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CVD
Vaccines for the Elderly Population
Wilbur H. Chen, MD, MSAssociate Professor of Medicine
April 3, 2017
CVDCVD
Outline
1) Trends in Aging2) Overview of Immunesenescence3) SENIEUR Protocol4) Hepatitis B Vaccine5) Influenza Vaccine6) Pneumococcal Vaccine7) Shingles Vaccine8) Conclusions
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Trends in Aging
United Nations DESA Population Division 2002http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/
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Global Aging
In 2000, for developed countries, the number of Elderly > Children
In 2050, globally, the number of Elderly > Children
United Nations DESA Population Division 2002http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/
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U.S. Aging
By 2030, • 71 million elderly• >20% of total U.S.
population• Increase by 25% in
health care spending
By 2050,• ~90 million elderly• ~20 million 85+ years
CDC State of Aging in America 2007http://www.cdc.gov/aging/pdf/saha_2007.pdf
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National Report Card on Healthy Aging
Meet :• Mammograms (75% vs 70%)• Colorectal (63% vs 50%)• Cholesterol (90% vs 80%)• Smoking (9% vs 12%)
Need Improvement:• Oral Health (21 vs 20%)• No Leisure Time (32% vs 20%)• Obesity (20% vs 15%)• Flu Vaccine (68% vs 90%)• Pneumonia Vac (65% vs 90%)• Hip Fracture• Nutrition
CDC State of Aging in America 2007http://www.cdc.gov/aging/pdf/saha_2007.pdf
“Healthy People 2010” Goals
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Causes of Death in ElderlyTop 10:1. Heart Disease 6. Diabetes2. Malignancy 7. Accidents3. Cerebrovascular Dis. 8. Alzheimer’s4. COPD 9. Kidney Dis.5. Pneumonia/Influenza 10. Septicemia
Pneumonia & Influenza Mortality RatesAge (years) 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+
Deaths/100,000U.S. standard population 0.5 0.9 2.1 5.1 11.3 35.5 142.2 593.9
MMWR Vol. 48 No. SS‐8CDC 2005 http://www.disastercenter.com/cdc/Leading%20Cause%20of%20Death%201999‐2005.html
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Overview of ImmunesenescenceAging of the Immune System• diminished homeostatic immunologic state that occurs during aging
• results in: – increased susceptibility to infection– Increased morbidity and mortality to infections– poor vaccine responses
THYMUSNAIVET CELLS
BONE MARROW B CELLS
NEUTROPHILS
APCs
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Thymic Involution
Aging:• Thymic regression
o Replacement with fat
• Function is poor
THYMUSNAIVET CELLS
Grubeck‐Loebenstein 2008 CID 46:1078
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Cellular ImmunesenescenceNaïve T cell poo
l Mem
ory T cell pool
INFANCY OLD AGE
• Limited naïve T cell pool• Accumulation of memory T cells
o Loss of co‐stimulatory CD28 o Irreversible cell cycle arresto Resistance to apoptosiso Loss of telomerase activity
BONE MARROW
B CELLS
NEUTROPHILS
APCs
• Decreased bone marrow output
• Function is poor
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Paradigm for Immune Response to Vaccination
“CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE”(CMI)
“HUMORAL RESPONSE”
NAÏVE T CELL
LYMPH NODEAntigen delivery through vaccination
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Known Factors which can affect immune function
• Age• Medical conditions (silent vs clinically apparent)• Medications • Herbal Supplements• Prior Infections• Environmental Factors• Frailty• Nutrition
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SENIEUR protocol: an objective method to study aging
Inclusion Criteria:1. Age ≥ 65 yr2. Community‐dwelling3. Stable chronic non‐immunologically mediated condition
(e.g. osteoarthritis, hypertension)4. Normal CBC, TSH, vit B12, vit E, liver function, renal
function, fasting glucose
Exclusion criteria:1. History immunologically mediated chronic condition (e.g.
