VACCINE PRODUCT, PRICE AND PROCUREMENT - who.int · Page 5 of 34 | V3P Price Digest – 2016 edition BACKGROUND At the request of member states, WHO has taken an active role to increase

2016 edition

V3P PRICE DIGEST

VACCINE PRODUCT, PRICE AND

PROCUREMENT

WORKING DOCUMENT

Page 2 of 34 | V3P Price Digest – 2016 edition

This document has been prepared by the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) of the

Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. It is a working document.

For more information on this document or on vaccine price and procurement, please contact:

[email protected].

This publication is available on the internet on: www.who.int/immunization/v3p.

Additional materials on immunization, vaccines and biologicals may be requested from:

World health Organization

Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals

CH-1211 Geneva-27

Email: [email protected]

Acknowledgements

The team at WHO EPI thanks the several partner organisations and stakeholders who reviewed this

document and provided inputs and comments. We would also like to thank Shawn Gilchrist for his

work as the main writer of this document.

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.who.int/immunization/v3p

mailto:[email protected]


TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACCRONYMS ........................................................................................................................................... 4

BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................................... 5

I. VACCINE PROCUREMENT ANALYSIS .................................................................................................... 8

Key findings for all vaccine purchases, 2015 ....................................................................................... 8

Key findings by vaccine, 2015 ............................................................................................................. 9

II. VACCINE PRICE ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................. 13

Key findings by vaccine, 2015 ........................................................................................................... 13

III. TABLES .............................................................................................................................................. 18

Disclaimer

This Digest is a working draft and is based on analyses conducted in 2016. Any subsequent change in the data

will not be captured in this Digest.

Information contained in the V3P database is provided by participating countries and/or organizations

procuring on behalf of countries that have agreed to share vaccine price and procurement data with V3P.

Participating countries are solely responsible for the accuracy of the data provided.

The information contained in the V3P database does not in any way imply an endorsement, certification,

warranty of fitness or recommendation by WHO of any company or product for any purpose, and does not

imply preference over products of a similar nature that are not mentioned. WHO furthermore does not

warrant that: (1) the information is complete and/or error free; and/or that (2) the products listed are of

acceptable quality, have obtained regulatory approval in any country, or that their use is otherwise in

accordance with the national laws and regulations of any country, including but not limited to patent laws.

Inclusion of products in the database does not furthermore imply any approval by WHO of the products in

question (which is the sole prerogative of national authorities).

WHO will not accept any liability or responsibility whatsoever for any injury, death, loss, damage, or other

prejudice of any kind that may arise as a result of, or in connection with the procurement, distribution and use

of any product listed in the V3P database.


ACRONYMS

AMC Advanced Market Commitment

aP acellular pertussis

BMGF Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

DTaP-Hib-HepB-IPV

Diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-Haemophilus influenzae type b-inactivated polio (also called Hexavalent vaccine)

DTwP-HepB-Hib Diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis-hepatitis B-Haemophilus influenzae type b (also called Pentavalent vaccine)

Gavi Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance

GVAP Global Vaccine Action Plan

HIC High income country

HPV Human papilloma virus

IPV Inactivated Polio Vaccine

LIC Low income country

LMIC Lower middle income country = GNI/capita > $1,025, < $4,035.

LPC Lowest Price Clause

LTA Long-term agreement

MAX Maximum

MED Median

MIC Middle income country

MIN Minimum

MMR Measles-mumps-rubella

MSF Médecins sans frontières

PAHO RF Pan-American Health Organisation Revolving Fund

PCV Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

Rota Rotavirus vaccine

UMIC Upper middle income country = GNI/capita > $4,035, < $12,476

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

UNICEF SD UNICEF Supply Division

V3P Vaccine product, price, and procurement

WAP Weighted average price

WHO World Health Organisation

wP whole cell pertussis

WHO AFRO WHO Regional Office for Africa

WHO AMRO WHO Regional Office for the Americas

WHO EMRO WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean

WHO EURO WHO Regional Office for Europe

WHO SEARO WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia

WHO WPRO WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific


BACKGROUND

At the request of member states, WHO has taken an active role to increase transparency of vaccine

markets by collecting information on Vaccine Product, Price and Procurement through the V3P

Initiative.

This Digest is intended for use by government officials, particularly in self-procuring countries. The

digest provides information on the type of vaccine procurement, supply sources, product choices and

vaccine price ranges, from countries reporting to the V3P in 2016. Making this information on

vaccine prices available is expected to improve national decision-making for vaccine purchasing, new

vaccine introductions, vaccine scheduling, and product choice, and overall inform procurement

processes to render these more efficient.

This Digest is organized according to 3 sections that provide analyses of both price and procurement

data from countries reporting to the V3P initiative:

1. VACCINE PROCUREMENT ANALYSIS: this section intends to provide countries with an

indication of vaccine procurement characteristics.

2. VACCINE PRICE ANALYSIS: this section intends to provide countries, particularly Middle

Income Countries (MICs), with the price ranges for specific vaccines from all countries

reporting to the V3P database.

3. TABLES: in the annexes, tables provide the background data behind analyses presented in

this document.

All data reported has been extracted from the V3P database as of August 2016.

In order to focus on the most interesting analyses, based on prices paid and number of data points, a

subset of vaccines were selected. Analyses in this report focus on the following vaccine types:

- DTwP-HepB-Hib (also referred to as pentavalent);

- Acellular pertussis-containing combination vaccines (aP-containing vaccines);

- Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV);

- Rotavirus vaccine (Rota);

- Human papilloma virus vaccine (HPV); and,

- Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV).

Readers may access additional vaccine price and procurement information from reporting

countries and procurement agencies (UNICEF and PAHO) on the V3P website:

www.who.int/immunization/v3p.

All of the data in this report is based on price and procurement data contribution from individual

countries only (not the data shared by procurement agencies). The 50 countries contributing

vaccine price data to the V3P database in 2016 (reporting 2015 data) are distributed as follows:



WHO region

Procurement method

Gavi-eligibility

Income group

TOTAL Exclusively self-

procuring

Mix-procuring*

Exclusively procuring through UNICEF

Gavi-eligible & countries

in transition

Non-Gavi

eligible

LIC LMIC UMIC HIC

Africa 5 1 5

5 6

1 5 4 1

11

Eastern Mediterranean

- 1 -

- 1

- 1 - -

1

Europe 20 3 6

7 22

6 10 13

29

South-East Asia 1 - 1

1 1

1 1

2

Western Pacific 3 3 1

3 4

1 3 1 2

7

TOTAL 29 8 13

16 34

2 16 16 16

50

* Partly self-procuring and partly procuring through UNICEF

Note:

- There is no direct participation from countries in the Americas, as their vaccine prices are made available to the V3P by the PAHO

Revolving Fund (also available on the PAHO website).1

- Procurement method, Gavi-eligibility and Income group refer to 2015 data.

- Income level is defined following the GNI per capita, Atlas method of the World Bank in 2015 was:

LIC- Low Income Country: GNI/capita < $1,045

LMIC- Lower Middle Income Country: GNI/capita between $1,046 and $4,125

UMIC- Lower Middle Income Country: GNI/capita between $4,126 and $12,735

HIC- High income country: GNI/capita > $12,736 or more.2

Note to the reader:

1. Price information is very important to inform decision-making. However, factors such as

programmatic implications and costs as well as other dynamics that can influence the

efficient and effective delivery of quality vaccines to the population should be taken into

consideration as well.

2. All data reported into the V3P database in 2016 is for the 2015 calendar year and is labelled

“2015 data”.

3. In this document, countries are grouped by their income level and Gavi-eligibility status. This

allows for comparisons between countries with similar characteristics. Grouping by income

level is used as a proxy for a country’s ability to pay. Countries are distinguished by Gavi-

eligibility status because Gavi countries have access to specially negotiated prices for many

of their vaccines.

4. Classification of countries by income level and Gavi-eligibility is based on the World Bank

classification of countries by income groups2 and Gavi eligibility3, as available as of August

2016. In this document, “Gavi countries” refers to countries that were either fully Gavi-

eligible or transitioning out of Gavi support in 2015.i

i List of countries counted as “Gavi countries” in this report (corresponds to eligibility in 2015). 49 eligible countries: Afghanistan, Burundi,

Benin, Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, Central African Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Cameroon, DR Congo, The Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia,

Guinea, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, India, Kyrgyzstan, Kenya, Cambodia, Lao, Liberia, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mali, Myanmar,

Mozambique, Mauritania, Malawi, Niger, Nepal, Pakistan, DPR Korea, Rwanda, Sudan, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Sao

Tome and Principe, Tajikistan, Chad, Togo, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe. And 24 countries in accelerated transition:

Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bolivia, Bhutan, Congo, Cuba, Georgia, Ghana, Guyana, Honduras, Indonesia, Kiribati, Sri Lanka, Mongolia,

Nigeria, Nicaragua, Moldova, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vietnam.


