“ G O D H E L P S T H E M W H O H E L P T H E M S E L V E S . ”

V0U. X . IJ IB IP JI IJO TH gTO W Is g c p e e i i , G jftBIiIBIiB, P?I.» BBC. ]M©„ 9.bssse

PUBLISHED MONTHLY, IN THE INTEREST OF INDIAN EDUCATION AND CIVILIZATION.

The Mechanical W ork Bone by IX B liJ f HOYS.

T e r m s : F ifty C en ts a Y e a r.Five cents a single copy.

Mailed irregularly , Twelve num bers m ak ing a y ea r ’s subscription.

Address all business correspondence to M . B u r g e s s ,

C A R L IS L E , PA.

E ntered as second class m a tte r a t *ho C arlisle Pa.. P o st Office,

“ The Common Schools are the stomachs o f

the country in which a ll people that come

to us are assim ilated w ith in a generation.

W hen a lio n cats an ox, the lion does not be­

come an ox hut the ox becomes lion.”

H E N R Y W A R D BEECH ER

41A FT. PR A T T ’S V IE W S BN T H E IN D IA N QUESTION AFTER

T W E N T Y -FO U R YE AR S ’ E X PER IEN CE.

U A N A H , one ol the principal men of the Comauches, is the son of a white m o ther and a Com anche father.

H is mother belonged to one of the first fam ­ilies of Texas,and lived in the central par t of the State. The Cornanches, in one of the ir raids, captured her w hen she was about fifteen years old. She became the wife of a young Com anche of some im ­portance, had a num ber of children , for­got her m other tongue, and was lost to her people for m any years. F ina lly she was discovered and persuaded to re turn to her ch i ldhood’s home. She spoke only Comanche. H e r habits and dress were en t ire ly those of the Comanche Indians. H er relatives were very k ind, dressed her in the garb of c ivilization and treated her with every m ark of affection. She was not long with them before she showed d iscontent and finally disappeared and alone traversed the hundreds of miles be­tween her re la t ives’ Texan home and the C o in a n ehe Reset v a t i o n .

A m ong the first s tudents b rough t to Carlisle in October, 1870, was a light- complexioned boy,about sixteen years old, to whom we gave the nam e of Stephen. He came in blanket, leggings and mocca­sins. H is hair was long and m atted. H e was as d ir ty and as m uch covered with vermin as any in the party . He spoke no word of English , but could speak the Sioux language with as much fluency as the others. H is teacher found, as he de­veloped,that while he had a good mind he learned English with less readiness and made slower progress than m any of the Indian boys who came with the same party and under like circumstances. W h e n he was presented a t Rosebud A gen­cy as a pupilfo r Carlisle ,inquiry develop­ed tha t his father and m other were w hite people, and while crossing the plains to California the ir party had been attacked by Indians. H is father was killed, and his m other captured. S tephen was born just after this event. H is m other m arried an Ind ian ,by whom she had other chil­dren. W hen these facts became know n word was sent to the camp, and she was asked to come to the agency to see the Carlisle School Agent. She sent back word th a t she was an Ind ian now,and did no t want to come in to the agency, bu t th a t she wanted her white boy to become educated w ith bis own race. W e know scores of such cases.

SAVAGERY IS A HABIT-

Carlos M ontezuma is a full-blooded Apache Ind ian . W hen he was th ir teen years old he was ca ptured by the Pi mas, and brought to th e ir cam ps where he was offered for sale, a horse being the price asked. A trave ll ing photographer, who happened to be in the P im a cam p ta k in g photographs, became in te res ted in the boy and offered $30, the price of a horse, which the Ind ians accepted. H e b rough t the boy E a s t and had h im w ith h im in his gallery in Brooklyn, Boston and C h icago ; ho sent h im to the public schools, and finally, th rough the in terest of a lady of m eans,he entered the Illinois A g ricu l tu r ­al College. He developed special ap t itude for chemistry, and when he graduated a place was found for h im in a d rug store near the Chicago Medical College, where, as a clerk, he supported h im self and earned the means for ca r ry ing h im self th rough a course in th a t college. H e graduated in 1888, and, un d er the advice of friends, pu t out h is sign as a physician in Chicago. W hen General Morgan be­came Commissioner of In d iau Affairs he heard of Dr. Montezuma, and offered h im an appo in tm en t as physician for the I n ­dian School a t Ft. S tevenson , Dak. The Dr. accepted, and, after about a y e a r ’s service there, was promoted to the posi­tion of Agency physic ian a t one of the Agencies in Nevada, where he now is. H e knows no th ing of his native Apache language, nor is there a trace of A pache superstition or habit to be found in h im . H e is civilized in hab i t and thought.

D uring the cam pa ign of 1874 and 1875 against the Cheyennes, K iowas and Co- m anehes in the In d ian Territory, two of our Companies ran into a large Cheyenne camp on the border of the staked pla ins near the head waters of the W ash i ta River. The Ind ians vastly outnum bered the troops,and the troops,by rap id retreat, bare ly escaped being ann ih ila ted . Two soldiers were killed and left on the field. W hen the Com panies reached our main camps, some 35 miles d is tan t from the I n ­dian camp, our whole force was a t once ordered out and moved on the Cheyennes. The Cheyennes had, doubtless, followed the troops and knew of our large com ­mand, so th a t when we reached the ir camps they had tied to the staked plains. W e found the bodies of the two soldiers, and as I had com m and of about eighty In d ian scouts and held the advance of our troops, I was the first to en ter the vacated camps. The two soldiers had been scalped, and near the ce n tre of the camp, on h igh ground, I found a pole about 10 feet h igh, on the top of which was the fresh scalp of one of the soldiers, while the sod around the pole, for a d i s ­tance of tw enty feet or more, was all worn out by the dancing of the Ind ians . I found out afterwards from the In d ia n s th a t the ir women and children had danced all n igh t around th a t scalp. Among these dancers was a lad of ten or eleven years. Som etim e after th a t war, w hen these In d ian s had come in about the ir agency, th is lad was induced to a t ­tend the Agency School. On the opening of Carlisle, in 1879, he was one of the first pupils. H e was brigh t and capable, ad ­vanced rapidly to the h igher departm ents , and in tim e became Sergeant Major of the Cadet organization. After being eight years w ith us he m arr ied one of our girls, a m em ber of the Paw nee tribe. Both he and his wife hav ing established th e m ­selves in the confidence of the white peo­ple, th rough our outing system, he found em ploym ent and went out from us to live in a com m unity near P h ilade lph ia . H e has now been in the employ of a respon­

sible business m an for th ree years. H e has arduous duties to perform which re ­quires h im to get up a t four o’clock in the m orning. H e receives a sa lary which enables h im to support himself and his family. D uring these th ree years nei ther he nor his fam ily has cost the Govern­m en t of the United Sta*es one cent. Both he and his wife are respected m embers of the Church and com m unity where they live. H e pays his taxes and votes. H e desires to rem ain am ong civilized people and follow thp pursuits of civilized life. H e can ta lk of his former savage habits and the habits of his people, bu t he de­spises them and deplores the pauper con­dition into w hich his people have been forced by the system of control and m anagem ent pursued by the United States. I know scores of like cases, Cheyennes, Arapahoes, Cornanches, Kio- was, Sioux and others of the most nom ad­ic tribes.

