.html(retrieved on 18th April 2017)

Import of Garlic Oil

The total quantity of garlic oil imported during the period January 2014 to November 2016 was

69,036 kg. The highest quantity of import was in November 2014 when 13,628 kg was imported.

The total value of imports of garlic oil during the period was USD 2,272,493. The highest value of

import was unexpectedly in May 2016 when the value was USD 336,992 as during that period the

quantity of imports was stable at a low level. Regarding the average price per unit during the period,

it was USD 32.92 and the highest average price was reported in Jun 2016 when the average price per

unit was USD 15,225.7

Import of Garlic Powder

The total quantity of garlic powder imported during the period January 2014 to November 2016 was

325,651 kg. The highest quantity of import was in November 2016 when 82,523 kg was imported.

The total value of imports of garlic powder during the period was USD 899,492. The highest value

7 https://www.zauba.com/importanalysis-garlic+oil-report.html (retrieved on 18th April 2017)

https://www.zauba.com/importanalysis-garlic+oil-report.html



of import was in May 2016 when the value was USD 96,280. Regarding the average price per unit

during the period, it was USD 2.76 and the highest average price was reported in July 2015 when the

average price per unit was USD 38.72.8

Exports of Garlic

India is a major exporter of garlic and the following table shows the export figures of India for garlic

for the years 2009 to 2013. It is observed that export has seen an upward trend except for the year

2011 when the values had declined. Both quantity and value of exports has been increasing during

the year 2013, 29,461 tons were exported at a value of 11,340 thousand USD.

Table 18: Export of garlic value and quantity from 2009 to 2013

Year Value (in 1000 USD) Quantity (in tons)

2009 9202 17781

2010 19214 24665

2011 2615 2784

2012 10386 25436

2013 11340 29461


The table presented below shows the export of fresh/chilled garlic from India during the past 3

years. As per reports of 2015-16, it is observed that Malaysia ranks first in importing garlic from

India with an export quantity of 5,123.02 MT worth a value of Rs 221,277,000. Malaysia is followed

by Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Vietnam Social Republic and others. The details about the export figures

have been presented in the table below:

Table 19: Export of fresh/chilled garlic from India (Qty. in MT and value in Rs lakhs)

Country 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16


Malaysia 2,967.00 686.41 2,037.00 533.66 5,123.02 2,212.77

Pakistan 7,234.52 1,933.56 3,772.70 1,056.82 3,444.99 1,763.56

Sri Lanka 0 0 0 0 1,221.86 939.91

Thailand 3,122.00 738.08 1,208.00 300.46 1,913.00 754.78

Vietnam Social

Republic 0 0 27 7.99 1,339.00 553.01

Indonesia 140 25.95 0 0 1,588.00 490.52

Philippines 0 0 0 0 400 214.69

Nepal 36.11 15.83 126.12 56.21 119.01 105.12

Sudan 0 0 0 0 110 90.65

United States 3.62 3.32 60 39.36 56.34 55.66

Oman 27.1 31.18 82.08 42.82 39.34 42.15

Singapore 0 0 0.01 0 42 30.6

Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 0 32.76 23.21

Morocco 0 0 0 0 28 16.94

8 https://www.zauba.com/importanalysis-garlic+powder-report.html (retrieved on 18th April 2017)

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United Arab

Emirates 7.1 5.27 1.36 0.7 15.1 11.99

Source: DGCIS Annual Export;

http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/indexp/Product_description.aspx?hscode=07032000(retrieved on 18th April

2017)

The table presented below shows the export of dried garlic from India during the past 3 years. As

per reports of 2015-16, it is observed that Mexico ranks first in importing dried garlic from India

with an import quantity of 190 MT worth a value of Rs 17,267,000. Mexico is followed by UAE,

Kazakhstan, Nepal and others. The details about the export figures are presented here under:

Table 20: Export of dried garlic from India (Qty in MT and value in Rs. lakhs)

Country 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16


Mexico 231 173.61 145 113.12 190 172.67

United Arab Emirates 0 0 18.5 11.59 365 170.61

Kazakhstan 26 19.67 19 15.84 43 57.27

Nepal 147 57.66 81.4 46.28 47.7 37.35

Poland 10 7.15 0 0 43.2 37.19

China Ma 0 0 194 51.33 25 25.88

Turkey 14 11.1 26 17.52 16 20.91

Serbia 15 7.28 15 9.63 16 20.29

Ukraine 11.3 6.16 12 9.76 19 19.13

Netherland 0 0 0 0 25 19.09

Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 13.1 18.2

Jordan 0 0 0 0 28 12.81

Iraq 0 0 0 0 38 12.69

Kuwait 3 1.77 20 11.34 20 12.3

Libya 0 0 0 0 14 10.66

(Source: DGCIS Annual Export;

http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/indexp/Product_description.aspx?hscode=07129040(retrieved on 18th April

2017))

Export of Garlic Paste

With regards to export of garlic paste during the period of January 2014 to November 2016, it is

observed that the exports values were stable during the years between 100,000 USD and 250,000

USD. The highest export during this period was in October 2016 a value of USD 407,453. The

graph presented below gives details of the exports of garlic paste in terms of the value of exports.

Figure 4: Export of Garlic Paste in terms of value (in USD)

0

100000200000

300000

400000500000

Total Value (in USD)



With regards to quantity of exports of garlic paste during the period of January 2014 to November

2016, it is observed that there were several shifts in export quantity through the years. The exports

in 2016 have been greater as compared to the earlier years thought the highest export quantity was

reported in August 2015 of 94,509 kg. The following graph gives detail of the exports of garlic paste

in terms of quantity of exports.

Figure 5: Export of garlic paste from India in terms of quantity of export (in kg)

Source: https://www.zauba.com/exportanalysis-garlic+paste-report.html(retrieved on 18th April 2017)

In the period January 2014 to November 2016, the average price per unit of export was USD 4.49.

The highest export price was in August 2014 where the average price per unit was USD 7.35. Prices

more or less remained in the range of 3.5-5 USD during the year 2016. The graph presented below

shows the average prices per unit levels for the different months.

Figure 6: Export average price per unit of garlic paste (in USD)

(Source: https://www.zauba.com/exportanalysis-garlic+paste-report.html(retrieved on 18th April 2017))

Export of Garlic Oil

The total quantity of garlic oil exported during the period of January 2014 to November 2016 was

2,160,843 kg. The highest quantity of export was in August 2016 when 235,288 kg was exported.

The total value of exports of garlic oil during the period was USD 8,038,388. The highest value of

export was in October 2016 when the value was USD 484,163. The year 2016 has been good for the

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

Total Quantity (in kg)



export of garlic oil. Regarding the average price per unit during the period, it was USD 3.72 and the

highest average price was reported in April 2014 when the average price per unit was USD 39.9

Export of Garlic Powder

The total quantity of garlic powder exported during the period of January 2014 to November 2016

was 45,619,761 MT. The highest quantity of export was in September 2014 when 23,453,599 MT

was exported. For the rest of the period, export quantity remained stable between 100,000 to

1,000,000 MT. The total value of exports of garlic powder during the period was USD 13,853,482.

The highest value of export was in October 2016 when the value was USD 1,224,876. Regarding the

average price per unit during the period, it was USD 0.3 and the highest average price was reported

in November 2016 when the average price per unit was USD 2.16.10

1.3. State Scenario

Rajasthan is one of the states which is leading the race in garlic production. Out of 12 districts, Kota

zone, including Baran district, is leading zone which has highest area under cultivation of 7476

hectare during Rabi season of 2011-2012 out of 20,840 hectares garlic area in Rabi in 2011-201211.

The table presented below gives the detailed report of the production scenario of garlic in the State.

The data shows the garlic scenario in Rajasthan under three parameters; production in tons, area

under production in ha and the yield in tons/ha. Details of all the districts of Rajasthan have been

presented for 4-year period from 2008 to 2011.

Table 21: Rajasthan Garlic Production (MT) and Area (Ha)

Sr. No. District Garlic

Area Production

1 Ajmer 4 9

2 Alwar

3 Banswara

4 Baran 22888 94314

5 Barmer

6 Bharatpur 5 50

7 Bhilwara 595 2253

8 Bikaner 2 2

9 Bundi 1577 7104

10 Chittor 6097 29753

11 Churu 2 1

12 Dausa

13 Dholpur

14 Dungarpur 10 50

15 Gangangar 22 22

16 Hanumangarh 19 86

17 Jaipur 25 41

18 Jaisalmer

19 Jalore 2 3

20 Jhalawar 13727 82362

9 https://www.zauba.com/exportanalysis-garlic+oil-report.html (retrieved on 18th April 2017)

10 https://www.zauba.com/exportanalysis-garlic+powder-report.html (retrieved on 18th April 2017)

11https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303805105_An_Economic_Analysis_of_Garlic_Production_in_Baran_District

_of_Rajasthan (retrieved on 18th April 2017)

https://www.zauba.com/exportanalysis-garlic+oil-report.html

https://www.zauba.com/exportanalysis-garlic+powder-report.html

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303805105_An_Economic_Analysis_of_Garlic_Production_in_Baran_District_of_Rajasthan




Sr. No. District Garlic

Area Production

21 Jhunjhunu 441 882

22 Jodhpur 2737 14232

23 Karuali 1 2

24 Kota 14094 98658

25 Nagaur 100 1343

26 Pali 3 3

27 Pratapgarh 6446 45122

28 Rajsamand 147 441

29 S.Modhpur 18 36

30 Sikar 44 424

31 Sirohi 6 5

32 Tonk 14 4

33 Udaipur 73 284

Total 69099 377486

1.4. District and Cluster Scenario

The table presented below show the district and cluster scenario for garlic in the State.

Table 22: Total production data for the year 2014-15

Total Production in the catchment Area (2014-15) 100

Total Production in Rajasthan (2014-15) 1000

Percentage share in the State Production 10%

Top Producing Districts in the catchment zone Baran, Chittor ,Bundi

Table 23: District wise production data of garlic in Rajasthan

Sr. No. District in the Catchment Area Production in MT Rank of District

in The catchment

1 Ajmer 0 10

2 Alwar 0 10

3 Banswara 0 10

4 Baran 53651 1

5 Barmer 0 10

6 Bharatpur 40 6

7 Bhilwara 451 4

8 Bikaner 0 10

9 Bundi 1713 3

10 Chittor 18472 2

11 Churu 1 9

12 Dausa 0 10

13 Dholpur 0 10

14 Dungarpur 30 7



Sr. No. District in the Catchment Area Production in MT Rank of District

in The catchment

15 Gangangar 102 5

16 Hanumangarh 0 10

17 Jaipur 29 8

Total Production in Catchment Area 74489

Table 24: Production data of garlic for 3 years

Year Catchment Production (in MT) Rajasthan State Production (in MT)

2012-13 173,289 184,859

2013-14 194,948 218,217

2014-15 152,879 172,037

Figure 7: Garlic Production chart for 3 years

1.5. Approach to Value Chain Analysis

In order to evaluate the value chain of Isabgol, consultations were held with major stakeholders in

the chain including farmers, Consumers, Processors, traders, supporting public and private service

providers and institutions etc. in various parts of the state. Major Isabgol producing clusters were

considered for survey within Rajasthan.

Table 25: Consultations of stakeholders for Value chain Analysis of Isabgol

Surveyed Markets for the Value Chain Analysis

Within and outside Rajasthan 1. 10 Farmers in Palayatha cluster

2012-13

2013-14

2014-15

Catchment Production (in MT) 173,289 194948 152879

Rajasthan State Production (in MT) 184859 218,217 172037

173,289

194948

152879

184859

218,217

172037

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

Pro

du

ctio

n in

MT

Garlic Production in Catchment area of Rajasthan

Catchment Production (in MT)

Rajasthan State Production (inMT)



Surveyed Markets for the Value Chain Analysis

2. 10 Farmers in Sangod cluster 3.

1.6. Resourcing mapping of value chain

Resource mapping of garlic value chain is done by identification cluster, major mandis, major

markets, warehouses, etc. Following is the detail resource mapping of value chain:

Table 26: Resource mapping of value chain

Cluster Major mandi/s around cluster Distance from major cities nearby

Major Markets

Warehouses/ Cold store with Capacity in MT

No of FPCs targeted

Palayatha (Baran)

a. Atru b. Baran c. Kawai Salpura

60 km 30 km 80 Km

Baran (3), Jalore (1), Chittorgarh (2), Kota (2), Bundi

Baran (27520) Antah (9200) Atru (5400) Chhabra (11550) Siswali (6750) (Nearest cold storage in Kota)

2

1.7. Marketable surplus of Garlic in Palayatha Cluster

Following is the marketable surplus of garlic in Palayatha cluster:

Table 27: Marketable surplus of garlic in Palayatha cluster

Cluster Area under crop cultivation (in Ha)

Production (in MT)

Marketable surplus in MT

(as % of total production;

95% for Coriander)

Market Value (in Rs Lakh)

Palayatha (Baran) 2496 14976 12730 6402



Chapter 2- Pre Harvest Management

2.1. Major Commercial Varieties Grown in Rajasthan

The most common variety of Garlic is “Yamuna Safed” which further has different variants. The

other major variety of garlic is “Bhima Omkar” which is produced in few states. The table presented

below describes the salient features and recommended area for the different varieties of garlic

produced in the State.

Table 28: Varieties of Garlic in Rajasthan

Name of variety Silent features Recommended area

Yamuna Safed (G1)

Bulbs are compact,

silvery, white with creamy

flesh

All over India

Yamuna Safed (G50)

Solid bulb and attractive white colour Equatorial diameter 3.5 to 4.5 cm TSS 38 to 40% Yield 15 to 17 t/ha

Northern India

Yamuna Safed 3 (G-282) Bulbs are creamy white

and bigger sized

Madhya Pradesh. Maharashtra,

Rajasthan, and Haryana

Yamuna Safed 5 (G-189)

Dark green straight erect

leaves and sturdy plant

growth

Punjab, Bihar, Jharkhand, and

Rajasthan

Bhima Omkar Average yield of variety is

107q/ha

Gujrat, Haryana, Rajasthan,

and Delhi

(Source: http://www.nhm.nic.in (retrieved on 19th April 2017))

2.2. New Initiatives and Practices

The varieties developed by NHRDF are presented below:

The NHRDF has developed nine garlic varieties i.e. Agrifound White (G-41), Yamuna Safed (G-1),

Yamuna Safed-2 (G-50), Yamuna Safed-3 (G-282), Yamuna Safed-4 (G-323), Yamuna Safed-5 (G-

189), Agrifound Parvati (G-313), and Agrifound Parvati-2 (G-408) and Yamuna Safed-8 (G-

384) Out of these, Govt. of India has already released seven garlic varieties i.e. Agrifound White (G-

41), Yamuna Safed (G-1), Yamuna Safed-2 (G-50), Yamuna Safed-3 (G-282), Yamuna Safed-4 (G-

323), Yamuna Safed-5 (G-189) and Agrifound Parvati-2 (G-408) has been released by the



Government of India for commercial cultivation. The Agrifound White (G-41) is the first variety

developed by NHRDF and released by Govt. of India at National level for commercial cultivation.12

The garlic varieties developed by National Horticultural Research Development Foundation

(NHRDF), Nashik, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth (MPKV), Rahuri, Chaudhary Charan Singh

Agricultural University (CCSHAU), Hisar, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU),

Coimbatore, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, ICAR-Vivekananda

Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan (VPKAS), Almora and Junagadh Agricultural University

(JAU), Junagadh are presented below:13

Table 29: Garlic Varieties developed for cultivation in India

Variety Developed

by Colour Region

Days to

maturity

Yield

potential

(t/ha)

Short day type

Agrifound White

(G-41) NHRDF White Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra 130-135 12-14

Yamuna Safed

(G-1) NHRDF White All India 120-130 15-17

Yamuna Safed-2

(G-50) NHRDF White Northern India 120-130 15-20

Yamuna Safed-3

(G-282) NHRDF

Creamy

white

Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana,

Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,

Punjab, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh

120-130 17-20

Yamuna Safed-4

(G-323) NHRDF White North and central India 165-175 16-17

Yamuna Safed-

5 (G-189) NHRDF White

Andaman and Nicobar Island,

Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi

Gujarat, Haryana,

Jharkhand,Manipur,

Meghalaya,Mizoram, Nagaland,

Punjab,Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tarai

region of Uttar Pradesh,,Tripura and,

Uttarakhand

150-160 17-18

Godavari MPKV Purple Maharashtra 140-145 10-11

Shweta MPKV White Maharashtra 130-135 10-11

Phule Baswant MPKV White Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra 135-140 10.-11

GG 4 JAU White Gujarat and Maharashtra 130-140 8-10

Intermediate type

Ooty 1 TNAU Dull

white Tamil Nadu 120-130 15-17

Long day type

VL Garlic 1 ICAR-

VPKAS White

Bihar,Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &

Kashmir, Punjab, Uttarakhand and

Uttar Pradesh

180-190

Hills:14-

15

Plains:

12

http://nhrdf.org/en-us/pVarieties_G (retrieved on 19th April 2017) 13

http://www.dogr.res.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=151&Itemid=150&lang=en (retrieved on 19th April 2017)

http://nhrdf.org/en-us/pVarieties_G

http://www.dogr.res.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=151&Itemid=150&lang=en



Variety Developed

by Colour Region

Days to

maturity

Yield

potential

(t/ha)

9-10

VL Lahsun 2 ICAR-

VPKAS White

Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &

Kashmir and Uttarakhand 190-200

Mid

hills:14-

16

Above

mid hills:

24-26

Agrifound Parvati NHRDF Purple

Hills of Himachal Pradesh,

Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir and

high altitudes of North eastern states

like Sikkim etc.

165-175 17-18

Agrifound Parvati-

2 (G-408) NHRDF White

Hills of Himachal Pradesh,

Uttarakhand, Jammu &Kashmir and

high altitudes of North eastern states

like Sikkim etc.

165-175 17-22

Source:

http://www.dogr.res.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=151&Itemid=150&lang=en(retrieve

d on 19th April 2017)

2.3. Seasonal Pattern of Garlic in Rajasthan visa-vis other parts of the world

In India and its neighbouring countries like China, Bangladesh and Myanmar, garlic is mostly sown

during the starting of July month each year and extends till the month of October. However, in

western countries like USA, sowing is done at starting of October. Whereas in European countries

like Ukriane, sowing is done at starting of December and extended till the month of January.

Regarding harvesting, in India and its neighbouring countries, the crop is mostly ready by the month

of February and harvesting extends till April. In the US, harvesting starts in the month of April and

goes on till June whereas in Ukriane, harvesting starts in the month of June and end of July.

Table 30: Seasonal Availability Pattern

Crop Calendar Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

China

Bangladesh

Myanmar

USA

Ukraine

India

Rajasthan Note: Yellow highlight shows sowing and green shows harvesting season

2.4. Land Preparation

The land should be brought to fine tilth stage by giving 3 or 4 deep ploughings. In case of

commercial cultivation, soil test needs to be performed in order to find out the health of the soil. Any



micro-nutrient gap should be filled after getting soil test results. To make the soil rich in organic matter,

well-decomposed compost or manure should be added.14

The two types of land preparation for garlic farming are with tillage and without tillage or zero tillage.

With tillage: - This method of land preparation for garlic is similar to that of corn, soybean, and other

upland crops. The field is ploughed and harrowed twice or more at seven day’s intervals or less. A

tractor- mounted Rotavator can also be used.

Without tillage: - This method of land preparation is usually practiced in the lowland rice fields after

the harvest of crop. Rice straw and weeds are cut closed to the ground. If the soil is too wet, the field is

allowed to dry until the desired moisture level is attained. Canals are usually constructed around the

paddies to ensure no standing water after heavy rain or irrigation.15

2.5. Sowing, Planting and Cultivation

The planting material is prepared first by separating the clove from one another. The cloves from

the outer parts of the bulb are the best planting material. Large bulbs contain 10-14 cloves. When there is

a shortage of planting materials, the inner cloves can be used also but these should be separated from the

outer cloves. The planting materials are then soaked in an insecticide-fungicide solution for at least

two hours to get rid of seed-borne pests and diseases. The cloves are air-dried before planting. When it

comes to seed rate of garlic, it takes about 150 to 350 kg per hectare land.16

Garlic seed is tiny and contained in the mature, dried flowers of the plants. The tiny black seeds

need to be shaken out and planted immediately or saved in a cool, dry location until ready to plant.

Growing the Allium from seed can be a frustrating process, as it takes much longer than plants

established from cloves or bulbs, and germination is capricious. Seeds should be planted indoors in

fall to early winter after a storage period of four weeks in the refrigerator to encourage germination.

Seeds need to be in the area of at least 65 degrees Fahrenheit (15°C.), covered to retain moisture and

heat, and in a place with bright light after seedlings emerge. Propagating garlic cloves will result in

edible bulbs in a few months as opposed to seeded garlic, which produces bulbs the following

year17.

The cloves or bulblets are used in the cultivation of garlic. The required cultivar with large cloves

should be carefully selected before planting. Garlic thrives well in both tropical and subtropical

regions. It requires rainfall ranging from 600 mm to 1200 mm and minimum temperature in the

range of 5-25°C and maximum temperature in the range of 25-40°C.18

In Garlic farming, planting of garlic varies in different regions. In rainfed upland areas, planting is

usually done during the early part of September. In other lowland areas, planting is from October to

November. The december planting tends to produce smaller bulbs especially in the latter parts of the

month due to infestation of thrips and mites, and the bulbs are sometimes affected by the early rain.

Planting Distance in Garlic Farming: The distance of planting varies from 15 cm x 15 cm to

20 cm x 10 cm to 25 cm. Planting is done using dibble or pointed stick to insert two-thirds of the length

of the clove vertically into the soil or about 2 cm to 3 cm deep.