5. Given the unevenness in the number reporting countries between regions, price ranges by

WHO region may not be directly comparable.

6. Due to the complexity and national specificities of vaccine procurement, price data for any

given country may not be directly comparable to others. Readers should use caution when

interpreting data, taking into account specific contexts, circumstances and factors that may

affect prices paid by individual countries, such as geographic region, income level, purchase

volumes and contract terms.

7. Participating countries are solely responsible for the accuracy of the data provided. WHO

does not warrant that the information is complete and/or error free.

All prices shown are in USD ($) per dose, converted from local currency to USD using the World

Bank official annual exchange rate.4


I. VACCINE PROCUREMENT ANALYSIS

This section intends to provide countries with an indication of vaccine purchase characteristics for

vaccines across all countries reporting to the V3P database. Procurement characteristics are all

elements of the procurement that surrounds the purchase of the vaccine, such as procurement

method, presentation preferences, number of vaccines procured, etc. An analysis of vaccine price

information is made in the subsequent section.

A. Key findings for all vaccine purchases, 2015

This subsection presents key findings on vaccine purchases based on all vaccines procured by

countries participating in the V3P database in 2016 (50 countries).

The purchase data from the V3P database for all vaccines, manufacturers, presentation sizes, and

income levels in 2015 is shown in Table 1.

Pooled procurement is predominantly practiced by lower income countries - Of all the 16 LMICs in the V3P database, 14 countries procured all of their vaccines (8

countries, 57%) or some of their vaccines (6 countries, 43%) through UNICEF. Countries

receiving financial support from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (referred to as “Gavi”), tended to

procure exclusively through UNICEF (8 out of 13 Gavi LMICs, 62%), while non-Gavi eligible

LMICs only partially procured through UNICEF (2 out 3 non-Gavi LMICs, 66%).

- In contrast, of the 16 non-Gavi UMICs reporting in 2015, only 3 (19%) procured exclusively

through UNICEF (no country procuring partially through UNICEF), and none of the 15 HIC

procured through UNICEF.

Lower income countries procure fewer vaccine types & type is influenced by region and income - Gavi countries and non-Gavi LMICs both purchased a fewer number of vaccine types (27 and

17 respectively) compared to non-Gavi UMICs and HICs (37 and 42 respectively).

- The most frequently purchased type of vaccine varied both by WHO region and by income

level.

Countries across different income groups procure from a similar number of vaccine suppliers - Gavi countries procured from a slightly greater number of vaccine suppliers than non-Gavi

countries. The number of suppliers was similar between income groups of a similar size: 28

suppliers to 16 Gavi countries; 25 suppliers to 16 non-Gavi UMICs; and, 23 suppliers to 15

non-Gavi HICs. There were 9 suppliers to 3 non-Gavi LMICs.

The most frequent suppliers differ by country income level - Serum Institute of India was the most frequent supplier to both Gavi countries and non-Gavi

LMICs.

- Non-Gavi UMICs and HICs were most frequently supplied by Sanofi Pasteur, and GSK,

respectively.

- The most frequent supplier by WHO region was Serum Institute of India, except for EUR.


Gavi and non-Gavi countries procure a similar number of presentation sizes - The number of different presentation sizes purchased by Gavi countries and non-Gavi was

similar, ranging from a minimum of 4 in non-Gavi LMICs to a maximum of 6 in non-Gavi

UMICs. The number of presentation sizes in Gavi countries was 5.

- By region, the number of presentations sizes purchased ranged from 4 in WPR to 6 in EUR (5

in all other regions).

The most frequently procured presentation sizes differ by Gavi eligibility, income, and region - The predominant presentation size purchased by Gavi countries and non-Gavi LMICs was 10-

dose vials, whereas non-Gavi UMICs and HICs procured predominantly single dose

presentations. Reasons for the differences, such as cold chain capacity restrictions in lower

income countries, lower unit price, etc, are not explored in this document.

- The European and Western Pacific regions also predominantly procured single dose

presentations whereas the other regions predominantly procured 10-dose presentations.

B. Key findings by vaccine, 2015

This subsection presents the findings of purchase analyses for specific vaccines procured by

countries participating in the V3P database in 2016 (50 countries).

Vaccines presented here are: DTwP-HepB-Hib, aP combinations, PCV, Rota, HPV, and IPV.

Whole-cell pertussis-containing pentavalent vaccine (DTwP-HepB-Hib)

The V3P purchase data for DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine for 2015 is shown in Table 2.

The majority of DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine procuring countries were Gavi countries - 16 of 25 (64%) of countries procuring DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine were Gavi countries. Other

countries are purchasing different combination vaccines, including a preference for aP-

containing vaccines in higher income levels.

DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine procurement represented about 5% of all vaccine volumes reported to V3P in 2015 - All purchases of DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccines amounted to over 30 million doses (worth about

$60.3 million), or about 5% of all vaccine doses reported to V3P in 2015. 18 million doses

were reported by Gavi countries.

DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine was predominantly procured through UNICEF - 20 of 25 purchasing countries (80%) purchased through UNICEF, with 94% of Gavi countries

and 55% of non-Gavi countries procuring through UNICEF.

Gavi countries procured from a greater number of suppliers of DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine than non-Gavi countries - The total aggregate number of suppliers is highest for Gavi countries (5 manufacturers:

Serum Institute of India, Janssen, Biological E, LG LifeSciences, Shanta Biotechnics), but most

countries procure from one single supplier, sometimes two.

- Serum Institute of India is the most frequent supplier of DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine to all

countries. Janssen is the most frequent supplier to Gavi countries and the European region.


The most frequently procured presentation size of DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine was single dose - There are 3 different presentation sizes procured by countries reporting to V3P (1, 2 and 10-

doses).

- The predominant presentation size procured was the single dose, except in the African and

EMRO regions where the 10-dose presentation is the most frequently procured.

Acellular pertussis-containing vaccines (aP-containing vaccines)

The V3P purchase data for select aP-containing vaccines for 2015 is shown in Table 3.

As there are several aP-containing combinations available, table 3 in the annex and the paragraphs

below represent analyses based on the three main combination used: DTaP-IPV, DTaP-Hib-IPV and

DTaP-HepB-Hib-IPV.

Countries procuring aP-containing vaccines were all from higher income groups (UMICs and HICs) - 14 of 22 (64%) countries reporting to V3P and procuring aP-combination vaccines were HICs,

and 8 (36%) were UMICs. There was no Gavi LMIC or LIC reporting procurement of aP-

containing vaccines in 2015. Of note, aP-containing vaccines were not supported by Gavi

investment in 2015.

aP-containing vaccine procurement represented about 4% of all vaccine volumes reported to V3P in 2015 - All purchases of aP-containing vaccines amounted to over 26 million doses (worth about

$314.4 million), or about 4% of all vaccine doses reported in 2015.

aP-containing vaccines were only procured in single-dose presentation through self-procurement - In 2015, aP-containing vaccines were not available for procurement through UNICEF and all

countries reporting to V3P self-procured their vaccines.

- The vaccines were not available in multidose presentations, given the preference for single-

dose presentations in higher income markets, primary targets of these vaccines.

Countries reported purchasing from only two suppliers: GSK and Sanofi Pasteur - Both manufacturers of aP-containing vaccines supplied Gavi and non-Gavi countries alike.

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV)

The V3P purchase data for PCV for 2015 is shown in Table 4.

The majority of PCV procuring countries were non-Gavi countries - 23 of 35 (66%) countries reporting to V3P and procuring PCV in 2015 were non-Gavi

countries.

PCV procurement represented about 9% of all vaccine volumes reported to V3P in 2015 - All purchases of PCV vaccines amounted to almost 55 million doses (worth about $882.1

million), or about 9% of all vaccine doses reported in 2015.


All Gavi countries procured PCV through UNICEF whereas the great majority of non-Gavi countries self-procured the vaccine - Of the 23 non-Gavi countries registered in the V3P database, 22 self-procured the vaccine

and only one procured it through UNICEF.