C I V I L I Z A T I O N IS A H A B I T .

French scientists w ishing to discover what language would appear in a child if i t never heard any language, isolated an in fan t under the care of a mute. The child was no t perm itted to hear a word of any language for eight years. I t was then found th a t it could im ita te with great perfection the songs and calls of birds, of animals, of insects, but could speak no word of any hum an language. W e add th is to the case of Q u an a h ’s mother, of S tephen’s mother, of Dr. M ontezum a,and the young C heyenne,and to hund reds of other like eases within our experience and knowledge, and say th a t

L A N G U A G E IS A H A B I T .

In every ease w ith in our knowledge the form ation or change of hab i t has been brought about by env ironm ent. W e say. then , environ the In d ian s w ith our language and civilized habits, and they will become civilized. Leave th e m in the env ironm en t of the tr ibes and of their savagery, and they will rem ain tribal savages. Of course they will. W h a t is to change them ? There is no “ lmart lan ­guage.” There is ho resistless clog placed upon us by b irth . W e are not born w ith language, nor are we born with ideas of e i ther civilization or savagery. Language, savagery and civilization are forced upon us en t ire ly by our environ­ment, I will not «ay du r ing the growing period only,for in the case of S tephen ’s m o the r ,m a tu r i ty had been reached, and in the case of Q u a n a h ’s m other,Dr. M onte­zum a and the young Cheyenne much more than half the period before m atu r i ty had been passed before they each entered upon new conditions. If, then, we re­lentlessly consign to the ir savagery our In d ia n population, and carefully guard them in the ir reservations, as we are now doing, we shall have material for W ild W est shows which the gaping th rongs of the E a s t m ay laugh a t and the crowned heads of Europe patronize, for centuries to come.

F ive million,two hundred and forty six thousand six hundred and th ir teen for­eigners im m igrated to the United States between 1880 and 1890. The detailed cen­sus report is not yet out and we cannot tell how m a n y tongues were represented in th is vas t throng. W e, ourselves, have seen a t Castle G arden, N. Y., Arabs, Turks , Russians, Norwegians, Swedes. G erm ans, I ta l ians , F rench, Spanish and the representatives of a few o ther na-

( Continued on the Fourth Page.)

B R A V E W O M E N IN T H E F I E L D .

Another Interesting' Fetter From Miss Bay, W h o is Associated w ith Miss Fletcher

in her W o rk o f A llo tt in g 1,antis to the Nez Perces, in Idaho.

I t is not easy to take up one’s th read of discourse after th a t th read has been wound about rugged m ounta ins , snarled through canyons innum erab le , trailed across swollen to rren ts , scraped over sharp basaltic rocks, and twisted in and out of unspeakable gulches.

The th read is very m uch worse for the wear. You will need to have pa­tience w ith it.

I f I rem em ber r igh tly we had ju s t tu m ­bled down S tand ing Gulch in to K am iah , w hen I wrote you last. Briggs says we call it S tand ing G ulch because it s tands on end, bu t Briggs is w rong for once. N o t th a t we d ispu te his premises; the gulch does stand on end with a slight inclination to the horizon a t the top, bu t we call it by the nam e of the man who came out of th a t gulch, one fine day, when the the rm om ete r registered 100 de­grees i n i he shade, and appeared a t our cabin door, w ith a good-sized a l lo tm en t of Nez Perce land upon his broad shou l­ders, and an unconquered spark le in his eye.

How our drooping souls rejoiced at the s igh t of him ! N o th in g so good had ever before come to us ou t of th a t great split in the ea r th .

Since the day we first escaped out of its jaws, it had been prolific of aches and bruises, torn garm en ts and alkali dust excoriations,but here was a live m an ,jus t from Carlisle, suddenly em erged from the grea t cleft into the loveliness of P a r ­adise, bringing w ith h im a bracing whiff’ of the a tm osphere o f civilization. W h e n he took off' ills dust- laden hat, the re was an aureola about his head, and w hen he s tamped off the soil from his boots, they fairly shone in our eyes. We who had forgotten the existence of Day & M artin , we, out of whose life the Raven Gloss had so long disappeared w ith num erous other glosses, once so essential to our comfort, bu t now—as if they never had been.

I will no t stop to relate how the hear t of the cook sank like lead w ith in her, when after the first absorbing delight, she realized th a t th is glorified m an and his friend from Lapvvai were, after all, mortal, and the sta te of our la rder crushed in upon and condensed h e r sp ir its into anxiety . W e were “ out of every th in g ,” and on very shor t com m ons—corn-beef and flour and coffee.

“ I t is perfectly horrib le ,” she said, and her inab il i ty to d is tu rb the serenity of the a l lo tting agen t upon the subject e x ­asperated her.

However, the sublime faith of Her Majesty, th a t life would somehow be supported un ti l a relief expedition should arrive from the outside world, was not subjected to a very severe s tra in upon th is occasion, for the thoughtfu l friend from Lapwai produced a sack from his wagon, and, lo! cabbage and onions and potatoes and, as I live, a veritable H am .

“ Oh,ye gods of O ly m p u s!” Did ye ever ? —W h en your store of am brosia had dried into stones, and your nec ta r had all evap­orated, d id ye ever get a sn iff of f rag ran t h a m as it sizzled on the broiling fork of some cam per in th e w ilderness?

B ut to go back to th e m em orab le n ig h t of our first arr ival , via. S tan d in g G u lc h :

W e have been in rougher places since. Our bones have received ha rd e r knocks.

W e have been hungrier and dustier and more tired.

E xper ience has increased knowledge. W e have learned to bear all th ings be­cause there is an end to all things. W e sm ile now at the p ic ture we m ade then ,s i t ­t ing upon tlie cabin floor, paralyzed in th e m idst of our cam p equipage.

There was an e lem ent of despair in the scene which is en tire ly e l im inated now. I t has evaporated in the repetition of ju s t such experiences.

The energy of the cook no longer s ta r ­tles H e r Majesty. The philosophy of the photographer no longer irri ta tes the cook. The pa t ien t endurance of H e r Majesty no longer subdues toe surveyor, and the p leasantr ies of th e unquenchable B r iggs no longer appear ill-timed.

No m a tte r at w hat unseem ly hour of the n igh t we are dum ped into camp, be it under the moon or the stars or in a d r iv ­ing rain, a cup of hot coffee is expected w ith in the ensu ing ten minutes, and we go hila r iously to our camp-bed of straw, w ith the last joke of the surveyor r inging in our ears.