Mulching in Garlic Farming: Mulch can be applied before or after planting. Mulch is evenly laid

on the field with a thickness of 3 to 5 cm. Rice straw is commonly used as mulching material in the

14

http://www.asiafarming.com/garlic-cultivation/ (retrieved on 19th April 2017) 15

http://www.agrifarming.in/garlic-farming/ (retrieved on 19th April 2017) 16


https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/herbs/garlic/types-of-garlic-propagation.htm (retrieved on 19th April 2017) 18

http://agriculturenigeria.com/farming-production/horticulture/garlic (retrieved on 19th April 2017)

http://www.agrifarming.in/tag/mulching/

http://www.agrifarming.in/tag/mulch/

http://www.asiafarming.com/garlic-cultivation/

http://www.agrifarming.in/garlic-farming/


https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/herbs/garlic/types-of-garlic-propagation.htm




Philippines. Other mulching materials that can also be used are hulls, saw dust, grasses, and polyethylene

or plastic sheet. Mulch controls soil moisture as well as the growth of weeds.19

Most varieties of garlic do not produce fertile seed so the plant is propagated from the cloves.

Individual cloves are obtained by breaking apart the bulb. Generally, garlic should be planted in the

fall around the same time spring bulbs such as daffodils are planted. Planting in the Spring does not

allow sufficient time for the roots system to develop and the garlic may not form heads. The soil

should be prepared for planting by digging with a fork to loosen it and break up any large clumps.

The cloves should be planted 5–8 cm (2-3 in) deep, leaving 8–10 cm (3.1–3.9 in) between individual

plants and 15–20 cm (5.9–7.9 in) between rows. The cloves should be planted pointed side up with

the basal plate positioned downwards. The roots will grow from the basal plate. Each clove will

produce a whole head of garlic which can be harvested and cured before use.20

All the cloves are planted except the long slender once in the centre of the bulb. The bulbs with

side growth should be discarded. Healthy cloves or bulbils are free from disease and injuries should

be used for sowing and about 150 to 200 kg cloves are required to be planted in one hectare. They

are sown by dibbling or furrow planting.

Dibbling: The field is divided into small plots convenient for irrigation Cloves may be

dibbled 5 to 7.5cm deep, keeping their growing ends upwards. They are laced 7.5cm apart

from each other in rows of 15cm apart and then they are covered with loose soil. June-July

and October-November are the normal planting seasons for garlic.

Furrow planting: The furrows are made 15 cm with hand how or a cotton drill. In these

furrows, cloves are dropped by hand 7.5 to 10 cm apart. They are covered lightly with

loose soil and a light irrigation is given.21

2.6. Climatic and Soil Requirement

Garlic can be grown in wide range of climatic conditions. However, crop cannot tolerate too hot or

too cold climate as this impacts the development of bulb. Basically, it prefers moderate temperature

conditions. The crop requires shorter days which is favourable for the formation of bulbs. Garlic can be

grown at elevations of 1000 meters to 1300 meters above mean sea level (msl). Garlic grows favourably

in areas with Type I climate, which is characterized by a wet season that usually occurs from May to

October and a dry season from November to April. Garlic does not grow well in areas with excessive

rainfall. Garlic crop requires well-drained loamy soil rich in organic matter along with considerable

percentage of potash. The quality of bulbs grown in sandy or loose soils will have poor quality and weight.

The best soil pH suited for its cultivation is 6.0 to 7.0. However, sandy, silt and clay loam are

recommended for commercial production. The soil should be fertile, rich in organic matter, well-

drained, and capable of holding adequate moisture during the growing period.22

Garlic is a high-value crop, which requires rich soil, good drainage, friable soil-preferably with high

organic matter content, and water should not be deficient during bulb formation until two weeks

before harvesting time. The excess supply of water two weeks before harvesting time affects the

storage quality and the crop prefers a soil with a pH of 6.5-7.5 as it is sensitive to higher acidity. The

suitable soil types for garlic crop growth are sandy loam to sandy clay loam, and very fine sandy

loam (silts) soils, deep mineral topsoil, well drained muck soils and relatively high (greater than

2.0%) in organic matter are ideally suited for growing bulb. The crop produces a coarse rooting

19


https://www.plantvillage.org/en/topics/garlic (retrieved on 19th April 2017) 21

https://www.indiaagronet.com/indiaagronet/horticulture/CONTENTS/Garlic.htm (retrieved on 19th April 2017) 22

http://www.asiafarming.com/garlic-cultivation/ (retrieved on 19th April 2017)

http://www.asiafarming.com/tag/range/

http://www.asiafarming.com/tag/soil-ph/



https://www.indiaagronet.com/indiaagronet/horticulture/CONTENTS/Garlic.htm




system, which requires a degree of firmness for good root to soil contact; the soil must be free from

compaction and well drained. Under the poor soil drainage, bulbs become discoloured and under

clay loam soil conditions, the bulbs are deformed and difficult to harvest.

From the various soil type, Cambisols (12%), Vertisols (9%), Fluvisols (7%), Nitosols (6%) and

Andosols (1%) are the most important agricultural soils. The two soil types found in Debre Zeit

area are Andosols and Vertisols with an organic matter content of about 2.05% and 1.89%,

respectively (M’Nen, 1992). Andosols (light grey soil) have well-drained properties, relatively higher

organic matter, and nutrients (N, K and some micronutrients) content as compared to Vertisols.

The higher sand content of Andosols is more important for bulb growth and easily expansion in the

soil, but it has a characteristic of fixing nutrients particularly phosphorus, which led to unavailability

of the nutrient for the crop (Wakene et al., 2002). According to M’Nen (1992), Vertisols are highly

productive in the area; however, drainage and management of the soil is cumbersome. Covering

about 8 million ha in the highlands, Vertisols are considered suitable for cereals, pulses as well as for

vegetables. However, their low N supply capacity and meagre organic matter content coupled with

their severe water logging problems limit their productivity (Teklu and Teklewold, 2009). The crop

requires thoroughly prepared soil seedbed by repeated ploughing and light irrigation before planting

the crop with a well-decomposed FYM application at the rate of 10 to 20 t ha-1 (FAO, 2003). Soils

with high organic matter content are preferred due to the increased moisture and nutrient-holding

capacity, and less proneness to crusting and compaction (Bodnar et al., 1998). The application of

organic fertilizers assists in structuring of clay soil to open and admit air penetration to roots and

drainage, both conditions necessary for satisfactory plant growth.

2.7. Nutrients Management

Garlic crop responds very well to manures and fertilizers (NPK). Adding 25 to 30 tonnes of well-

rotten farmyard manure as a basal application along with 60 kg of ‘N’, 50 kg of ‘P2O5’ and 50 kg of ‘K2O’

is suggested. As top dressing, 60 kg of ‘N’ should be applied after 45 days of sowing.23

Further, nutrient management in garlic production is mainly by the application of inorganic

fertilizers. Proper application of organic manures, crop residues, green manure, suitable crop

rotation, balanced application of fertilizers based on soil-testing is important. This can be achieved

through integrated nutrient management practices.

Warade et al (1996) obtained the highest bulb yield (22.7 t/ha) with 40 tonnes of FYM and

biofertilizer inoculation along with NPK, thereby saving 25% on nitrogen alone. Bhonde et al (1997)

revealed that treatment of FYM @ 15 t/ha + seedling dip and Nimbicidin application indicated a

possibility of replacement of inorganic fertilizers under organic farming. Thilakavathy and

Ramaswamy (1998) also opined that 2 kg/ha of and Phosphobacteria with 45 kg N and 45 kg P was

more remunerative compared to 60:30:30 kg of NPK/ha.

Reddy and Reddy (2005) found that among the various treatment combinations, vermicomposting

at 30 t/ha + 200 kg N/ha recorded the highest plant height and number of leaves per plant in

onion, but was at par with vermicomposting at 30 t/ ha + 150 kg N/ha in terms of bulb length,

bulb weight in an onion-radish cropping system. Studies conducted at DOGR recommended a dose

of 150kg N + 50kg P + 80kg K + 45kg Sulphur/ha. for rabi onion and 100kg N + 50kg P + 50kg K

+ 45 kg Sulphur/ha for garlic along with integration of 10 tons of FYM + 10 tons of poultry

manure and use of @ 4kg/ha. The results revealed vermin compost treatment to increase scoro

23





dose accumulation in the garlic bulbs and was directly related to harvest index, resulting in greater

yield and bulb quality. 24

2.8. Water Management

In preparing for planting, if soil moisture is not sufficient, it is necessary to irrigate the field a day or

two days earlier. In case the soil becomes too wet after irrigating, the field should be allowed to dry until

the desired moisture level is attained. The condition is best exemplified when footprints are deep

enough. Garlic produces an average of 7 roots per plant. In clay loam soil, the roots dig down as deep as

59 cm. Sufficient moisture is essential within the root zone during the vegetative growth. The frequency

of irrigation depends on the soil type and on the rainfall during the growing period. Clay loam is irrigated

thrice. Sandy soil requires a more frequent irrigation. Flash irrigation can be applied when crevices or

cracks on clay loam soils appear. Water should never be allowed to stay in the field beyond six hours.

Irrigation starts before planting and ends 70-85 days after planting.25 Usually first irrigation should be

carried out immediately after sowing. Subsequent irrigations should be given after every 10 to 12 days.

Maintaining constant moisture in the soil is required during the flowering bulb development stage. After

maturing the bulbs, irrigations should be reduced. For easy harvesting, irrigation should be provided just

before 3 days of harvest. In case of heavy rains, make sure to drain out water as quickly as possible.26

Garlic is very shallow-rooted bulb vegetable corps and are very sensitive to moisture stress

conditions particularly during bulb initiation and development. Frequent irrigation is, therefore,

necessary for better bulb development. Excess moisture or waterlogged condition during these

stages leads to development of diseases like basal rot and purple blotch. Similarly, continuous

irrigation towards maturity leads to secondary rooting which, in turn, develops new sprouts and

such bulbs do not stay longer in the storage. For garlic, some amount of light moisture is necessary

at harvest for easy uprooting of bulbs. The most common method of irrigation is basin or border-

strip flooding or furrow irrigation. Root system is normally restricted to top 3 cm in both the crops

and roots seldom penetrate deeper than 15 cm. Water requirement depends mostly on soil type,

evaporation, and crop stage. Considerable research work on method and scheduling of irrigation

water has been done to net higher bulb yield. Optimum exploitation of yield potential of Taherpuri

garlic, with maximum efficiency of irrigation-water use and 10 to 20% depletion of field-capacity

moisture are the most suitable criteria for irrigation. Ramamoorthy et al (2000) reported garlic cv.

CO4 to be irrigated at IW/CPE values of 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 or 1.2 during kharif and summer seasons. Bulb

yield increased as IW/CPE value increased. Water use efficiency was greatest when garlic was

irrigated at IW/CPE of 1.2. Nam et al (2007) observed that the distribution rate of large size of garlic

bulbs (above 45 mm diameter) ranged as 58.9- 76.5% under irrigation, but 39.4% under water-

stressed condition. Yield of garlic decreased significantly under no irrigation. Irrigation at 3-day

intervals significantly affected number of leaves per plant, plant height at maturity, bulb yield, bulb

weight, number of cloves per bulb and clove weight, while, increase in number of days between

irrigation intervals negatively affected growth and yield27.

24

https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiEvP66jP7SAhUDrY8KHRtvB1AQFggtMAM&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sphindia.org%2Findex.php%2Fjhs%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F257%2F255&usg=AFQjCNEVYpuX9p14qd_B2rEoRQQ1y87WzQ&sig2=MSGaPpS30xS0DEKPcZrCDg&bvm=bv.151325232,d.c2I (retrieved on 19th April 2017) 25


http://www.asiafarming.com/garlic-cultivation/ (retrieved on 19th April 2017) 27

https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiEvP66jP7SAhUDrY8KHRtvB1AQFggtMAM&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sphindia.org%2Findex.php%2Fjhs%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F257%2F255&usg=AFQjCNEVYpuX9p14qd_B2rEoRQQ1y87WzQ&sig2=MSGaPpS30xS0DEKPcZrCDg&bvm=bv.151325232,d.c2I (retrieved on 19th April 2017)

https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiEvP66jP7SAhUDrY8KHRtvB1AQFggtMAM&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sphindia.org%2Findex.php%2Fjhs%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F257%2F255&usg=AFQjCNEVYpuX9p14qd_B2rEoRQQ1y87WzQ&sig2=MSGaPpS30xS0DEKPcZrCDg&bvm=bv.151325232,d.c2I












2.9. Weed Management

The first interculture is given with hand or khurpi one month after the sowing. Second weeding is

given one month after the first weeding and hoeing. Hoeing, the crop just before the formation of bulbs

(about 2 ½ months from sowing) loosens the soil and helps in the setting of bigger and well filled bulbs.

The crop should not be weeded out or hoed at a letter stage because this may damage the stem and

impair the keeping quality of sprouting and the cloves already formed.28 Weeds can decrease yield by as

much as 50%.

Weed control method without mulch:

Tractor cultivation: Tine weeders should be used up until garlic is 6-8” tall. Then hillers would deal

with the in between-row weeds and some of the in-row weeds, but it is important not to cover too

much of the foliage as at reduces the yield.

Flame weeding:

The flame-weeding can achieve good results as hand-weeding using one-third of the labour. It can

be used for relatively mature garlic, but young plants (four or fewer leaves) that are easily damaged.

The flame should be directed at the base of the plants, in the morning, when the plants are turgid. It

should be remembered not to flame-weed if we have mulch.

Table 31: Chemical weed control table

Herbicide Labeled

crops

Time of Application

to crop

Rate (lbs. AI./Acre)

Mineral Muck

Bensulide

(Prefar

4E)

Garlic Preplant Pre-

emergence 5-6 ----

Remarks: Pre-plant is incorporate to a depth of 1-2 inches in well worked soil. Apply pre-emergence

and irrigate to incorporate. With overhead irrigation, wet soil at least 2-4 inches deep. For furrow

irrigation, thoroughly wet the entire bed top. Controls many grass species.

Herbicide Labeled

crops

Time of Application

to crop


Mineral Muck

Bromoxynil

(Buctril)

Garlic Preemergence

Postemergence

0.25 0.375

----

(Aim) Garlic Directed-hooded row-middles 0.008-0.025 0.008-

0.025

Remarks: Aim may be applied as a post-directed hooded burn-down application to the emerged broadleaf

weeds in row middles. Aim is not labeled for grassy weeds. May be tank mixed with other herbicides

registered for this treatment pattern. May be applied at 0.33 oz (0.008 lb ai) to 1 oz (0.025 lb ai). Use a

quality spray adjuvant such as crop oil concentrate (coc) or non-ionic surfactant (nis) at recommended

rates.

Herbicide Labeled

crops

Time of Application

to crop


Mineral Muck

28





Clethodim (Select)

(Arrow)

Garlic

Post emergence

0.94-.125

094-.128

Remarks: Material is a selective post emergence herbicide for control of annual and perennial grasses.

Always use a crop oil concentrate at 1% v/v in the finished spray. Volume should range from 5 to 40

gallons per acre. Rates range from 6 to 8 oz. of product per acre for annual grasses to up to 16 oz. of

product for perennial grasses. Do not apply within 45 days of harvest.

Herbicide Labeled

crops

Time of Application

to crop


Mineral Muck

DCPA (Dacthal W-

75)

Garlic

Pre emergence Post

transplanting or at layby

6.0-10.5

C

Remarks: Controls germinating annual. Incorporate 0.5 to 1.0 inch with overhead irrigation or shallow

cultivation. Apply lay by treatment to weed-free field up to 14 weeks after planting at rates not exceeding

10.5 lb ai./acre per season.

Herbicide Labeled

crops

Time of Application

to crop


Mineral Muck

Fluazifop-p

(Fusilade) Garlic Post emergence 0.188 0.188

Remarks: Controls actively growing grass weeds. A total of 48 oz. of product may be applied to the crop

per season. Rates for the control of actively growing grass species at specific growth stages are specified

on the label. Depending on the species, the growth stage for best control ranges from the 3- to 8-leaf

stage. Use oil concentrates or non-ionic surfactants in the spray mixture. A pre-harvest interval of 45 days

must be maintained.

Herbicide Labeled

crops

Time of Application

to crop


Mineral Muck

Paraquat

(Gramoxone Extra)

(Gramoxone Max)

Garlic Pre-plant Pre

emergence

0.63 - 0.94

0.63 - 0.94

Remarks: Apply as a broadcast treatment prior to, during or after seeding, but before emergence of

the crop for control of emerged weeds. Weeds and grasses emerging after treatment will not be

controlled. Crop plants emerged at the time of application will be damaged. Use a non-ionic surfactant

with application. Do not apply within 60 days of harvest.

Herbicide Labeled

crops

Time of Application

to crop


Mineral Muck

Sethoxydim (Poast) Garlic Post emergence .187 .187

Remarks: For control of actively growing grass weeds. Always add a crop oil concentrate at a rate of 2

pts./acre. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. A general use rate of 1 pt. material may be used. Do not

apply more than 4.5 pts. per acre in one season.

(Source: http://www.fao.org/3/a-av002e.pdf(retrieved on 19th April 2017))



2.10. Pest & Disease Management

Garlic crop is attacked by diseases and insect pests. Therefor garlic growers need to know the detail

symptoms of diseases and insect pests attacking garlic and control measures for getting healthy crop.

Diseases and insect pests attacking garlic crop along with control measures have beenpresented

below.

Diseases in Garlic

a. Purple Blotch

Purple blotch (Alternaria porri) appears on leaves as small whitish

sunken lesions with purple centres that rapidly enlarge. The leaves fall

over gradually. Spraying of Mancozeb @ 2.5 g/litre, Proloined @ 2.0

g/litre or Iprodione @ 2.0 g/litre or propiconayal,

or Azoxishbsin @ 0.1 % of water at 15 day intervals gives good

control.

b. Stemphylium Blight

Stemphylium blight (Stemphylium vesicarium) appears as small,

yellow to orange flecks or streaks on leaf. These soon develop

into elongated, spindle-shaped to ovate elongate, diffused spots,

often reaching the leaf tips. They usually turn gray at the centre,

brown to dark olive brown with the development of

conidiophores and conidia of the pathogen. The spots

frequently coalesce into extended patches blightening the leaves and gradually the entire

foliage. Spraying of Mancozeb @ 2.5 g/litre, Proloined @ 2.0 g/litre or Iprodione @ 2.0 g/litre

or propiconayal, or Azoxishbsin @ 0.1 % of water at 15 day intervals giving good control.

c. Cercospora leaf Blight

Leaf blight Caused by Cercospora duddiae,this disease appears on

leaves as small, ash-coloured and irregular shaped spots scattered

on leaf lamina. The spots coalesce gradually and results in

blightening of foliage. Spraying of ziram or captan @ 2.0 g/litre of

water or copper oxychloride @ 3.0 g /litre of water at

fortnightly intervals gives good control.

d. Powdery Mildew

Powdery mildew is caused by Leveillula taurica. Distinct pale-yellow

patches of variable size on abaxial surface of leaf associated with

powdery mass are its main characteristics. Sulphur fungicides @

2.0 g/ litre of water if sprayed at regular intervals of 15 days after

disease appearance gives good control.

e. Mosaic Disease

Figure 8: Purple Blotch in Garlic

Figure 9: Stemphylium Blight in garlic

Figure 10: Cercospora leaf blight in garlic

Figure 11: Powdery mildew in garlic



Garlic plants infected with mosaic virus show typical symptoms of chlorotic mottling and strips on

first emerging leaf followed by pale-yellow broken stripes, resulting in typical mosaic pattern on

matured leaves. Yellowish dots on leaves, whitish leaf margin or twisting of leaves are also recorded

on a few cultivars. General symptoms are mild on younger leaves than on matured leaves. Bulbs

harvested from mosaic affected plants after maturity remain smaller in size and cloves are fewer in

number. Since virus is transmitted through aphids, spraying of monocrotophos @ 0.5 ml/litre of

water or methyl demeton @ 0.75 ml/litre of water is useful.

f. Iris Yellow Spot Virus

Iris Yellow Spot Virus (IYSV) disease of garlic Caused by Tomato Spotted wilt Virus (Tospo virus

group). Straw colored, eye spots and white patches appears on

garlic leaves. The disease is transmitted by thrips (Thrips tabaci)

which is a major pest of garlic. Uproot the virus infected garlic

plants and destroy by burning. The insect vector can be control

by spraying of insecticides Fipronil 5 % SC @ 0.15%,

Deltamethrin 2.8% EC @ 0.1 AND Spinosad 2.5% SC @ 0.1%

or neem oil @ 0.4% and Beauveria bassiana @ 0.4.

Insect Pests in Garlic

a. Thrips

Thrips (Thrips tabaci) are perhaps the most important insect

pests attacking garlic. They are most common during warm

weather. They feed on leaf surfaces, causing them to whiten or

silver. They are slender about 1/25" long usually hide in angles

of leaves. Spraying of Malathion @ 1 ml/ litre or

methyldemeton @ 0.75 ml/ litre of water gives good control if

sprayed at frequent intervals. Four sprays of fluvalinate (0.04%)

at fortnightly interval at Karnal and malathion (0.1%) at Nasik

gave best performance in controlling thrips. Phorate @ 1 kg ai/ha at planting and 30 days after

planting controls thrips effectively.

b. Stem and bulb nematode

Stem and bulb nematode Caused by (Ditylenchus dipsaci), in a major

problem of garlic. It is a tiny worm almost invisible to the naked eye

which invades the tissues of garlic, and can seriously reduce the yield.

