VALIDATION OF VALIDATION OF VALIDATION OF VALIDATION OF PESTICIDAL PLANTS PESTICIDAL PLANTS USED TO CONTROL USED TO CONTROL

STORAGE INSECT PESTSSTORAGE INSECT PESTSSTORAGE INSECT PESTSSTORAGE INSECT PESTSJohn Finias KamanulaJohn Finias Kamanula

ffDepartment of ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryMzuzu University,Mzuzu University,

P/Bag 201, Luwinga, P/Bag 201, Luwinga, Mzuzu 2, MalawiMzuzu 2, MalawiMzuzu 2, MalawiMzuzu 2, Malawi

EE--mail: mail: johnkamanula@yahoo.co.ukjohnkamanula@yahoo.co.uk

MicKnight Workshop, 5-8th Dec 2011, Morogoro, Tanzania

PostPost--harvest losses (1)harvest losses (1)• Post-harvest losses are recognised as

being one of the critical constraintsupon food security among manyf Af ifarmers across Africa.

• Farmers normally use syntheticti id hi h ll ff tipesticides which are usually effective

but:-high cost

l b lli d d lt ti-poor labelling and adulteration-resistance to insects-misuse of pesticides.-unavailability.-Environmental and healthy problems

• Demand a vigorous search foralternative pest control practices

PostPost--harvest losses (2)harvest losses (2)( )( )

• Traditionally, farmers used and continueto use various cultural practices andherbal products for the control of storageinsect pests

• Pesticidal plants have advantage oversynthetic insecticides because they aresynthetic insecticides because they are-locally availableb li d t b f-believed to be safe

-Environmental friendly

Process of validating pesticidal plantsProcess of validating pesticidal plants

• Field surveys• Literature review• Farm trials• Farm trials• Laboratory bioassays-bioactivity• Chemistry• Toxicity/safety issues• Toxicity/safety issues

Field surveysField surveys

Acquiring information from farmers about pest management and about pest management and pesticidal plants use

Malawi70

80

s

40

50

60

age

of c

ases

0

10

20

30

Per

cent

0

Tephros

iaVern

onia

NeemEup

horbi

aTith

onia

Tobacc

oTag

etesPep

per

(Kamanula et al., 2011)Lead farmer being interviewed atNchenachena EPA

OnOn--farm trialsfarm trials• Collection of plant material• Drying under shade

P i di i i• Processing-pounding, sieving• Application-admixing powdered plant

material with grain (2%, 5 %w/w)w/w)

-spraying grain with plant extract, dry treated grain under shade

-dipping sacks in plant extracts (2%, 5% w/v), dry sacks under shade and store grain in treated sacks

• Evaluate the efficacy of plant materials (6-7 months) by-farmers

h-researchers

Collection & processing of PPsCollection & processing of PPs

OnOn--farm trialsfarm trials

Table 1: Treatments______________________________________________________________

______Treatment Description Dosage (%, w/w)

T1 U t t d i i 0T1 Untreated maize grain 0T2 A. indica leaf 2.0T3 A. indica seed kernel 2.0T4 T. vogelii leaf 2.0gT5 T. diversifolia leaf 2.0T6 V. amygdalina leaf 2.0T7 L. javanica leaf 2.0T8 Actellic super dust 0 05T8 Actellic super dust 0.05T9 S. longepedunculata root bark 2.0________________________________________________________

Field trialsField trials

Farmers evaluation (by observation)( y )

• Type of insects-black brown long short • Type of insects-black, brown, long, short, etcWh d /i t t t d• When damage/insect appearance started

• Degree of damage (qualitatively)• Ranking of plant material efficacy• Their views on sustainable utilisation of Their views on sustainable utilisation of

pesticidal plants

Field trialsField trialsField trialsField trials

R h l tiResearchers evaluation• Insects present on grain• Moisture content (%)• Weight loss –no. of damaged grainsg g g

-no. of undamaged grains-wt of damaged & wt of damaged & undamaged grains

• Insect grain damage (%, w/w)

Data collectionData collectionData collectionData collection

OO f i lf i lOnOn--farm trialsfarm trials

A restaurant at Nchenachena EPAA restaurant at Nchenachena EPA

d ld lMonitoring and evaluationMonitoring and evaluationMZUNI DelPHE Botanicals project Coordinator and the M&E officer from British Council-Malawi, interviewed lead farmers on how they evaluated the efficacy of the pesticidal plants against maize storage insect pests.

F k d A t lli d tFarmers ranked Actellic super dust (1), Securidaca RB (2) and neem seed kernel (3) as being effective against maize storage insectsagainst maize storage insects.