Both suppliers of PCV vaccine supplied Gavi and non-Gavi countries alike - There are only 2 suppliers of PCV: GlaxoSmithKline (GSK, producing PCV10) and Pfizer

(producing PCV13). They supply countries in all WHO regions across all income levels.

- Overall Pfizer was the most frequent supplier, and Pfizer was the most frequent supplier to

Gavi countries and the EUR region.

- In 2015, PCV10 existed in single and 2-dose presentations. The 2-dose presentation was

exclusively sold to Gavi countries. PCV13 only existed in single dose presentation.

Rotavirus vaccine (Rota)

The V3P purchase data for Rota for 2015 is shown in Table 5.

Slightly more than half of Rota vaccine procuring countries were non-Gavi countries - 11 of 19 (58%) Rota vaccine procuring countries were non-Gavi countries.

Rota vaccine procurement represented about 2% of all vaccine volumes reported to V3P in 2015 - All purchases of Rota vaccines amounted to slightly over 13 million doses (worth about 44.1

million) or about 2% of all vaccine doses reported in 2015.

All Gavi countries procured Rota vaccine through UNICEF whereas all non-Gavi countries self-procured the vaccine

GSK was the most frequent supplier of Rota vaccines reported to the V3P database in 2015 - There are only 2 suppliers of Rota vaccines (GSK producing Rotarix and Merck producing

Rotateq) but GSK was by far the most frequent supplier of this vaccine (95% of countries)

with Merck supplying only 1 reporting country.

- The presentation size for all Rota vaccine is the same (single dose), but the number of doses

for a full course varies between the two suppliers, with GSK Rotarix requiring a 2-dose

schedule, while Merck Rotateq requires 3 doses.

Human papilloma virus vaccine (HPV)

The V3P purchase data for HPV for 2015 is shown in Table 6.

The vast majority of HPV procuring countries were non-Gavi - Out of 15 countries procuring HPV vaccine, only 1 was a Gavi country (7%).

HPV vaccine procurement represented about 0.3% of all vaccine volumes reported to V3P in 2015 - All purchases of HPV vaccine amounted to less than 2 million doses (worth about $27.2

million), or about 0.3% of all vaccine doses reported in 2015.


The sole Gavi country procured HPV through UNICEF whereas all non-Gavi countries self-procured

Both suppliers of HPV vaccine supplied Gavi and non-Gavi countries alike - The only 2 manufacturerss of HPV (GSK producing bivalent Cervarix and Merck producing

quadrivalent Gardasil) supply to countries in all WHO regions across all income levels.

- Overall, the GSK vaccine had a slightly higher frequency of procurement than the Merck

vaccine in the countries reporting data.

- GSK Cervarix exists in single and 2-dose presentations while Merck Gardasil only exists in

single dose presentation. The 2-dose presentation is only used in Gavi countries. As almost

all countries in the V3P database reporting data for HPV were not Gavi-eligible, only single

dose presentations were reported.

Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)

The V3P purchase data for IPV for 2015 is shown in Table 7.

The majority of IPV procuring countries were non-Gavi countries - 18 of 22 (82%) countries procuring standalone IPV are not Gavi-eligible.

IPV procurement represented about 1% of all vaccine volumes reported to V3P in 2015 - All purchases of IPV vaccine amounted to almost 55 million doses (worth about $23 million),

or about 1% of all vaccine doses reported in 2015.

All Gavi countries procured IPV through UNICEF whereas the vast majority of non-Gavi countries self-procured the vaccine - All Gavi countries and 4 of 18 non-Gavi countries (22%) purchased through UNICEF.

The three suppliers of IPV do not supply the same markets - There are 3 suppliers of IPV registered in the V3P database: GSK, Sanofi Pasteur and

Bilthoven Biologicals.

- Non-Gavi countries purchased mainly GSK and Sanofi Pasteur’s IPV (15 of 18 countries, 83%),

while 3 of 4 (75%) Gavi countries purchased IPV from Bilthoven Biologicals.

- Overall, Sanofi Pasteur was the most frequent supplier.

The most frequently procured presentation overall was single dose - There are 3 different presentation sizes of standalone IPV procured by countries reporting

data to V3P (1, 5, and 10-doses).

- The predominant presentation size procured was the single dose, particularly in the

European region, where 8 of the 9 countries (89%) purchasing standalone IPV purchased in

single-dose presentation.

- Of note is that several HICs and MICs do not use standalone IPV but instead use IPV-

containing combination vaccines, such as DTaP-IPV, DTaP-Hib-IPV or DTaP-HepB-Hib-IPV. Of

the 15 HICs in the database reporting using IPV, only 7 (47%) purchased standalone IPV. Of

these 7 countries, 6 countries purchased standalone IPV, usually in limited amount, as a

complement to the purchase of other IPV-containing combination vaccines.


II. VACCINE PRICE ANALYSIS

This section is intended to provide countries, and particularly MICs, with price ranges for specific

vaccines from all countries reporting to the V3P database.

Key findings by vaccine, 2015

This subsection presents the findings of purchase analyses for specific vaccines procured by

countries participating in the V3P database in 2016 and reporting 2015 data (50 countries).

Vaccines presented here are: DTwP-HepB-Hib, PCV, Rota, HPV, and IPV. Select acellular pertussis-

containing combinations were also analysed because of their potential interest to non-Gavi MICs.

Whole-cell pertussis-containing pentavalent vaccine (DTwP-HepB-Hib)

With the increased uptake of pentavalent vaccine in low- and middle-income countries, and an

increase in the number of manufacturers, since the launch of Gavi in 2000, the price of the whole-

cell pertussis-containing pentavalent vaccine fell from $3.5 in 2001 to as little as $ 1.19 a dose in

2015 to UNICEF for Gavi countries. This price will lower further to $0.68 by 2017 for all countries

procuring through UNICEF.5,6

The 2015 price ranges, as available in the V3P database, for pentavalent vaccines from 5

manufacturers, in 3 presentation sizes, are shown in Table 8.

For 2015, there were a total of 30 procurement transactions for DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine reported

from 25 countries (16 Gavi and 9 non-Gavi countries).

The price range is narrow for the single dose and even narrower for the 10-dose presentation - In single-dose presentation, the maximum price registered was 4.2 times higher than the

minimum price for this vaccine, across all manufacturers.

- In 10-dose presentation, the maximum price registered was 1.9 times higher than the

minimum price for this vaccine, across all manufacturers.

Presentation size impacted price - The median price of the 10-dose presentation was 1.3 to 1.6 times lower than the median

price of the single dose presentation, for UMICs and LMICs respectively.

Income level and Gavi-eligibility had a limited impact on price - The median price paid in Gavi countries was the same as the median price paid in non-Gavi

MICs.

The median prices for the vaccine in a same presentation size were slightly lower Gavi

countries and non Gavi LMICs than for UMICS. However, when breaking down the data by

procurement mechanism, it appeared that countries paying the lowest prices, regardless of

their income levels, were procuring through UNICEF.


Acellular pertussis-containing combination vaccines

Most HICs use acellular pertussis-containing pentavalent vaccines, and several MICs have begun to

introduce acellular pertussis containing combinations. Acellular pertussis (aP) combination vaccines

not only carry a higher price that the corresponding whole-cell combination, but they also tend to be

substantially more price differentiated between income groups than whole-cell combinations are.

The 2015 price ranges, as available in the V3P database, for a selection of aP-containing vaccines

(DTaP-IPV, DTaP-Hib-IPV and DTaP-HepB-Hib-IPV) from 2 manufacturers are shown in Table 9.

For 2015, there were a total of 49 procurement transactions for aP-containing vaccines reported

from 22 countries (1 Gavi country and 21 non-Gavi countries).

The price range is narrow for all aP-containing combination vaccines - For all three aP-containing combination vaccines analysed here, the maximum price

registered was 4 to 4.3 times higher than the minimum price registered for the same

combination vaccine, across the two manufacturers and across income groups.

- In 2015, aP-containing vaccines were not supported by Gavi. For these vaccines, there is

therefore no distinct and pre-negotiated prices for countries eligible for Gavi support. The

narrow price range was certainly supported by the fact that only countries with higher

income procured aP-containing vaccines in 2015.

Income level impacted price - In the V3P database, all procurement of aP-containing vaccines was done by UMICs and

HICs.

- Median prices for aP-containing vaccines were consistently lower for UMICs than for HICs.

Across all three combination vaccines, the median price in UMICs was about 40% lower than

the median price in HICs.