The infestation causes the basal portion of mature plants to swell and

become spongy and frequently broken by longitudinal splits. The

tissue rots, the leaves and stems become rotten and twisted and the

plant is stunted. In severely infested plants, basal plants may be so

rotted that it pulls away when the plant is lifted, leaving the roots in

the ground. The nematodes are, however, not common in garlic in

India. Pre-planting soil fumigation with dichloro-propene-

dichloropropane mixture @ 500 kg/ha is recommended. Ethylene dibromide and

dibromochloropropane (Nemagon) should not be used as these leave residues in soil.

Figure 12: Iris yellow spot virus in garlic

Figure 14: Stem & Bulb nematode in garlic

Figure 13: Thrips in Garlic



c. Mites

The eriophyid mite, Aceria tulipae, a common pest of garlic is so small that

its infestations are frequently over-looked. Young garlic plants injured by

mites usually have destroyed and twisted leaves with conspicuous yellow or

light green streaking. The leaves may not emerge readily from the cloves

and leaf blades separate poorly after emergence. Bulbs stored for long

period may be severely attacked by mites. The cloves wither and bulbs

lose their firmness.

d. Rhizoglyphus callae and Glycohaqus domesticus

These may attack on bulbs in storage. Fumigation of dry bulbs with methyl bromide after harvesting

and before storage control the mites. Application of methyl bromide @ 1kg/1000 cubic feet for 2

hours at 26ºC is recommended.29

The other important diseases and pests of garlic include blue moulds, black mould and fusarium rot

and have been explained as under.

a. Blue Moulds

Blue moulds: Penicillium Corymbiferum Cause the disease. The affected

clove becomes soft, shrivels and covered with blue-green powdery

spores. This disease also attacks the crop in the field. The infection is

carried from the field and healthy bulbs may also carry fungus on the

outer scales. Injury to the cloves at harvest should be avoided to control

the rots. Proper drying and field sanitation reduces the infection of

disease.

b. Black moulds

Black mould: this is caused by Aspergillus species which causes

deposition of black mould on the outer layer of bulbs and cloves. The

infection can be cured by proper shade curing of bulbs.

c. Fusarium Species

Fusarium species: Plants may or may not show symptoms in the field

or during harvest, but bulbs may subsequently rot in storage. In the

field, affected plants may show reduced emergence, yellowing and/or

browning (necrosis) of leaves beginning at tips. The discoloration will

move toward the base of the leaf, which will eventually wither and die.

Other symptoms include reduced bulb size, bulb decay, and brown,

poorly developed root systems. This is a result of decay of the stem

plates and storage leaves. The stem plate and dry outer scales may make

the crack open up. There may be reddish or red dish purple discoloration on stems and buland

bulbs.

2.11. Recommended Good Agriculture Practices (GAP)

When the ground begins to freeze, it is good practice to cover the garlic plants with a layer of straw

mulch. This helps to protect the plants over winter, prevents frost heaving and helps to suppress

29

http://nhrdf.org/en-us/pPlantProtection_G (retrieved on 19th April 2017)

Figure 17: Fusarium

species

Figure 15: Mites in garlic

Figure 16: Blue Moulds in garlic

http://nhrdf.org/en-us/pPlantProtection_G



weeds in the Spring. Garlic requires additional irrigation during dry periods but watering should be

ceased a few weeks prior to harvest to allow the papery skin around the bulb to dry and to prevent

the development of disease. Garlic benefits from the addition of fertilizer during the growing

season. Nitrogen should be applied during early spring: later applications may delay bulb

development. Hardneck garlic should be pruned when the flowering stalks (scapes) begin to

straighten. Removal of the flower head directs the plants energy to bulb production. Soft neck garlic

does not require pruning.30

Also, as the foliage of garlic casts little shade, the crop can be easily swamped by weeds, which

would negatively affect the plants’ growth and subsequent yields. Hand weeding should be done

regularly. Hoeing can be tricky as the foliage and top of the bulb is easily damaged. To avoid this,

planting through black plastic sheeting should be considered to suppress weeds.

Watering should be done every 14 days during prolonged spells of dry weather. Watering should be

ceased when the foliage begins to go yellow indicating onset of maturity. Overhead irrigation should

be avoided that encourages fungal diseases.31

Mulching in Garlic Farming: Mulch can be applied before or after planting. Mulch is evenly laid

on the field with a thickness of 3 to 5 cm. Rice straw is commonly used as mulching material. Other

mulching materials that can also be used are hulls, saw dust, grasses, and polyethylene or plastic sheet.

Mulch controls soil moisture as well as the growth of weeds.32

Warade et al (1996) obtained the highest bulb yield (22.7 t/ha) with 40 tonnes of FYM and

biofertilizer inoculation along with NPK, thereby saving 25% on nitrogen alone. Bhonde et al (1997)

revealed that treatment of FYM @ 15 t/ha + seedling dip and Nimbicidin application indicated a

possibility of replacement of inorganic fertilizers under organic farming. Thilakavathy and

Ramaswamy (1998) also opined that 2 kg/ha of and Phosphobacteria with 45 kg N and 45 kg P was

more remunerative compared to 60:30:30 kg of NPK/ha.

Reddy and Reddy (2005) found that among various treatment combinations, vermicompost at 30

t/ha + 200 kg N/ha recorded the highest plant height and number of leaves per plant in onion, but

was at par with vermicompost at 30 t/ ha + 150 kg N/ha in terms of bulb length, bulb weight in an

onion-radish cropping system. Studies conducted at DOGR recommended a dose of 150kg N +

50kg P + 80kg K + 45kg Sulphur/ha. for rabi onion and 100kg N + 50kg P + 50kg K + 45 kg

Sulphur/ha for garlic along with integration of 10 tons of FYM + 10 tons of poultry manure and

use of @ 4kg/ha. The results revealed vermin compost treatment to increase scorodose

accumulation in garlic bulbs and was directly related to harvest index, resulting in greater yield and

bulb quality. 33

Vinegar Weeding

It is useful to control broadleaf weeds, but has no effect on grass weeds. It can reduce labour by

94% using vinegar rather than hand-weeding, so if broadleaf weeds are present, this is a good

solution. 5 applications of 10% acetic acid vinegar spray is required during the growing season. One

should start when the garlic is 18 inch (46 cm) tall. It is to be sprayed about every 10 days, from

both sides of each row.

30


https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?PID=677 (retrieved on 19th April 2017) 32


https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiEvP66jP7SAhUDrY8KHRtvB1AQFggtMAM&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sphindia.org%2Findex.php%2Fjhs%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F257%2F255&usg=AFQjCNEVYpuX9p14qd_B2rEoRQQ1y87WzQ&sig2=MSGaPpS30xS0DEKPcZrCDg&bvm=bv.151325232,d.c2I (retrieved on 19th April 2017)

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2.12. Harvesting

As the bulb reach maturity, the plants cease to produce new leaves and senescence starts. The top

just above the neck up the bulbs weaken and bend down still remaining green. Bulb continues to

increase in size and weight for some time after soften of neck and falling over. This increases due to

continued accumulation of dry matter of the bulb. Bulbs harvested after neck fall have been

reported to take less time for drying and curing and to have mark reduction in the storage rot. On

the other hand, if the bulbs are harvested before neck fall, it will take more time for proper drying

and curing and will also be susceptible to storage disease. Thus, it will be proper to harvest the bulbs

intended to be stored, one week after 50% of the plants have shown neck fall. If the bulbs are left

too long in the field they are subjected to dews and rains and thereby they may split and loosen their

outer scales as a result of which they become less attractive and more prone to storage diseases.34

Garlic is ready to harvest when the plants begin to turn yellow or brown and begin to fall over. The

digging of plants is done while there are still some green leaves remaining on the plant. Harvesting

of the bulbs is done by digging the plant carefully and lifting the bulbs using a fork. The garlic can

be used straight away or it can be cured for longer storage. Garlic can be cured by hanging the plants

in bunches or by spreading them out on a rack or screen. The plants should be kept intact while

they cure, and we should not remove the tops until the garlic is dry. Curing should be carried out in

a cool, dry place with good ventilation such as a barn, attic or garage. Once dry, the bulbs will keep

for up to a year.35

Garlic is crop of 4½ to 5 month duration. When the leaves start turning yellowish or brownish

and show signs of drying up usually about a month or so for the emergence of seed stalks, the crop

is ready for harvest. The plants are then pulled out or uprooted with a country plough and are tied

into small bundles, which are then kept in the field or in the shade for 2- 3 days for curing and drying

so that the bulbs become hard and keeping quality is prolonged. The bulbs may be stacked by handling

them on bamboo sticks or by keeping them on dry sand on the floor in a well ventilated room on

the dry floor.36

2.13. Pre Harvest Constraints of Farmers

Garlic suffers from similar pest and disease problems as onions and leeks. When garlic is

exposed to adverse weather condition, such as fluctuating temperatures in spring, the plants

may produce garlic cloves above the ground in the stem. They are sometimes called top

sets, which can be used in the normal way. There is nothing that can be done about it.

Hardneck garlic cultivars readily produce flower stalks. The developing flowers should be

removed as soon as they appear and can be used for stir fries. Softneck cultivars

occasionally produce flower stalk if exposed to adverse growing conditions such as high

temperatures or drought.

If the bulbs start splitting the crop was harvested too late.

Shallow planting and late harvesting can lead to some of the cloves going green. They can be used

as normal, but cannot be stored well.

There are a few fungal diseases to watch out for;

34

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301245280_Post-harvest_Management_of_Garlic (retrieved on 19th April 2017) 35


http://www.agrifarming.in/garlic-farming/ (retrieved on 19th April 2017)

http://www.agrifarming.in/tag/bamboo/

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301245280_Post-harvest_Management_of_Garlic





1. If the foliage develops garlic pustules, the crop may be affected by leek rust. Garlic is very

susceptible to this type of disease.

2. Withering of the foliage in dry weather may be a sign of onion white rot. The base of the bulbs

and roots develops white fluffy mould.

3. Garlic and shallots are very susceptible to downy mildew, when the leaves start turning yellow

and die off from the tip downwards. In wet weather, white mould develops on dead parts often

turning darker colour later. However, garlic seems to be seldom affected.37

Garlic varieties differ considerably in their inherent duration of dormancy, as measured by

the time to sprout either in storage or after planting in the field. However very little

information is available on this aspect in India. The higher nitrogen application and use of

more irrigation in the later part of growth and development is detrimental for garlic storage.

Sprouting is the major problem of garlic storage. Pre-harvest application of growth

regulator, maleic hydrazide (MH) can check sprouting. The chemical is to be sprayed when

the tops are green and before the neck fall. The recommended concentration is 1500 to

3000 ppm. It gives good effect when sprayed when the temperature is mild during the

cooler part of the day.38

Logistic Problems in Crop Protection

Logistics problem have been recognized as a major hindrance to a virile and effective crop

protection programme. For instance, farmers may recognize a problem situation in the field but may

not understand its causes. This calls for educating and training of rural staff and sending them to the

rural suburbs to assist farmers Another logistic problem in crop protection is inadequate plant

quarantine and sanitation programmes. At the national level, a system of quick response (within 48

hours) to a reported case of outbreak of pests and diseases should be adopted to salvage crops and

prevent total failure and loss to farmers.

Social Problems

The plant protection problems have their social aspect. For instance, an individual farmer cannot

take effective measures against pests which ravage over a large territory; in which case a joint action

with his neighbours is necessary. An example is illustrated with grass hopper (Z. variegatus)

infestation. Preventive measures should be taken in the locations where the eggs are laid, such as

burning old tree stumps, heaps of uprooted weeds and avoiding damp places in general. Eggs are

most effectively destroyed by raking them out so that they dry in the sun. Nest sites are

comparatively rare, usually one or two per hectare. For effective control, the destruction of all nest

sites over a large area by all farmers is necessary. One farmer acting alone will have limited effect,

whereas joint action can reduce the succeeding population of grasshoppers by 70 – 80%. Another

social problem in crop protection is inadequate price incentives to farmers particularly when

inclement weather strikes. Price incentive is necessary to guarantee farmers good reward for their

efforts. Also, excess produce should be purchased by the state governments and stored as strategic

grain reserves. All these would encourage farmers to produce more to feed the teeming population

in the country.39

37

https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?PID=677 (retrieved on 19th April 2017) 38


http://www.sciencepub.net/nature/ns0712/02_1194_crop_ns0712_8_14.pdf (retrieved on 19th April 2017)

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Chapter-3: Post-Harvest Management

Post- harvest management is the technology handling of an agricultural produce after harvest to

prolong the shelf life, freshness and an attractive appearance. Nearly, 15 to 50 per cent of garlic is

wasted due to faulty post-harvest management during harvesting, drying and curing, sorting and

grading, packaging, storage, and transportation etc. Proper scientific post-harvest management can

minimize these losses. Like post-harvest management, the proper pre-harvest steps such as use of

proper harvesting tools and assessment of maturity stage also improve the shelf life of garlic and

reduce the post-harvest losses to a great extent.

Figure 18: Post Harvest Management

Drying is done to remove excess moisture from outer skin and neck to reduce storage rot, while

curing is an additional process of drying to remove the excess moisture and to allow the colour

development. Garlic bulbs after curing are run over a grader or graded manually before their storage

or marketing. The thick- necked, splitted, injured, and diseased or bulbs with hollow cloves are

sorted out. Size grading is done for getting better price and to minimize losses on account of driage

and decay. Thoroughly cured garlic bulbs are stored well in ordinary well-ventilated rooms. Garlic

with dried leaves can be stored by hanging in well-ventilated rooms.

Harvesting Drying & Curing Sorting & Grading

Storage Packaging Transportation

Processed Garlic Uses

Peeled Garlic, Garlic Powder,

Paste, Oil & Extract



3.1. Post - Harvest Losses, Harvesting Care and Post – Harvest Equipment

Post-Harvest Losses

Post-harvest losses occur at different stages viz. harvesting, drying, curing, storage, packaging, and

transportation, processing and marketing of garlic. Harvesting of garlic is done manually. During

storage at farmer’s level, spoilage and losses may occur due to mishandling, use of very old and

damaged bags and rodents. The post- harvest losses during storage have been estimated to be about

7.5-12%. During transport of garlic from the farm house to the markets and from assembling

markets to the secondary markets or consuming centres, losses occur on account of pilferage,

leakage of gunny bags and rough handling. The disease damage to garlic is around 15-20%. Some

losses also occur due to rodents.

Harvesting Care

Drying and curing are very essential. Drying is done to remove excess moisture from outer skin and

neck to reduce storage rot, while curing is an additional process of drying to remove the excess

moisture and to allow the colour development and help the bulbs to become compact and go into

dormant stage. It is done for about a week in the field for drying. The method and period of curing

vary depending on weather at the time of harvesting. Bulbs are covered along with their tops to

avoid damage to bulbs from sun. These are also cured for 7-10 days in shade either with tops or

after curing the tops by leaving 2.5 cm above the bulbs and removing the roots. Harvesting at 100%

neck fall and curing by windrow method have been recommended. The curing in field should be

done till foliage turns yellow. Artificial curing can be done by passing hot air at 27.35ºC through the

curing room. It takes about 48 hours for complete curing process if humidity is between 60 - 75%.40

Recently, use of irradiation is another technique developed for long term preservation of garlic.

Several workers have attempted irradiation of garlic with gamma rays for controlling sprouting. The

dose varies from 20Gy to 60Gy (2krad to 6krad). Doses higher than 100Gy have been reported to

reduce diallyl disulphide content which gives typical garlic flavour. The irradiation of garlic has been

considered safe and permitted under the Prevention of food Adulteration Act. However, the activity

may take more time before commercialization and be acceptable by consumers.

Packaging

In India, garlic bulbs are packed in open mesh jute bags for domestic use. It is packed in bags of 90

and 40 kg capacity each in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Rajasthan and other garlic growing states

respectively. As per the garlic grading and packing rules, 18 and 25 kg packing are done in

perforated 10 ply corrugated cardboard boxes for export. Nylon-netted bags used for packing and

further storage cause minimum losses in storage. In foreign countries, plastic-woven bags are very

commonly used. These have good strength and are also attractive. Since garlic needs less ventilation

compared to onion, there is a need to develop suitable packaging to reduce drag loss.

Storage

Thoroughly cured garlic bulbs are stored well in ordinary well-ventilated rooms. Garlic with dried

leaves can be stored by hanging in well-ventilated rooms. This is, however, not possible on

commercial scale because space requirement is more. Storage without tops in nylon-netted bags give

better performance at Nasik and Karnal as such the same has been recommended for storage to

minimize loss. In Jamangar area (Gujarat), some pockets of Indore and Mandsaur Madhya Pradesh

and Mainpuri and Etah district of Uttar Pradesh, bulbs are stored for 6-8 months. Since garlic stores

well for market under a wide range of temperature, controlled conditioned (low temperature)

40

http://nhrdf.org/en-us/pPostHarvestTech_G (retrieved on 19th April 2017)

http://nhrdf.org/en-us/pPostHarvestTech_G



storage are not necessary. Cloves sprout quickly at 4.4ºC and prolonged storage in this temperature

range should be avoided. Storage at 0.5ºC is satisfactory, but high humidity often accompanies low

temperature storage. Garlic stored at humidity higher than 70% at any temperature develop mould

and start rotting. Cold storage of garlic is possible at 32-36ºF and 60-70% relative humidity. The

storage loss of 12.5% is recorded in garlic stored at 1-5ºC and 75% relative humidity compared to

42.4% losses in ambient temperature. UV light treatment for 30 minutes further reduces loss to 8%

in cold stores for 150-day storage.

Irradiation with 2-6 krad of cobalt 60 gamma rays have also been recommended for controlling

sprouting in storage. The irradiation given to bulbs within 8 weeks of harvesting (before sprout

initiation) can inhibit sprouting effectively, reduce weight loss and can prolong storage life for about

one year. Doses higher than 10 Kr reduce diallyl disulfide content which gives typical garlic flavour.

Storage life of garlic is prolonged and loss in eight is also reduced by spraying 3000 ppm MH 3

weeks before harvesting. Yamuna Safed (G-1), Yamuna Safed-2 (G-50) and Yamuna Safed (G-

323) are better stored. Pre-harvest spraying of 0.1% carbendazim and disinfection of premises for

handling and storage of garlic also reduce post-harvest losses particularly decay loss. Phosphorus

and potassium application reduce weight loss in garlic storage while nitrogen application increases

it.41

Storage structure:

1. Low cost 20-25000

2. Medium cost 2-3 Lakh

3. High cost 20-25 lakh

Post-Harvest Equipment

Garlic powered roller conveyer- High volumes of cleaning and inspection. Used as an inspection

table to remove scrap, 3rd grade bulbs, stones, soil at magazine reception from the field before

drying and storing.

Table 32: Specifications of garlic powered roller conveyer

Specifications MES-LIMP

Width (cm) 150

Length (cm) 353

High (cm) 183

Rollers width (cm) 67

Number of rollers 33

Power (CV) 1

Weight (kg) 350

P Garlic Grade Performance (kg/h) 8000

Garlic Brusher- Intensive cleaning of garlic bulbs before grading and storing. Remove the soil,

external dry peals and any other parts using rotated brushers without damage to the garlic bulbs.

Table 33: Specification of garlic brusher

Specifications CEPI-B

Width (cm) 125

41

http://nhrdf.org/en-us/pPostHarvestTech_G (retrieved on 19th April 2017)




Length (cm) 371

Number of brushes 22

Brushes width (cm) 100

Performance (kg/h) 4000

Power (CV) 2

Weight (kg) 650

Garlic Grader- Gentle and precise grading is done at high performance. A consistent size improves

the crop profit. The modular grader JJ Broch can be adapted as numbers of sizes are needed to

optimize the crop marketing.

Table 34: Specification of garlic grader

Specifications CLASIF

Loading height (cm) 155

Unloading belts height (cm) 94

Conveyor belt dimension (cm) 35

Conveyor belt length (cm) 380 X 100

Unloading belts 0,25

Vibrating 1

Drive 2

Tension (V) 380

Performance (kg/h) 8000

Garlic Peeler- Greater benefits from production. Split and peel garlic allow you to make more

profit on the production.42

Table 35: Specification of garlic peeler

Specifications PL 400 PL 200

Air pressure requirement 4200 l a 8 bar. 2000 l a 8 bar.

Minimum garlic cloves temp. 37ºC 37ºC

Garlic humidity 20º 20

Inspection desk 3 x 0.6 3 x 0.6

dimensions (m)

Power (CV) 10 7

Performance (kg/h) 200 100[1]

42

http://www.agrotarna.lt/images/JB/JB_ruosimas_pardavimui/Bukl_JB_ruosimas_pardavimui_EN.pdf



3.2. Grade Specification & Grading at Producer Level

Table 36: Grade specification

Grade

Minimum diameter

Nashik

garlic

Madurai plain

garlic

Madurai

garlic

Jamnagar

garlic

General

characteristic

Big 30 20 35 35

bulb should be of

uniform colour, shape

and pungency

characteristics of the

variety type

mediu

m 25 15 25 25

bulb shall be cured

and dried. Bulb shall

be compact with

cloves

Small 10 10 10 12

Bulb shall be free

from damage caused

by moulds ,decay,

split cloves, dirt,

sunburned etc.

Garlic bulbs after curing are run over a grader manually before their storage or marketing. All thick

necked, split, injured, disease and insect infested bulbs are removed before the storage. Size grading

is done after sorting. The garlic is graded according to their size(diameter) in three grades i.e. Big

(30-35mm), medium (25-30mm) and small (10-25mm). Only the big and medium grade bulbs

should be stored for getting better price and minimize the losses on account of the decay.43

Grade Designation and Quality of Garlic44

1. Garlic shall be obtained from Varieties (cultivars) Allium sativum L. They may be (1) Fresh, (2)

Semidry (3) Dry.