But th a t n ig h t—The picture of it s tands sharp ly out up ­

on our m ental retina.W h e n the door closed upon the re t i r ing

form of the d r iver and the surveyor, the cook was s it t ing in the m idst of the lug­gage as if she had found the last ditch and could no t be driven from her position, and upon H er M ajes ty ’s countenance was stam ped a veritable Marius-before-Car- thage expression.

The various bags of supplies looked very tired and lop-sided. The flour was depressed as if it had been sat upon, w hich probably was the fact. The sugar had an alderrnanic bulge in the middle, and the th in tapioca-bag leaned sen ti­m en ta l ly up aga inst the broad breast of the rice-sack.

The coffee stood a ler t looking askance a t the coffee-pot, which had rolled across the floor and was h id ing in the shadow of th e camp stove, which im p of darkness overthrow n, lay with its legs appealingly in tl e air, its oven-door burst open, re­vealing inside a very m uch battered and blackened tin pan and two well-smoked tin-cups. A ham propped against the black camp-kettle, had broken ou t of its yellow-washed canvas-cover and gazed leeringly over the fry ing-pan to the h u n ­dred-pound gunny-sack of E ar ly rose po­tatoes, w hich stood erect, the only up­r igh t member of the group.

The cook was perched upon the cam p chest, and the al lo tting agent reclined upon the roll of blankets. The two looked a t each other in silence. There are epochs in life w hen speech is a mockery. The cook said afterwards th a t she could have cried but for her New E n g la n d education, which taugh t her th a t salvation was to be gained only in doing w hat she did not w an t to do.

Fatigue had eclipsed the pangs of h u n ­ger; all these two wanted was a place to lie down and forget their woes. N ig h t was shu tt ing them in and the num bness which preceeds sleep was stealing over th e m as th e y sat among their dem ora l­ized household goods.

A m ysterious scram bling noise close a t h and and a fall of some unknow n body s ta r t led them. The cook sprang to her feet and siezed the butcher-knife . A. sc ra tch ing as it some living th ing was forcing its way up the th in boards of the cab in “ curdled the blood” in the cook’s veins.

She said so the nex t day. Ali she did now' was to open a door and grope her way along a narrow passage leading to the back of the cabin. A troop of mice fled before her, and as she passed out into the wood-shed, a dark object rushed by and disappeared in the gloom.

The s igh t of a pile of nicely-cut pine wood a t her very feet roused the do rm an t energy of the cook and took direction of her t ired faculties. She re tu rned w ith an a rm fu l, k indled a fire in the capacious ch im ney , and a ho t cup of coffee soon re­v ived the drooping spirits so th a t w hen Briggs looked in after caring for his own cam p, speech was once again possible.

A n ig h t ’s repose upon th e hardest of

couches, broken only by the circ ling of bats over our heads, and the occasional repetition of the scra tch ing noise outside; an aw akening at dawn, hastened by the cha tte r of magpies ahd the tap, tapp ing of woodpeckers in the pine boarding, and we were ready for the work of the new day.

W hile the Special A gen t arranged the outer room for an office, the cook ex­plored the pan try , and the photographer w ent in search of a da rk room.

From tim e to t im e the labors of H er Majesty were in te r rup ted byr bulletins from the cook, who was developing a mine of treasures left by the blessed lit tle m issionary, w hen she was driven from her home by the m ach ina tions of a former Agent.

In d ian Agents as a general ru le are not fond of missionaries as close neighbors. There is probably an explana tion of the an tagonism w hich is ap t to grow up.

“ H ere is a real stone j a r , ” called out the cook.

The Allott ing A gent was deep in the ab ­struse calculat ions respecting the q u an ­tity of forage for the nexu q u ar te r . The cook ja r re d upon her nerves with her im ­portunities. She bu rs t in upon her with a shou t of t r iu m p h , bearing a white crockery wash-bowl:

“ B y the m anes of the Great U n w a sh e d ! Look a t t h i s ! ”

“ Yes! Y es!” groans the Special Agent, who is t ry ing now to wash h er hands of some old agency complications, t ry in g to understand how to find h er Ind ian .

She used to phrase it, H ow to catch her Ind ian . She would be only too glad now, if her eyes could behold h im afar off— if she could have occular d em ons tra ­tion th a t there was such a th ing as a Nez P ercy tribe.

She is suspicious, bu t surely the few feeble-minded, m endacious hangers-on a t the Agency—the tales from which are taken the In d ian judge and policemen and advisers-in-general of the G overn­ment, do not constitute the tribe!

There m us t be somewhere, some better stuff. She had always found better s tuff in localities remote from the Agei cy. How shall she unear th th e m ?

Before she has answered her own ques­tion, a subdued shriek from the photogra­pher, who had re tu rned to assist the cook, s tart led her off the t rack of an idea. The energetic pair had disturbed several nests of mice, and one s tu rdy little mite of a beast showed fight in defence of her young. The adm ira tion of the cook for any sort of p luck took the form of protec­tion.

“ W e ca n ’t have you here, bu t I ’ll fix you a nice little home in the shed ,” she said to the mouse.

A nd so she did—rem oving the inch- long babies very tender ly into a cotton- lined box, and feeling quite comfortable in her m ind , af ter it was done. B u t—The best laid schemes of mice and men,

Gang aft agley—A week later, in moving a tall, b roken­

nosed pitcher on the top shelf, the cook discovered the v a l ian t mother-mouse and Imr eight l i t t le ones, ly ing stiff and cold in the bottom. The creature had brought them back, one by one, and dropped them into the p itcher and then followed, h e r ­self.

I t was as easy for a mouse to get out of th a t pitcher, as for an Ind ian to get out of the clu tches of the Agency system.

The cook decently in te rred the family , feeling all the tim e as if she were a m u r ­derer.

“ T h a t ’s w h a t you get ,” ’ said Briggs, “ for t ry in g the In d ian policy on a new species.”

H e r Majesty sighed as she heard the tale. I t rem inded us all of a sadder story, and in the ill-regulated m ind of the cook, to this day, th a t mouse is m ixed up w ith Chief .J oseph.

A nd so the first day in Paradise draws slowly to an end.

W hile the more pronounced m embers of her family are gradua lly settl ing down into quietness, w h ich becomes the tw i­ligh t hour H e r M ajesty opens the outer door and looks out into the dep ths of the clear sky. A fea thery cloud hangs over

the m oun ta in down which we tried to slide—is it but one day since?

She dislodges a couple of magpies from the steps and sits down to watch the coming out of the evening star. The g u r ­gle of the Clearwater is on the air. A m eadow-lark sings her “ good n ig h t” to the lonely h u m a n soul. The wild horses on the trail stop and neigh at her. The bovine herds passing fot the ir evening draugh t stop and gaze inqu ir ing ly a t her. A pair of owls fly over the roof, and lodge in the top of a pine tree, and a shrill lit tle cr icket pipes up at her side.