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV)

PCV was introduced into several Gavi countries through a mechanism called the Advance Market

Commitment (AMC) in 2010, through which the price of pneumococcal vaccine was negotiated at a

lower price for Gavi countries compared to other buyers like PAHO, or high income countries like the

United States.7,8 ,9

The 2015 price ranges, as available in the V3P database, for PCV vaccines from the 2 manufacturers,

in the 1-dose and 2-dose presentation sizes are shown in Table 10.

In 2015, there were a total of 42 procurement transactions for PCV reported from 35 countries (12

Gavi and 23 non-Gavi).

The price range for PCV is wide - The maximum price registered was 18 times higher than the minimum price for the 1-dose

presentation, across the two manufacturers and across income groups: Gavi countries

benefit from a vaccine price of $3.30-$3.50 in 2015, while the vaccine was priced high in high

income markets ($48.2-$60.1 price range in HICs).


Income level impacted price, particularly for HICs. Gavi-eligibility impacted price for MICs - The median price paid in Gavi countries was about 4.5 times lower than the median price

paid in non-Gavi MICs.

- Across manufacturers, the median price for PCV increased with the income group. In non-

Gavi countries, the median price for PCV increased by 10% between LMICs and UMICs and

by 158% between UMICs and HICs.

Rotavirus vaccine (Rota)

The price of Rota to Gavi countries is at or under $3.50 (support initiated in 2007), less than half the

price available to PAHO when they introduced the vaccine, and much lower than the $76 average

price in the United-States.8,9,10.

The 2015 price ranges, as available in the V3P database, for Rota vaccines from 2 manufacturers, in

single dose presentation size, are shown in Table 11.

There were a total of 21 procurement transactions for Rota reported from 19 countries (8 Gavi and

11 non-Gavi).

The price range for Rota is very wide - The maximum price of Rota was 30 times higher than the minimum price registered, across

the two manufacturers and across income groups: Gavi countries benefit from a vaccine

price of $2.08-$3.50 in 2015, while the vaccine was priced high in high income markets

($16.7-$61 price range in HICs).

- Price ranges were wider in higher income groups, and highest in HICs.

Income level impacted price - The median price paid in Gavi countries was about 4 times lower than the median price paid

in non-Gavi MICs.

- Across manufacturers, the median price for Rota increased with the income group. In non-

Gavi countries, the median price for Rota increased by 39% between LMICs and UMICs and


Human papilloma virus vaccine (HPV)

HPV vaccine is available to Gavi countries at the lowest international price of $ 4.50-$4.60 per dose

(support initiated in 2013). The previous lowest public sector price to the PAHO Revolving Fund was

$ 13.5 per doseii at the time and in the United-States the vaccine was priced at around $ 100. 8 ,9,11

The 2015 price ranges, as available in the V3P database, for HPV vaccines from 2 manufacturers, in

single dose presentation size, are shown in Table 12.

There were a total of 15 procurement transactions for HPV reported from 15 countries (1 Gavi and

14 non-Gavi).

ii By 2016, PAHO had managed to lower this price to $8.50 for the bivalent HPV vaccine.


The price range for HPV is wide - The maximum price of HPV was about 9 times higher than the minimum price registered in

the V3P database, across the two manufacturers and across income groups. We observe that

one LMIC in the database reports paying a low price ($6) - close to the price for Gavi-

countries of $4.50 in 2015 for the single dose presentation - and a maximum price of $55.45

is registered in a HIC.

- Price ranges were wider in higher income groups, and highest in HICs ($8.98 - $55.45), with

one outlier country paying a much higher price than other HICs.

The average price for each of the two vaccines is similar - In non Gavi countries, the average price of the two HPV vaccines was similar, at $23.6 for the

GSK product and $26.6 the Merck product.

Income level impacted price - The price at which HPV was available to Gavi countries was about 3 times lower than the

median price paid in non-Gavi MICs.

- Across manufacturers, the median price for HPV increased with the income group. In non-

Gavi countries, the median price for HPV increased by 50% between LMICs and UMICs and


Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)

Through the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) to eradicate polio, UNICEF tenders secured the

lowest price of €0.75 per dose for Gavi countries in 2014.12 The previous lowest public sector price to

the PAHO Revolving Fund was $ 2.9 per dose.8, 13 Price comparison of standalone IPV with HICs is not

recommended, given the procurement specificities for this vaccine in HICs (see previous chapter on

vaccine purchase analysis).

The 2015 price ranges, as available in the V3P database, for IPV vaccines from 3 manufacturers, in 3

presentation sizes (1, 5 and 10-doses), are shown in Table 13.

There were a total of 25 procurement transactions for IPV vaccine reported from 22 countries (4

Gavi countries and 18 non-Gavi countries).

The price range for IPV is wide - Excluding the 6 HICs that purchase IPV standalone in complement to other IPV-containing

vaccines, the maximum price of IPV is 9 times higher than the minimum price registered in

the V3P database, across the two manufacturers and across all groups. (Note: including all

HICs, including those procuring a limited number of doses to supplement other IPV-

containing vaccine purchases, the maximum price of IPV was about 56 times higher than the

minimum price registered.)

- Gavi countries are getting lower prices for the vaccine, particularly for the 10-dose vial of IPV

($0.83) while non-Gavi eligible countries procuring single dose IPV paid higher prices (up to

$7.00). HICs purchasing only a small amount of standalone IPV while purchasing other IPV-

containing vaccines paid the highest prices (up to $42.18).


Presentation size seemed to have more impact on price than income level - Excluding the 6 HICs that purchase other IPV-containing vaccines, the median price of the 5-

dose presentation was 2.3 times lower than the median price of the single dose

presentation, and even slightly lower than the 10-dose presentation.

- Price difference varied more by presentation size than by income level, highlighting different

pricing strategies for these products. For the 5-dose presentation, produced by Bilthoven

Biologicals, all countries were paying the same price of $1.90, regardless of their income

group or Gavi-eligibility status. For the 10-dose presentation, produced by Sanofi Pasteur,

prices clearly followed a tiered pricing approach linked to income level and Gavi-eligibility:

$0.83 for Gavi countries, $1.65 - $2.24 for LMICs and $2.72 - $3.33 for UMICs. The single

dose presentation was mainly sold to HICs and UMICs, at higher prices than multidose

presentations, and without a clear price difference between UMICs and HICs (when

excluding HICs purchasing small amounts of standalone IPV at high prices).


III. TABLES

Table 1. Purchase characteristics, for all vaccines, by income group and WHO region, in 2015

Pu

rch

ase

ch

arac

teri

stic

s

Fun

din

g su

pp

ort

Inco

me

gro

up

EUR

AFR

WP

R

SEA

R

EMR

Glo

bal

Co

un

trie

s re

po

rtin

g

Gavi LIC(1), LMIC(13),

UMIC(2) 7 5 3 1 - 16

Non-

Gavi

LMIC - 1 1 - 1 3

UMICs 10 4 1 1 - 16

HICs 12 1 2 - - 15

Total 29 11 7 2 1 50

Do

ses

of

all v

acci

ne

s p

rocu

red


UMIC(2) 29,559,730 133,976,750 48,785,055 1,223,414 - 213,544,949

Non-

Gavi

LMIC - 835,400 40,371,516 - 11,320,900 52,527,816

UMICs 256,192,163 34,967,050 674,295 22,040,000 - 313,873,508

HIC 29,699,339 58,428 15,972,574 - - 45,730,341

Total 315,451,232 169,837,628 105,803,440 23,263,414 11,320,900 625,676,614

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f

UN

ICEF

pro

curi

ng*

co

un

trie

s (%

)


UMIC(2) 7 / 7 (100%) 5 / 5 (100%) 2 / 3 (67%)

1 / 1 (100%)

- 15 / 16 (94%)

Non-

Gavi

LMIC - 0 / 1 (0%) 1 / 1 (100%) - 1 / 1

(100%) 2 / 3 (67%)

UMICs 2 /10 (20%) 0 / 4 (0%) 1 / 1 (100%) 0 / 1 (0%) - 3 / 16 (19%)

HICs 0 / 12 (0%) 1 / 1 (100%) 0 / 2 (0%) - - 1 / 15 (7%)

Total 9 / 29 (31%) 1 / 11 (55%) 4 / 7 (57%) 1 / 2 (50%) 1 / 1

(100%) 21 / 50 (42%)

nu

mb

er

of

vacc

ine

ty

pe

s p

rocu

red


UMIC(2) 19 13 13 7 - 27

Non-

Gavi

LMIC - 10 12 - 8 17

UMICs 30 22 11 10 - 37

HICs 38 10 10 - - 42

Total (not additive)