2. Minimum Requirements-

(i) Garlic bulbs shall be

sound, fresh in appearance;

clean, free of any visible foreign matter;

firm;

free from damage caused by pests;

free from damage caused by frost or sun;

free from externally visible sprouts;

free of abnormal external moisture;

free of any foreign smell and/or taste;

(ii) They shall comply with the residue level of heavy metals, pesticides and other food safety

parameters as laid down by the Codex Alimentarius Commission for exports.

Foot note:

`Fresh garlic' means produce with a `green' stem and with the outer skin of the bulb still

fresh.

43


http://agmarknet.nic.in/fveggmrules04.htm#garlic (retrieved on 19th April 2017)


http://agmarknet.nic.in/fveggmrules04.htm#garlic



`Semi-dry garlic' means produce with the stem and the outer skin of the bulb not

completely dry.

`Dry garlic' means produce in which the stem, the outer skin of the bulb and the skin

surrounding each clove are completely dry.

3. Criteria for grade designation:

Table 37: Grade specification as per AGMARK

Grade

designation Grade Requirements Grade tolerances

Extra class

Garlic shall be of superior quality.

They shall be characteristic of the variety and /or

commercial type.

The bulbs shall be:

- intact;

- regular in shape;

- properly cleaned.

They must be free of defects, with the exception of

very slight superficial blemishes, provided these do

not affect the general appearance of the produce,

the quality, the keeping quality and presentation

the package.

The cloves must be compact;

The roots of dry garlic must be cut off flush with the

bulb.

5% by weight of Garlic not satisfying

the requirements of the grade, but

meeting those of Class I grade or,

exceptionally, coming within the

tolerances of that grade.

Class I

Garlic shall be of good quality. They shall be

characteristics of the variety and/or commercial

type.

The bulbs shall be:

- intact;

- of fairly regular shape

The following slight defects, however, may

be allowed, provided these do not affect the

general appearance of the produce the quality,

the keeping quality and presentation in the

package.

- slight tears in the outer skin of the bulb;

cloves must be reasonably compact.

10% by weight of Garlic not

satisfying the requirements of the

grade, but meeting those

of Class II or, exceptionally,

coming within the tolerances of that

grade.

Class II

Garlic which do not qualify for inclusion in the

higher grade, but satisfy the minimum

requirements. The following defects may be

allowed, provided the garlic retain its essential

characteristics as regards the quality, the keeping

quality and presentation.

- tears in the outer skin or missing parts of the

outer skin of the bulb;

- healed injuries;

- slight bruises;

- irregular shape;

- up to three cloves missing.

10% by weight of Garlic not

satisfying the requirements of the

grade but meeting the minimum

requirements.

Source: http://agmarknet.nic.in/fveggmrules04.htm#garlic(retrieved on 19th April 2017)

4. Other Requirements:

(I) The development and condition of the garlic must be such so as to enable it to:



With stand transport and handling

arrive in satisfactory condition at the place of destination.

(II) Garlic must be presented as follows:

(i) loose in the package, with cut stems, the length of the stem not to exceed:

10 cm. in the case of fresh and semi-dry garlic,

3 cm. in the case of dry garlic;

(ii) in bunches by:

number of bulbs;

net weight.

The stems must be evened off;

(iii) in the case of dry and semi-dry garlic only in strings by:

number of bulbs, there being at least six bulbs per string;

net weight.

In the case of presentation in bunches or strings, each package must have uniform characteristics

(number of bulbs or net weight).

Irrespective of the type of presentation, the stems must be cut cleanly, as must roots in the case of

dry garlic classified in the `Extra' class.

(III) Package shall be marked `fresh garlic', `semi-dry garlic' or `dry garlic'.

5. Provisions Concerning Sizing

(I) Size is determined by the maximum diameter of the equatorial section.

(i) The minimum diameter shall be at 45 mm for garlic classified in the `Extra' Class and 30 mm for

garlic classified in Classes I and II.

(ii) For garlic presented loose - with cut stems - or in bunches, the

difference in diameter between the smallest and the largest bulb in the same package may

not exceed:

- 15 mm where the diameter of the smallest bulb is less than 40 mm;

- 20 mm where the diameter of the smallest bulb is 40 mm or more.

(II) Size tolerances: For all grades: 10% by weight of bulbs not satisfying the requirements as

regards sizing and the size indicated but conforming to the size immediately above and/or

below that specified. Within this tolerances, not more than 3% of bulbs may have a diameter

smaller than the specified minimum but not less than 25 mm.

(III) Garlic bulb without clove may have minimum diameter of 20 mm for Extra class and 15

mm for Class I and Class II.

3.2. Major Storage Disease and Pest and their Control Measures

The major storage diseases and insect pests along with their symptoms and control measures have

been presented in the table below:



Table 38: Major storage diseases and insect pests and their control measures45

Name Symptoms Comments Management

Bulb mites

Stunted plant

growth; reduced

stand; bulbs rotting

in ground or in

storage; pest is a

cream-white,

bulbous mite

Damage to

plants by bulb

mites allows

secondary

invasion by

other pathogens

and can cause

bulb rots

Do not plant successive

crops of onion or garlic

in same location; allow

field to fallow to ensure

that any residual

organic matter

decomposes

completely - crop

residues can harbour

mite populations;

treating garlic seed

cloves with hot water

prior to planting may

help reduce mite

populations

Downy mildew

Pale spots or

elongated patches

on leaves; grey-

purple fuzzy growth

on leaf surface;

leaves turning pale

then yellow; leaf tips

collapsing.

Disease

emergence

favoured by cool

temperatures

and leaf

wetness.

Avoid planting infected

sets; rotate crops to

non-allium species for

3-4 years; plant in well-

draining areas and do

not overcrowd plants;

destroy all infected crop

debris; apply

appropriate foliar

fungicides taking care

to apply thoroughly to

waxy leaves.

Leaf miners

Thin, white, winding

trails on leaves;

heavy mining can

result in white

blotches on leaves

and leaves dropping

from the plant

prematurely; early

infestation can

cause yield to be

reduced; adult leaf

miner is a small

black and yellow fly

which lays its eggs

in the leaf; larvae

hatch and feed on

leaf interior.

Mature larvae

drop from leaves

into soil to

pupate; entire

lifecycle can

take as little as 2

weeks in warm

weather; insect

may go through

7 to 10

generations per

year.

Check transplants for

signs of leafminer

damage prior to

planting; remove plants

from soil immediately

after harvest; only use

insecticides when

leafminer damage has

been identified as

unnecessary spraying

will also reduce

populations of their

natural enemies.

45 Source: https://www.plantvillage.org/en/topics/garlic;

http://www.krishisewa.com/articles/disease-management/654-ipm-onion-garlic.html (retrieved on 19th April

2017)





Mosaic

Mosaic patterns on

leaves; chlorotic

mottling or streaks

on leaves; stunted

plant growth and

reduced bulb size.

Transmitted by

aphids;

infections can be

latent and

produce no

symptoms;

infection in garlic

are often found

alongside other

viruses such as

onion yellow

dwarf.

Plant virus-free cloves

that were produced

from meristem tip

culture in virus-free

conditions.

Onion maggot

Stunted or wilting

seedlings; plant will

commonly break at

soil line if an attempt

is made to pull it up;

if infestation occurs

when plants are

bulbing, bulbs will

be deformed and

susceptible to

storage rots after

harvest; adult insect

is a greyish fly which

lays white, elongate

eggs around the

base of the plant;

the larvae that

emerge from the

eggs are tiny and

white and bore into

the plant; mature

larvae are about 1

cm (0.4 in) long with

feeding hooks.

Females can lay

several hundred

eggs during 2-4

weeks lifespan;

insect

overwinters as

pupae in the

soil.

Management of onion

maggots is heavily

reliant on good

sanitation; all onion

bulbs should be

removed at the end of

the season as maggots

will die without a food

source; commercial

onion growers must

often rely on the

application of

appropriate granular

insecticides and, in

some cases, insecticide

sprays are also

required; home

gardeners should try to

remove any volunteer

wild onion and chive

plants as these can act

as an infection source;

floating row covers may

help to protect plants

and prevent females

from laying eggs

around plants.

Purple blotch

Small water-soaked

lesions lesions on

leaves or stalk with

white centres; which

enlarge to become

zonate and brown to

purple in colour with

red or purple margin

surrounded by

yellow zone; large

lesions may

coalesce and girdle

leaf, killing any

tissue between the

Disease

emergence

favoured by wet

foliage, with

sporulation

occurring during

the night during

periods of high

humidity.

Cultural controls include

long rotations with non-

hosts and the reduction

of leaf wetness by

planting in well-draining

soil and timing irrigation

to allow plants to dry

adequately during the

day; some fungicides

are effective at

controlling the disease

but should be rotated

for optimal control.




lesions and the leaf

tip; severely infected

foliage may die.

Rust

Small white flecks

on leaves and stems

which develop into

circular or elongated

orange pustules;

severe infestations

can cause leaves to

yellow and die.

Favours high

humidity but low

rainfall; spores

can be

transported over

long distances

by wind.

No resistance known;

use only disease-free

seed and plant in well-

draining soil; control

weeds around crop;

apply appropriate

protective fungicide.

Name Symptoms Management

Onion thrips

Both nymphs and adults

lacerate the onion leaf

tissue and suck the sap

from the leaves cause the

silvery leaf spots that turn

into white blotches and

silvery patches along the

leaves. Damaged tissues

coalesce exhibiting blast

like appearance. Affected

tissue will dry up when the

damage is severe.

Damaged leaves may

become papery and

distorted. Infested

terminals lose their colour,

roll, gradually dry from tip

downwards and drop

leaves prematurely. Leaf

tip discoloration and drying

is the main symptom.

Field sanitation, removal of

weed and avoid successive

planting of onion and garlic or

mono cropping; crop rotation

with non-host will helps to

reduce the population build up

Planting of 2 rows of maize or

inner row wheat + outer row

maize as barrier will blocks adult

thrips movement up to 80%. It

also helps to brings down

insecticide sprays

Seedlings roots dip in 0.1%

Carbendazim +

0.025% Carbosulfan solution for

two hours to reduce the

incidence of fungal diseases and

thrips damage till 30-40 days in

the main field

Monitoring of adult thrips

population levels for timely

management strategy using

sticky traps. The yellow and

bright blue traps are

recommended for thrips

monitoring

Need based foliar application of

insecticide sprays from 30 days

after planting at 10-15day

interval. Commonly used

insecticides are Carbosulfan

@2ml, Profenophos @1ml,

methomyl @ 1g/l (+NEEM).

High volume spray fluid @ 900-

1000l/ha is needed (20 pump

/acre). Avoid using same

insecticide repeatedly. Always

add sticker @ 0.5 to 1% (0.5-



1ml/l) to spray fluid.

Red spider mite

Adults and nymphs feed

primarily on the

undersides of the leaves.

The upper surface of the

leaves becomes stippled

with little dots that are the

feeding punctures. The

mites tend to feed in

“pockets” often near the

midrib and veins. Silk

webbing produced by

these mites is usually

visible. The leaves

eventually become

bleached and discoloured

and may fall off.

Avoid planting successive

onion or garlic crops

Apply wettable Sulfur 0.3%

+ dimethoate (0.03%) or

0.5% sulfur or dicofol 2ml/l

(0.05%) or

fenaziquin 2ml/l(Magister)

as pre- sowing and post-

sowing treatments

Through water spray also

washes off the mites from

the plant.

Eriophyid mite

Both adults and immature

feed on the young leaves

and infested leaves do not

open completely. Mite

feeding causes stunting,

twisting, curling and

discoloration of foliage.

Whole plants will show

curling symptom and

yellow mottling is seen

mostly on the edge of the

leaves. This damage has

been attributed to various

viruses thought to be

transmitted by the mites.

In storage bulbs dry and

desiccate.

Avoid planting successive

onion or garlic crops

Apply wettable Sulfur 0.3%

+ dimethoate (0.03%) or

0.5% sulfur or dicofol 2ml/l

(0.05%) or

fenaziquin 2ml/l(Magister)

as pre- sowing and post-

sowing treatments.



Chapter 4- Cost of Production and Net Value

Accruals to Producers

A typical farmer in the region has about 2.8 ha of land holding. About 2.0 ha are deployed to Garlic

production as single harvest wherein the garlic bulbs from the previous season are used by farmer as

the seeds for the current season. The gross yield per acre is 62.5 quintals per ha. The market rate of

the sale is about Rs. 4500 per quintal or Rs. 45 per kg or Rs. 2,81,250 per ha. The cost of cultivation

is about Rs. 124,606 per ha. Net realization per acre is about Rs. 142,581 per ha. Out of this about

Rs. 4,688 is cost of land preparation; fertilizer cost is about Rs. 12,263, weeding operation cost is

around Rs. 10,625, while that of pesticide application is Rs 1719 per ha. Irrigation cost along with

sprinklers is Rs 68438 per ha. Harvesting is done manually and it costs about Rs. 21,875.

Transportation cost to mandi is about Rs. 70 per quintal or Rs. 4,375 per ha. Hamali cost is taken at

Rs 10 per quintal totalling to - all totalling is around Rs. 124,399 per ha. The fluctuation in prices of

Garlic is between Rs. 2500-7000. The various post-harvest losses which occur at the farmer’s end

during harvesting, storage and transportation have been also taken into accounted viz. 2%, 2% and

1%.

Table 39: Cost of Production of Garlic Crop

Activity Unit

Quantity per Bigha

Unit cost

Total cost (Rs/bigha)

Total cost (Rs/acre)

Total cost (Rs/hectare)

Land Preparation

Ploughing No. 5 750 Rs/bigha 750 1875 4688

Sub-total 750 750 1875 4687.5

Fertilizer

Urea Kg 50 300 Rs/50 Kg 300 750 1875

Potash Kg 20 650 Rs/50 Kg 260 650 1625

Super Phosphate Kg 50 290 Rs/50 Kg 290 725 1813

DAP Kg 40 1090 Rs/50 Kg 872 2180 5450

Zinc Kg 3 80 Rs/Kg 240 600 1500

Sub-total 2410 1962 4905 12262.5

Weeding

Labour No. 10 150 Rs/person 1500 3750 9375

Weedicide No. 1 200 Rs. 200 500 1250

Sub-total 350 1700 4250 10625

Pesticide



Labour

No. of Tanker 3 25 Rs/tanker 75 188 469

Pesticide No. 1 200 Rs. 200 500 1250

Sub-total 225 275 688 1719

Irrigation

Sprinklers No. 1 27000 Rs. 27000 67500 168750

Water-canal No. 5 30 Rs. 150 375 938

Sub-total 27030 27150 67875 169688

Harvetsing

Labours No. 1 3500 Rs/labour 3500 8750 21875

Sub-total 3500 3500 8750 21875

Total 35,337 88,343

220,856

Productivity 62.5 quintal/ha

PH Loss-harvest (2%), storage (2%), transportation (1%) % 5%

3.125 quintal/ha

Net Productivity

59.38 quintal/ha

Mandi price 4500 Rs/quintal

Gross Profit

Rs/ha 267188

Transportation to mandi 70 Rs/quintal

4,375

Hamali Charges 10 Rs/quintal

625

Net Profit 41,331



Chapter 5- Supply Chain of Commodity

The Major centres/Market of Garlic in India are Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and New Delhi. Within

the state, Jalore, Chittorgarh, Baran and Kota are the leading districts for Garlic trade.

Figure 19: Major market centers of Garlic of Rajasthan

5.1. Seasonal Availability and Price Pattern

5.1.1. Seasonal Availability

The fresh garlic season starts from July and last till the start of October month. The harvest season

of garlic is from mid-February to mid-April as presented in the table below:

Table 40: Season availability of garlic46

Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Harvesting Sowing

46

(Source: Indian spices (retrieved on 19th April 2017))

Rajasthan

Jalore

Delhi

Madhya Pradesh

Chittorgarh

Kota

Baran

https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/content/local/seasonal/july/

https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/content/local/seasonal/october/



In most areas, it is grown in two seasons.

1st season: June – July

2nd season: October – November

5.1.2. Market Arrivals & Prices in Major Markets of Rajasthan

Table 41: Market arrivals and Prices of Garlic in Rajasthan for the period 1 April 2016 to 31 March 2017

District

Name

Market Name

Arrivals

(Tonnes)

Average of Min

Price

(Rs/Quintal)

Average of Max

Price

(Rs/Quintal)

Average of

Modal Price

(Rs/Quintal)

Ajmer Ajmer(F&V) 1308.9 5089.10 7806.16 6965.28

Alwar Alwar(FV) 3461 5550.00 7973.47 6789.29

Baran Baran 45865.8 5730.98 9652.94 7688.17

Chittorgarh Begu 2680 6554.93 8724.33 7708.96

Bikaner Bikaner(F&V) 121 3700.00 4466.67 4000.00

Baran Chhabra 464 2000.00 7750.00 5875.00

Baran Chhabra

(Chhipabadod) 43829.8 2391.03 10624.17 5980.71

Chittorgarh Chittorgarh 115.2 4282.30 7984.51 6203.10

Jalore Jalore 56780.47 5984.47 6734.47 6360.92

Jodhpur Jodhpur (F&V)

(Bhadwasia) 6015.1 4358.97 8419.41 6461.54

Kota Kota (FV) 35863.7 3171.92 9847.78 6513.20

Chittorgarh Nimbahera 46662.3 3759.13 8655.71 6636.21

Chittorgarh Pratapgarh 9241.1 4569.07 9375.52 7021.35

Kota Ramaganj Mandi 816.8 3785.93 7452.98 5501.76

Total 253,568 4471.47 8559.15 6582.84

5.2. Existing Marketing Channels

The present pre-intervention or the value chain for Garlic may be viewed as one with three critical

production-distribution or activity-marketing channels. The product is largely marketed by farmers

through the APMC, local vendors and private processors. Channel 1 and channel 2 may be viewed

in terms of one for for processed products of garlic like dehydrated garlic, garlic paste, garlic pickle,

garlic powder and vinegar, catering to the urban and rural households respectively. The third

channel deals with the consumers from foreign countries like US, UAE who can take both table

varieties as well as processed and packaged garlic products.

The producers market their produce in both value chains through local traders and APMC

Commission agents largely. There are total post-harvest losses of 5-9% in the storage, handling,

transportation of garlic at every stakeholder’ point.

The figure presented below represents all the production – distribution channels possible for Garlic.

These channels were identified based on the consultation with various stakeholders.



Figure 20: Pre Intervention value chain map of Garlic



In the existing value chain of garlic, the farmers are basically limited to the production of garlic and

selling it at village points or nearest mandis to the local traders/ mandi commissioning agents.

Currently, their share in the consumer’s rupee is 45% while other stakeholders such as traders,

processors, wholesalers and retailers share 55% value of the consumer’s rupee. At the farm level,

there is lack of farm mechanisation as well GAP and modern market led production technologies

due to which the yield is lower and quality of produce is compromised. Even the post-harvest

facilities such as cold storage and cleaning, grading and sorting units are negligible at the cluster

level.

Though there is presence of support institutions like NGO, KVK, SAU, Dept. of Agriculture, etc. at

the farmer’s level (described in detail in further section 7.1) yet there are visible lacunae in the crop

production system of garlic. The above given existing value chain map of Garlic also captures the

presence of influencer/support institutions at different stages of the channel such as spice park,

CFTRI Mysore, FSSAI, APEDA and MoFPI are there to support at the processing level.

5.3. Alternative Systems of Marketing

5.3.1. Direct Marketing

Direct marketing is an innovative concept, which involves marketing of produce i.e. garlic by the

farmers directly to the consumers/processors without any middlemen. Direct marketing enables

producers and processors and other bulk buyers to economic on transportation cost and improve

price realization. It also provides incentive to large scale marketing companies’ i.e. processors and

exporters to purchase directly from producing areas. Direct marketing by farmers to the consumers

has been experimented in the country through Apni Mandis in Punjab and Haryana. The concept

with certain improvements has been popularized in Andhra Pradesh through Rythu Bazars. At

present, these markets are being run at the expense of the state exchequer, as a promotional

measure, to encourage marketing by small and marginal producers without the involvement of the

middlemen. In these markets, many commodities are marketed along with fruits and vegetables.

Recently, the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh has proposed to privatize some of the non-viable Rythu

Bazars.

5.3.2. Contract Farming

Contract farming essentially includes the tie-up for agricultural marketing, wherein the prospective

buyer or any trading / processing agency enters into a contract with the farmer and promises to

purchase the farmer’s produce under pre-negotiated condition and prices. In this type of contract,

the trading / processing agency support the farmers through supply of inputs and other technical

support and the farmers can get the assured market at a fixed or pre-determined price. By entering

in this type of contract, farmers do not require relying on middleman and risk of price also reduces.

In present context of economic liberalization and global scenario, contract farming opens the venue

to adopt new-technologies and access to present global market.

Table 42: Benefits of Contract Farming

Benefits To Producer To Contracting agency

Risk It minimizes the price risk. It minimizes risk of raw material supply.

Price Price stability ensuring fair price. Price stability as per pre-agreed contract.

Quality Use of quality seed and inputs. Get good quality produce and control on

quality.



Payment Assured and regular payments

through bank tie up. Easy handling and better control on payment.

Post- harvest Minimizes risk and cost of handling. Control and efficient handling.

New technology Facilitates in farm management and

practices.

For better and desired produce to meet

consumer needs.

Fair trade Practices Minimizes malpractices and no

involvement of middle man. Better control on trade practices.

Crop insurance Reduces risk. Reduces risk.

Mutual relationship Strengthens. Strengthens.

Profit Increases. Increases.

5.3.3. Private Market Yard

Market yard can be classified into three categories according to the mode of sellers i.e. primary,

secondary and terminal. Sellers of a primary market yard are mainly farmers of the command area; in

case of secondary market yard, farmers and traders beyond the command area bring their

commodities for sale and in the terminal market yard mainly the traders bring in their commodities

for marketing.