rheumatoid arthritis, lupus)2. Immunodeficiency3. Severe respiratory disease requiring oxygen4. Active Psychiatric disorder5. Infection within 2 weeks of vaccination6. Inflammatory process (e.g. inflammatory bowel dis.)7. Malignancy and lymphoproliferative disorders8. Arteriosclerotic event within 2 weeks of enrollment9. Cardiac insufficiency (NYHA class III or IV)10. Poorly controlled hypertension11. Renal insufficiency12. Elevated or low fasting glucose13. Cognitive impairment14. Depression or mood altering condition15. Malnutrition16. Anemia17. History alcoholism, drug abuse, smoking18. Medications: steroids, colchicine, imuran, methotrexate,
azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, interferon
Lighthart 1984 Mech Ageing 28:47
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SENIEUR protocol: Advantages & Disadvantages
Only ~10% “healthy” adults qualify, under the strict criteria
Pro:Minimize confounding
Con:Does not reflect target high‐riskpopulation
“Cream of the Crop”
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Age Affects Response to Infections
Uber‐Healthy Elderly
Ultra‐“Frail” ElderlyMore susceptible to infections
Less susceptible to infections
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Example: Hepatitis B Vaccine
1982, routine immunization began1991, National Vaccination Strategy (all children)
CDC http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/HBV/HBVfaq.htm
Vaccination to prevent HBV is highly effective(for children and young adults)
Limited data on HBV vaccination in elderly
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Hepatitis B Vaccine in Elderly
Juniors Seniors Seniors+1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
Ant
i-HB
sAg
(IU/m
L)
420 Elderly
52 Enrolled(12%)
368 Excluded(88%)
Screen:SENIEURprotocol
Unpublished, R. Edelman; Center for Vaccine Development
IM
SC
18‐45 65‐74 75+
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Antibody Subclass Responses, by Age
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Day0 Day30 Day60 Day210 Day360
EU/m
L
IgG2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Day0 Day30 Day60 Day210 Day360
EU/m
L
Seniors IMJuniors IMp=0.01
p=0.006
IgG1
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Example: Influenza• 20‐50 million influenza infections in US/year• Accounts for 20‐40,000 deaths in US/year
* >90% of Annual Morbidity and Mortality occur among
the elderly
Pneumonia & Influenza Mortality RatesAge (years) 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+
Deaths/100,000U.S. standard population 0.5 0.9 2.1 5.1 11.3 35.5 142.2 593.9
MMWR Vol. 48 No. SS‐8 CDC 2005 http://www.disastercenter.com/cdc/Leading%20Cause%20of%20Death%201999‐2005.html
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Influenza vaccination is not as effective in elderly as in young
Pre-epidemic HAI Titer N
ILIN (%)
<1:4 44 18 (43)
1:8 41 12 (29)
1:16 72 20 (28)
1:32 75 9 (9)
1:64 16 0
Young Healthy Military Recruits:correlated with HAI ≥ 32
JID 1966; 116:425
Pre-epidemic HAI Titer N
ILIN (%)
Any 362 72 (100)
≤1:20 75 32 (45)
1:40 41 ?
1:80 65 ?
1:160 72 ?
1:320 46 ?