46 25 27 13 8 49

mo

st f

req

ue

ntl

y p

rocu

red

vac

cin

e t

ype

(f

req

ue

ncy

)


UMIC(2)

DTwP-HepB-Hib (10)

tOPV (7)

BCG / DTwP-HepB-Hib /

HepB (ped) / MR / tOPV

/TT (3)

- - DTwP-HepB-Hib

(20)

Non-

Gavi

LMIC - - - - BCG (2)

BCG (4)

UMICs BCG (13)

BCG (5)

- JE (3)

- BCG (20)

HICs MMR (13)

BCG / DTwP-HepB-Hib / MMR / TT

(2)

Influenza (seasonal-

adult) (4)

- - MMR (18)

Total (not additive) BCG (33)

BCG (13)

BCG / HepB (ped)

(7)

JE (3)

BCG / IPV (2)

BCG (57)

nu

mb

er

of

sup

plie

rs


UMIC(2) 20 13 14 6 28

Non-

Gavi

LMIC - 5 5 - 7 9

UMICs 17 8 6 8 - 25

HICs 14 6 11 - - 23


Pu

rch

ase

ch

arac

teri

stic

s

Fun

din

g su

pp

ort

Inco

me

gro

up

EUR

AFR

WP

R

SEA

R

EMR

Glo

bal

Total (not additive) 32 17 21 12 7 42

mo

st f

req

ue

nt

sup

plie

r (n

um

be

r o

f re

cord

s)


UMIC(2) GSK (21)

Serum Institute of

India (14)

Serum Institute of

India (9)

BioFarma (2)

- Serum Institute

of India (39)

Non-

Gavi

LMIC -

Serum Institute of

India (5)

Serum Institute of

India (6)

-

Serum Institute of

India (3)

Serum Institute of India

(14)

UMICs Microgen

(24)

Sanofi Pasteur /

Serum Institute of

India (16)

GSK (4)

GPO Thailand /

Serum Institute of

India (3)

- Sanofi Pasteur

(39)

HICs GSK (76)

Serum Institute of

India (7)

Sanofi Pasteur

(12) - -

GSK (86)

Total (not additive) GSK

(118)

Serum Institute of

India (42)

Serum Institute of

India (17)

Serum Institute of

India (4)

Serum Institute of

India (3)

GSK (152)

nu

mb

er

of

pre

sen

tati

on

si

zes


UMIC(2) 5 5 4 2 - 5

Non-

Gavi

LMIC - 3 4 - 4 4

UMICs 5 3 4 5 - 6

HICs 3 3 4 - - 5


mo

st f

req

ue

nt

pre

sen

tati

on

siz

e

pro

cure

d (

nu

mb

er

of

reco

rds)


UMIC(2) 1 dose

(39) 10 dose

(21) 10 dose

(12)

1 dose / 10 dose

(3) -

10 dose (64)

Non-

Gavi

LMIC - 10 doses

(5)

1 dose / 10 dose

(4) -

10 doses (5)

10 dose (14)

UMICs 1 dose

(72) 1 dose

(23) 1 dose

(5) 10 dose

(5) -

1 dose (103)

HICs 1 dose (154)

1 dose (6)

1 dose (31)

- - 1 dose (191)

Total 1 dose (265)

10 dose (52)

1 dose (47)

10 dose (8)

10 dose (5)

1 dose (359)

* in whole or in part

Source: V3P Database.14


Table 2. Purchase characteristics for DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine by income group and WHO region, in

2015

Pu

rch

ase

ch

arac

teri

stic

s

Fun

din

g su

pp

ort

Inco

me

gro

up

EUR

AFR

WP

R

SEA

R

EMR

Glo

bal

Co

un

trie

s p

urc

has

ing


UMIC(2) 7 5 3 1 - 16

Non-Gavi

LMIC - 1 1 - 1 3

UMICs 2 2 1 - - 5

HICs - 1 - - - 1

Total 9 9 5 1 1 25

Do

ses

pro

cure

d


UMIC(2) 4,229,780 11,724,100 2,212,615 49,294 - 18,215,789

Non-Gavi

LMIC - 103,400 8,808,696 - 1,700,000 10,508,696

UMICs 555,700 600,000 32,800 - - 1,188,500

HIC - 10,168 - - - 10,168

Total 4,785,480 12,437,668 11,054,111 49,294 1,700,000 30,026,553

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f U

NIC

EF

pro

curi

ng*

co

un

trie

s (%

) Gavi LIC(1), LMIC(13),

UMIC(2) 7/ 7 (100%)

5 / 5 (100%)

2 / 3 (67%) 1 / 1

(100%) - 15 / 16 (94%)

Non-Gavi

LMIC - 0 / 1 (0%) 0 / 1 (0%) - 1 / 1

(100%) 1 / 3 (33%)

UMICs 2 / 2

(100%) 0 / 2 (0%) 1 / 1 (100% - - 3 / 5 (60%)

HICs - 1 / 1

(100%) - - - 1 / 1 (100%)

Total 9 / 9

(100%) 6 / 9 (67%) 3 / 5 (60%)

1 / 1 (100%)

1 / 1 (100%)

20 / 25 (80%)

nu

mb

er

of

sup

plie

rs


UMIC(2) 4 3 3 1 - 5

Non-Gavi

LMIC - 1 1 - 1 3

UMICs 1 1 1 - - 3

HICs - 1 - - - 1


mo

st f

req

ue

nt

sup

plie

r

(nu

mb

er

of

reco

rds)


UMIC(2) Janssen

(6) SII (4) -

Janssen (1)

- Janssen

(8)

Non-Gavi

LMIC - SII (1) SII (1) - SII (1) SII (3)

UMICs Janssen

(2) SII (2)

Biological E (1)

- - SII / Janssen

(2)

HICs - SII (2) - - - SII (2)

Total (not additive) Janssen

(8) SII (9)

Biological E / SII (2)

Janssen (1)

SII (1) SII (14)

nu

mb

er

of

pre

sen

tati

on

size

s


UMIC(2) 3 2 1 1 - 3

Non-Gavi

LMIC - 1 1 - 1 2

UMICs 1 2 1 2

HICs - 1 - - -


mo

st f

req

ue

nt

pre

sen

tati

on

siz

e p

rocu

red

(nu

mb

er

of

reco

rds)


UMIC(2) 1 dose

(8) 10 dose

(5) 1 dose

(3) 1 dose

(1) 1 1 dose (13)

Non-Gavi

LMIC - 1 dose (1) 1 dose (1) - 10 dose (1) 1 dose (2)

UMICs 1 dose (2) - 1 dose (1) 1 dose (4)

HICs - 1 dose (2) - - - 1 dose (2)

Total 1 dose (10) 10 dose (6) 1 dose (5) 1 dose (1) 10 dose (1) 1 dose (21)

Note: SII = Serum Institute of India



Table 3. Purchase characteristics for DTaP-IPV, DTaP-Hib-IPV and DTaP-HepB-Hib-IPV vaccines by

income group and WHO region, in 2015

Pu

rch

ase

ch

arac

teri

stic

s

Fun

din

g

sup

po

rt

Inco

me

gro

up

EUR

AFR

WP

R

SEA

R

EMR

Glo

bal

Co

un

trie

s p

urc

has

ing

Gavi UMIC(1) 1 - - - - 1

Non-Gavi

LMIC - - - - - -

UMICs 6 1 - - - 7

HICs 12 - 2 - - 14

Total 19 1 2 - - 22

Do

ses

pro

cure

d Gavi UMIC(1) 110,000 - - - - 110,000

Non-Gavi

LMIC - - - - - -

UMICs 18,405,604 3,804,270 - - - 22,209,874

HIC 3,361,026 - 691,232 - - 4,052,258

Total 21,876,630 3,804,270 691,232 - - 26,372,132

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f U

NIC

EF p

rocu

rin

g*

cou

ntr

ies

(%)

Gavi UMIC(1) - - - - - -

Non-Gavi

LMIC - - - - - -

UMICs - - - - - -

HICs - - - - - -

Total - - - - - not procured by Unicef

nu

mb

er

of

sup

plie

rs

Gavi UMIC(1) 1 - - - - 1

Non-Gavi

LMIC - - - - - -

UMICs 2 1 - - - 2

HICs 2 - 2 - - 2

Total (not additive) 2 1 2 - - 2

mo

st f

req

ue

nt

sup

plie

r (n

um

be

r o

f re

cord

s)

Gavi UMIC(1) Sanofi Pasteur

(1) - - - -

Sanofi Pasteur (1)