There is no hum an tone in the n ig h t ’s melody, and with the unsolved problem still in her b ra in ,the Special A gent sighs, when out from under the steps upon which she sits, a pole-cat emerges and waddles like a duck, here and there about Her feet.

H e is ra th e r p re tty to look at. The white str ipe along his back catches the expiring light of day, and his ta il waves like a p lume in its depar t ing rays.

All forms of nature are in sp ir ing to the observant soul. H e r Majesty s ta r ts from her pensive atti tude, and there is n e w ­born energy in her step as she comes into the house and shu ts the door w ith u n ­wonted evolution of force.

Before we re turned , the Special Agent interrogated the driver and in te rp re ter as to the habits of the fauna of the local­ity, and overruled the cook in her peren­nial desire to sleep with the windows wide open. There was no double rose- ieaf in our bed th a t night, and the m orn­ing was the Sabbath day.

I t daw ned upon us sti ller even th a n the night had been, for we heard amid our dreams, ever and anon, the bark of the coyote and the scra tch ing of the unknow n wild beast upon the th in boards of our cabin.

In the weeks th a t followed, th a t wild beast and H er Majesty grew to be fast friends. H e came out of the darkness one night, through our door-way, himself as black as the night, w ith eyes like balls of fire. H e made s tra igh t for the cook, who picked h im up by the neck. If she bad had any m urderous intent, she re­lented when the lit tle imp cuddled up in her arms, and purred gently.

“ H ow very soft its f ir is ,” said she,and handed the beast to H er Majesty, who adopted it for her very own.

They were inseparable. If she went out for a walk, he followed in her wake, sedately, w ith tail erect, or pranced on ahead w ith head up and tail snapping with feline enjoym ent, stopping now and then and looking back to be sure she was near by. If she sat down between the box-stove and the kerosene lamp, he sat down also in the same chair , and w ith the same conten t and the same purr of g ra tP ude for the limited creature com ­forts of the situation. H e grew gentle in her com pany, and his aristocratic tail waved more and more gracefully as the acquaintance ripened into true fellow­ship.

The friendly relation lasted all th a t sum m er until the day of our depar ture from Kam iali . We could not take him with us. We locked h im out of the cabin. W e had often left h im locked up in it. H e came and went a t his own sweet will th rough a window. W e a l­ways found him curled up in H er M a­je s ty ’s cha ir on our re tu rn from o u r various expeditions. W e tried not to th in k how vain ly he would tap a4 th a t window as we tu rned the key in the door, and w alked solem nly out of the lit tle yard . W e never saw h im more. W h en we came back to K am iah six m on ths later we were told th a t a coyote had eaten him. The In d ian who gave in the inform ation smiled as if to be eaten by a coyote was the pleasantes t th in g in the world. P e r ­haps from an In d ian point of view any way of shuffling off th is m orta l coil is p leasan t to th in k of. I should th in k it would be.

W ell! the sun looked in th rough the small windows of our cabin upon us th a t S unday m orn ing as we broke bread over the p ine board table, and the m ercury in the the rm om ete r rose to a degree e x ­ceeding our w ildest im agination . H e r

Majesty walked out to d r ink in the peace of the hour. Briggs had risen a t dawn and gone to the r iver as becomes a well brought up New E n g la n d e r on a Sunday morning.

H ow still it was! One could catch the t ram p of a horse long before the anim al came into view. H e r M ajesty cauyht the sound far up the valley. N eare r and nearer she hears the splashing of the water a t the ford and the rolling over the stones; and up the bank out upon the open trad there rides an In d ian on a dappled pony, then ano ther—a woman with a baby tied to a board upon her back, then two boys on one horse, then a group of women and a half dozen men following. The women clad in brigh t colored shawls and handkerchiefs tied about the head, the men with blankets be­fore them on the horse, some wearing linen coats, some in flannel shirts, all m oving sedately on, mindful of the day, the dogs which followed alone seeming unawed by the 4th C om m andm ent, still they come, in twos and threes, the women riding together, the men apart.

There was subdued excitem ent in our c a m p ; the cook came out to see, and the photographer dusted his camera.

“ W h a t a delicious b i t ,” said he “ tha t woman w ith the three ch i ld ren s trung around her on tha t piebald pony, is .”

The procession passes and the Ind ians d ism ount and tie the horses am ong the low pine trees. The women sit together in groups on the yellow grass near th e door of a lit tle “ church house,” which ha lf h idden by the branches stands ju s t behind on the left of our cabin, and the men gather together and talk quietly.

“ W h a t can they ta lk ab o u t? ”The cook wanted to know w hat Ind ians

could have to talk about. Briggs sug­gested th a t a t the present m om en t they m igh t be ta lk ing about us.

B u t it is a m ystery w hat Ind ians can find to ta lk about, and they ta lk so much and so glibly. No colony of m a g p ie s ; no jud ic ia l gather ing of c row s; no dem ocratic ward m eeting; no congressional caucus could out-talk a com pany of Ind ian wo­men. I have heard them at the spr ing when they went to dip w ater for the ir “am p to the u tte r overthrow of my con­ventional idea of In d ia n tac itu rn ity .

Such m erry laughter and gossip—what indeed can i t all be about?

Suddenly a bell startles the still a tm os­phere. The sound does not fall upon us, it creeps along the ground.

There is a belfrey on the church. The bell is in a box behind the building and an In d ian is s tr ik ing it with a stick. I t answers the purpose. The Ind ians rise and en ter the church—the women first, then the men. The Special Agent crosses the sun -bu rn t field and goes in also, and the re—there at last, clustered on benches on the floor, packed close together she finds her Ind ian .

There is reveren t silence, weary with the troubled lit tle world they know in this life, dull w ith the poverty of it, h a rd ­ly com prehending bu t still finding com ­fort in the promise of a better chance in the life to come.

So it was 1800 years ago—tha t the sh u t in people,the not wise, not mighty , the com­mon people lis tened and bore a death in life with fortitude, looking for a life in death which should open a way to ,they did not know exactly what-—but to som eth ing different, freer, above all else to the pro­tection of some Great Being who cared for them , and would see just ice done a t last.

I t was not easy to look unm oved into those dark faces The p reacher is an I n ­dian, the service in Nez Perce w ith a psalm read in English and a hym n or two.

The cook l is tening outside hears with a s trange lum p in her th roa t the words queerly tw ir led about the Nez Perce tongue “ I need Thee, Oh I need, every hour I need Thee .”

They are wailed out in the reedy notes of the women and the deep tones of the m en and the th in voices of the children .

The song floats across to Briggs who lies under a small p ine tree, and he gets up and strolls over to the Church. H e comes back half an hour later and

tells the cook th a t H er M ajesty ta lked to the Ind ians after the sermon like a “ man and a b ro ther .”

• My land !” sa idhe ,“ I couldn’t heln i t . ”1 lie cook did not ask w ha t it was Brings

coulun t help—she saw it in his eye. Then - tie pu t on h er h a t and went over and looked in a t the Church door.