A primary market yard should be suitably located for easy accessibility and have provisions to sell

produces grown by farmers in the command area and have sundry shops to meet the immediate

requirements of a farmer when he comes there to sell his produce. It should also have facilities for

the traders, commission agents and other market functionaries to facilitate easy trading and smooth

price realisation to the farmers. The facilities should match to the functional requirements of the

commodities to be traded and also to the surrounding locality where the market yard is to function.

Secondary and terminal market yards are located in semi urban and urban areas and the facilities are

planned for the commodities to be traded. Considering all these aspects the requirements of a

market yard are elaborated in the following paragraphs.



Chapter 6- Processing Infrastructure

Availability and Utilization

6.1. Processing

The value added products for garlic are Garlic Powder, Garlic Paste, Garlic Oil and Peeled Garlic.

1. Garlic Powder

Garlic bulbs are broken into individual cloves by passing them

between rubber-covered rollers which exert pressure to crack the

bulbs without curding the cloves. The loose ‘papery shell” is

removed by screening and aspiration. The cloves are then sliced or

pressed between rolls to form flakes. The slices or flakes are dried in

tunnel driers or continuous belt drier. In case of tunnel drying the

slices are loaded on wooden trays (5-6 kg. m2 tray area).

Trays are stocked on cars which are conveyed to 2-stage tunnel drier.

In the first concurrent flow stage air temperatures from 750 to 9000C

may be used and in the second stage counter current flow of air lowers the temperature from 550 to

700 degrees. In 10-15-hour time the product is dried to 5-7 percent moisture, where upon they are

scrapped from the trays. The dried slices are transferred to the drying bins. Belt dryer can also be

used where slices are automatically sped on a continuous stainless steel perforated belt. The

temperature of the air at the inlet is about 6 per cent in about 6 hours of drying. After drying the

pink skin that adheres to the fresh clove can be removed by screening and air aspiration.

Dehydrated garlic can be powdered in an air classifier hammer will. It is packed in polyethylene bags

immediately to prevent absorption of moisture.47

47

http://mpstateagro.nic.in/Project%20Reports%20pdf/GARLIC%20POWDER.pdf (retrieved on 20th April 2017)

Garlic Bulb Breaking Cleaning Flakes

Drying Hammer Milling

Power Packing

Figure 21: Garlic Powder Manufacturing Process

Figure 22: Garlic Powder

http://mpstateagro.nic.in/Project%20Reports%20pdf/GARLIC%20POWDER.pdf



2. Garlic Paste

The garlic and ginger is procured from the farm. Then, wash them with

water jet pressure to clean up any foreign material. Additionally, remove

the skin of the ginger and garlic by skin peeling machine. Then put the

product in the fruit mill/crusher machine. Put the output of the fruit

mill machine to pulpier machine to further getting the fine paste. Finally,

put the output in the stainless steel tank for mixing the preservative.

Then, you have to transfer the product to the pouch packing machine

for packing in a customized denomination.

The quality of ginger garlic pastes highly depends on the quality of raw

ginger and garlic. Sourcing the high-quality raw material is the major

aspect in getting high-quality ginger garlic paste as finished product.4849

3. Garlic Oil

The undesired materials e.g. soil, leaves, grass etc. are cut off and washed

thoroughly with water. After washing garlic bulbs, they are crushed to

convert allin to allicin.

48

http://mpstateagro.nic.in/Project%20Reports%20pdf/GARLIC%20POWDER.pdf (retrieved on 20th April 2017) 49

http://muvsi.in/ginger-garlic-paste-manufacturing/ (retrieved on 20th April 2017)

Sourcing Cleaing De-skinning Crushing

Pulping Adding

Preservatives Packing

Figure 23: Garlic Paste Manufacturing Process

Figure 24: Garlic Paste

Garlic Removal of undesired material

Washing of tubes

Crushing of bulbs

Steam distillation

Inspection Packing

Figure 25: Garlic Oil Manufacturing Process


http://muvsi.in/ginger-garlic-paste-manufacturing/



Allicin is rather unstable it can be isolated by steam distillation only at reduced pressure. Allicine

possesses an odour characteristic of garlic but is not obnoxious. On steam distillation at atmospheric

pressure allicin is decomposed to diallyl disulfide and other disulfides, which explains why the

volatile garlic oil obtained by steam distillation of the bulbs or of the whole plant consist chiefly of

the disulfides.

In the fermentation clean age of allin, the parent substance present in the uncrushed material, allows

it only an intermediary product, being finally converted into the obnoxious disulfides so

characteristic of the volatile oil.

4. Peeled Garlic Figure 26: Peeled Garlic Manufacturing Process

Garlic bulbs are broken into individual cloves by passing them

between rubber-covered rollers which exert pressure to crack the

bulbs without curding the cloves. The loose ‘papery shell” is removed

by screening and aspiration. The cloves are then sliced/peeled to

form peeled garlic.

6.2. Stakeholder’s Share in Consumer Rupee

The price spread along with margin at every stage of the value chain starting from the farmer till to

the retailer is presented in the table below.

Table 43: Price spread table at every stage of the value chain

Activity Value per Quintal (Rs.) Existing Stakeholder's share in Consumer's

Rupee (%)

Retailing: Sale

by retailer to

consumer

About Rs. 10,976 per quintal which makes

a profit margin of 25%

Retailers 20%

Wholesaling:

Sale by

wholesalers to

retailers

Rs. 8781 per quintal with a margin of 10%

Wholesalers 7%

Processing:

Sale after

processing to

wholesalers

Rs. 7983 per quintal (Gross value on sale

with net profit margin in processing 55%)

Processors 26%

Garlic Bulb Breaking Cleaning Peeling

Figure 27: Peeled Garlic



Activity Value per Quintal (Rs.) Existing Stakeholder's share in Consumer's

Rupee (%)

APMC: Sale

upon trading at

Mandi

Rs. 5150 per quintal (Gross value on sale

from Mandi @ 3%)

Traders 1%

Production:

Cost of

production is

Rs.119,606 per

ha

Rs. 50,000 per ton (Gross value on

procurement at Rs.5,000; gross value

accrual to producers after cultivation costs

is Rs. 2279 per Quintal

Farmers 46%

6.3. Price build up & Marketing Efficiency Analysis


accrued to different stakeholders. Much of the value accruals are accrued to processors and retailers.

Producers’ incomes are apparently dependent on yield as well as their dependency on the type of

end product. (eg. garlic powder, paste, pickle, etc.)


accrued to different stakeholders. Farmer shares 45% of the consumer’s rupee while the shares of

traders, processors, wholesalers and retailers are about 1%, 19%, 6% and 29% respectively. 54% of

the value accruals are accrued to processors, wholesalers and retailers. Producers’ incomes are

apparently dependent on yield as well as their dependency on the type of end product (eg. Garlic

paste, dehydrated garlic powder, peeled garlic etc.). Here in the existing value chain of Maize, the

price build up has been calculated for the important first channel where the target consumers are

urban households and institutional buyers. The product considered is garlic paste.

Typically farmers sell the raw garlic at about Rs 5000 per quintal to traders. In the local mandis, it

was sold by traders to the processors at Rs 5150 per quintal (with commission about 1.5% and cess

of 1.5%). The processors, upon primary and secondary value addition, sell it to wholesalers at Rs

7210 (gross margin about 40%). Thereafter the wholesale and retail prices are set up at Rs 7859 per

quintal and 11052 per quintal with a gross margin of 9% and 40% respectively. Due to limited

infrastructure facilities at the dispersal of various stakeholders, marketing efficiency is adversely

affected.

6.4. Consumer preference Analysis

The market segmentation of the cluster level garlic consuming population could be done based upon the geographical differences in the clusters of RACP project- rural, rurban and urban as well as the taste preferences of these households.

Garlic is primarily processed into Garlic Powder, Garlic Paste, Garlic Oil and Peeled Garlic. The ginger garlic paste under the brand name Smith & Jones is very popular among the urban consumers and is available at the retail outlets of Reliance, These products are used as ingredient in different industrial products and direct homemade products. The famous products made from the above mentioned primarily processed products of garlic are pickle, vinegar, RTE/ RTC products, baked foods, sauce, etc. Garlic and garlic products are daily consumed in some or other forms and has reasonable demand in domestic and export market.



Chapter 7- Existing Institutional Support and

Infrastructure Facility

7.1. Support at cultivation stage

7.1.1. Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Rajasthan:

The department has various verticals through which it supports production, productivity and market

linkage in the state. It has a well -established structure and network of State/District and panchayat

level officials to provide extension services to farmers. The department issues licenses to various

agri-input marketing companies including seeds, fertilizers and insecticides and ensures quality

assurance to farmers through regular reporting from suppliers and random quality checks of agri

inputs. The licenses are issued first at the State level by registering input/service providers. The

registered companies can only supply inputs to district and regional level distributors who in turn

make availability of the products at the retailors. All handlers of agri inputs and produce have to take

license from competent authority either at district or state level. Similarly, the department also issues

mandi licenses for traders at different APMCs for trading in specific commodities. The same are

described below.

A. Extension vertical:

Extension support: The extension wing recommends good agricultural practices for various

crops as per various agro-economic zones, Promotes seed replacement through distribution

of Minikits containing improved variety of seeds. It also provides grant support of upto 50

percent of the price of notified varieties of barley of less than 10 years or Rs 1500 per quin

whichever is less. For hybrid varieties subsidy is - 50% of the price of seeds notified for less

than 10 years or Rs 5000 per quin whichever is less. The department also provides upto 50%

subsidy on micro-nutrient (50% of total cost or upto Rs 500/ha) and bio-fertilizer

application (50% of total cost or Rs 300/ha) under various schemes viz. National Agriculture

Development Scheme/ National Composite Safety Mission/ National Food Security

Mission. The application can be submitted to the office of Agriculture Supervisor-Asst.

Agriculture Officer/ Asst. Director (Extn.)/ Dy. Director (Extension) by eligible farmers at

Panchayat/Sub-district and District level respectively. Under the head “Subsidy on Crop

Demonstrations”, subsidy upto Rs 5000/ha is available for barley cultivation through

flagship programs like State Plan/NFSM.

District level farmer help desk: Under this head, farmer help line are established at district

level with nominated district level officials from the office of Dy. Director, Agriculture

Extension to support farmers on various farming related problems. Apart from this, a state

level help desk is also maintained whose telephone no is 0141-5102578



Agriculture information dissemination: At the state level, , technical dissemination is

being done through the daily newspapers, agricultural papers, monthly publication of "Kheti

Ri Bataan" bulletin is also being done. Apart from this, information about advanced

agricultural methods of major crops during crop season, publishing posters, agricultural

guides on various topics, and Rabi / Kharif package of practice books at the block level and

farmers, people's representatives and farmers by producing farmer friendly literature. Is

being distributed to the institutions related to. From day-to-day basis to all the radio stations

of the state, from 7.45 to 8.15, share the information related to farming and phone in these

programs is being broadcast on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. The program is being

sponsored by the Department of Agriculture on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday for three

days a week. "Farming" program on Doordarshan- produced by the Agriculture Department

is broadcast from Doordarshan Kendra, Jaipur on every Thursday from 7.30 am to 8.00 pm.

In this program, information about departmental schemes / programs being executed by the

Agriculture Department, discussions with experts, problem-solving, confusion-solving,

fortnightly work, message, success stories, innovation, short films, eclipse etc. The tax

program is made simple, interesting and farm-making. The technical information on

agriculture and related subjects to the farmers has been done by the Indian government to

provide "Kisan Call Center" in the state through telephone. Farmers can get any kind of

information related to farming by making free calls to phone number 1800 180 1551/1551,

from basic / mobile telephone to 6.00 pm to 10.00 pm.

Water use efficiency promotion: Under the Farm Pond Program, rain water harvesting is

promoted with the provisioning of 50% subsidy or maximum amount of Rs 52,000/- on raw

farm pond and Rs 75,000/- on farm pond with plastic lining whichever is less. This scheme

is available under the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana.

For Dighi construction (under National Agriculture Development Scheme/RKVY), 50% of

the unit cost or 350 / - per cubic meter filling capacity and 50% of the cost of the unit cost,

on the construction of plastic lining (raw) diggings, by constructing a minimum of 4.00 lakh

liters of Filler capacity and more than 50% of the unit cost. The amount of rupees 100 / -

per cubic meter will be filled up or maximum Rs 2.00 lakh, whichever is less the grant will be

payable.

For Water Houze construction under the national Agriculture Development Scheme,

support is provided for areas where deep water is used for irrigation. For constructing a

minimum of one lakh liters of Fill Capacity water shed Houz for all categories of farmers, 50

percent of the unit cost or Rs. 350 / - per cubic meter fill capacity or maximum Rs. 75000 /

- whichever is less is the subsidy element.

Under the irrigation pipeline head (of National Agricultural Development Plan, National

Food Security Mission, NMOP) water use efficiency is promoted for irrigation water. Under

this scheme, PVC / HDPE of prescribed size for carrying water from source to farm on

irrigation pipeline is supported. On the purchase of pipes, the farmers of all categories are

given 50 percent of the cost or maximum amount Rs. 50 / - per meter on HDPE pipes or

Rs. 35 / - per meter on PVC pipe or Rs. The maximum amount of Rs.15000 / - on the 20 /

- per meter HDPE laminated le-flat tub pipe will be payable, whichever is less proportionate.

Under the Fountain Irrigation program through National Food Security Mission; Pulses and

Wheat - Under the Fountain Irrigation Program, subsidy is 50% or the amount is Rs. 10000

/ - per ha, whichever is less.



Under the Mobile Raingun support program, for irrigation of grains and pulses crops,

subsidy of 50 percent of the cost under the Mobile Renganization program or Rs.15000 / -

per unit whichever is less, grant is payable. This subsidy is available under the NFSM scheme

Agricultural equipment grant distribution program: Grants upto 40 to 50 per cent are

given as per the category of farmers on the purchase of approved agricultural machinery viz.

Seed cum Fertilizer Drill, Plow, Threser etc.

Gypsum distribution program: 50% Subsidy is given to farmers on districtwise rate of

Gypsum for maximum area of 2 hectare. This support is for soil reclamation of alkali soils.

Plant protection inputs: Segment, viz. Plant Protection Chemicals / Bio Agents / Bio

Pesticides / Pheromone Trap / Liyos Distribution, including weeds in crops; 50% of the

price or Rs. 500 any less per hectare is payable as subsidy.

Plan Protection equipments segment: Human transport * (napsek, foot sprayer, duster

etc.) are given 40-50 percent of the cost or maximum 600-800 / - Per device as subsidy.

Under Power Drivesegment * (Nepasek Power Sprayer) are given 50-60 percent of the price

or maximum 3000-3800 / - Per device. For tractor mounted sprayers, 50% of the price or Rs

10,000 per device is subsidized. These schemes are as per targets allotted for respective

districts.

Assistance for area specific integrated farming systems like livestock based, horticulture

based and tree based farming systems: Assistance is provided for farmers of selected

village/cluster having land from 0.25 to 2 ha area per farmer. It is implemented on cluster

basis with 100 ha of land. Subsidy applicable is: 50% of cost or 52500/-for farm pond, 50%

of cost or 468/-per SQM for green house, 50% of cost or 30/- per SQM for low tunnel,

40% of cost or 800/-per colony for bee keeping, 50% of cost or 15000/-for diesel pump,

50% of cost or 50000/-for vermicompost unit Pucca @ 125/ per cubic ft, 50% of cost or

8000/-for HDPE vermi bed

Organic production: Organic Barley also has a great potential. For support under the head,

Promotion of Organic Farming, subsidies are available for heads like Conversion of land

Cropping systems and organic seeds, traditional organic input production unit, botanical

extracts production unit, use of phosphate rich organic manure, construction of

vermicompost pit, use of liquid bio fertilizer and support for packing labelling and branding

material support are subsidized for consecutive two years at a rate specified in the manual.

Prime-minister Crop insurance scheme: Farmer have to pay 2% of insured amount in

Kharif, 1.5% of insured amount in Rabi and 5% of insured amount in horticulture &

commercial crops, subject to maximum of 7 hectare per farmer. Rest of the premium

amount will be borne by central and state government in equal ratio. Beyond 7 hectare,

farmer has to pay whole premium amount, i.e. without any subsidy.

Soil health card: Under this, component, district level soil and water testing labs support

farmers on soil testing and providing soil health card for integrated nutrient management.

B. Rajasthan State Seed Production and Certification agency helps in ensuring production of

certified seeds for farmers. The department is mandated to; Recognize varieties eligible for Seed

Certification and annually publish lists indicating the names of such varieties, Maintain a list of

sources of Breeder & Foundation seeds approved by the Central Seed Certification Board,

Outline the procedure for submission of application for growing, harvesting, processing,



labelling and tagging of seeds intended for certification, Undertake inspection of seed fields,

seed processing plants and lots in accordance with the procedures outlined by the Central Seed

Certification Board in accordance with Indian minimum seed certification standard (IMSCS),

Regulate the processing of seeds at seed processing units and Ensure that the seeds certified by

it conforms to the standards prescribed by the Central Seed Certification Board. Thus the

department ensures availability of quality seeds for growers.

C. Rajasthan State Seeds Corporation helps availability of quality seeds at affordable prices

through the cooperative network and private distributorship channel under the trade name “Raj

Seeds”. During Rabi and Kharif seasons Rajseeds are made available at the door steps of the

farmers through Beej raths operating at almost every panchayat samitee of the state. The

department sold around 6520 quintals of barley seeds in rabi 2016-17.

D. Rajasthan Kisan aayog (Rajasthan State farmer Commission): It is mandated to

Investigate and review of agriculture and allied sectors, keeping in mind the economic ecology

and environment for sustainable development of agriculture and To inform the State

Government for taking necessary measures to solve timely problems of agriculture, animal

husbandry and fisheries, so that farmers can be protected against difficult situations, Talk to

different farming organizations / associations to make the government aware of their demands

and suggestions and To bring the difference in demand and supply to the attention of the State

Government, so that its adverse effects are not on the peasantry.

E. State Agricultural Management institute (SIAM), Durgapura Jaipur: The institute is

mandated to organize training programmes on functional areas of Agriculture and its allied

sector namely; Induction courses on fresh recruitees, Refresher courses for in service officials ,

Crop production technologies, Management of Technology and Input, Irrigation Management,

Dry land Farming, Crop Economics, Extension technique, Communication skills, National

Workshop / Seminars etc.

F. Agricultural Conservation Testing Centers (ATCs): The department of Agriculture has ten

ATCs who are mandated to find out the usefulness of the research recommendations received

from the agricultural research centers under the agricultural universities of the state in various

agricultural and regional conditions and local conditions and to amend the tests in the research

recommendations according to local conditions. On the basis of the tests, preparations of

agricultural climatic package of practice and amendment of the advanced agricultural methods

are amended. Apart from this, the agri-certified testing centres also solve the technical problems

in the day-to-day work of the extension workers.

7.1.2. ICAR and allied institutions:

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is an autonomous organisation under the

Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers

Welfare, Government of India. The Council is the apex body for co-ordinating, guiding and

managing research and education in agriculture including horticulture, fisheries and animal sciences

in the entire country. With 101 ICAR institutes and 71 agricultural universities spread across the

country this is one of the largest national agricultural systems in the world. The ICAR has played a

pioneering role in ushering Green Revolution and subsequent developments in agriculture in India

through its research and technology development that has enabled the country to increase the

production of food grains by 5 times, horticultural crops by 9.5 times, fish by 12.5 times , milk 7.8

times and eggs 39 times since 1951 to 2014, thus making a visible impact on the national food and

nutritional security. It has played a major role in promoting excellence in higher education in



agriculture. It is engaged in cutting edge areas of science and technology development and its

scientists are internationally acknowledged in their fields.

Varieties developed by ICAR-DOGR

Bhima Omkar

This variety has been recommended for cultivation in the state of Rajasthan. It matures in 120-135

days and average yield is 8-14 t/ha. It produces medium size compact white bulbs.

Figure 28: Bima Omkar variety of garlic developed by ICAR DOGR

Variety Developed

by Colour Days to maturity

Yield potential

(t/ha)

Short day type

Yamuna Safed NHRDF White

120-130 15-17

(G-1)

Yamuna Safed-2 (G-50)

NHRDF White 120-130 15-20


NHRDF Creamy white

120-130 17-20





Figure 29: Varieties of garlic developed for Rajasthan by NHRDF50

7.1.3. State Agriculture Universities (SAUs):

The state four major Agriculture Universities namely; 1. Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural

University, Bikaner, 2. Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, 3. Sri

Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, 4. Agriculture University, Kota and affiliated

colleges who contribute to research, education, training and knowledge dissemination on agriculture

50

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technology. The Agriculture Universities also provide research and extension support through

attached Krishi Vigyan Kendras and Agriculture Research Stations.

Krishi Vigyan Kendras;

The State has 42 Krishi Vigyan Kendras affiliated through ICAR. The mandate of the KVKs is to: 1.

Organize Frontline Demonstrations (FLDs) to establish production potential of various crops and

enterprises on farmers field (Facilitete technology dissemination from Lab to field) 2. To conduct on

farm testing to identify the location specificity of agricultural techniques under various farming

systems, 3. Organize need based training to farmers on agri and allied activities, 4. Production and

supply of good quality seeds and planting materials and various farming products to the farming

community and 5. Work as resource center of agricultural technology for supporting initiatives of

private, public and voluntary sector for improving agricultural economy of the district. The KVKs

also offer soil testing facilities to farmers.

Agriculture Research Stations: Apart from the above, there are several agriculture research

stations and sub-stations attached to the universities to undertake research/trial and demonstration

of agriculture technologies.

Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Jaipur

This Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute (RARI) is a constituent research station under Shri

Karan Narendra Agricultural University (SKNAU), Jobner (Jaipur-Rajasthan). The valuable

contributions made by the agricultural scientists of this pioneer research station have helped the

nation in maintaining the balance between its population growth and agricultural production. In

order to increase productivity, improve quality and profitability not standing with the population

pressures, rigorous efforts are still on the way at this centre and the scientists are poised to achieve

these goals. Being foremost in advancement of agricultural research activities in the state, today, this

research centre is a pride of Rajasthan. RARI, Durgapura has become a popular name among

farmers for reliable technology development in agricultural research51.

RARI has an AINRP (All India National Research Project) for onion & garlic. It works regarding

the impact evaluation of new varieties of garlic being developed in labs with better yield and

resistance to the insects and pests.

National Research Centre (NRC) on Onion and Garlic of the Indian Council of Agricultural

Research (ICAR)

The NRC on Onion & Garlic, located in Pune Maharashtra, has a mission to promote overall

growth of onion and garlic in terms of enhancement of quality production, export and processing.

Its major mandates are basic, strategic and applied research on genetic resource management, crop

improvement and production technologies for enhancing and sustaining production of onion and

garlic, transfer of technology and capacity building of stakeholders for enhancing productivity of

onion and garlic and Coordinate research and validation of technologies through AINRP on onion

and garlic.

7.1.4. Credit facilities: Agricultural credit facilities in the state has both formal and informal

sources. Under the formal sources, various banks are extending credit facility at subsidized interest

rates under KCC schemes for farmers having land title. The Gram Seva Sahakari Samitis run by

Cooperative Department also extends crop loans to farmers. However, as many farmers live in

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hindu-undivided families, i.e. land title is still with father and sons undertake farming in their share

of land as mutually agreed in the village panchayat. In such cases, getting a formal source of crop

loan is difficult. Hence many farmers resort to informal sources of loans from village level money

lenders at exorbitant rates and exploit them later by forcing to supply the produce also through the

money lenders.

7.1.5. Agri input availability: A number of input service providers (in seeds, fertilisers and

pesticides) operate in the important barley producing clusters of Pisangan, Bansur, Deoli and

Sangod. They are registered through the office of Dy. Director, Agriculture Extn. Of respective

districts.

7.2. Support at post-harvest, primary processing and secondary processing

stage

Packing: In India, garlic is packed in open mesh jute bags of varying sizes normally between 40kg

and 60kg. According to garlic grading and packing rules, packing should be done in nylon netted

bags of 80kgs, 25kgs, and 50kgs sizes. For export purpose, packing should be done in perforated

10ply corrugated fibre board boxes of 18kgs and 25kgs capacity. Garlic packed in Nylon netted bags

have less storage losses because of good ventilation.

Storage: Thoroughly cured garlic bulbs are stored well in ordinary well-ventilated rooms. Garlic

with dried leaves can be stored by hanging in well ventilated rooms. This is, however not possible

on commercial scale because of space requirement. The large quantity of unstopped garlic maybe

stored in circular heaps of 1meter diameter and 1-1.5meter height. Storage without tops in nylon-

netted bags gives performance. Like onions, garlic can be stored either at low temperature

(00Celsius) or at high temperature (30°Celsius). At high temperature moisture loss and shrinkage are

maintained between 65 to 70 % and satisfactory storage life of 6 to 8 months can be expected. At

low temperature garlic can be stored for about 12 months. Cloves start sprouting at high

temperature between 40celsius and 180 Celsius; hence maintenance of temperature is very important.

High relative humidity (more than 70%) results in growth and rotting.

The detail of garlic structure is as follows:

(1) Bottom ventilated storage structures

These structures are permanent type and usually constructed with galvanized iron framework. The

floor is also bottom ventilated and usually built with wooden bantams or bamboos. The sidewalls

are also constructed with bantams and bamboos. The roof is made with asbestos sheets. The

additional aeration provided in this structure helps in reduction of losses. Generally, the storage

losses in this structure ranges from 30 to 40% in the storage period of 4-5 months.

(2) Top and bottom ventilated storage structure

The floor is ventilated and constructed by with wooden bantams. The sidewalls are made of

bamboo and plastered with clay and cow dung paste. The ventilation is provided at lower portion of

western sidewall has control flaps to regulate the entry of hot winds in summer and high

temperature inside during summer. The structure can be constructed with 25 to 50 tonnes capacity.

The cost of construction would be 3600/tonne. The storage losses in this structure are 28-30% in

the storage period of 4-5 months. This structure may be better suits to humid and high temperature

areas.

(3) Low cost bottom ventilated structure

The structure is constructed with bamboo/wooden framework provided with bamboo ventilation.

The bottom and sidewalls can be made of bamboo or wooden bantams. The roof is made up of



tatch from dried sugarcane leaves. The cost structure would be around Rs 800/tonne. The storage

losses in this structure are 30-35% in 4-5 months of storage period.

APMC – It operates on two principles:

Ensure that farmers are not exploited by intermediaries (or money lenders) who compel the

farmers to sell their produce at the farm gate at low price.

All food produce should first be brought to a market yard and be sold through auction.

Each state which operates APMC markets geographically divide the state and markets (mandis) are

established at different places within the state. Farmers are required to sell their produce via auction

at the mandi in their region. Traders require a license to operate within a mandi. Wholesale and retail

traders (e.g. shopping mall owners) and food processing companies cannot buy produce directly

from a farmer.

Some of the salient features of the APMC Model Act 2003 are as follows 1) Facilitates Contract

farming model 2) Special market for perishables 3) Farmers, private persons can setup own market

4) Licensing norms relaxed 5) Single market fee 6) APMC Revenue to be used for improving market

infrastructure

However, not all States have passed the bill. Some States have passed but neither framed rules nor

notified it. Thus, inter-state barriers continue. Further, Union Budget 2015 proposed to create

United National Agriculture Market with the help of State Government and NITI Ayog.52

Details about the CWC’s and SWC’s have been given in the annexures below. The other

storage supports are:

Co-operatives

Cooperative storage facilities are provided to the producer at cheaper rates, which reduces the

storage cost. These cooperatives also provide pledge loan against the produce and storage is more

systematic and scientific than traditional storage. Financial assistance and subsidies are provided by

Government organisations/banks to build cooperative storage. To meet the increasing need for

storage capacity, the National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) encourages

construction of storage facilities by cooperatives, particularly at rural and market level.

Pledge Finance system

The farmers are often compelled to sell their produce immediately after harvest, when the prices are

low. Micro level studies indicate that distress sale by the small farmers account for about 50% of the

marketable surplus. To avoid such distress sale, Government of India, promoted Pledge Finance

Scheme through a network of rural godown and negotiable warehouse receipt system. Through this

scheme, small and marginal farmers can get immediate financial support to meet their requirements

and retain the produce till they get remunerative price.

According to the RBI guidelines, loan/advances up to 75 percent of the value of the produce stored

in the godown can be paid as advance to the farmers against pledge/hypothecation of agricultural

produce (including warehouse receipts) subject to a ceiling of Rs. 5 lakh per borrower.

Such loan is given for a period of 6 months, which can be extended up to 12 months based on

financing banks commercial judgement. The commercial banks/co-operative banks/RRBs provide

credit to the farmers for the produce stored in the godown under this scheme. The banking

52

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_produce_market_committee#Principles (retrieved on 20th April 2017)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_produce_market_committee#Principles



institutions accept the godown receipts on its being duly endorsed and delivered to bank for pledge

loan against hypothecation of produce as per RBI guidelines. Farmers are given freedom to take

back their produce once the pledge loan is repaid. Facility of pledge finance is extended to all

farmers, whether they are the borrowing members of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS)

or not and the District Central Cooperative Banks (DCCBs) can directly finance individual farmers

on the strength of the pledge.

Benefits of Pledge finance scheme

• This increases the retention capacity of small farmers, which consequently also enables the

farmers to avoid distress sale.

• This minimises farmer’s dependency on commission agents as the pledge finance provides

the financial support to them immediately after the harvest period.

• Participation of farmers, irrespective of their land holding size, increases the arrivals of

crop in the market yard throughout the year.

• This gives a sense of security to the farmers even if their produce is not sold out in the

market yard immediately.

Farmers’ Portal53

Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian Economy"- said Mahatma Gandhi six decades ago. Even

today, the situation is still the same, with almost the entire economy being sustained by agriculture,

which is the mainstay of the villages. It contributes 16% of the overall GDP and accounts for

employment of approximately 52% of the Indian population. Rapid growth in agriculture is essential

not only for self-reliance but also to earn valuable foreign exchange. Indian farmers are second to

none in production and productivity despite of the fact that millions are marginal and small

farmers. They adopt improved agriculture technology as efficiently as farmers in developed

countries. It is felt that with provision of timely and adequate inputs such as fertilizers, seeds,

pesticides and by making available affordable agricultural credit /crop insurance, Indian farmers are

going to ensure food and nutritional security to the Nation. It is envisaged to make available

relevant information and services to the farming community and private sector through the use of

information and communication technologies, to supplement the existing delivery channels

provided for by the department.

Government and Semi- Government provides services in Marketing Extension like Provide

agricultural marketing related information, Organising training programmes, tours, exhibitions for

farmers, Compilation of statistical data on agricultural Commodities for planning and development

and other services are shown below:

Table 44: statistical data on agricultural Commodities for planning and development and other

services

# Organisation & its Website Services Provided

1 Directorate of Marketing

& Inspection (DMI),

C.G.O Complex,

Faridabad.

website:

www.agmarknet.nic.in

Marketing extension.

Publishes journal, bulletin on Agricultural Marketing.

It is at present implementing a plan scheme i.e.

‘Market Research and Information Network’ (MRIN)

through NIC for establishing a network for speedy

collection and dissemination of market information

for its effective utilization.

53

Farmers’ portal (http://farmer.gov.in) (retrieved on April 9,2017)

http://farmer.gov.in/



# Organisation & its Website Services Provided

By this website, the user or beneficiary may collect

the detailed information on various aspects of

agricultural commodities including garlic.

2 Directorate of Economics

and Statistics, Ministry of

Agriculture, New Delhi

Website:

www.agricoop.nic.in

Compilation of statistical data on agricultural

Commodities for planning and development.

Dissemination of data/information on agriculture

through publication and internet.

3 Agricultural Produce Market

Committees (APMCs)

Providing information to other markets.

Organising training programmes, tours, exhibitions

for farmers.

Providing market information on arrivals, prevailing

prices at different markets through display boards,

public address system, etc.

3 State Agricultural Marketing

Departments/Directorates

Provide agricultural marketing related information.

Arranging publicity programme through

Demonstration, farmers’ meetings etc.

Dissemination of information through literature,

Radio and T.V. Programmes

5 Akashvani Kendras of New

Delhi/ State capitals/ other cities

Broadcast programmes to disseminate the

marketing information on agriculture.



Chapter 8- Gap & Constraint Analysis

8.1. As Perceived by Producers and Other Stakeholders

Producers Case Illustration

A typical farmer in the region has about 2.8 ha of land holding. About 2.0 ha are deployed to Garlic

production as single harvest wherein the garlic bulbs from the previous season are used by farmer as

the seeds for the current season. The gross yield per acre is 62.5 quintals per ha. The market rate of

the sale is about Rs. 4500 per quintal or Rs. 45 per kg or Rs. 2,81,250 per ha. The cost of cultivation

is about Rs. 124,606 per ha. Net realization per acre is about Rs. 142,581 per ha. Out of this about

Rs. 4,688 is cost of land preparation; fertilizer cost is about Rs. 12,263, weeding operation cost is

around Rs. 10,625, while that of pesticide application is Rs 1719 per ha. Irrigation cost along with

sprinklers is Rs 68438 per ha. Harvesting is done manually and it costs about Rs. 21,875.

Transportation cost to mandi is about Rs. 70 per quintal or Rs. 4,375 per ha. Hamali cost is taken at

Rs 10 per quintal totalling to - all totalling is around Rs. 124,399 per ha. The fluctuation in prices of

Garlic is between Rs. 2500-7000. The various post-harvest losses which occur at the farmer’s end

during harvesting, storage and transportation have been also taken into accounted viz. 2%, 2% and

1%.

.Constraints are as below-

1- The farmers are not aware of the best agricultural practices with regards to Garlic

Cultivation.

2- The Farmers does not have proper storage system.

3- Farmers does not get fair price in the market

4- The price of Garlic is very fluctuating



Processors Case Illustration

Garlic value chain Products –

Garlic Value chain and its stakeholders-



Opportunities in Garlic Processing –

Garlic consumption has increased significantly over the past years. The main uses of garlic are in the

culinary field, although it has other uses in the alternate medicine field because of its medicinal

qualities and a pesticides and fungicides. Recently there have been some more developments in the

human medicine field for garlic in which there is a compound which has been identified as lowering

cholesterol. If these developments come to the commercial phase, it could mean a massive increase

in garlic production.

Major constraints -

Garlic is high risk, labour intensive crop to grow successfully. In order to survive, each garlic

producer must strive to obtain maximum yield and quality. Knowledge of the garlic plant, its growth

cycle and the factors affecting its growth, yield and quality is thus most importance. Marketing of

garlic can also be quite difficult for the smaller producer. The market is demanding large, clean

unblemished bulbs that are well graded and well packaged.

Processors Details -

Royal Garlic is among the rare garlic processors in Rajasthan. It is a partnership firm of Mrs Hansa

Sharma and Mrs. Seema Agarwal. Processing unit of Royal Garlic is situated adjoined to sitapura

industrial area, Jaipur. Mrs. Agarwal claims that we are the only processing unit in Rajasthan who are

catering peeled Garlic to the customers. Peeled garlic business in common in Gujarat and

knowledge and technology is brought from there itself. As per Mrs Aggarwal peeled garlic is

preferred over paste as garlic loses its aroma once it is turned into paste form. Same way house hold

women waste lot of time peeling the garlic.

Royal Garlic has capacity to peel 2 quintal or 200 kg garlic per day. It needs 20 ton of garlic each

month to process. The cost of procurement is Rs. 40/kg or Rs. 4000/ quintal. Garlic is procured

from various parts of MP through agents. Mrs. Agarwal does not aware about the surplus

production areas in Rajasthan and she is not aware about Direct purchasing license. With the help of

this license one is able to purchase directly from farmer’s field.

Machinery needed for Garlic peeling and pasting cost around 10 lakhs which includes Garlic Bulb

cutter machine (Rs. 80,000) Garlic peeling machine (Rs. 2,80,000), air compressor (1,20,000), and

Garlic paste machine (Rs. 2,50,000). The project cost is around 1 crore for establishing and running

a Garlic peeling and pasting processing unit.

The processing cost is Rs. 10/ Kg and loss occurs during processing 1 kg garlic is 200 gms. There

are three variants. Selling Price of peeled garlic is Rs. 60/ kg and Garlic paste is Rs. 70/kg which

ensures profit margin of Rs. 10/kg. There are three variants of peeled garlic for packaging- 250 gms,

500 gms and 1 kg. same way three variants are available for garlic paste as well 50 gms, 100 gms and

200 gms.

As they are new entrants in the market and only one month older they are targeting hotels,

restaurants and dhabas who need peeled garlic every day. After one year they would be able to

cater across Rajasthan and targeting to make their product available at many retail outlets so that it

could be used by the household women as well.

Royal Garlic is open to all the alternates which reduces the cost of production, be it Direct

procurement from farmers or Procurement from FPO’s.



8.2. SWOT analysis of the Pre-intervention Value Chain of Garlic

Table 45: SWOT analysis table of Garlic

Strength Weakness

India is the second largest producer of

Garlic after China, with other countries

growing less than 0.5 million tonnes

annually.

Rajasthan is one of the leading garlic

producers in India apart from M.P., Gujarat

& U.P.

There is critical gap in supply in Europe

from February to June whereas Rajasthan

has production during these months.

Demand for garlic is seen increasing

rapidly with the higher sales of branded

food pickles and curry products.

It is also widely used for producing herbal

products pastes and medicines.

The raw garlic is used in making of garlic

powder, garlic salt, garlic vinegar, and

garlic bread etc. providing strong base for

processing industry.

Lack of knowledge of PoP & GAP for garlic

production

Limited availability of HYV of garlic bulbs

Inadequate infrastructural facilities with

producers, traders, processors and at

market level which result in marketing

inefficiencies

Insufficient storage facility at producer's

level

Limited primary and secondary processing

units for garlic and its by-products such as

garlic peeling/ paste unit

Lack of market information regarding

prevailing prices, arrivals etc. which force

farmers to sell in village itself.

Opportunity Threat

Scope for establishment of quality sorting and grading facilities by PCs as part of Farmers Common Service Centre (FCSC), along with facilities for packaging and vehicle to facilitate transportation.

Establish storage facilities by PC as a part of FCSC.

Scope for tie up of PCs through FCSC with firms like Patanjali, MDH, Catch; garlic processing units/ MSME firms; housing societies in urban areas and retail outlets

Value addition through processing of the bulbs in the form of dehydrated flakes, dehydrated powder & paste will be instrumental in substantially expanding the export basket of garlic and its derivative products

Fluctuate in time of sowing due to climate change

Cloudy weather, rainfall at the time of flowering and seed formation (Adverse weather conditions)

Infestation of insect-pest & other epidemic disease

Pathogens that affect garlic are nematodes and wood-decay fungus, which remain in the soil indefinitely after the ground has become infected

8.3. Key constraints in Garlic crop

The constraints observed under garlic are divided under from different categories, viz Production related constraints, Post-Harvest related constraints and Processing and market infrastructure related constraints.

8.3.1. Production related constraints:

Garlic is important spices cash crop in palaytha cluster in rabbi season . . Productivity & production

level in the cluster is low for following reasons



a. Improper field preparation for Garlic

b. Unavailability of good quality planting material

c. Improper integrated nutrient management

d. Poor water management practices

e. Improper protection from pest and diseases followed

f. Improper weed management

8.3.2. Post-Harvest related constraints:

Proper curing is necessary in garlic .15 to 20 % handling losses incurred during Curing, drying and

grading Storage of garlic at 30 to 35 c temperatures at 65 to 75 % humidity is the major constraint.

There is lack of infrastructure facility at farmer’s level for stacking and storage of garlic. Garlic has

to be stacked with straw for better shelf life so acquires more volume for stacking /storage.

Inadequate storage facilities in rural areas: Storage facilities in villages are found to be

inadequate which contributes leads to distress sale. Due to lack of storage facilities, substantial

quantity of commodity is also lost. Distress sale is obligatory on some farmers as they have to repay

the loan availed from traders during the time of sowing for seed, fertilisers etc.

Transportation facilities at producers’ level: Due to inadequate facilities of transportation at the

village level, producers are forced to sell in the village itself to itinerant merchants or traders directly

at low prices. Aggregation and negotiation with buyers is only possible if farmers have volume to

trade and transport up to procurement centre.

8.3.3. Processing and market infrastructure related constraints:

Garlic is processed very little near the cluster area as no such infrastructure is available near the

cluster area.

Traditional system of marketing: In the clusters, there is an absence of alternate channels of

marketing. So farmers typically sell only through APMCs or village level traders

Lack of market intelligence services: Farmers do not receive information on market prices. Some

farmers sell crops through village level traders, because due to which they are not realising fair price.

Lack of primary processing infrastructure:

i. There is a non-availability of facilities for primary processing: cleaning, grading & sorting at

the farm level.

ii. There is no practice and provision of producer level storage.

iii. There is acute lack of awareness among farmers regarding FAQ (Fair Average Quality)

standards.

iv. Farmers do not practice the usage of basic equipment like moisture meter and weighing

machine.

Distant markets: The nearest market from the cluster is the Baran APMC that is 35 kms away.

This leads to farm gate selling where farmers receive non-competitive prices for their produce.

Fluctuations in prices: Generally, the price of commodities goes down in the post-harvest period

due to heavy arrivals in the market and later shoots up. Farmers in the catchment area do not have

storage facility to store and they also don’t use a warehouse receipt system.

Lack of marketing information: Due to a lack of market information regarding prevailing prices,

arrivals etc., most of the producers’ market garlic in the Mandi without studying the price trends.



This creates glut in market during harvesting period which leads conflict between farmer and traders

on rate issue.

Adoption of grading: Grading of garlic at the producers’ level ensures better prices to producers

and better quality to consumers. At present there is no infrastructure available at the farmers’ level

for primary processing.

Malpractices in markets: Many malpractices prevail in the markets i.e. excess weighment, delay in

payment, high commission charges, delay in weighing and auction, different kinds of arbitrary

deductions for religious and charitable purposes etc.

Hundekari System : farmers are compelled to sell the produce to the trader from whom he

has received credit for sowing of crops. It was observed that even MSP procurement is facilitated by

the respective trader of that farmer for weighing and bagging of his produce to FCI through Indian

ware housing carporation.

Infrastructure facilities: Due to inadequate infrastructural facilities available with the producers,

traders, millers and at market level, the marketing efficiency is affected adversely

Long Supply Chain: The existence of a long chain of middlemen also reduces the producer’s share

in consumer’s rupee.

8.3.4. Agribusiness policy related constraints:

Contract farming: Rajasthan has adopted a model APMC Act, 2007. In Rajasthan Contract

farming of desired variety and quantity as per buyer’s/processor’s need, has been allowed.