Non-Gavi

LMIC - - - - - -

UMICs Sanofi Pasteur

(10) Sanofi Pasteur (2) - - - Sanofi Pasteur (12)

HICs Sanofi Pasteur

(16) -

GSK (3)

- - Sanofi Pasteur

(16)

Total (not additive) Sanofi Pasteur

(27) Sanofi Pasteur (2) GSK (3) - - Sanofi Pasteur (29)

nu

mb

er

of

pre

sen

tati

on

size

s

Gavi UMIC(1) 1 - - - - 1

Non-Gavi

LMIC - - - - - -

UMICs 1 1 - - - 1

HICs 1 - 1 - - 1

Total (not additive) 1 1 1 - - 1

mo

st f

req

ue

nt

pre

sen

tati

on

siz

e p

rocu

red

(nu

mb

er

of

reco

rds)

Gavi UMIC(1) 1 dose

(1) - - - - 1 dose (1)

Non-Gavi

LMIC - - - - - -

UMICs 1 dose (6) 1 dose (1) - 1 dose (7)

HICs 1 dose (12) - 1 dose (2) - - 1 dose (14)

Total 1 dose (19) 1 dose (1) 1 dose (2) - - 1 dose (22)



Table 4. Purchase characteristics for PCV vaccine by income group and WHO region, in 2015 P

urc

has

e

char

acte

rist

ics

Fun

din

g

sup

po

rt

Inco

me

gro

up

EUR

AFR

WP

R

SEA

R

EMR

Glo

bal

Co

un

trie

s p

urc

has

ing Gavi

LMIC(10), UMIC(2)

6 4 2 - - 12

Non-Gavi

LMIC - 1 1 - 1 3

UMICs 6 3 1 - - 10

HICs 9 - 1 - - 10

Total 21 8 5 - 1 35

Do

ses

pu

rch

ased

Gavi LMIC(10), UMIC(2)

2,006,200 16,042,790 1,179,493 - - 19,228,453

Non-Gavi

LMIC - 103,400 2,008,125 - 2,000,000 4,111,525

UMICs 25,153,053 3,340,840 63,300 - - 28,557,463

HIC 486,695 - 2,465,282 - - 2,951,977

Total 27,646,218 194,87,030 5,716,200 - 2,000,000 54,849,448

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f

UN

ICEF

pro

curi

ng*

co

un

trie

s (%

)


6 / 6 (100%) 4 / 4 (100%) 2 / 2 (100%) - - 12 / 12 (100%)

Non-Gavi

LMIC - 0 / 1 (0%) 0 / 1 (0%) - 0 / 1 (0%) 0 / 3 (0%)

UMICs 1 / 6 (17%) 0 / 3 (0%) 0 / 1 (0%) - - 1 / 10 (10%)

HICs 0 / 9 (0%) - 0 / 1 (0%) - - 0 / 10 (0%)

Total 7 / 21 (33%) 4 / 8 (50%) 2 / 6 (33%) - 0 / 1 (0%) 13 / 35 (37%)

nu

mb

er

of

sup

plie

rs


2 2 2 - - 2

Non-Gavi

LMIC - 1 1 - 1 2

UMICs 2 1 1 - - 2

HICs 2 - 2 - - 2

Total (not additive) 2 2 2 - 1 2

mo

st f

req

ue

nt

sup

plie

r (n

um

be

r o

f re

cord

s)


Pfizer (5) GSK / Pfizer (2) GSK / Pfizer (1) Pfizer (8)

Non-Gavi

LMIC - Pfizer (1) Pfizer (1) - GSK (1) Pfizer (2)

UMICs GSK / Pfizer (3) Pfizer (3) GSK (1) - - Pfizer (6)

HICs GSK / Pfizer (6) - GSK / Pfizer (1) - - GSK / Pfizer

(7)

Total (not additive) Pfizer (14) Pfizer (6) GSK / Pfizer

(3) - GSK (1) Pfizer (23)

nu

mb

er

of

pre

sen

tati

on

si

zes


2 2 1 2

Non-Gavi

LMIC - 1 1 - 1 1

UMICs 1 1 1 - - 1

HICs 1 - 1 - - 1


mo

st f

req

ue

nt

pre

sen

tati

on

size

pro

cure

d (

nu

mb

er

of

reco

rds)


1 dose (5) 1 dose / 2 dose

(2) 1 dose (2) 1 dose (9)

Non-Gavi

LMIC - 1 dose (1) 1 dose (1) - 1 dose (1) 1 dose (3)

UMICs 1 dose (6) 1 dose (3) 1 dose (1) - - 1 dose (10)

HICs 1 dose (12) - 1 dose (2) - - 1 dose (14)

Total 1 dose (23) 1 dose (6) 1 dose (6) - 1 dose (1) 1 dose (36)



Table 5. Purchase characteristics for Rota vaccine by income group and WHO region, in 2015 P

urc

has

e

char

acte

rist

ics

Fun

din

g

sup

po

rt

Inco

me

gro

up

EUR

AFR

WP

R

SEA

R

EMR

Glo

bal

Co

un

trie

s p

urc

has

ing


5 3 - - - 8

Non-Gavi

LMIC - 1 - - 1 2

UMICs - 4 1 - - 5

HICs 4 - - - - 4

Total 9 8 1 - 1 19

Do

ses

pu

rch

ased


2,094,000 6,548,340 - - - 8,642,340

Non-Gavi

LMIC - 77400 - - 1,980,000 2,057,400

UMICs - 2,432,590 42,200 - - 2,474,790

HIC 85,470 - - - - 85,470

Total 2,179,470 9,058,330 42,200 - 1,980,000 13,260,000

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f U

NIC

EF

pro

curi

ng*

co

un

trie

s (%

)


5 / 5 (100%) 3 / 3 (100%) - - - 8 / 8 (100%)

Non-Gavi

LMIC - 0 / 1 (0%) - - 0 / 1 (0%) 0 / 2 (0%)

UMICs - 0 / 4 (0%) 0 / 1 (0%)- - 0 / 5 (0%)

HICs 0 / 4 (0%) - - - - 0 / 4 (0%)

Total 5 / 9 (56%) 3 / 8 (38%) 0 / 1 (0%) - 0 / 1 (0%) 8 / 19 (42%)

nu

mb

er

of

sup

plie

rs


1 1 - - - 1

Non-Gavi

LMIC - 1 - - 1 2

UMICs - 1 1 - - 1

HICs 1 - - - - -


mo

st f

req

ue

nt

sup

plie

r (n

um

be

r o

f re

cord

s)


GSK (7) GSK (3) - - - GSK (10)

Non-Gavi

LMIC - GSK (1) - - Merck (1) GSK / Merck

(1)

UMICs - GSK (4) GSK (1) - - GSK (5)

HICs GSK (4) - - - - GSK (4)

Total (not additive) GSK (11) GSK (8) GSK (1) - Merck (1) GSK (20)



Table 6. Purchase characteristics for HPV vaccine by income group and WHO region, in 2015 P

urc

has

e

char

acte

rist

ics

Fun

din

g

sup

po

rt

Inco

me

gro

up

EUR

AFR

WP

R

SEA

R

EMR

Glo

bal

Co

un

trie

s p

urc

has

ing Gavi LMIC(1) - - - 1 - 1

Non-Gavi

LMIC - - 1 - - 1

UMICs 1 3 1 5

HICs 8 - - - - 8

Total 9 3 2 1 - 15

Do

ses

pu

rch

ased

Gavi LMIC(1) - - - 25,020 - 25,020

Non-Gavi

LMIC - - 300,000 - - 300,000

UMICs 20,000 947,401 26,000 - - 993,401

HIC 466,125 - - - - 466,125

Total 486,125 947,401 326,000 25,020 - 1,784,546

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f U

NIC

EF

pro

curi

ng*

co

un

trie

s (%

) Gavi LMIC(1) - - - 1 / 1

(100%) - 1 / 1 (100%)

Non-Gavi

LMIC - - 0 / 1 (0%) - - 0 / 1 (0%)

UMICs 0 / 1 (0%) 0 / 3 (0%) 0 / 1 (0%) - - 0 / 5 (0%)

HICs 0 / 8 (0%) - - - - 0 / 8 (0%)

Total 0 / 9 (0%) 0 / 3 (0%) 0 / 2 (0%) 1 / 1

(100%) - 1 / 15 (7%)

nu

mb

er

of

sup

plie

rs

Gavi LMIC(1) - - - 1 - 1

Non-Gavi

LMIC 1 1

UMICs 1 2 1 2

HICs 2 - - - - 2

Total (not additive) 2 2 2 1 - 2

mo

st f

req

ue

nt

sup

plie

r (n

um

be

r o

f re

cord

s)

