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CVD Vaccines for the Elderly Population Wilbur H. Chen, MD, MS Associate Professor of Medicine April 3, 2017

Vaccines for the Elderly Population - University of ... · Grubeck‐Loebenstein 2008 CID 46:1078. CVD ... 1:32 75 9 (9) 1:64 16 0 ... d 8 d2 d08 d2 d 08 d 20 2 8 32 128 512 2048

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Page 1: Vaccines for the Elderly Population - University of ... · Grubeck‐Loebenstein 2008 CID 46:1078. CVD ... 1:32 75 9 (9) 1:64 16 0 ... d 8 d2 d08 d2 d 08 d 20 2 8 32 128 512 2048

CVD

Vaccines for the Elderly Population

Wilbur H. Chen, MD, MSAssociate Professor of Medicine

April 3, 2017

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CVDCVD

Outline

1) Trends in Aging2) Overview of Immunesenescence3) SENIEUR Protocol4) Hepatitis B Vaccine5) Influenza Vaccine6) Pneumococcal Vaccine7) Shingles Vaccine8) Conclusions

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CVDCVD

Trends in Aging

United Nations DESA Population Division 2002http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/

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CVDCVD

Global Aging

In 2000, for developed countries, the number of Elderly > Children

In 2050, globally, the number of Elderly > Children

United Nations DESA Population Division 2002http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/

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U.S. Aging

By 2030, • 71 million elderly• >20% of total U.S. 

population• Increase by 25% in 

health care spending

By 2050,• ~90 million elderly• ~20 million 85+ years

CDC State of Aging in America 2007http://www.cdc.gov/aging/pdf/saha_2007.pdf

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CVDCVD

National Report Card on Healthy Aging

Meet :• Mammograms (75% vs 70%)• Colorectal  (63% vs 50%)• Cholesterol  (90% vs 80%)• Smoking  (9% vs 12%)

Need Improvement:• Oral Health (21 vs 20%)• No Leisure Time (32% vs 20%)• Obesity (20% vs 15%)• Flu Vaccine (68% vs 90%)• Pneumonia Vac (65% vs 90%)• Hip Fracture• Nutrition

CDC State of Aging in America 2007http://www.cdc.gov/aging/pdf/saha_2007.pdf

“Healthy People 2010” Goals

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Causes of Death in ElderlyTop 10:1.  Heart Disease 6.   Diabetes2.  Malignancy  7.   Accidents3.  Cerebrovascular Dis.  8.   Alzheimer’s4.  COPD  9.   Kidney Dis.5.  Pneumonia/Influenza 10. Septicemia

Pneumonia & Influenza Mortality RatesAge (years) 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+

Deaths/100,000U.S. standard population 0.5 0.9 2.1 5.1 11.3 35.5 142.2 593.9

MMWR Vol. 48 No. SS‐8CDC 2005 http://www.disastercenter.com/cdc/Leading%20Cause%20of%20Death%201999‐2005.html

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Overview of ImmunesenescenceAging of the Immune System• diminished homeostatic immunologic state that occurs during aging 

• results in: – increased susceptibility to infection– Increased morbidity and mortality to infections– poor vaccine responses

THYMUSNAIVET CELLS

BONE MARROW B CELLS

NEUTROPHILS

APCs

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Thymic Involution

Aging:• Thymic regression

o Replacement with fat

• Function is poor

THYMUSNAIVET CELLS

Grubeck‐Loebenstein 2008 CID 46:1078

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CVDCVD

Cellular ImmunesenescenceNaïve T cell poo

l Mem

ory T cell pool

INFANCY OLD AGE

• Limited naïve T cell pool• Accumulation of memory T cells

o Loss of co‐stimulatory CD28 o Irreversible cell cycle arresto Resistance to apoptosiso Loss of telomerase activity

BONE MARROW

B CELLS

NEUTROPHILS

APCs

• Decreased bone marrow output

• Function is poor

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Paradigm for Immune Response to Vaccination

“CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE”(CMI)

“HUMORAL RESPONSE”

NAÏVE T CELL

LYMPH NODEAntigen delivery through vaccination

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CVDCVD

Known Factors which can affect immune function

• Age• Medical conditions (silent vs clinically apparent)• Medications • Herbal Supplements• Prior Infections• Environmental Factors• Frailty• Nutrition

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SENIEUR protocol: an objective method to study aging