OnOn--farm trialsfarm trialsInsect grain damage (%) at Jenda

UntreatedNeem leafN d k l

Insect grain damage (%) at Nchenachena

Untreated

80

100 Neem seed kernelTephrosia leafTithonia leafVernonia leafLippia leafActellic SDSecuridaca RBP

80

100 Neem leaf

Neem seed kernelTephrosia leaf

Tithonia leafV i l f

60

dam

age

(%)

Securidaca RBP

60

dam

age

(%)

Vernonia leaf

Lippia leafActellic SD

Securidaca RBP

40

Cum

ulat

ive

40

Cum

ulat

ive

d0

20

0

20

0 30 60 90 120 1 0 180 2100 30 60 90 120 150 180 210

Storage period (days)

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210

Storage period (days)

Ranking:Actellic 1/1S id RB 2/2Securidaca RB 2/2Neem SK 3/2

Grain weight lossGrain weight loss

Weight loss at Nchenachena

Untreated

Weight loss at Jenda

14

16 Neem leaf

Neem seed kernel

Tephrosia leaf

Tithonia leaf16.0

18.0

20.0 Untreated

Neem leaf

Neem seedkernel

10

12

ss (%

)

Vernonia leaf

Lippia leaf

Actellic SD

Securidaca RBP10.0

12.0

14.0

ht lo

ss (%

)

kernelTephrosia leaf

Tithonia leaf

Vernonia leaf

6

8

Wei

ght l

os

4.0

6.0

8.0

Wei

gh

Lippia leaf

Actellic SD

Securidaca RBP

2

4

0.0

2.0

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210

00 30 60 90 120 150 180 210

Storage period (days)

Storage period (days)

Ranking: Actellic 1Securidaca 2Lippia 3Neem sk 4

OnOn--farm trialsfarm trialsOnOn farm trialsfarm trials Sitophilus at Jenda

Sitophilus at Nchenachena

1000 Untreated

Neem leaf2400

2600

2800 Untreated

Neem leaf

Neem seed kernel

700

800

900

s/kg

gra

in

Neem leaf

Neem seed kernel

Tephrosia leaf

Tithonia leaf

Vernonia leaf1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

s pe

r kg

grai

n

Neem seed kernel

Tephrosia leaf

Tithonia leaf

Vernonia leaf

Lippia leaf

400

500

600

of S

itoph

ilus Vernonia leaf

Lippia leaf

Actellic SD

Securidaca RBP

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

er o

f Sito

philu

s Lippia leaf

Actellic SD

Securidaca RBP

100

200

300

Num

ber o

0

200

400

600

800

Num

be

00 30 60 90 120 150 180 210

Storage period (days)

00 30 60 90 120 150 180 210

Storage period (days)

Grain moisture contentGrain moisture content

Grain Moisture (%) at Nchenachena

18

20

Grain Moisture (%) at Jenda

20

14

16

18

(%

)

Untreated

N l f

14

16

18

(%)

8

10

12

rain

moi

stur

e Neem leaf

Neem seed kernel

Tephrosia leaf

Tithonia leaf

V i l f8

10

12

ain

Moi

stur

e (

Untreated Neem leaf

Neem seed kernel Tephrosia leaf

Tithonia leaf Vernonia leaf

2

4

6Gr Vernonia leaf

Lippia leaf

Actellic SD

Securidaca RBP2

4

6Gra Tithonia leaf Vernonia leaf

Lippia leaf Actellic SD

Securidaca RBP

00 30 60 90 120 150 180 210

Storage period (days)

00 30 60 90 120 150 180 210

Storage period (days)

Laboratory bioassaysLaboratory bioassaysy yy y

• Contact toxicity (24, 48 hrs)• Fumigant toxicity(24 48 hrs)• Fumigant toxicity(24,48 hrs)• Repellence

Chemistry Chemistry L. javanica, SecuridacaL. javanica, Securidacayy j ,j ,Securidaca Methyl salicylateLippia Perillaldehyde

68100 69

Ipsdienone

100 68

HO

50

27

39 53

79

93107

150O

5041

HO

018

27 122135

10 30 50 70 90 110 130 1500

29 53 84 93 111123

136 154

(m ainlib) 1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, 4-(1-methylethenyl)-10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150

0

(m ainlib) 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dim ethyl-10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150

Figure 1: mass spectrumOf ill ld h d

Figure 2: mass spectrumOf linaloolOf perillaldehyde Of linalool

Dissemination of resultsDissemination of results

Mzuzu University students (top left) and DARS researchers (bottom) explaining to the audience on a field day at Champhira EPA

Farmers from Nchenachena (top) andChamphira (bottom) EPAs displaying theresearch findings to the audience

Dissemination of results (2)Dissemination of results (2)

Pesticidal plant use advocacyPesticidal plant use advocacy

Promoting use of pesticidal plants through: • Traditional dances• Drama• Church/political leaders

Traditional dancers advocating Traditional dancers advocating importance of using pesticidal plants –Champhira EPA

Advocating importance of usingPPs-Nchenachena EPA

ReferencesReferencesReferencesReferences

K l J Sil hi G W B l iKamanula, J., Sileshi, G.W., Belmain,S.R., Sola, P., Mvumi, B.R., Nyirenda, G.K.C.,

Nyirenda P and Stevenson P C (2011)Nyirenda, P. and Stevenson, P.C. (2011).Farmers’ insect pest management practices andpesticidal plant use in the protection of stored

i d b i S th Af i I t ti lmaize and beans in Southern Africa. InternationalJournal of Pest Management, 57 (1), 41-49.

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

• SADC/EU-SAPP project• British Council/DFID-DelPHE project• British Council/DFID DelPHE project• ACP-ADAPPT project

THANK YOU