Gavi LMIC(1) - - - Merck (1) - Merck (1)

Non-Gavi

LMIC - - Merck (1) - - Merck (1)

UMICs GSK (1) GSK (2) GSK (1) - - GSK (4)

HICs GSK (5) - - - - GSK (5)

Total (not additive) GSK (6) GSK (2) GSK / Merck

(1) Merck (1) - GSK (9)



Table 7. Purchase characteristics for IPV vaccine by income group and WHO region, in 2015 P

urc

has

e

char

acte

rist

i

cs

Fun

din

g

sup

po

rt

Inco

me

gro

up

EUR

AFR

WP

R

SEA

R

EMR

Glo

bal

Co

un

trie

s p

urc

has

ing

Gavi LIC(1)

LMIC(3) - 2 1 1 - 4

Non-Gavi

LMIC - - 1 - 1 2

UMICs 5 2 1 1 - 9

HICs 4 1 2 - - 7

Total 9 5 5 2 1 22

Do

ses

pu

rch

ased

Gavi LIC(1)

LMIC(3) - 1,275,525 206,625 9,100 - 1,491,250

Non-Gavi

LMIC - - 941,176 - 1,080,900 2,022,076

UMICs 3,276,564 84,000 34,995 1,400,000 - 4,795,559

HIC 111,591 1,800 259,899 - - 373,290

Total 3,388,155 1,361,325 1,442,695 1,409,100 1,080,900 8,682,175

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f U

NIC

EF p

rocu

rin

g*

cou

ntr

ies

(%)

Gavi LIC(1)

LMIC(3) - 2 / 2 (100%) 1 / 1 (100% 1 / 1 (100%) - 4 / 4 (100%)

Non-Gavi

LMIC - - 0 / 1 (0%) - 1 / 1 (100%) 1 / 2 (50%)

UMICs 1 / 5 (20%) 0 / 2 (0%) 1 / 1 (100%) 0 / 1 (0%) - 2 / 9 (22%)

HICs 0 / 4 (0%) 1 / 1 (100%) 0 / 2 (0%) - - 1 / 7 (14%)

Total 1 / 9 (11%) 3 / 5 (60%) 2 / 5 (40%) 1 / 2 (50%) 1 / 1 (100%) 8 / 22 (36%)

nu

mb

er

of

sup

plie

rs

Gavi LIC(1)

LMIC(3) - 2 1 1 - 2

Non-Gavi

LMIC - - 1 - 2 2

UMICs 3 2 1 1 - 3

HICs 2 1 1 - - 2


3 3 2 2 2 3

mo

st f

req

ue

nt

sup

plie

r (n

um

be

r o

f re

cord

s)

Gavi LIC(1)

LMIC(3) -

Bilthoven / Sanofi Pasteur

(1) Bilthoven (1) Bilthoven (1) - Bilthoven (3)

Non-Gavi

LMIC - - Sanofi

Pasteur (1) -


(1)

Sanofi Pasteur (2)

UMICs Sanofi

Pasteur (4) GSK / Sanofi Pasteur (1)

Bilthoven (1) Sanofi Pasteur

(1) -

Sanofi Pasteur (6)

HICs Sanofi

Pasteur (4) Sanofi Pasteur

(1) Sanofi

Pasteur (2) - -

Sanofi Pasteur (7)


Sanofi Pasteur (8)

Sanofi Pasteur (3)

Sanofi Pasteur (3)


(1)


(1)

Sanofi Pasteur (16)

nu

mb

er

of

pre

sen

tati

on

siz

es Gavi

LIC(1) LMIC(3)

- 2 1 1 - 3

Non-Gavi

LMIC - - 1 - 2 2

UMICs 3 2 1 1 - 3

HICs 1 1 2 - - 2


3 3 3 2 2 3

mo

st f

req

ue

nt

pre

sen

tati

on

si

ze (

nu

mb

er

of

reco

rds)

Gavi LIC(1)

LMIC(3) -

5 dose / 10 dose (1)

5 dose (1) 1 dose (1) - 5 dose (2)

Non-Gavi

LMIC - - 10 dose (1) - 5 dose / 10 dose

(1) 10 dose (2)

UMICs 1 dose (4) 1 dose / 10 dose

(1) 5 dose (1) 10 dose (1) - 1 dose (5)

HICs 1 dose (5) 1 dose (1) 1 dose / 10

dose (1) - - 1 dose (7)

Total 1 dose

(9)

1 dose / 10 dose

(2)

5 dose / 10 dose

(2)

1 dose / 10 dose

(1)

5 dose / 10 dose

(1) 1 dose(13)



Table 8. Price ranges of DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccines by manufacturer, by presentation size, and by

income level, in 2015

Price characteristics

Funding support

Income level

(freq) $ US

Price range

All manufacturers, presentations,

and income levels

Gavi and Non-Gavi

LIC, LMIC, UMIC,

HIC

(n) (30)

MIN 1.19

MED 2.36

MAX 5.10

All presentation

sizes and income levels

by manufacturer

Gavi and Non-Gavi

LIC, LMIC, UMIC,

HIC

Serum

Institute of India

Crucell/ Janssen

Biological E

LG Shantha

(n) (14) (10) (4) (1) (1)

MIN 1.47 2.35 1.19 2.65 1.50

MED 2.32 2.36 1.75 2.65 1.50

MAX 5.10 3.85 3.10 2.65 1.50

Price range by manufacturer, presentation

size and income level

Gavi and Non-Gavi

LIC, LMIC, UMIC,

HIC

dose 1 10 1 1 10 2 10

(n) (8) (6) (10) (3) (1) (1) (1)

MIN 2.17 1.47 2.35 1.20 1.19 2.65 1.50

MED 2.75 1.55 2.36 2.30 1.19 2.65 1.50

MAX 5.10 2.22 3.85 3.10 1.19 2.65 1.50

Gavi LIC,

LMIC, UMIC

(n) (3) (4) (9) (2) (1) (1) (1)

MIN 2.44 1.47 2.35 1.20 1.19 2.65 1.50

MED 2.70 1.53 2.42 1.75 1.19 2.65 1.50

MAX 2.79 1.66 3.85 2.30 1.19 2.65 1.50

Non-Gavi

LMIC

(n) (2) (1) - - - - -

MIN 2.17 1.55 - - - - -

MED 3.43 1.55 - - - - -

MAX 4.68 1.55 - - - - -

UMIC

(n) (1) (1) (2) (1) - - -

MIN 5.10 2.22 2.35 3.10 - - -

MED 5.10 2.22 2.35 3.10 - - -

MAX 5.10 2.22 2.35 3.10 - - -

HIC

(n) (2) - - - - - -

MIN 2.49 - - - - - -

MED 3.10 - - - - - -

MAX 3.70 - - - - - - Source: V3P Database.14


Table 9. Price ranges of acellular pertussis-containing combination vaccines by manufacturer in

single dose presentation*, by income level, in 2015

Price characteristics

Funding support

Income level

(freq) $ US

Price range

Vaccine combination DTaP-IPV DTaP-Hib-IPV DTaP-HepB-

Hib-IPV

Vaccine manufacturer Sanofi

Pasteur GSK

Sanofi Pasteur

GSK Sanofi

Pasteur GSK

Price range by manufacturer, presentation

size and income level

Gavi and Non-Gavi

LIC, LMIC, UMIC,

HIC

(n) (9) (4) (13) (4) (7) (7)

MIN 6.19 10.36 8.32 11.65 12.26 29.28

MED 14.74 21.01 20.30 19.92 29.11 38.82

MAX 22.40 26.63 34.80 32.16 38.98 49.40

Gavi LIC,

LMIC, UMIC

(n) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0)

MIN - - - - 18.00 -

MED - - - - 18.00 -

MAX - - - - 18.00 -

Non-Gavi

LMIC

(n) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0)

MIN - - - - - -

MED - - - - - -

MAX - - - - - -

UMIC

(n) (3) (0) (5) (0) (3) (1)

MIN 6.19 - 8.32 - 12.26 29.82

MED 11.34 - 12.81 - 18.98 29.82

MAX 13.33 - 22.17 - 38.98 29.82

HIC

(n) (6) (4) (8) (4) (3) (6)

MIN 14.42 10.36 16.64 11.65 29.11 31.78

MED 16.55 21.01 20.56 19.92 30.18 39.95

MAX 22.40 26.63 34.80 32.16 33.38 49.40 * Note: all aP-containing vaccines reported by countries to the V3P database for 2015 were in single-dose presentation.