Inclusion Criteria:1. Age ≥ 65 yr2. Community‐dwelling3. Stable chronic non‐immunologically mediated condition 

(e.g. osteoarthritis, hypertension)4. Normal CBC, TSH, vit B12, vit E, liver function, renal 

function, fasting glucose

Exclusion criteria:1. History immunologically mediated chronic condition (e.g. 

rheumatoid arthritis, lupus)2. Immunodeficiency3. Severe respiratory disease requiring oxygen4. Active Psychiatric disorder5. Infection within 2 weeks of vaccination6. Inflammatory process (e.g. inflammatory bowel dis.)7. Malignancy and lymphoproliferative disorders8. Arteriosclerotic event within 2 weeks of enrollment9. Cardiac insufficiency (NYHA class III or IV)10. Poorly controlled hypertension11. Renal insufficiency12. Elevated or low fasting glucose13. Cognitive impairment14. Depression or mood altering condition15. Malnutrition16. Anemia17. History alcoholism, drug abuse, smoking18. Medications: steroids, colchicine, imuran, methotrexate, 

azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, interferon

Lighthart 1984 Mech Ageing 28:47

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SENIEUR protocol: Advantages & Disadvantages

Only ~10% “healthy” adults qualify, under the strict criteria 

Pro:Minimize confounding

Con:Does not reflect target high‐riskpopulation

“Cream of the Crop”

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CVDCVD

Age Affects Response to Infections

Uber‐Healthy Elderly

Ultra‐“Frail” ElderlyMore susceptible to infections

Less susceptible to infections

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Example: Hepatitis B Vaccine

1982, routine immunization began1991, National Vaccination Strategy (all children)

CDC http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/HBV/HBVfaq.htm

Vaccination to prevent HBV is highly effective(for children and young adults)

Limited data on HBV vaccination in elderly

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Hepatitis B Vaccine in Elderly

Juniors Seniors Seniors+1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

Ant

i-HB

sAg

(IU/m

L)

420 Elderly

52 Enrolled(12%)

368 Excluded(88%)

Screen:SENIEURprotocol

Unpublished, R. Edelman; Center for Vaccine Development

IM

SC

18‐45 65‐74 75+

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CVDCVD

Antibody Subclass Responses, by Age

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Day0 Day30 Day60 Day210 Day360

EU/m

L

IgG2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Day0 Day30 Day60 Day210 Day360

EU/m

L

Seniors IMJuniors IMp=0.01

p=0.006

IgG1

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CVDCVD

Example: Influenza• 20‐50 million influenza infections in US/year• Accounts for 20‐40,000 deaths in US/year

* >90% of Annual Morbidity and Mortality occur among 

the elderly

Pneumonia & Influenza Mortality RatesAge (years) 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+

Deaths/100,000U.S. standard population 0.5 0.9 2.1 5.1 11.3 35.5 142.2 593.9

MMWR Vol. 48 No. SS‐8  CDC 2005 http://www.disastercenter.com/cdc/Leading%20Cause%20of%20Death%201999‐2005.html

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CVDCVD

Influenza vaccination is not as effective in elderly as in young

Pre-epidemic HAI Titer N

ILIN (%)

<1:4 44 18 (43)

1:8 41 12 (29)

1:16 72 20 (28)

1:32 75 9 (9)

1:64 16 0

Young Healthy Military Recruits:correlated with HAI ≥ 32

JID 1966; 116:425

Pre-epidemic HAI Titer N

ILIN (%)

Any 362 72 (100)

≤1:20 75 32 (45)

1:40 41 ?

1:80 65 ?

1:160 72 ?

1:320 46 ?

≥1:640 63 22 (31)

Nursing Home Elderly:Lack prevention ILI with HAI ≥ 640

Gravenstein JAGS 1994; 42:245

30‐50% protection among ≥ 65 yr70‐90 % protection among healthy young

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CVDCVD

Strategy #1: Increase Antigen Content

High‐Dose (4 times more antigen)B

0 d 28 d 0 d 28 d 0 d 28 d2

8

32

128

512

2048

8192

YS ES EH

+ + +

+++

HA

I Tite

r

H3N2

0 d 28 d 0 d 28 d 0 d 28 d2

8

32

128

512

2048

8192

YS ES EH

+ + +

+

+ +

HA

I Tite

r

H1N1

0 d 28 d 0 d 28 d 0 d 28 d2

8

32

128

512

2048

8192

YS ES EH

+ + +

+

++H

AI T

iter

40.001

20.0005

6<0.0001

20.003

10.0006

20.001

40.001

20.0001

8<0.0001

Fold-increase p-value

*

* *

* *

*

* * *

Chen et al. Vaccine 2011

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CVDCVD

Phase 3 multi‐center RCT (126 centers): • 15,991 HD vs 15,998 SD• LCI: 228 HD vs. 301 SD• 24.2% improved efficacy 