Away up over the heads of the people she saw at the end of the room a double row of lit tle children s i t t ing on the steps of the pu lp it p la tform as if pinned down t igh t to it.

They were as im m ovable as a row of wax dolls, no wriggling about, no crowd­ing. There they sat looking dem urely s tra igh t before them ,the ir lit tle moccasin- ed feet tu rned in and their small brown hands ly ing together in their laps. I n ­dian children are exem plary , they never quarre l ; perhaps they have inheri ted the hopelessness of fighting.

There is som ething un ca n n y about the s ilent way they look a t you out o! the ir big black eyes. You would feel better if you could see a brisk wrestle and a tumble in earnest, a little hea lthy h a i r ­pulling m atch . The cook says it aggra­vates her; if she could only see one Ind ian child nod in meeting or crowd his neighbor off the end of a bench—*>ut she never will.

Before the Ind ians separated ,the A llo t­t ing A gent asked them to meet her a t the C hurch the following day.

They made no response. I t isn ’t their way, so we wait for M onday to dawn u p ­on us with all its posibilities.

In the m ean tim e H er M ajesty has found her Ind ian . I f she is to catch him at all, it will be here,in the little Church- house, the one spot in all the reservation where he seems to care to be.

O N T H E R E S E R V A T I O N .

My Indian friend took me into her front room, then a shop not overstocked it would seem to us, w ith its bare counters and the scattered wares upon its shelves. We stood together at the open door which looked out upon a plain on the Oneida reservation. A nd as we stood there and talked, she told me th a t this room was to be tu rned into a parlor and th a t she had been th in k in g of fixing up her house and taking some boarders in the sum m er if she could get th e m !—only she did hate cooking. She was a p leasant, b r ig h t­faced woman with two daugh ters at H am p to n and a son a t Carlisle,—and aspirations.

In answer to th is s ta tem en t I nodded and smiled, and said, “ Y es,” I though t it would be very nice, and beamed all over w ith the s ta rt l ing suggestion. W as it possible th a t the ubiquitous sum m er boarder could be made to play any part in the se ttl ing of the Ind ian question ? The idea took my breath away.

My eyes tu rned from point to point of the p leasan t view s tretched out before me. The October air, keen enough in the W is­consin climate, had a lready nipped their vividness from the leaves; bu t the russet browns and the more sombre of the deep reds and here and there trees with their pale gold in full relief still shone with mellow tin ts in the afternoon sunlight. Beyond the plain the land sloped down to the creek, and beyond th is h igh up on the hill stood the new stone chu rch that gathered in its scores, sometimes even its hundreds of worshippers, and opposite this the mission school house a?jd the little build ing th a t the society use as a sewing room and sometimes a gathering place on other occasions.

B ut nearer than all these evidences of civilized life and a t th a t m om ent the only one in view was the especial cause of this suggestion which had ju s t been made. For, a few rods from this fron t door ran the railroad, and between it and the speaker’s house was the li t t le wooden platform which did du ty as a station, capable w ith time an d necessity of leng thening itself indefinitely and tak ing to itself a roof and a wait ing room. F rom th is I glanced again a t the scene before me i~ which na tu re had done som eth ing and was now waiting, and w ait ing in vain, for the h and of mart to smooth away

her roughness and bring out her manifold attractions. Could it be possible th a t th is au thori ta t ive ru le of man over natu re was com ing about in any such strange way as the In d ian woman had suggested in absolute unconsciousness of all the re­qu irem ents of such a situation ? A nd with the question th a t I asked myself T per­ceived how m a n ’s au thori ty over nature is the measure of his civilization, and how his grasp over her t igh tens with the tigh ten ing of his muscles un d er the ir de­velopment by work. Tt is this change from irregular to steady force which is now the I n d ia n ’s im perative need. A n y th in g th a t will bring this is the r igh t th in g ,—is the educator.

B u t sum m er boarders!In the long drives over the reservation

on roads where one now made desperate a t tem pts to reach China by th a t short route th rough the centre of gravitation, and now hung, like M ahom et’s coffin, be­tween H eaven and eart h according to the side of the carriage one was on, in ford­ing the s tream impassable in the spring and au tu m n ra ins and m m id October rush ing and sw irling about horse and buggy with too unpleasan t a suggestion of intimacy, in the run over the foot bridge made of two planks side by side and bound together in the middle, the only bridge across the stream, considered unsafe for children and always treacherous except by daylight, in all these places and m any others, sometimes with keen conscious­ness of all th a t would have to be over­come, and sometimes with perception of all the possibilities and the hopefulness it implied, over and over this I n d ia n ’s bright suggestion came back to me.

I saw the walls th a t would w an t plaster and paper ,—and so did they,—but I saw also th a t quick sense of beauty th a t hung a p ic ture here, I saw the w in ­dows th a t would need to be screened, a necessity they had not yet considered, and already, to my m ind 's eye the front yards lay in the sun ligh t in tha t serene consciousness of well-being which would come to th e m from acquain tance w ith the rake and the lawn-m ower. I knew th a t with the fa in test beginnings of any such a t tem p t as sire ta lked of, perplexities and troubles as if they came out of the verit­able P an d o ra ’s box, would sw arm thick and fast about the pa th of the a t tem pters . B ut was it not these tr ials and troubles th a t in the old tunes tu rned child ren in ­to men and w om en? No hypothesis in the In d ian problem seemed more im ­possible th a n th is one. And yet, through all m y perceptions of the difficulties there ran in my head the old say ing ; “ Nothing happens but the unexpected .” So, I joked m y friend about the grand hotel th a t she was one day going to build, and listened carefully to her practical plans of doing a little at a t im e as she had the means, and of w hat she wanted to have in order be­fore her daughters came home. Still if she had had the faintest idea of the re­q u i r e m e n t s ! 'B u t why should she not begin as so m any of us do and find her courage with her daily bread as she goe* on? A nd then there was the Oneida s tation close a t her doorway with every whistle of the locomotive a promissory note to her ot fu ture prosperity.

The lordly Ind ian who stood by and let his wife do all the work is here an ex ­tinct type. The Ind ian of to-day brings in the wood and m akes the k itchen fire for liis wife as meekly as if he were a Yankee. And when one evening I saw one of them sit t ing with his little hoy asleep in his arm s and heard his wife sa,> to h i m : “ Take the child up stairs and put h im on the bed un t i l I come to see t< h im ,” there came over me a sense of work accomplished, of gain in the am enit ies ol life, of gain in Ohris tain civilization. W ith so m uch yet to be done, th a t thing was being done which was the earnest ol eve ry th ing else, th a t which everything was to follow and m ust follow if we wen to do our work faithfully and share a? w ith brothers the results of our progress.

