Vaccines

Learning Intention: Today we are learning and exploring the

importance of vaccines on our and the community’s health.

Success Criteria: We know we are successful when we have:

Taken good notes on the importance of vaccines

Watched the videos related to the discussionBeen personally engaged in our learning

How Do Vaccines Work?

During natural infection:• The immune system recognizes a pathogen as foreign and makes an immune response to it. When a pathogen causes an immune response, it is known as an antigen.•Unfortunately, while the immune response is gaining strength, the person is likely to be ill as the struggle between the pathogen and the immune response is decided.

How Do Vaccines Work?

During natural infection:

•One part of the immune response creates antibodies•Antibodies are specific to antigens and have the ability to remember them, so that if the same (or a very similar) antigen tries to infect the person again, the immune response will be stronger and faster thereby protecting the person from infection—and illness.

What Is a Vaccine ?

A vaccine is the deliberate stimulation of adaptive immunity. • Work by mimicking what happens during natural infection without causing illness. • Use altered versions of viruses or bacteria to trigger an immune response.

What is a Vaccine?

• Are the most effective means of controlling infectious diseases.

• Not only protect those who get them, but they also help keep diseases at bay in the community; this is called herd immunity.

How Do Vaccines Work ?

• The immune system recognizes the vaccine as foreign and makes an immune response to it. The vaccine serves as an antigen in that it causes the immune system to respond to it.

How Do Vaccines Work ?

• Antibodies are specific to the vaccine and have the ability to remember it, so that if the vaccine or a very similar antigen is seen again, the immune response will be stronger and faster thereby protecting the person from infection.

How do Vaccines Work?

The main difference between a vaccine and natural infection is that the person does not become ill while the immune system is responding to the vaccine.

How Are Vaccines Made ?

Vaccines are made by:• Weakening the virus• Inactivating the virus• Using part of the virus or

bacteria• Inactivating a toxin

(poison) made by the bacteria

How Vaccines Work

Video: How Vaccines Work

How Are Vaccines Determined to Be Safe and Effective?

• Phase I studies• Use fewer than 100 volunteers

• Answer the questions• Is the vaccine safe?• Does it trigger an immune response?

• Phase II studies• Use a few hundred volunteers• Use the type of people likely to get the

vaccine

How Are Vaccines Determined to Be Safe and Effective?

• Phase III studies• Use more than 5,000 volunteers across a

large geographical area

• Use the type of people who will get the vaccine

• All data is submitted to U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

• FDA reviews all data and determines whether the vaccine can be licensed and sold

How Are Vaccines Determined to Be Safe and Effective?

• Phase IV studies• Vaccines continue to be monitored for safety

even after they are being used.

• Sometimes rare side effects are found after the vaccine is given to a large number of people• Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System

(VAERS) is monitored by the CDC

• Can include data from selected health departments or health maintenance groups

Photo Credit: James Gathany, CDC

Infants and Children 0 Through 6 Years of Age

Infants and Children 0 Through 6 Years of Age – Vaccines

• Hepatitis B• Rotavirus• Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis

(DTaP)• Haemophilus influenzae type b• Pneumococcus (pneumonia) • Polio• Influenza• Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR)• Varicella (chicken pox)• Hepatitis A

Children and Teens 7 Through 18 Years of Age

Photo Credit: James Gathany, CDC

Children and Teens 7 Through 18 Years of Age – Vaccines

• Tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis (DTaP)

• Human papillomavirus (HPV)

• Meningococcus (meningitis) • Influenza (flu)

Adolescents and Teens May Need to “Catch-up” on Certain Vaccines

• Hepatitis A• Hepatitis B• Poliovirus• Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR)

• Varicella (chicken pox)

Photo Credit: James Gathany, CDC

Adults

Adults

• Most adults don’t realize there are times when they, too, need vaccines:• At certain ages• During pregnancy• Before travel• For occupational risks• When they have certain medical conditions

Vaccines for Adults

• Td/Tdap (tentus, diphtheria & pertussis)• Human Papillomavirus (HPV)• Varicella (chicken pox)• Herpes Zoster (shingles)• Measles, Mumps and Rubella• Influenza (flu)• Pneumococcal (pneumonia) • Hepatitis A• Hepatitis B• Meningococcus (meningitis)

Vaccines & Autism

The myth began after a small study published in 1998 in the Lancet by Andrew Wakefield and colleagues at Royal Free Hospital and School of Medicine in London suggested that childhood vaccines might cause some cases of autism.

After independent scientists repeatedly challenged the veracity of the 1998 paper, many of Wakefield’s coauthors withdrew their names from the publication.

Vaccines and Autism

Journalist Brian Deer may finally put the matter to rest. An experienced investigative reporter, he tracked down and interviewed the original participants in Wakefield’s study. He also compared medical records with what was published in the 1998 study. It turns out that Wakefield wasn’t just misinterpreting data — he was making much of it up.

Vaccines and Autism

Study after study has proven that there is no connection between Autism and vaccines.

No study has ever been able to reproduce the results of Andrew Wakefield’s study

Vaccines and Autism

So what should you take away?Vaccines are safe!

Vaccines are perhaps the single greatest medical advancement.