≥1:640 63 22 (31)
Nursing Home Elderly:Lack prevention ILI with HAI ≥ 640
Gravenstein JAGS 1994; 42:245
30‐50% protection among ≥ 65 yr70‐90 % protection among healthy young
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Strategy #1: Increase Antigen Content
High‐Dose (4 times more antigen)B
0 d 28 d 0 d 28 d 0 d 28 d2
8
32
128
512
2048
8192
YS ES EH
+ + +
+++
HA
I Tite
r
H3N2
0 d 28 d 0 d 28 d 0 d 28 d2
8
32
128
512
2048
8192
YS ES EH
+ + +
+
+ +
HA
I Tite
r
H1N1
0 d 28 d 0 d 28 d 0 d 28 d2
8
32
128
512
2048
8192
YS ES EH
+ + +
+
++H
AI T
iter
40.001
20.0005
6<0.0001
20.003
10.0006
20.001
40.001
20.0001
8<0.0001
Fold-increase p-value
*
* *
* *
*
* * *
Chen et al. Vaccine 2011
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Phase 3 multi‐center RCT (126 centers): • 15,991 HD vs 15,998 SD• LCI: 228 HD vs. 301 SD• 24.2% improved efficacy
Medicare Study:• 1,039645 (HD) and 1,683264 (SD) recipients, during 2012‐13 and
2013‐14 seasons• Death w/in 30 days of influenza: 0.028 (HD) and 0.038 (SD)
[death rate/10,000 person weeks]
• 24.0% comparative efficacy• Secondary Measures: VE 22.1% for hospitalizations and VE 22% for ILI
Strategy #1: Increase Antigen Content
DiazGrandados CA et al. NEJM 2014; 371: 635‐45Shay DK et al. JID 2017
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Strategy #2: Immune‐stimulating adjuvants
Immune‐stimulating AdjuvantsMF59
• Phase 3 RCT: 12.11% improved efficacy• Effectiveness Study: 25% lower risk of hospitalization• Case‐control study: more effective in >75 yo• Case‐control study: more effective in residents of long‐term
care facilities and >85 yo
Lancet ID 2013; 13: 485‐96AJE 2012; 176: 527‐33Vaccine 2014; 32: 5290‐4Vaccine 2013: 31: 6122‐8
N ILI, n (%) EffectivenessNon-vaccinated 184 56 (30.4%)
Vaccine, no adj 1168 302( 25.9%) 25% (0-45)
Vaccine+MF59 926 174 (18.8%) 94% (47-100)Iob, Epidemiol Infect 2005
MF‐59 Adjuvanted Influenza VaccineLong‐term Care Facilities in Italy
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Example: Pneumococcus
• 40,000 annual cases of invasive disease• 175,000 annual hospitalizations for pneumonia
CDC/Active Bacterial Core Surveillance
High Incidence among elderly
Majority of Case Fatalitiesamong elderly
25‐35% hospitalizations for pneumonia among elderly
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Spectrum of Pneumococcal Disease
Lancet ID 2004; 4: 144‐54
Non‐Invasive Disease:• Pneumonia• Otitis media• Sinusitis
Invasive Disease:• Septicemia• Empyema• Meningitis• Other sterile sites
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Age‐specific incidence of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease
JAMA 2001; 285: 1729‐35
Highest Risk Age Groups
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Pneumococcal Vaccines
Polysaccharide, 23‐valent (PPV23)• PPV23 introduced in 1983• Good efficacy for IPD• Unclear efficacy for non‐bacteremic pneumonia
Conjugate, 7‐ and 13‐valent (PCV7, PCV13)• PCV7 introduced in 2000, for children• PCV13 introduced in 2010, children• PCV13 for immunocompromised adults in 2012• PCV13 for adults 65+ in 2014
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Protection with PCV13
Bonten et al. NEJM 2015; 372: 1114‐25
VE = 45.6% VE = 45.0% VE = 75.0%
CAPiTA study• RCT of PCV13 vs placebo in age 65+ yo
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Indirect protection with pediatric vaccination
CDC ABC Surveillance website
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Immune Response to Vaccination, limited by naïve T cell pool
“CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE”(CMI)
“HUMORAL RESPONSE”
NAÏVE T CELL
LYMPH NODEAntigen delivery through vaccination
CVDCVD
Herpes Zoster (Shingles)Varicella‐zoster virus (VZV)Causes chickenpox ‐ acute infection in
childhood and establishes latency
Reactivation causes shingles• Localized vesicular eruption• Latent infection of sensory‐nerve ganglion• Risk of disease increases with age
(beginning at age 50)
Burden• 8‐10 x ↑ in age ≥60 vs young• 50% will experience at age ≥85• Complications in 50% of older persons