So m uch is yet to be done. For this life is so un like our own th a t in the heart of the reservation one feels as if in somt way he m ig h t have taken a journey to the moon. To physic ians w an ting to

secure the ir overw rough t patien ts from contact w ith business life, the re is no place so m uch to be recom m ended as an Indian reservation. Here are no politics, ail In d ia n in terest in elections being con­fined to the ir own officers, no art, no literature, no manufactures, no necessity for laws regulating interstate commerce, no fa rm ing as we unders tand farming, in short, there is only one th ing th a to n e m ay be a lways sure of finding here,—leisure.

N oth ing of the W este rn rush has invad­ed the reservation. H ere i« a world where people take life as in old tim es journeym en took jobs over which they d ro n e d : “ By—th e—day,—by—the—d ay .” Vnd why is not the day sufficient for its

good as well as well as for its evil ? W h a t is to-morrow to th e m ? F or they reckon their future as to begin after twenty-five years, and they feel th a t they have time enough to grow up in. They have im pli­cit faith in their future inheri tance ; they have not come into the perception th a t to grasp and to use is the only securi­ty. Should one suggest to them the dan- iter of long abeyance, they would look a t him with an am azem ent in which there would mingle no t one glance of Am erican com prehension of the situation. Yet this is the race capable, as m any a b it te r ex- perience has taugh t us, of sw eepingdow n on its foes like a cyclone and leaving som ething of the same disaster in its track. It is not th a t the Ind ians have no energy in their souls, it is th a t we have not given it fuel. W e have failed to make them perceive th a t under all c i r­cum stances life is a conflict and that plough and loom are as m uch weapons aga inst encroachm ent as the tom ahawk.

W hile teach ing th e m of the life th a t is to come, how shall we give them their •diare of th a t life th a t now is? How shall we Am ericanize them ?

For they have a kindness, a courtesy, a hospitali ty th a t is w orthy of a place in

i our national life. I t would be easy to go I where the style of liv ing is more “ swell,” but, tru ly , it would be difficult to find more real courtesy and more cordial welcome and endeavor to m ake one feel a t hom e than in the homes of the Indians of th e Oneida reservation in Wisconsin.

F r anc es C. Sp a r h a w k .

A tiOOR IN D IA N W H O IS NOT REAR.

Rev. Enm egabbow h, of W hite E a r th Agency, M inn., is the oldest native m i s ­sionary in the service, being above sev­en ty years of age. He is still a man ol grea t power for good, and has for many years exerted a wonderful influence in the elevation of his people, the Chippe- vvas. Mr. Enm egahbow h recently visited our school, and since his re tu rn home, has written a letter so full of appreciation of our work and of deep in terest in tin work in general th a t we take the liberty to p r in t parts of his letter, so original in exp ress ion :

“ M any m orn ings turned my thoughts- to you and toward the great and true I n ­dian Tra in ing School a t Carlisle , and I m ust inform you of the inquisitiveness ot my num erous questioners, both of m> people and the mix bloods—yes, even the whites themselves.

F or years Carlisle Ind ian T ra in ing School was never mention it nor though t of by my own race. To-day or soon after my re turned home, the continual one question has been th u s : W h a t do you say about the Carlisle Ind ian Tra in ing School? W h a t k ind of a school is i t? Or w ha t would you called?

I have invariably answered w ith one voice and with emphasis, thus:

‘K e k in uh wall bunjegan, ke ke no uh m uhgaw in—A model school.’

I said, ‘In all my journey ing here and there, I have visited sim ilar institutions, noth in the States and in Canada, I musl say as far as m y personal observations md judgm en ts Jed me I have never seen md entered one like Carlisle Ind ian School. I ts plan, m anagem ent, and its movements are caused by some one who understands to force the whole work to

move on systematically , the hands , the body, brain and hea r t are a t w ork—yes, all the different faculties.

Does the In d ian have been endowed

w ith the five senses like any of his su­periors, the pale-faces? I t is here at the Carlisle Ind ian School where you can se# w hether an In d ian has any of t hose fu n c ­tions. T ra in ing and education has won­derfully developed these ingred ien ts into the brains of those forty-seven different tr ibes represented.

Do you ask me how I know it? I know it of my own personal sense—seeing by the ir exercises, by the ir works, by the ir conversations and by the ir orderly be­havior. “ By the ir fruits ye shall know th e m .”

Now, M i . W h i te Man, d o n ’t say of the Ind ian , It is all bosh, waste of t im e and money to educate him. These are a se­ries of progressive changes to h igher a t ­ta inm en t ol life from ignorance to letters and from paganism to C hris t ian i ty .

I was so m uch pleased and an im ated w ith joy and g ra ti tude for w h a t this great nation is doing for m y poor unfo r­tuna te race.

1 said to m y chief, You go and stand near where the ch i ld ren are pa rad­ing,and see the ir proud steps like one m an, orderly and w ith precision, and like sol­diers. I t was som eth ing th a t 1 have nev ­er witnessed am ong m y own race, and while gazing in ten tly a t every m ovem ent I, too, caugh t and imbibed the ir proud spirits . I felt p roud of them .

I, too, was ta in ted with a s ligh t taste of soldier life in a very crit ical hour of my life. I know w hat it is to become a sentinel. I know w hat it is to shoulder a musket. I know how to take steps like a. soldier. Yes, yes! I know how to face danger; hence, m y readiness to Catch the soldier spirit, was natural.

There are forty-seven different tribes represented in this school, and I believe our tr ibe is more num erous than any other—shall I say better, hard ie r ,s tu rd ie r sons of the Red M an? I leave this to others to judge. One of the chiefs and one white m an both said, “ O, I wish such a school was in our coun try .”

I too was drilled and tra ined under such inst itu tion a lm ost like Carlisle school, hut lacked being drilled and trained like soldier life, bu t I was trained and equipped for a missionary am ong my own race. The im plem ents of w ar th a t 1 have acquired dur ing m y tra in ing days have been used in the wigwams of my own mce. Since I have thus travelled on the war-path, I am glad to say my w ar­fare has been successful in bring ing m y people to the true worship of Cod. I t was a wonderful un d e r ta k in g to come in the m idst and seat of hea then ism and u n ­dertake the great work when more able scholars have failed—and while the rad i­cal change was moving on, subduing the hea then ism and chang ing the conditions into fa r more blessings for m y race.

To m y Carlisle Ind ian k insm an, we who have been brought to taste w h a t an education is, are to-d vy fully convinced th a t it is the only hope of salvation for our poor race. May your education be a grea t blessing to our several tr ibes is my g rea test desire and p raye r .”

MIW . DORCHESTER.

(From the Springfield Union.)Very seldom if ever has the bead of an

•xecutive depa r tm en t h ad occasion to com m and or even m ention the work of a vo in an, in connection with the operations

under his charge. B u t Secer ta ry Noble takes pains to state, in m ention ing with approval the service of Rev. D r D orches­ter, as superin tenden t of I n d ia n schools, i hat he was accompanied in h is tours of inspection irom reservation to reserva- lion by his wile, and th is was “ a t the earnest resquest of the secreta ry .” I t was believed tha t m any of the peculiar evils that bad m arked the schools, par t icu la r ly am ong the girls, “ would be sooner and more completely seen and com prehend­ed by a m atron th a n by ano ther and th a t methods of correction would.be by her more easily suggested and appl ied .” Hie secretary says th a t there has been no mistake in this , and gives Mrs. D or­chester full credit for the valuable service w ith which she has supplem ented tha t of her husband.