Buyer/processors may supply inputs and technical know-how and farmers may produce the crop

for sale to buyers at an agreed price. However, this price shall not be lower than minimum

support price and title of land shall remain with farmer. Produce will be purchased at

buyer/processor’s business/factory place. But processors found less interested in registering

under contract farming. Team ABPF discussed contract farming issues with some of the

processors and related challenges are given below:

i. Rule 5 – Each agreement shall be written on stamp paper of the value of Rs.100. This

increases cost of procurement and procurement time.

ii. Rule 9 – Separate registration form shall be filled for each agreement. Large amount of paper

work can be reduced by group registrations or procurement directly from FPCs.

iii. Rule 17-In case the contract farming buyer fails or refuses to purchase the agreed quantity of

the agriculture produce from the contract farming producer, he is to pay the amount of the

difference between the agreed price and the actual sale price of the contracted produce in the

market committee concerned to the producer. Mutual termination of contract should be

allowed.

iv. Rule 19 – The contract farming buyer need furnish an undertaking equal to 20% of the value

of the contracted amount. This amount can be reduced and this will motivate big players to

participate in contract farming.

8.4. PIESTEC Framework



Figure 30: PIESTEC analysis of Garlic Value Chain

8.5. Impact of GST over garlic value chain:

The Goods and Services Tax is one indirect tax for the whole nation. GST is a single tax on the supply of goods and services, right from the manufacturer to the consumer. It will be levied at every stage of the product distribution chain by giving the benefit of Input Tax Credit (ITC) of the tax remitted in the previous stages. Therefore, the final consumer will bear only the GST charged by the last dealer in the supply chain, with set-off benefits at all previous stages. GST will replace all Central level taxes such as excise, service tax and custom duty as well as state level taxes like VAT, CST and entertainment tax among others.

Political

• Legislation for FPC formation

Institutional

• FPC model to be developed for strengthening farmers' cause

• NRC-garlic,KVKs to facilitate supply of inputs viz. HYV seeds, pesticides, etc. to farmers

Economics

• Requires a high level of working capital and human labour

• Sound economics of garlics i.e. net profit of up to Rs 41,331 per ha with a productivity of 62.5 q per ha when market price is Rs 4500 per q

• Market prices reach as high as Rs 7000 per q

Social

•Cultivated by mostly small and marginal farmers with little post harvest facility

•Production led farming mind-set

•Need to transform into market led production programme

Technology

•Require farm mechanisation- Garlic sowing and harvesting machine

•Promote fertigation

•Obsolete procesisng technologies being used in the cluster

•GAP practices should be adopted

Environment

• Farmers have shifted to garlic from coriander and mustard

• Garlic is a labour intensive crop which requires more workers than coriander. Secondly, this crop requires skilled ploughing.

Competition

• Crop shift probability to coriander in the cluster

• Entry in eureapean market would require encorporating traceability in production, grading, packing and shipment



Table 46: Tax Structure

Transaction New Regime Old Regime Remarks

Sale within the state CGST+SGST VAT+ Central Excise/Service tax

Revenue will be shared equally between the Centre and the State

Sale to another state IGST Central Sales Tax + Excise/Service Tax

There will only be one type of tax (central) in case of inter-state sales. The Center will then share the IGST revenue based on the destination of goods.

The impact on the Food Processing Businesses:

With the latest information suggesting that the minimum GST rates will be 18% on all

products.

Implementation of the GST is said to increase the prices of agricultural goods. However,

the products will be able to reach the consumer faster due to state-level taxes such as Octroi

and entry taxes which will significantly reduce the time and hassle of transporting goods

across state borders.

GST will also favour the National Agricultural Market on merging all the different taxation

on agricultural goods will improve the marketing and virtual market growth.

Because GST is a consumption tax, it will be levied only when food products are sold by

the manufacturer and not when they are manufactured.

The Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) has also in its representation called for a zero

rate tax on products which have a rate of up to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/-. It also demanded that

all packaged material used as inputs by the food processing industry should have a zero-

percent rate.

Impact on Restaurants and Food Joints: Service tax liability with the credit of input VAT on goods consumed will get submerged into GST and irrespective of goods and services, the credit of input will be available for adjustment against the output liability. This will further optimize the working capital of these restaurants and consumers can expect the superior quality of goods and services. Please refer to Appendix 4 for product wise GST rates of Food Products.



Chapter 9- Proposed Interventions and Investments

9.1. Intervention areas for Value Chain Strengthening

In the context of shift towards garlic production to greater extent, it is necessary to strengthen by adaption of best package of Agricultural Practices, capacity

building of producers so as to evolve governance structures like PC (FPCs).

The constraints and intervention plan may be considered in context of 3 stages/activities. These are production, post-harvest and processing stage. The

constraints may be viewed in terms of pest and fungus attack on crops and use of obsolete farming technologies by small and marginal farmers. These may be

addressed through provision of resistant varieties to producers through envisaged FCSCs, which in addition to input facilitation may also provide custom hiring

services.

Table 47: Intervention Plan with stakeholder matrix for the Value Chain Analysis of Garlic

S.no Stakeholder Roles & Responsibilities Pre-intervention

Constraints Post Intervention Action

Action By Timeline

1

Land Preparation

Cultivation of

crops

Harvesting of

crops

Sell the raw

Limited awareness

of farmers

Availability of

improved & good

quality varieties of

Garlic among

producers

To promote both table purpose

varieties and processing purpose

varieties as well as • Farm

Information Dissemination

through District level exhibition,

Kisan Melas, Printed materials,

electronic media.

Agriculture University,

Agriculture Research Institute

& Station, Seed Companies,

Extension team of RACP





Action By Timeline

Farmers

produce Farmers are

trained with

production-led

extension

approach till date

Market led extension approach is

necessary to increase farmers

income.

Extension team of RACP and

Processors (through ABPF)

Y1Q1-Y1Q2

(6 months after

registration of

FPC)

Traditional

package of

practices followed

by farmers

Increasing Research- Extension

–Farmers linkages by organizing

farmers–scientists interaction,

Field Days and Kisan Goshties,

Farmers’ Field Schools.

Extension team of RACP,

Scientists from Agriculture

universities and ABPF

agribusiness experts

Contractual

harvesting of

Garlic

Setting up alternate channel to

sell directly from FPC to

processor or large retail shops.

Large Processor and ABPF

During harvesting

time, prices

collapse and

hence cold

storage/pack

house option

could help reduce

distress sale.

Storage facility for farmers as

part of FCSC

RACP, KVK and ABPF

Due to inadequate

facilities of

transportation at

the village level,

producers are

forced to sell local

merchants or

traders directly at

low prices

Provision of Pick-up van

as part of FPC services

to the farmers.

ABPF, RACP

Lack of scientific

sorting system

and

To make farmer aware

about quality

parameters of Garlic for

RACP, SPs with inputs from

ABPF





Action By Timeline

cleaning/grading

facilities

processing like value

added products;

washing/Cleaning &

Grading facilities as part

of FCSC/s .

Additionally, mini

pulveriser plants could

also be established as

part of FCSC/s

2

Processors Process the raw

produce

Value addition

Packaging of

value added

product

Limited adoption

of direct

procurement and

contract farming

Setting up alternate

channel to sell directly

from PC to processor or

large retail shops.

Large Processor/ Buyer and

ABPF, RACP

Y1Q3-Y2Q2

(6 months after

registration of

FPC)

Limited processed

product available

in the market

which limits the

marketing

potential of the

commodity

Facilitate the

entrepreneur

development to set up

small scale processed

product like Garlic

powder

ABPF, RACP

Many existing

spice processors

and budding

entrepreneurs are

not aware of

schemes of the

GoI Including

CLCSS, cluster

Development

scheme or

“Sampada” for

technology

upgrading.

Awareness seminars for

processors

ABPF, RACP





Action By Timeline

3

NGO Extension

services to

farmers

Disseminate

RACP Schemes

to the farm level

Distribution of

seeds and farm

kits as per

various schemes

Hand holding

support to the

farmers

regarding

Lack of skilled

personnel

Poor field-farm

level coordination

Outdated

extension

activities

Lower level of

interaction and

adoption of

RACP/govt.

schemes

Training of NGO field

staff on market led

extension services

Business planning

training

Monthly/Fortnightly

review meetings with

RACP

Feedback of farmers

from service area

Exposure visits of NGO

staff to successful FPCs

RACP

ABPF

KVKs

Y1Q1-Y2Q4

4.

RACP establish the

feasibility of

sustainably

increasing

agricultural

productivity and

farmer income

integrate

agriculture water

management and

agricultural

technology,

Establish farmer

organizations

(FPCs) and

market

innovations in

selected

Lack of clarity on

the form of FPO-

Cooperative or

FPC

Selections of

capable leaders

for the proposed

FPO

Low level of

awareness among

the PMU staff and

farmers regarding

the concept of

FPC

Poor or no Market

linkages of the

value chain crops

in clusters

Lack of active

Create basic

understanding among

the RACP PMU staff

about concepts of FPC

Clear understanding on

fundamental differences

between FPC &

Cooperative

Create market linkages

by bringing more big

players and processors

to the cluster

Conduct training of the

potential farmer leaders

about FPC and its

functioning

Capacity building

training of the NGO staff

regarding the extension

ABPF

RACP PMU Line

staff

NGO

Y1Q1-Y2Q4





Action By Timeline

locations NGO staff

deployed in the

cluster

services to be provided

to the farmers

At the post-harvest stage, critical constraints may be viewed in terms of inadequate cold storage facilities, drying, curing, grading and processing facilities. The

FCSCs established under the umbrella of PC that can cater to the insufficient quantity and uneven quality of supply to the buyers. The PC/s can grade and

aggregate the farmer’s produce at common point. The enormous intermediaries in the value chain can be corrected through PC/s facilitating service as these

would be replaced by the PC/s itself and will ensure the direct benefit to the farmers in terms of higher value realization at par with the prevalent market prices.

At the processing stage there are limited processing units in the regions and the state in producing the value added Garlic products including dehydrated garlic,

garlic paste, garlic pickle, garlic powder and vinegar. The PC/s can also expand its FCSCs to include such processing facility. The appropriate start up

counselling may also address the issue as potential individual agri-entrepreneurs can be trained for the same.

In terms of intervention on the production front, productivity is low which is also partly because of inadequate availability of high yielding varieties. There is,

therefore, scope for intervention by the way of introduction of new high yielding varieties in the region. Line departments under RACP and NGO service-

provider may support the initiatives in terms of dissemination of benefit of going in for new high yielding varieties. Apt amendments in the contract farming Act

could further facilitate this initiative.

Traditional package of practices results in lower yield as against potential. There is therefore need to train farmers on the best package of practices. This could

also be undertaken by stakeholders like large processors.

There have been limited efforts in capacity building of farmer leaders (entrepreneurs) and BODs at the field- level. In this regard, it may be appropriate for

ABPF to enable formation of FPOs to meet minimum scale requirements for upgrading as well as developing alternate market channels. Also, bank linkages

under KCC scheme etc. may be explored. The RACP and line departments need also work in coordination with the NGO/service providers and the KVK etc.

on high dirt content in harvested gram, harvesting of immature grains and inadequate post-harvest infrastructure facilities for storage. The storage facility may be

established as an FCSC with assistance under the project.



There is also need for awareness seminars and b2b meets amongst processors and producers on the options for Special Licence and to source directly from

producers (effectively aggregated into FPOs/ FPCs). Scope for re-orientation of Agri- marketing policy with reduced mandi taxes on direct procurement; and

related capacity building interventions for farmers is a necessity that may be facilitated by the ABPF.

9.2. Envisaged Post-intervention value chain map of Garlic

9.2.1 Proposed Post Intervention Value Chain Map for Garlic

The post intervention value chain map for Garlic may be visualised as one with the three production-distribution or activity-marketing channels: raw garlic and

value added products like dehydrated garlic, garlic paste, garlic pickle, garlic powder, vinegar. It is also envisaged that PCs of producers with FCSCs is evolved.

Such FCSCs undertake cold storage, drying, curing, grading and sorting and packaging of produce activity. These FCSCs may offer other related services in

terms of input facilitation, custom hiring and facilitating B2B connectivity.

As it is clear in the below given proposed value chain map of maize, the FPC intervention would take away the direct share of 3% in the channel 1 while there

would be direct benefit of additional 2% to the farmers. The remaining stakeholders would remain unaffected as such from the FPC intervention. The FPC

intervention would benefit the farmers by providing them with the appropriate storage facility as well as drying systems (solar preferably). This would positively

impact the post-harvest losses which would reduce to 2-3% as compared to previously. It would also improve the holding period at the cluster level any FPCs

would have an added benefit of storage system. Also, the restructured value chain will have PC/s and their FCSC/s replacing Mandis and undertaking

aggregation plus grinding and sorting and packaging services. The PCs need input facilitation, custom hiring and marketing of produce.

The Farmer’s income from Garlic cultivation may be enhanced. Presently, the market rate of the sale is about Rs. 45000 per Tons or Rs. 45 per kg or Rs. 267,188

per hectare. The cost of cultivation is about Rs. 225,856 per ha. Net realization per acre is about Rs. 41, 331 per ha. Other than good harvest practices, input

facilitation (high seed prices during cropping season) needs to be provided/disseminated amongst farmers.



Figure 31: Proposed post intervention value chain map for garlic



9.2.2 Intervention through FPC in the garlic value chain crop:

Introduction to FPC Model

Aggregation is the proposed solution of the constraints farmers are facing at present. It is proposed to form Farmers Producers’ Company by bringing farmers together in the form of voluntary groups of about 15 to 20 active farmers and federating 20 to 25 such groups into a Producer Company. These Producer Companies will be functioning on behalf of member farmers and will strive to undertake a range of activities which will result in added value accruals to farmers and value to farmers produce. To form a producer company, producer groups will be mobilized (in some cases, this initiative may have already been completed by NGO’s).

It is envisaged that an elected committee of members of Producers Groups will form a management committee and oversee the performance of an incentivized manager/CEO. The manager will be trained in technical issues of post-harvest management, marketing and in operating a transparent accounting system. The ABPF will support the operation of the Producer Company, and accelerate the cross learning of best practices.

FPC Development Approach

The FPC development approach may be viewed as depicted below:

Figure 32: FPC Development Approach

Following are the steps to be followed for formation of the FPC:

PRI of the MTG: The MTGs will be made aware on the FPC model through PRI and

individual farmers will be motivated to join the FPC as shareholder through respective

MTGs.



Initial discussions with MTG leaders: After PRI is done, initial discussion will be done

with the MTG leaders for further orientation on FPC concept.

Identification of MTG leaders: MTG leaders who show inclination to the concept will be

selected in the executive committee for FPC formation.

Resource mobilization and FPC planning: The executive committee will meet 2-3 times to

plan further activities of FPC viz. crops, strategy for business etc.

Election of BoD and Share collection: 10-12 BoD will be identified along with 2-3 expert

directors one each from Agri, Horti, AH and WS dept. The BoD will decide on share value

and initiate collection of share through MTG leaders.

FPC registration: Following identification of FPC BoD, registration will be done. This

may take 1-2 months as DIN no of BoD has to be generated first. Care should be take that

all elected BoD should have PAN no so that there is no delay in paper formalities for

registrations.

FPC business: Following registration of FPC, ABPF will prepare business plan for the

FPC and facilitate market linkage for input and output.

Setup of processing/ financing – ABPF will further facilitate establishment of processing

unit setup along with feasibility studies and planning business linkage with market players.

Policy and Management

A FPC will function within the overall policy and regulatory framework as per the Producer

Company Act. The management of a FPC will vest with the elected Board from amongst the

members. The provision about constitution of managing committee will be made in the byelaws.

The management of FPCs will be by an elected Board of Directors. Therefore, the representatives

of farmers will actually oversee and manage the affairs of a FPC..

The selection criteria for membership of FPC may be viewed as follows:

1. A member will express his willingness to become a member of MTG.

2. A member will actively participate in all functions and activities of MTG

3. A member will contribute his equity to the FPC

4. A member will bring all or part of his produce to the FPC for sale.

5. A member will purchase all or part of his farm inputs through the FPC.

6. A member will produce and prepare his produce for marketing as per directions of

FPC.

7. A member will contribute his share to the Producer Association as upfront payment for

the business development plan of a FPC as needed.

8. A member will contribute his share to the Producer Company towards the reserves of

FPC as needed.

Illustrative list of components of a common facility of a Producer Company (Vegetables)

Godown for storage, drying platforms

5 MT per day Fruits & Vegetable cleaning, grading, and packing equipments with shed

Additional need based Agricultural Equipment

Computer with internet connectivity for market information

Display Board with Accessories

Auction Hall

Input Suppliers Shops

Toilets



Drinking water & Electricity

Note: Though the illustrative infrastructure proposed is shown in the above tables, the actual infrastructure to be developed will be need based and on participative consultation process.

Typically, start-up may be involved in secondary and tertiary processing activities while FPO’s may be involved in post-harvest and primary processing activity. In many cases, start-up may emerge firm within FPO members.

The evaluation of success should be evaluated on the parameters as under:

I. PCs operating without financial support by the end of 36 months.

II. The PC operates with a reserve fund to cover short term cash flow deficit and with

potential for reinvestment in various activities

III. The PC has an effective governing structure.

IV. The PC has a transparent accounting system.

V. The PC can function as a working example for other farmer organizations to observe and

learn from.

VI. Contribution towards increasing farmers’/members incomes.

FPC Revenue model

The revenue model for typical FPCs may be viewed in terms of revenue from:

1. Input facilitation services (this could imply revenue by virtue of service such as

dealership/distributorship for seeds, pesticides or fertilizers). About 50% of the dealer’s

discount may be perhaps is retained by FPC and 50 % be passed on to FPC farmer member

as to reduce their input costs.

2. Processing and storage services through FCSCs to be offered to FPC members and other

providers in the region and user/service change collected (typically) at perhaps the rate of 1

to 3 percent of value of commodity.

3. Marketing service may be offered in terms of facilitating charges typically @ between 1-2

percent of sales value.

4. MSP facilitation service in terms of facilitating procurement and supply to NAFED/SFAC

etc. after, a 1 percent service charges is levied for such activity by FPCs.

5. NCDEX related farmers trading may be facilitated by FPCs as a risk hedging option and

user charges collected at a negotiated rate with members.

6. Custom hiring services may be provided either through tying up with service providers or

including equipment as part of FCSC.

7. Working capital service in terms of FPC providing and marketing of produce from member

farmers. Here, the FPC may retain the price spread as service charge.

9.2. Outcomes of value chain study

1) Increase in farmers share by 5% through FPC

2) Higher price realization for crops by farmers

3) Lower cost of production adds to the farmer's net profit through

a) Acquire quality inputs at discounted price

b) Farm Demos on GAP, PoP

c) Dissemination of advanced technology through contract farming with MNCs & their likes

d) FPC led intervention to establish Primary Processing and cold storage infrastructure

4) Potential Services by FPC

a) Marketing service with facilitating charges typically @ between 1-2%of sales value.



b) NCDEX- linked commodity trading with user charges at a negotiated rate

c) Custom hiring services with nominal charges

9.3. Conclusion

This value chain analysis of garlic clearly brings out that unlike any other enterprise, agriculture is

critically dependent on external factors like the bounties of nature for its success; be it unseasonal

rain, hailstorm, delayed monsoon, less rain, no rain, or excess rain, all of which makes agriculture a

high risk and vulnerable proposition. This perpetual environment of high risk and vulnerability has

significantly lowered farmers’ confidence and suppressed their entrepreneurial instincts as was amply

reflected in the discussions held over cluster level meetings.

Till date, farmers have benefitted mainly from government’s input driven schemes while market

access interventions such as mandis have created more barriers (middlemen) than benefits and

resulted into market inefficiencies that eventually exploited farmers. Despite being at the receiving

end of market barriers and inefficiencies for generations, individually, small farmers may perhaps

never muster enough strength to overcome market challenges. In such a scenario, the intervention

of establishing Farmer Producer Companies in the clusters has potential to unleash their suppressed

energies and to promote rural entrepreneurship. It would encourage farmers to collectively delve

into market operations to compete and design specific market solutions such as aggregation and

sales of produce, operate custom hiring and composite input sales centres.

In the Garlic value chain, despite increasing input costs, all active players such as suppliers,

transporters, processors, traders and corporates except producer farmers have benefitted and gained

prosperity. For the farmer, increase in input costs, without corresponding increase in output prices,

has rendered agriculture unviable. And, in the absence of any other locally available alternate

livelihood options farmers cannot even move away from agriculture. Thus, RACP along with the

market driven intervention of ABPF also aims towards integration of farmers and help them join

hands for a collective cause, assist them to move up the agriculture value chains as to actively

participate in market functions, an unexplored but lucrative territory for them so far. This would

spur vertical business integration and diversify their market portfolios to reduce their vulnerabilities.

Value chain actors or stakeholders decide sale prices of their produce/products and compete

effectively in the markets whereas farmers often depend on Minimum Support Price (MSP) fixed by

government agencies to sell grains. Trader’s cartelisation ensures that MSP becomes the Maximum

Gain Price (MGP) fetched by farmers, further squeezing their revenues. The end result has been a

declining contribution of agriculture to the national economy. It is also true that given farmers’

inability to deal effectively with market forces, in the absence of MSP, farmers would have been

possibly in an much worse off situation.

The major role of ABPF- GT would in this circumstance also be to carry out capacity building

initiatives of the potential leaders (BoDs) of the FPC, NGO staff and PMU staff line, conducting

value chain studies of the crops (market led), plan interventions to improve the returns to the

farmers in the 17 project clusters, develop the business plan for registered producer companies in

clusters, support and assist agri start-ups in the region, and thus develop overall market linkages.

The formation of FPC supported by RACP ABPF, local NGOs and facilitation centres like KVKs,

provides the much needed opportunity to farmers to favourably and positively change their destiny

in near future (years to come).





