Vaccines

Vaccines• Our defense mechanism→ Production of white blood cells and

antibodies• What does it mean to have

immunity?• It is the capacity to resist a disease

that we have been exposed to by being able to fight off the infectious agent that causes the disease

White Blood Cells• 2 ways of Defense

1. Destroy infectious agents through PHAGOCYTOSIS

2. Produce antibodies→ neutralize infectious agent and antigens they produce

White Blood Cells• When exposed to infectious agent, our

bodies produce antibodies to defeat it.• Can take a few days or weeks to get

the right antibodies (trial + error)• If infectious agent is really dangerous,

could have enough time to do some damage to body

• If infectious agent is re-introduced, will be defeated!

White Blood Cells

• Our immune system “REMEMBERS”• Copies of antibodies will forever

remain in our bodies

Vaccination• Introduce “weakened” infectious

agent into the body• Cannot hurt us• Just strong enough to teach body

how to defeat it• Not strong enough to take over• Allows our bodies to defeat the

disease if exposed to it

Vaccine Manufacturing• Cell culture of infectious agent

(growing cells)• The cells are harmless• Result is : LIVE VACCINE

INACTIVE VACCINE

Live vaccine• Contains “live” infectious agent• Infectious agent is chemically treated

to make it impossible for it to cause the illness

• In order for the cells to live longer, they are mixed with other substances

• It is still alive!• Live vaccines usually cause a more

aggressive immune response

Live Vaccine• Very rare: infectious agent can

become “virulent”, meaning it can become strong enough to cause the disease instead of immunizing it!

• Examples: polio vaccine, mumps, measles, chicken pox vaccine, H1N1, yellow fever, tuberculosis, seasonal flu…

• 2 methods of creating a live vaccine

Live Vaccine• Traditional method:1. Culture of infectious agent(growing

the cells)2. Chemical treatment of infectious

agent to make it harmless3. Addition of chemicals (to allow cells

to live longer)

Live Vaccine• Genetic Transformation Method1. Genetically changing the cells of

infectious agent2. Culture of modified infectious agent

(grow cells)3. Addition of chemicals (to allow cells

to live longer)

Inactive Vaccine• Does not contain any live infectious

agent• Made by using only a part or parts of

the infectious agent• These parts can still be recognized

by the body’s antibodies• Parts are called = ANTIGENS• Find which antigens are causing the

disease

Inactive Vaccine• Isolate them and then treat them so

that they become harmless• Examples: Meningitis, hepatitis A

& B, tetanus…• 2 ways of producing inactive

vaccines

Inactive Vaccine• Traditional Method1. Culture infectious agent2. Isolate antigen3. Addition of antigen to other

pharmaceutical products for increased “shelf life”

Inactive Vaccine• Genetic Transformation Method1. Introduction of a gene that

produces the antigen in a microorganism

2. Culture the microorganism3. Isolate antigen4. Addition of antigen to

pharmaceutical products to increase “shelf life”

Mixtures

• 2 types

•Heterogeneous

•Homogeneous

Heterogeneous Mixtures• Made up of at least 2 substances

that can be seen with the “naked eye”

• Examples: Vegetable soupRocksSalt+ pepper mixSaladBlizzard at DQ

Homogeneous Mixtures• Made up of at least 2 substances

that cannot be seen by the “naked eye”

Colloid: is a homogeneous mixture in which substances can be seen under a microscopic instrument

Solutions• Are homogenous mixtures that are

impossible to see its different parts even with a microscope

Ex: Sugar and water→ mix together, looks like you just have water

• The substance that seems to “disappear” into the other is called: the solute

Solutions• The substance into which the

“solute” dissolves is called: the solvent

• Examples of solution in the body: Saliva, sweat, tears, urine etc..

They all share a common solvent→ water!!!

Properties of Solutions• There are 2 properties of solutions:1. Concentration→ How much solute

is dissolved in a certain amount of solvent.

Ex: Making “Kool-Aid” depends on how much powder (solute) you mix with the water (solvent)

Concentration• Formula for Concentration

C = M V

C = concentration (g/L)M = mass of solute (g)V = volume of the solution (L)

Concentration• This can be shown in many different forms…®g/L : number of grams of solute in 1 litre of

solution®% V/V : number of milliliters of solute in

100ml of solutionEx: 1. Bottle of water contains 45g of calcium per

litre of water.Can be expressed like this: 0.045g/L

Concentration• 45g of calcium: SOLUTE• Water: SOLVENT2. Bottle of vinegar with concentration

of 5% v/v• This means it contains 5ml of acetic

acid for 100ml of vinegar solution.

Concentration• Let’s try these simple problems….

1. 2L of a salt water solution containing 5 g of salt. What is the concentration of the solution?

ConcentrationAnswer: C=M

V C= 5g = 2.5g 2L 1L

Ans: The concentration of the solution is 2.5g/L

Concentration2. What mass of sugar do you need to

make 300ml of a 5g/L sugar solution?

Ans: You need to convert the 300ml into Litres first!!!!

* You must divide the milliliters by 1000.

Concentration300ml 1000 = 0.3L

C=M V

5g/L = mass of solute0.3L

Cross multiply: 5g/L x 0.3L = 1.50g

Ans: You will need 1.50g of sugar.

Concentration3. What mass of solute do you need to

make 50ml of a 20g/L solution?Ans: Change 50ml to litres… 50ml 1000 =

0.05LC= M

V20g/L = mass of solute

0.05L

Concentration

Cross multiply: 20g/L x 0.05L = 1g

Ans: 1g of solute is needed

ConcentrationHow do you know if a solution is more

concentrated than the other?

®By how dark the solution is when comparing it to another…

®This is an observation made by the naked eye.

®When comparing, the darker the solution, the more concentrated…

Concentration®Also, by calculating the concentration…

Concentration with a bigger number is alwaysThe stronger solution…

Ex: 0.1g/L, 10g/L, 100g/L

Least MostConcentrated concentrated

Dilution®What is DILUTION?• This involves decreasing the

concentration of a solution by adding more SOLVENT!!!

®How does it change the concentration of a solution?

• Let’s look at a solution with a concentration of 1g/L

Dilution®How will the concentration change if

we add 3L of water?• After the dilution, the quantity of

solute does not change.• There is still 1g of solute in the

solution !• But the quantity of solution has

changed, there is now 4L instead of 1L!!!

Dilution• We can write this out like this…• The concentration is now 1g/4L!!!• This means there is 1g of solute for

every 4L of solution…ORDivide 1g into 4L = 0.25g/L• So, you diluted a 1g/L solution with

3L of water to make a 0.25g/L solution!!!!

Dilution• Let’s us a formula for this!!!!We already know…. C=M concentration= mass of solute V volume of solution

The mass always stays the same in a dilution!!!So, we can take it out of the equation!

And use this….

DilutionC₁ V₁ = C₂ V₂

C₁ V₁ = The initial solutionC₂ V₂ = The final solution

C₁ = Initial concentration (g/L)V₁ = initial volume (L)C₂ = Final concentration (g/L)V₂ = Final volume (L)

Dilution• Let’s look at our example

mathematically… C₁ V₁ = C₂ V₂ (plug in what you know)

C₁ = 1g/LV₁ = 1LC₂ = ?V₂ = 4L Do the calculations…

DilutionC₁ V₁ = C₂ V₂(1)x(1) = (C₂)x(4)

1 = (C₂)44 4C₂ = 0.25g/L

There’s your answer!!!!