C ontinued from . F irst Page.

tions. They and th e ir ch i ld ren are w ith us to -day ,bu t where are th e y ? Scattered everyw here in the very m ids t of the best en v iro n m en t of our America, th e y have abandoned th e i r languages, have abandoned Arabia , Turkey, I taly , Russia, Spain, etc., w ith al l the ir former habits , and have become Americans. 5,246,613 foreigners m ade A m erican citizens in ten years. 250,000 Ind ians ,w ho were In d ian s ten years ago, are all still p rac tica lly In d ians . W h y ? S im ply be­cause we will no t allow th e m the same en ­v i ro n m e n t of Am erica and our civilization we do the others.Twenty-one foreigners for every In d ian !The foreigners made A m eri­cans and citizens by being invited ,urged, com pelled to th is consum m ation by th e i r surroundings. The Ind ians rem ain I n ­d ians s im ply because they are walled in on reservations and compelled by every force we can apply even to the hedging about w ith guns, pistols and swords, to r em a in Ind ians .

Suppose the 5,246,613 foreigners who have im m igrated to A m erica in the past ten years instead of being d is tributed th roughou t our com m unities had been sen t to reserva tions—each na t ional i ty by itself, we ask if any reasonable person could, for one m om ent, an t ic ipate th a t th e y would have m ade any m a te r ia l progress in becoming Anglicized or Am ericanized.

I t is only w hen we do allow them to congregate in bodies toge ther th a t they give us trouble. Scattered and in con­tac t on all sides w ith our own people they become of us. Massed in co m m u n i­ties by themselves they, more or less, op­pose the princip les and the sp ir i t of our Governm ent. The negroes are about th i r ty t im es as m a n y in the United States as the Ind ians , and yet th e y were savages of a very low state w hen brough t to this country . Now, because of environm ent, they are Eng lish speaking and fellow citi­zens. W i th these facts cons tan t ly before me, I have come to look upon all p lans w hich congregate and isolate the In d ian s from the whites as against the ir best in ­terests.

I t has been and is now m ost u n fo r tu n ­ate t h a t a l l of our C hurch plans from the s ta r t were on the line of fo rm ing In d ian com m unities . They are no t now and never have been on the lines of d is in te­g ra t ing the tr ibes and inv i t ing ind iv iduals to share w ith us the advantages of our d e ­ve lopm ent . C hurch leaders h ave largely led th e Governm ent, and are really , as I believe, m uch m ore a t fault for the present condition of th ings th a n the G overnm ent is.

As early as 1633, M assachusetts passed a law giving the In d ian s the same rights to property and the advantages of social and political association and expression th a t it accorded to its o ther inhab itan ts , bu t E l l io t t and others favored In d ian com m unities . Pa tr ick H e n ry endeavored to get a law in V irg in ia g ran ting special favors to whites and In d ia n s who would in te rm arry , bu t those who th a n k the Lord th a t all men are created of one flesh and blood opposed and defeated it. To­day Churches compete w ith each o ther in m u lt ip ly in g and en larg ing com m unities of I n d ia n converts. The a im is more to encompass the In d ia n w ith the P resby­terian , Episcopal and the Catholic hab i t th a n to get h im into th e A m erican habit. I believe th a t if we should require the P resbyterians, Episcopalians, Catholics an d others to m ake the A m erican habi t suprem e iu all the ir teaching, tra in ing and w ork am ong the Ind ians , and the ir P resbyterian , Episcopalian and Catholic hab i ts secondary, the ir zeal in Ind ian education and civilization would wane rap id ly .

The U n ite d States G overnm en t invites trouble and postpones the consum m ation of its purpose to accom plish the A m er i­can civilization and c i tizenship of its I n ­dian w ards when it places th e m for in ­s truct ion in the hands of those who com­

pel A m erican citizenship and civilization to bow to creed. The a b u n d a n t fruits of such proceedings are to be found every­where in tribes who have som ew hat ad ­vanced in civilization, and who, while d raw ing all the m eans for the ir support from the Government, sti ll look upon it as an enemy. W hile they do not longer band themselves together to defend by force the ir savagery and tr iba l autonom y, th e y do con t inual ly band together to m ake large raids upon the G overnm ent T reasu­ry. In m a n y eases on th is line they meet w ith grea t success, bu t tb e i r suc­cesses only weaken and destroy them, for idleness w ith all its a t te n d a n t d is­sipations, necessarily follows.

I t canno t be disputed th a t the a im of every G overnm ent effort to educate and tra in the Ind ian should be riot only in the direction of re liev ing the G overn­m e n t of the care of the I n d ia n as a pauper, bu t to so fit and equip h im th a t he may become a producer and help support the G overnm ent. I feel assured, from long observation and large responsibili ty in connection w ith the Ind ians , th a t any expenditure of e i ther labor or m oney on t r iba l lines is no t on ly w ork ing against this result , bu t is bu ild ing up a condition which will prolong the tr ibe and reser­vation and call for la rger outlay. I have never known an In d ia n capable of m eet­ing and com peting w ith the whites in civilized business and industries who did no t acquire such ab ili ty in ac tua l associa­tion and competition w ith the whites.

The education of In d ian s in pu re ly I n ­d ian schools will not b r ing the Ind ians into harm ony w ith the o ther people of the United States, bu t is r a th e r calculated to m ake th e m stronger to hold ou t an d con­tend as a separate class. Especia lly is th is the resu lt in schools where the ch i l­d ren of one tribe are brought together. Tribal pride and tr iba l in te res t are s im ­ply rendered more powerful by such a system. I a m convinced, therefore, that it is bad policy, and wrong to those who will come after us and have to bear the burdens of G overnm ent, to expend Gov­ern m e n t money in the es tab l ishm ent of tr ibal schools.

The In d ia n has a capacity in every way to m eet the issues of civilized life a t once. A ll In d ia n you th m ay readily be pre­pared to en ter th e com m on schools of the coun try by two or three years’ course in G overnm ent schools established for the special purpose of b r ing ing th e m to th is condition of fitness; and hav ing once en ­tered public schools th e way is open for th e m to rem a in and go up head. Such schools, and all our h ighe r schools, are now and always have been open to the Ind ian . H a rv a rd and D ar tm ou th Colleges were started in the in terests of Ind ian education.

The door to education has never been closed to the Ind ian . The whole 40,000 or 50,000 In d ia n y ou th m a y now, if th e y will, d is tr ibute them selves am ong the schools of th e country . There need no t be a n ­other special school house bu il t for ex ­clusive In d ian education. W e are wrong in giving so m uch em phasis to schools, and in an t ic ipa ting th a t th e y will so m ater ia l ly prove a cure-all for our sore In d ian problem. Work and self-support will prove far more po ten t solvers.