Table 10. Price ranges of PCV vaccines by manufacturer, by presentation size, and by income level,

in 2015

Price characteristics Funding support

Income level

(freq) $ US

Price range

All manufacturers, presentations, and income

levels

Gavi and Non-Gavi

LIC, LMIC, UMIC,

HIC

(n) (42)

MIN 3.30

MED 16.75

MAX 60.12

All presentation sizes and income levels by

manufacturer

Gavi and Non-Gavi

LIC, LMIC, UMIC,

HIC

GSK Pfizer

(n) (19) (23)

MIN 3.50 3.30

MED 16.00 16.87

MAX 46.11 60.12

Price range by manufacturer, presentation size and income

level

Gavi and Non-Gavi

LIC, LMIC, UMIC,

HIC

dose 1 2 1

(n) (13) (6) (23)

MIN 3.61 3.50 3.30

MED 27.46 3.78 16.87

MAX 46.11 4.26 60.12

Gavi LIC,

LMIC, UMIC

(n) (1) (6) (8)

MIN 3.61 3.50 3.30

MED 3.61 3.78 3.98

MAX 3.61 4.26 7.12

Non-Gavi

LMIC

(n) (1) (0) (2)

MIN 13.23 - 16.63

MED 13.23 - 17.11

MAX 13.23 - 17.58

UMIC

(n) (4) (0) (6)

MIN 14.95 - 14.36

MED 22.00 - 18.27

MAX 37.23 - 32.40

HIC

(n) (7) (0) (7)

MIN 24.11 - 48.22

MED 31.45 - 50.72

MAX 46.11 - 60.12 Source: V3P Database.14


Table 11. Price ranges of Rotavirus vaccines by manufacturer, in single dose presentation, by



Income level

(freq) $ US

Price range

All manufacturers, presentations, and income levels

Gavi and Non-Gavi

LIC, LMIC, UMIC,

HIC

(n) (21)

MIN 2.06

MED 3.70

MAX 61.00

Price range by manufacturer, presentation size and income

level

Gavi and Non-Gavi

LIC, LMIC, UMIC,

HIC

GSK Merck

(n) (20) (1)

MIN 2.06 3.70

MED 4.39 3.70

MAX 61.00 3.70

Gavi LIC,

LMIC, UMIC

(n) (10) (0)

MIN 2.06 -

MED 2.14 -

MAX 2.53 -

Non-Gavi

LMIC

(n) (1) (1)

MIN 8.02 3.70

MED 8.02 3.70

MAX 8.02 3.70

UMIC

(n) (5) (0)

MIN 6.25 -

MED 8.15 -

MAX 11.00 -

HIC

(n) (4) (0)

MIN 16.63 -

MED 19.14 -

MAX 61.00 - Source: V3P Database.14


Table 12. Price ranges of HPV vaccines by manufacturer, in single dose presentation*, and by



Income level

(freq) $ US

Price range

All manufacturers, presentations, and income levels

Gavi and Non-Gavi

LIC, LMIC, UMIC,

HIC

(n) (15)

MIN 6.00

MED 20.21

MAX 55.45

Price range by manufacturer, presentation size and income level

Gavi and Non-Gavi

LIC, LMIC, UMIC,

HIC

GSK* Merck

(n) (9) (6)

MIN 8.28 6.00

MED 22.49 14.31

MAX 36.18 55.45

Gavi LIC,

LMIC, UMIC

(n) (0) (1)

MIN - 6.00

MED - 6.00

MAX - 6.00

Non-Gavi

LMIC

(n) (0) (1)

MIN - 14.83

MED - 14.83

MAX - 14.83

UMIC

(n) (4) (1)

MIN 8.28 13.79

MED 16.84 13.79

MAX 22.49 13.79

HIC

(n) (5) (3)

MIN 20.21 8.98

MED 30.81 39.76

MAX 36.18 55.45 * Note: GSK offers a 2-dose presentation to Gavi-eligible countries.



Table 13. Price ranges of IPV vaccines by manufacturer, by presentation size, and by income level,

in 2015


Income level

(freq) $ US

Price range

All manufacturers, presentations, and income

levels

Gavi and Non-Gavi

LIC, LMIC, UMIC,

HIC

(n) (24)

MIN 0.83

MED 3.43

MAX 42.19

All presentation sizes and income levels by

manufacturer

Gavi and Non-Gavi

LIC, LMIC, UMIC,

HIC

Sanofi

Pasteur GSK Bilthoven

(n) (16) (3) (5)

MIN 0.83 3.16 1.89

MED 4.64 6.02 1.90

MAX 42.19 7.00 2.80

Price range by manufacturer and presentation size

Gavi and Non-Gavi

LIC, LMIC, UMIC,

HIC

dose 1 10 1 1 5

(n) (9) (7) (3) (1) (4)

MIN 3.53 0.83 3.16 2.80 1.89

MED 6.38 2.72 6.02 2.80 1.90

MAX 42.19 7.44 7.00 2.80 1.90

Gavi LIC,

LMIC, UMIC

(n) (0) (1) (0) (1) (2)

MIN - 0.83 - 2.80 1.89

MED - 0.83 - 2.80 1.90

MAX - 0.83 - 2.80 1.90

Non-Gavi

LMIC

(n) (0) (2) (0) (0) (1)

MIN - 1.49 - - 1.90

MED - 1.87 - - 1.90

MAX - 2.24 - - 1.90

UMIC

(n) (3) (3) (2) (0) (1)

MIN 4.44 2.72 3.16 - 1.90

MED 6.38 2.83 5.08 - 1.90

MAX 6.89 3.33 7.00 - 1.90

HIC

(n) (6) (1) (1) (0) (0)

MIN 3.53 7.44 6.02 - -

MED 6.08 7.44 6.02 - -

MAX 42.19 7.44 6.02 - - Source: V3P Database.14


REFERENCES

1 PAHO. Revolving Fund Prices. Available at: http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9561:revolving-fund-prices&Itemid=40714&lang=en

2 World Bank. Country Classifications 2015. 02 July 2015. Available at: http://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-country-classifications

3 Gavi. Countries eligible for support. Available at: http://www.gavi.org/support/sustainability/countries-eligible-for-support/

4 World Bank. Official exchange rate. Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF

5 Gavi. Pentavalent vaccine support. Available at: http://www.gavi.org/support/nvs/pentavalent/

6 UNICEF Supply Division. Vaccine Price data for DTwP-HepB-Hib. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/supply/files/DTP-HepB-Hib.pdf

7 Gavi. Pneumococcal vaccine support. Available at: http://www.gavi.org/support/nvs/pneumococcal/

8 PAHO: Revolving Fund prices. Available at: http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9561:revolving-fund-prices&Itemid=40714&lang=en

9 CDC. Vaccines for Children Program. CDC vaccine price list. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/vfc/awardees/vaccine-management/price-list/

10 Gavi. Rotavirus vaccine support. Available at: http://www.gavi.org/support/nvs/rotavirus/

11 Gavi. Human papillomavirus vaccine support. Available at: http://www.gavi.org/support/nvs/human-papillomavirus/

12 UNICEF. Joint GPEI-GAVI Statement on the Availability and Price of Inactivated Polio Vaccine. 28 February 2014. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/media/media_72738.html

13 Gavi. Inactivated polio vaccine support. Available at: http://www.gavi.org/support/nvs/inactivated-polio-vaccine/

14 WHO. Vaccine Product, Price and Procurement (V3P) Web Platform. Available at: www.who.int/immunization/v3p

http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9561:revolving-fund-prices&Itemid=40714&lang=en


http://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-country-classifications

http://www.gavi.org/support/sustainability/countries-eligible-for-support/

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF

http://www.gavi.org/support/nvs/pentavalent/

https://www.unicef.org/supply/files/DTP-HepB-Hib.pdf

http://www.gavi.org/support/nvs/pneumococcal/



http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/vfc/awardees/vaccine-management/price-list/

http://www.gavi.org/support/nvs/rotavirus/

http://www.gavi.org/support/nvs/human-papillomavirus/

https://www.unicef.org/media/media_72738.html

http://www.gavi.org/support/nvs/inactivated-polio-vaccine/


Documents

VACCINE PRODUCT, PRICE AND PROCUREMENT - who.int · Page 5 of 34 | V3P Price Digest – 2016 edition BACKGROUND At the request of member states, WHO has taken an active role to increase