Medicare Study:• 1,039645 (HD) and 1,683264 (SD) recipients, during 2012‐13 and 

2013‐14 seasons• Death w/in 30 days of influenza: 0.028 (HD) and 0.038 (SD)

[death rate/10,000 person weeks]

• 24.0% comparative efficacy• Secondary Measures: VE 22.1% for hospitalizations and VE 22% for ILI

Strategy #1: Increase Antigen Content

DiazGrandados CA et al. NEJM 2014; 371: 635‐45Shay DK et al. JID 2017 

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CVDCVD

Strategy #2: Immune‐stimulating adjuvants

Immune‐stimulating AdjuvantsMF59

• Phase 3 RCT: 12.11% improved efficacy• Effectiveness Study: 25% lower risk of hospitalization• Case‐control study: more effective in >75 yo• Case‐control study: more effective in residents of long‐term 

care facilities and >85 yo

Lancet ID 2013; 13: 485‐96AJE 2012; 176: 527‐33Vaccine 2014; 32: 5290‐4Vaccine 2013: 31: 6122‐8

N ILI, n (%) EffectivenessNon-vaccinated 184 56 (30.4%)

Vaccine, no adj 1168 302( 25.9%) 25% (0-45)

Vaccine+MF59 926 174 (18.8%) 94% (47-100)Iob, Epidemiol Infect 2005

MF‐59 Adjuvanted Influenza VaccineLong‐term Care Facilities in Italy

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CVDCVD

Example: Pneumococcus

• 40,000 annual cases of invasive disease• 175,000 annual hospitalizations for pneumonia

CDC/Active Bacterial Core Surveillance

High Incidence among elderly

Majority of Case Fatalitiesamong elderly

25‐35% hospitalizations for pneumonia among elderly

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CVDCVD

Spectrum of Pneumococcal Disease

Lancet ID 2004; 4: 144‐54

Non‐Invasive Disease:• Pneumonia• Otitis media• Sinusitis

Invasive Disease:• Septicemia• Empyema• Meningitis• Other sterile sites

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CVDCVD

Age‐specific incidence of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease

JAMA 2001; 285: 1729‐35

Highest Risk Age Groups

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CVDCVD

Pneumococcal Vaccines

Polysaccharide, 23‐valent (PPV23)• PPV23 introduced in 1983• Good efficacy for IPD• Unclear efficacy for non‐bacteremic pneumonia

Conjugate, 7‐ and 13‐valent (PCV7, PCV13)• PCV7 introduced in 2000, for children• PCV13 introduced in 2010, children• PCV13 for immunocompromised adults in 2012• PCV13 for adults 65+ in 2014

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CVDCVD

Protection with PCV13

Bonten et al. NEJM 2015; 372: 1114‐25

VE = 45.6% VE = 45.0% VE = 75.0%

CAPiTA study• RCT of PCV13 vs placebo in age 65+ yo

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CVDCVD

Indirect protection with pediatric vaccination

CDC ABC Surveillance website

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Immune Response to Vaccination, limited by naïve T cell pool

“CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE”(CMI)

“HUMORAL RESPONSE”

NAÏVE T CELL

LYMPH NODEAntigen delivery through vaccination

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CVDCVD

Herpes Zoster (Shingles)Varicella‐zoster virus (VZV)Causes chickenpox ‐ acute infection in 

childhood and establishes latency

Reactivation causes shingles• Localized vesicular eruption• Latent infection of sensory‐nerve ganglion• Risk of disease increases with age 

(beginning at age 50)

Burden• 8‐10 x ↑ in age ≥60 vs young• 50% will experience at age ≥85• Complications in 50% of older persons

[postherpetic neuralgia, encephalitis, myelitis, cranial‐nerve  and peripheral‐nerve palsy]

• > 300,000 U.S. cases annually

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5705a1.htm

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CVDCVD

Shingles vaccine

Live attenuated virus vaccine• Oka virus• Higher potency (≥ 14x) than pediatric chickenpox vaccine• Licensed May 2006 (for adults ≥ 60 years), March 2011 (expanded 

approval for ≥ 50 years)