[postherpetic neuralgia, encephalitis, myelitis, cranial‐nerve and peripheral‐nerve palsy]
• > 300,000 U.S. cases annually
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5705a1.htm
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Shingles vaccine
Live attenuated virus vaccine• Oka virus• Higher potency (≥ 14x) than pediatric chickenpox vaccine• Licensed May 2006 (for adults ≥ 60 years), March 2011 (expanded
approval for ≥ 50 years)
Current ACIP recommendations:• Single SC dose for all immunocompetent persons age ≥ 60
years
MMWR June 6, 2008 / 57(05);1‐30
CVDCVD
Pivotal Licensure Study(Shingles Prevention Study)
Double‐blinded, 1:1 randomized trial of 38,546 subjects (age ≥60 yrs), followed for 3 years for cases of shingles
Oxman MA et al. NEJM 2005; 352: 2271‐84
Other efficacy endpoints:Severity‐by‐duration
21 days vs. 24 days, p=0.03
Incidence of post‐herpetic neuralgia (PHN)27 vs. 80 cases VEPHN 66.5%
Time‐to‐event (PHN)
Primary Efficacy Endpoint,Prevention of Shingles:
38,546 subjects enrolledVaccine: 315 confirmed cases Placebo: 642 confirmed cases
51.3% VEHerpes Zoster61.1% VEBurden of Illness
66.5% VEPostHerpetic Neuralgia
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Efficacy in Younger Elderly AdultsZostavax Efficacy and Safety Trial (Zest)
Double‐blinded, 1:1 randomized trial of 22,439 adults (age 50‐59 years), followed for 1.3 year after vaccination
Vaccine: 30 confirmed cases (n=11,184)Placebo: 99 confirmed cases (n=11,212)
VE ~69.8% (95%CI: 54.1‐80.6%)
Age (years) Efficacy
50-59 70%
60-69 64%
70-79 41%
≥ 80 18%
Summary of Vaccine Efficacy, by Age
Schmader et al. CID 2012; 54:922‐8
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Duration of Protection(Short‐ and Long‐Term Persistence Substudies)
1 ‐ Schmader et al. CID 2012; 55:1320‐82 ‐ Keating. Drugs 2013; 73:1227‐44
≤3 years
4‐7 years1
7‐10 years2
N=19,270 N=7,320 N=6,867
VEHZ 51.3% 39.6% 21%VEBOI 61.1% 50.1% 37%VEPHN 66.5% 60.1% 35%
Evidence for waning immunity
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Subunit Shingles Vaccine, ZOE‐50
Lal et al. NEJM 2015; 372: 2087‐96
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Subunit Shingles Vaccine, ZOE‐70
Cunningham et al. NEJM 2016; 375: 1019‐1032
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Summary of Efficacies from Zoster
Age (years) Efficacy
Live, attenuated
50-59 70%
60-69 64%
70-79 41%
≥ 80 18%
Subunit
50-59 97%
60-69 97%
70-79 90%
≥ 80 89%
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Shingles Vaccine boosts memory T cells
“CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE”(CMI)
MEMORY T CELL
LYMPH NODE
Shingles Vaccine response not
dependent on Naïve T cells
Shingles Vaccine
CVDCVD
Conclusions
• Global population is aging• Significant immunological dysfunction occurs with age
• Naïve T >> Memory T• Immunologic dysfunction is confounded by other factors
• Vaccination presents an opportunity to improve quality of life
• Don’t use the word “elderly”– Chronological age does not correlate with physiological aging
Limited Vaccine Studies in Older AdultsVACCINE Recomended Freq Studies in Older Adults Evidence of Efficacy
Pneumococcal Once at age ≥ 65 + +/-Influenza 1 dose annually + +Tetanus, diphtheria 1 dose Td q10 yr + +Herpes Zoster Once at age ≥ 60 + +Hepatitis B High-risk + +Measles, Mumps, Rubella High-risk - NA
Hepatitis A High-risk + NA
Meningococcal High-risk + NA
Japanese Encephalitis Travel +/- NA
Typhoid (polysaccharide) Travel - NA
Typhoid (oral, live) Travel - NA
Polio Travel - NA
Yellow Fever Travel - NA
Rabies Travel +/- NA
Cholera Travel - NA
Tick-borne Encephalitis Travel + +
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Future Directions
• Adjuvants (immune stimulants)• Next generation vaccines (live attenuated, recombinant, conjugate)
• Combination vaccines• Improve vaccination rates and perception• Global agenda to improve immunization of the older adult
CVD
Thank You
Accept VaccineRecs ?
VaccinologyLecture
Original art from Nick Andersonof Houston Chronicle 2‐23‐07