References

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t=8&ved=0ahUKEwiEvP66jP7SAhUDrY8KHRtvB1AQFggtMAM&url=http%3A%2F%

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https://www.zauba.com/exportanalysis-garlic+oil-report.html

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mui_EN.pdf



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jaipur) (retrieved on April 9, 2017)

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http://agmarknet.nic.in/fveggmrules04.htm#garlic



https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/farmer-advisory-services-6952486433.html

http://liferajasthan.blogspot.in/2011/04/know-kissan-call-center-1800-180-1551.html

http://farmer.gov.in/



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http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/kvk/kvk_intro.html


Annexure 1: List of Cold Storage facilities in Rajasthan-NHB

Table 48: List of Cold storages in Rajasthan

S. No. Name & Address Of Cold Storages

C.S.O. Licence No

Capacity In Mt

Sector Products Stored

AJMER

1 Laxmi Cold Storage Bewar Road

RJST/3215 3000 Private Potato Flower Egg, Jaggery

Multipurpose

2 Rajasthan Coop Dairy Fed Ltd. Opp. HMT Beawar Road

RJST/2694 334 Cooperative Milk & Milk Products

ALWAR

1 Rajasthan Coop Dairy Fed Ltd. Jaipur Road


2 Vijay Ice & Cold Storage Old Industrial Area

ALR/1081 801 Private Multipurpose

3 Jayanti Cold Storage,Rajgarh Rd.,Gram Dadar

3533 Private Multipurpose

BARMER

1 Mahaveer Cold Storage 2025 Private Multipurpose

BHARATPUR

1 Akash Cold Storage Pvt.Ltd.,Kumehar Road

2 Bharatpur Cold Storage (P)Ltd. Sewar PO

RJST/3121 2708 Private Potatoes

3 D. R.oil Industries Mathura Road Bharatpur

4000 Private Potato

4 Ganesh Pvt. Ltd. Seware Road

RJST/2826 1781 Private Potato

5 Fauzi Cold Storage Krishna Nagar

3000 Private Potato

6 Dhanker Cold Storage Near Panchyat Smit Bayana

1600 Private Potato

7 Sharvan Cold Storage Delhi Road

4000 Private Potato

8 Tantpur Enterprises Hora Baii

2640 Private Potato

9 Golden Cold Storage 8000 Private Potato

10 Brijwasi Cold Storage,V&PO Brijwasi Tehsil,Bawer

4000 Private Potato

11 L.R.J.Cold Storage 3593 Private Potato


12 Pratap Ice & cold Storage 5213 Private Potato

13 Nadabi Cold Storage,Teh..Nadwai Vill.Bilora

4000 Private Potato

14 Deeg Cold Storage,Rambagh

4000 Private Potato

BIKANER

1 Chitra Ice Factory & Cold Storage P.O. Bhinsarr

RJST/2704 1858 Private Multipurpose

2 Bikaner Dairy Unit M/s Raj Coop Dairy Fed. Ltd. Sriganganagar

434 Cooperative Milk & Milk Products

3 Pareek Cold Storage Kami Ind. Area


4 Rajasthan Coop Dairy Fed. Ltd.Bikaner Dairy


5 Rajasthan Cold Storage Pvt.Ltd.


6 Nagarjuna Rashala Ranibagh Industrial Area


7 Shri Bikaner C.S. Kami Ind. Area


8 Nakha Cold Storage,B-5A,RICCO Ind.Area


BUNDI

1 Shankar Sheetalaya Cold Storage Ice Factory, Vill. Govindpur Baroi Post Talera

KTA/867 3423 Private Potatoes

JAIPUR

1 Annapurna Cold Storage V.K.I.A. Jaipur


2 Baba Ganesh Aloo Bhanders Malviya Indl. Area

4000 Private Potato

3 Bhagwati Udyog Cold Storage & Ice Factory, Location C-177 r Road No. 9/J V.I. Industrial Estate


4 Core Fionance Ltd. E-705-6 Sitapur Indl. Area


5 Hira Cold Storage & Ice Factory D/192 VKIA


6 Hotel Clarks Amer Amer Road

JPR/1779 35 Private Others (hotel)

7 Hotel Man Singh Sansar Chandra Road

RJST/2427 10 Private Others (hotel)

8 Indian Hotels Co. Ltd. The Jai Mahal Palace, Jacob Road

RJST/2989 12 Private Others (hotel)

9 Jan Arihant C.S. Sitapur Ind. Area

3598 Pvt Multipurpose

10 J&N Cold Storage Sitapur Indl. Area


11 Kotadmola Agro Cold Storage Delhi Road Jaipur


12 Jhura Mal Cold Storage B-10 (B&C) Malviya Industrial Area

RJST?3130 3063 Private Multipurpose

13 Keshar Cold Storage Sitapur Industrial Area


14 Narain Cold Storage & Ice JPR/1500 2546 Private Multipurpose


Factory, B-121 Vishvakarma Ind.Area

15 Nagpal Cold Storage Sitapur Ind. Area


16 Jaipur Cold Storage (P) Ltd.B-73,Gautam Marg, Sham Nagar,-


17 M/s Arawali Industries 3232 Private Multipurose

18 Jain Sarangi Cold Storage 3665 Private Multipurpose

19 Pansari Cold Storage Sitapur Ind. Area


20 Pink City Cold Storage Jotwara Ind.Area


21 Pawan Oil Extraotion Ltd. Sitapur Ind. Area


22 Rajasthan cold Storage & Allied Ind.(P) Ltd. F-129 Malviya Ind.Area


23 Rajasthan Coop. Dairy Fed. Ltd. Near Rly.Stn


24 Rajasthan Rajya Sahakari Kriya Vikraya Sangh Ltd.Bhawani Singh Rd.GolimarGarden

RJST/2619 1861 Cooperative Potatoes

25 Rambagh Palace Hotel Bhawani Singh Road

JPR?768 47 Private Others (hotel)

26 Sardarmal Cold Storage Malviya Ind. Area


27 Sarju cold Storage Vishwakaram Ind. Area


28 Saroj cold Storage 145 Industrial Area

JPR/885 2260 Private Multipurpose

29 Sobh Raj cold Storage & Factory E-41 Road No.1 V.K.I.A.

RJSI/2645 2812 Private Multipurpose

30 Subh Laxmi Cold Storage Sitapur Ind. Area


31 Vishan Das Cold Storage Achrawala


32 Sitapur Cold Storage Sitapur Ind. Area


33 V.K. Cold Storage Malviya Cold Storage


DHOLPUR

1 Jagan frozen Foods (P)Ltd.,Khasra No.303-304 vill. Edalpur, Teh.Mania- Dholpur


JHALAWAR

1 Surindra Cold Storage & Ice Factory Bhawani Mandi

BWN/1194 450 Private Multipurpose

2 Surindra Ice Factory & C.S. Indl. Area Jhaira Pastan Jhalwar Distt.JODHPUR


1 Ganapati Cold Storage Bhadwasia Mandi


2 Jolly Industries 22(1) A Heavy Ind Area

JDH/1637 660 Private Multipurpose

3 M/s Dairy Fed. Ltd. Unit Jodhpur Dairy


4 Parvati Cold Storage E-114 Ind. Area



5 Shiv Cold Storage Bhadwasia Mandi


6 Shiv Shakti C.S. Bhadwasia Mandi


7 Surya Nagri C.S. Mandore Indl. Area


8 Steel Plast Corp. C-91/A Industrial Area Marudhar

RJSI/2733 1084 Private Multipurpose

9 Balasar Balaji Cold Storage Mandoe Road Jodhpur


10 Tej Paras Associate Mandoe Indl. Area


11 Tej Paras Intt. Mandore Indl. Area


KOTA

1 Chitresh Cold Storage Pvt. Ltd. Borkhera


2 Mahalaxmi Association Cold Storage & Ice Factory Old Dhanmandi

KTA/440 1582 Private Multipurpose

3 Mayur Cold Storage Mabara Bazar


4 Rajasthan Coop Dairy Fed. Ltd. Near Gandhi Railway Station


5 Suvidha Cold Storage 4018 Private Multipurpose

Ramganj mandi

PALI

1 Ashok Ji Cold Storage Sumer


2 Mahendra Cooling Plant 4000 Private Multipurpose

SRIGANGANAGAR

1 GIC Ice Factory & Cold Storage Pvt. Ltd. Plot No. SP_ID Industrial Area Suratgarh

RJST/3214 1077 Private Potatoes

2 Guru Nanak Cold Storage & Gernal Mills, Rai Singh Nagar

RJST?2655 1447 Private Multipurpose

3 Indian Cold Storage & Ice Factory Near Vinobha Basti Guru Nanak Road

SRG?1889 1270 Private Multipurpose

4 Janta Cold Storage & Ice Factory Chak-6 Padampur Road


5 Sriganganagar Cold Storage (P) Ltd. Suratgarh Road

GNGR/422 1332 Private Multipurpose

UDAIPUR

1 Instructional Dairy Plant Deptt. of Livestock Prod. & Management Raj. College of Agriculture

UDP/2113 14 Public Milk & Milk Products

2 Maharaja Cold Storage 119-120 Udyog Vihar


3 Mewad Sheet Griha Factory Sardarpura

UDR/874 2337 Private Multipurpose

4 Rajasthan Coop. Dairy Fed. Govardhan Village



Annexure 2: Product wise GST rates of Food Products

GST-28%

1. Molasses

2. Chewing gum/bubble gum and white chocolate

3. Cocoa butter, fat and oil

4. Cocoa powder

5. Cocoa chocolates

6. Malt extract (other than for infant use and mixes and doughs of bakers)

7. Waffles and wafers coated with or containing chocolate

8. Extract, essences and concentrates of coffee

9. Mustard flour and sauces thereof

10. Sugar, lactose and glucose syrups

11. Food flavouring material

12. Churan for pan

13. Custard powder

14. Aerated waters containing added sugar or other sweeting matter

GST-18%

1. Condensed milk

2. Malt, whether or not roasted

3. Refined sugar, sugar cubes

4. Sugar confectionery

5. All preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk for infant use and sold retail

6. Pasta, spaghetti, macaroni, noodles

7. Corn flakes and other cereal flakes

8. Waffles and wafers (other than chocolate coating)

9. Pastries and cakes

10. Extracts, essences and concentrates of tea or mate


11. Soups and broths

12. Ice cream and other edible ice

13. Instant food mixes, soft drink concentrates, sharbat, betel, supari, packaged food

14. Water, including natural or artificial mineral waters and aerated waters not sweetened

15. Ethyl alcohol and other spirits

16. Vinegar and substitutes

17. Curry paste, mayonnaise and salad dressing; mixed condiments and mixed

GST – 12 %

1. All meat in unit containers put up in frozen, salted, dried, smoked state

2. All meat and marine products, prepared or preserved.

3. Butter, ghee, butter oil, cheese

4. All goods under Chapter 20 (preparations of vegetables, fruits, nuts or other parts of plants, including pickle, murabba, chutney, jam, jelly)

5. Ketch-up & sauces, Mustard sauces

6. Dry fruits 2

7. Starches

8. Animal fats and oils

9. Fruit and vegetable juices

10. Roasted chicory and coffee substitutes

11. Yeasts and prepared baking powders

12. Namkeens, bhujiya, mixture, chabena

13. Bari made of pulses including mungodi

14. Soya milk drinks

15. Fruit pulp or fruit juice based drinks

16. Tender coconut water (in unit container with brand name)

17. Beverages containing milk

GST – 5 %

1. All fish variants (except seeds of fish, prawn& shrimp) processed, cured, frozen state

2. Ultra-high temperature milk

3. Milk and cream including skimmed milk powder but excluding condensed milk

4. Yoghurt and other fermented milk and cream

5. Chena or paneer in unit container and branded

6. Egg yolk, fresh or dried

7. Natural honey in branded unit container

8. Vegetables frozen or preserved (but unsuitable in that state for immediate consumption)

9. Edible fruits and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons, in frozen or preserved state

10. Coffee, tea, pepper, vanilla, cloves, cardamoms


11. Seeds of anise, coriander, cumin

12. Ginger (other than fresh ginger), saffron, turmeric, other spices

13. Cereal groats, meal and pellets in branded unit container

14. Cereal grains worked upon (hulled, rolled, flaked)

15. Meal, powder, flakes, granules and pellets of potatoes

16. Meal and powder of the dried leguminous vegetables (pulses, sago, tamarind)

17. Wheat gluten

18. Soya beans

19. Ground nuts

20. Copra

21. Linseed, rape seeds, sunflower seeds, other oilseeds like mustard, poppy,

22. Flour and meals of oilseeds

23. Sugar beet and sugar cane (frozen and dried)

24. Vegetable fats and oils (groundnut, olive, palm, sunflower oil etc)

25. Beet sugar, cane sugar, khandsari sugar

26. Cocoa beans, shells and paste

27. Mixes and doughs for preparation of bread, pastry and other baker’s wares

28. Pizza bread

29. Seviyan

30. Rusks, toasted bread

31. Sweetmeats

32. Flours, meals, and pellets of meat, fish meant for animal consumption

33. Cashew nuts and cashew nut in shell

34. Raisin 3

35. Ice and snow

GST – Nil %

1. Meat (Other than in frozen state and put up in container)

2. Bones and horn cores, bone grist, bone meal etc., hoof meal, horn meal, etc

3. Fish, prawn and shrimp seeds

4. All fish, fresh or chilled (but not processed, cured and frozen)

5. Fresh milk, pasteurized milk but not concentrated, sweetened

6. Eggs (in shell)

7. Curd, lassi, buttermilk

8. Chena or paneer (except in unit container with brand name)

9. Natural honey (no container-no brand)

10. Fresh fruits and vegetables, roots and tubers (except in frozen state or preserved)

11. Dried fruits


12. Leguminous vegetables, shelled or unshelled

13. Dried leguminous vegetables, shelled, whether or not skinned or split (pulses)

14. Coffee beans, unprocessed tea leaves, fresh spices

15. All cereals (no container-no brand)

16. Cereal grains hulled

17. Flour

18. Atta, maida, besan (no container-no brand)

19. Wheat or meslin flour

20. Cereal flour, groats and meals (no container-no brand)

21. Flour of potato, dried leguminous vegetables (no container-no brand)

22. Oilseeds of seed quality

23. Cane jiggery (gur)

24. Palmyra jaggery

25. Puffed, flattened and parched rice

26. Pappad (except when served for consumption)

27. Bread (branded or otherwise) (except when served for consumption and pizza bread)

28. Prasadam

29. Water (other than aerated, sealed etc)

30. Non-alcoholic toddy

31. Tender coconut powder

32. Acquatic, poultry and cattle feed

33. Salt, all types


Annexure 3: Stakeholders interacted for Garlic Value Chain Study

Producers Processors Traders Government

agencies Others

1.10 Farmers

in Palayatha

cluster

2.10 Farmers

in Sangod

cluster

1.Shyam Dhani

Industries Pvt Ltd.

Ramawatar

Agarwal, Jaipur

9414062430

2. MDH Masala

Sharad Rathi,

Nagaur

9828535353

3. Royal Garlic

Rajendra Agarwal,

Jaipur

9887755599

4. Khnana

Khazana Foods

Manish Gahlot,

Ajmer

9587008643

5. Mr. Mukesh

Agrawal

Nagaur

9982827118

6.Super Star

Spices

Badrudeen Bhati,

Jaipur

8048555045

7.Luxmi masala

Udyoug

80486071, Jaipur

1. Vipul

Gheeya

9414859283,

Chittorgarh

2. Bansilal

Nagar

Palathya

9460004775

3. Vinay

Bansal

Anaj Mandi,

Kota

9414187549

4. Kamlesah

Dhamani

Anaj Mandi,

Kota

9636012539

5.Sodani

Agro Spices

Abhishek

Sodani,

Pratapgarh

9414397117

6, Shah

Mathura lal

Shankar Lal

7. SMD

Trading

company

8071674134

1. Bhagwan Singh (DPM) Dep.of Agriculture , Palathya 9414285923 2. Indersen Singh (DC) Water recourses, Palathya 9116502784 3. D. K.Singh (PC) KVK. Anta

9414662038 4. K.C.Meena (SMS) KVK, Baran

9602956432 5. R.K.Jain DPM Kota

9414023179 6. Dr Harish Verma

(SMS Hort) KVK Jhalawar 7014601475 7. Mr Pramod Shivthare (DC) Dep. of Agriculture, Sangod 8003961535

8 Mr C.K Sharma Dy Dir (Agronomy) IMTI Kota 9414286615

1. SohiL Khan ((T.L)

NGO, Palathya 9214363655 2. Nural Hasan (CMS) NGO, Palathya

9667082929

3. D. K.Singh (PC) KVK, Anta

9414662038

4. G.L Keshwa (Director) Agriculture University, Kota 7442321204

5. Mr G.L Keshwa (Vice

Chanceller) Agriculture University, Kota 7442321204 6 Naresh Yadav CEO Kota Kisan samruddhi FPC 7073081801

7. Mr Sachin Panchal (SMS) NGO, Sangod 9116889892


Annexure 4: PIESTEC Analysis of Garlic Value Chain Study

Garlic can be summarily considered within the adapted PIESTEC framework as follows:

Political circumstance

Typically farmers in Rajasthan have barely 2-3 acres of holdings each. The small and marginal

farmers can hardly be expected to invest in better farming technologies, nor aggregate adequate

volumes of commodities as to develop alternate marketing channels away from typical APMC or

multiple-trader led channel in vogue. There is, therefore, need for aggregation of such farmers into

FPOs / FPCs. Typically, such FPOs / FPCs may have a combined holding of 1000-1500 acres.

Institutional context

Garlic is marketed as a fresh or dehydrated product, or as certified seed. The majority of garlic is

dehydrated and used in a wide variety of processed foods. Although, India is second in area and

production of garlic in the world, the productivity per hectare is very low as compared to China, the

US and other western countries where the crop is grown commercially. Further, over the years,

productivity has remained almost static in the country as well as Rajasthan which ranks fourth in

garlic production in the country. Varietal development and technology improvement in production

seems to have not contributed much. Crop losses due to high incidence of diseases and pests, poor

post-harvest handling practices and storage conditions, sub-standard input management, and volatile

market situations are the main impediments in increasing productivity.

National Research Centre for Onion and Garlic is a research centre of Indian Council of

Agricultural Research (ICAR) under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education

(DARE), located in Rajgurunagar, Pune Maharashtra. It also has an All India Network Research

Project on Garlic with 25 participating centres all over the country. It aims to promote overall

growth of garlic in terms of enhancement of quality production, export and processing by enhancing

basic, strategic and applied research on genetic resource management, crop improvement and

production technologies for enhancing and sustaining production of onion and garlic.

Economics

Cost of seed cloves and labour for planting and harvest makes the initial investment for garlic

production high in comparison to some other vegetable crops. Garlic returns are highly dependent

on how the produce of crop is marketed. Management and markets will determine the profitability

of garlic for the producer. Properly cured or dried garlic can be stored for a period up to three

months in a standard warehouse so as to make marketing decisions with respect to creation of time

and place utility.


Garlic takes about 100 to 120 growing days from planting to maturity and it requires little attention.

The cultivation cost ranges from Rs. 60,000 to Rs. 80,000 depending on the soil type, irrigation

methods and the seed variety. The gross yield per acre is about 10 Tons per hectare. The market rate

of the sale is about Rs. 30000 per Tons or Rs. 30 per kg or Rs. 3, 00, 000 per hectare. The cost of

cultivation is about Rs. 257,500 per ha. Net realization per acre is about Rs. 42, 500 per ha. A

kilogram of garlic is being sold for Rs. 30-60 in the wholesale market. The farmer can take home a

profit of Rs. 0.5 lakh to Rs. 1.5 lakh per ha after selling upon in wholesale market.

Social

Baran district is popularly known as Spices (Garlic) hub in the state. Typically, the farmers in

Rajasthan go in for garlic at a very small scale and with little post-harvest facility at hand. Garlic

cultivation requires a high level of working capital and human labour. The price of garlic is generally

stable. The major constraints in the production of the garlic are the fluctuations in the market price,

the lack of storage facilities and the transportation. There is also lack of processing industries in the

west eastern region of the state.

Technology

There is prevalence of labour based crop production in garlic striating from sowing to weeding and

harvesting. Dearth of appropriate skilled/unskilled labour has made the entire process expensive.

Expansion of processing industry will demand production of more garlic. It is mainly used for

preparing chutneys, pickles, dips and curry powder, sauces or ketchups. The raw garlic is used in

making of garlic powder, garlic salt, garlic vinegar, and garlic bread etc. providing strong base for

processing industry. Value addition through processing of the bulbs in the form of dehydrated

flakes, dehydrated powder, paste, etc. will be instrumental in substantially expanding the export

basket of garlic and its derivative products. There is critical gap in supply in Europe from February

to June whereas India has ample production during these months. European market being stringent,

lot of market-oriented research would be needed in production, grading, packing and shipment.

Systematic export promotion can develop niche of 4-5 Litres additionally. Contract production,

packing and forwarding can create export market to the tune of 1lt.

Environment

About a decade ago, the farmers in Hadauti region of Rajasthan (comprising the districts of Bundi,

Baran, Jhalawar and Kota) were mainly cultivating soybean, mustard and coriander. Garlic was

cultivated only for local consumption. Over the past five years, farmers have started growing garlic,

which is a labour intensive crop. Since they lack experience, the farmers are now in a fix. Garlic is a

labour intensive crop which requires almost double the workers than soybean and coriander.

Secondly, this crop requires skilled ploughing. This means high cost of production.

Competition

Nutritional quality and flavouring component wise Indian garlic is much better and as a result there

is better demand in ethnic markets in Singapore, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Philippines and

UK. There is critical gap in supply in Europe from February to June whereas India has ample

production during these months. European market being stringent, lot of market-oriented research

would be needed in production, grading, packing and shipment. Systematic export promotion can

develop niche of 4-5 Litres additionally. Contract production, packing and forwarding can create

export market to the tune of 1lt. Currently, India's share in the world garlic production stands at a

meagre 4.1 per cent, but expanding domestic market provides a great opportunity to increase this

share.

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