Current ACIP recommendations:• Single SC dose for all immunocompetent persons age ≥ 60 

years

MMWR June 6, 2008 / 57(05);1‐30

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CVDCVD

Pivotal Licensure Study(Shingles Prevention Study)

Double‐blinded, 1:1 randomized trial of 38,546 subjects (age ≥60 yrs), followed for 3 years for cases of shingles

Oxman MA et al. NEJM 2005; 352: 2271‐84

Other efficacy endpoints:Severity‐by‐duration

21 days vs. 24 days, p=0.03

Incidence of post‐herpetic neuralgia (PHN)27 vs. 80 cases   VEPHN 66.5%

Time‐to‐event (PHN)

Primary Efficacy Endpoint,Prevention of Shingles:

38,546 subjects enrolledVaccine: 315 confirmed cases Placebo: 642 confirmed cases 

51.3% VEHerpes Zoster61.1% VEBurden of Illness 

66.5% VEPostHerpetic Neuralgia

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CVDCVD

Efficacy in Younger Elderly AdultsZostavax Efficacy and Safety Trial (Zest)

Double‐blinded, 1:1 randomized trial of 22,439 adults (age 50‐59 years), followed for 1.3 year after vaccination

Vaccine: 30 confirmed cases (n=11,184)Placebo: 99 confirmed cases (n=11,212)

VE ~69.8% (95%CI: 54.1‐80.6%)

Age (years) Efficacy

50-59 70%

60-69 64%

70-79 41%

≥ 80 18%

Summary of Vaccine Efficacy, by Age

Schmader et al. CID 2012; 54:922‐8

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CVDCVD

Duration of Protection(Short‐ and Long‐Term Persistence Substudies)

1 ‐ Schmader et al. CID 2012; 55:1320‐82 ‐ Keating. Drugs 2013; 73:1227‐44

≤3 years

4‐7 years1

7‐10 years2

N=19,270 N=7,320 N=6,867

VEHZ  51.3% 39.6% 21%VEBOI  61.1% 50.1% 37%VEPHN  66.5% 60.1% 35%

Evidence for waning immunity

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CVDCVD

Subunit Shingles Vaccine, ZOE‐50

Lal et al. NEJM 2015; 372: 2087‐96

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Subunit Shingles Vaccine, ZOE‐70

Cunningham et al. NEJM 2016; 375: 1019‐1032

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Summary of Efficacies from Zoster

Age (years) Efficacy

Live, attenuated

50-59 70%

60-69 64%

70-79 41%

≥ 80 18%

Subunit

50-59 97%

60-69 97%

70-79 90%

≥ 80 89%

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Shingles Vaccine boosts memory T cells

“CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE”(CMI)

MEMORY T CELL

LYMPH NODE

Shingles Vaccine response not 

dependent on Naïve T cells

Shingles Vaccine

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Conclusions

• Global population is aging• Significant immunological dysfunction occurs with age

• Naïve T >> Memory T• Immunologic dysfunction is confounded by other factors

• Vaccination presents an opportunity to improve quality of life

• Don’t use the word “elderly”– Chronological age does not correlate with physiological aging

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Limited Vaccine Studies in Older AdultsVACCINE Recomended Freq Studies in Older Adults Evidence of Efficacy

Pneumococcal Once at age ≥ 65 + +/-Influenza 1 dose annually + +Tetanus, diphtheria 1 dose Td q10 yr + +Herpes Zoster Once at age ≥ 60 + +Hepatitis B High-risk + +Measles, Mumps, Rubella High-risk - NA

Hepatitis A High-risk + NA

Meningococcal High-risk + NA

Japanese Encephalitis Travel +/- NA

Typhoid (polysaccharide) Travel - NA

Typhoid (oral, live) Travel - NA

Polio Travel - NA

Yellow Fever Travel - NA

Rabies Travel +/- NA

Cholera Travel - NA

Tick-borne Encephalitis Travel + +

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Future Directions

• Adjuvants (immune stimulants)• Next generation vaccines (live attenuated, recombinant, conjugate)

• Combination vaccines• Improve vaccination rates and perception• Global agenda to improve immunization of the older adult

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Thank You

Accept VaccineRecs ?

VaccinologyLecture

Original art from Nick Andersonof Houston Chronicle 2‐23‐07