The negro, forbidden an education by law, worked his w ay into c i tizensh 'p and m a n ly self-support. The In d ian w ith H arv ard , and every school in the country, open to h im , is sti ll an impotent. W e m u s t not hope th a t the t ra in ing in indus­tries of industr ia l schools will achieve the end sought, however good and thorough. The com peti tions of labor, and these, too, w ith the very m en he is to contend indus tr ia l ly w ith, are absolute­ly essential. W e do the In d ia n no k in d ­ness to hold h im away from th is com peti­tion, for it is th a t very experience th a t is to develop him.

Years ago our recru its for the A rm y had to pass from one to two years after en l is tm en t in t ra in ing schools to learn

the ir duties as soldiers. E xperience proved tha t to be unnecessary and now recruits are has tened forward to the ir companies and placed on d u ty at once w ith old soldiers and from th is associa­tion they qu ick ly learn th e ir duties which proves to be a vas tly better ,as well as a m uch less expensive, school. So,too, will the practical and every day lines of labor prove the best school of industrial t ra in in g for the Ind ian . Practice beats

theory always, and the best w ay to resum e is to resume.

I f we can here at Carlisle inside of four years take s ix ty of the m uch de­spised C hir icahua Apache youth as we have done, and by education and t r a in ­ing so fit them for the pursu its of civil­ization as th a t they m ay scatter am ong thrif ty , civilized people, who seek for them as laborers, and invite them into the ir homes and into the ir public school system as they have done, w here all of them support them selves as they have done for two years, and some go fa r ther and m ake considerable saving of money from the fruits of the ir own labor, as they have done, and the youth themselves in the course of the ir t r a in in g and ex ­perience become unan im ously in favor of th is sort of a life and its future as they have done, we say th a t th is is (AND O U GH T TO B E U N IV E R S A L L Y ) the end of the ‘‘pauperized and babyfied I n ­d ia n ” as produced by co m m u n ity systems forced upon h im by those who dem and centuries for the In d ia n to become civil­ized and who are only able to look a t h im as a tribe and never as an individual.

The 850 Santee Sioux who have become Chris t ians and farmers in N ebraska have been b reak ing the hearts of those who nave been th e ir C hris t ian teachers and sponsors foi so m any years, by recently indulg ing in the ir former low practice of dancing. T h a t is sim ply because of the com m unity system and the contigu ity of a bad environm ent. The 800 Ind ians at Carlisle a l though largely m ade up of Apaches, Sioux, Cheyennes, Comanches, and other nom adic tribes have no t only taken no steps in th a t d irection bu t have greatly deplored the dance m ovem ent th roughout, and this, too, is because of env ironm ent but of the reverse sort.

Mr. W a rre n K. Moorhead “ a t the f ron t” at P ine Ridge Agency, in a long i l ­lus tra ted article in the P h ilade lph ia Press of Sunday, J a n u a ry 4th, states, am ong other things, th a t the a rm y of new spaper correspondents up there formed an association and elected Mr. Bailey, correspondent of the Chicago In ter-O cean ,generalissimo of the ir forces, because i t was generally conceded th a t he could m ake the most in teresting articles out of the least material. W i th th is adm itted in te n t to m ake som ething out of nothing, ju s t how m uch of the despatches from P ine Ridge are we to believe?

A t the December m eeting of the New York A cadem y of A nthropology a young In d ian who had been invited to be pres­en t and m ake an address, said th a t “ A l­though the N o r th Am erican I n d ia n is not of course as far advanced in civiliza­tion as the whites, yet I have never heard of any Ind ians a t tr ibu ting the ir origin to an an thropoid ape .”

Solution o f tlie Ind ian Problem .The engagem ent is public ly announced

of Dr. E as tm an , the young Sioux p h y ­sician who g raduated w ith honors from D ar tm ou th and recen tly from Boston Medical College, and Miss E la in e Good- dale the ta lented young M assachusetts poetess, etc. Dr. E as tm an having gained h igh qualities by long association w ith M assachusetts civilization, has wisely concluded to continue perm anently- in th a t env ironm ent. T hat I n d ia n ’s p ro ­blem is solved.

Objection is made because the Ind ian does no t w an t to pay taxes. I f a n y rem edy for th is aversion is discovered, it will com m and a great price in com m uni­ties of white m en .—[ The In d ia n '’s F riend.

A BO UT T H E CATH OR IE P R IE ST ’S O A TH .

W e have received a le t te r post-m arked St. Charles’ S em inary , Cathagena, Ohio, signed A ugust Seifert, tak ing exception to our re-prin t from the H era ld and P res­byter ', of “ A Catholic P r ie s t ’s O ath ,” and sending us the following which it is stated is from the Catholic r itual and is a trans la t ion from the L a t in of the actual oath taken by p r ie s t s :

I N —, Son (Member) of the Diocese of N —promise and swear th a t after I shall be promoted to the sacred Orders I shall enter no religious Order, Society or Congrega­tion of Religious nor m ake profession in any one of them w ithou t special pe rm is­sion from the Apostolic See or the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of F a i th . I, likewise, vow and swear, th a t I will labor in the sacred m in is try for the salvation of souls in th is Diocese (Vic­aria te or th a t Mission for w hich the H oly See, of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of F a i th , m ay be pleased to des tine me) en tire ly u n d e r the direction and jurisdic tion of the R. R. Ordinary of the place. I promise th is too, in case I should, w ith the aforesaid permission from the Apostolic See, en ter a Religious Order, Society, or Congregation of Regu­lars,or m ake profession in any one of them I d o , moreover, declare and swear, th a t I unders tand the aforesaid oath and its obligation, and shall keep it. So help me God and these Holy Gospels of God.

W e willingly p r in t th is , (though we know no th ing of Mr. Seifert) because we do no t wish to be un jus t . A t the same tim e it is r ig h t for us to say th a t we have a le tter from a correspondent in Kansas, (of whom also, we know nothing) assur­ing us of th e correctness of the former oath. There are Jesu it and non-Jesuit Priests, of various orders, an d the re m ay be separate oaths for each order.

T H E IN T E R IO R DEPARTM ENT.

Item s From Secretary Noble’s An im al Report.

I Population of the U nited States, 62,480, 1540; Im m ig ran ts arr ived between 1880 and 1890, 5,246,613; New Y ork state has the largest population, 5,981,934; P e n n ­sy lvania stands n ex t w ith, 5,248,574; N evada is the smallest State num erically , 44,327; W yom ing is the nex t smallest Adth, 60,589; Oklahom a Territory out- n umbers Nevad a or W yom ing w i th ,61,701.

W e have still 586,216,861 acres of u n ­occupied public ldnd outside of A laska and no t counting Ind ian reservations. A laska has 369,529,600 acres and the I n ­dian reservations contain 116,000,000 acres. There are therefore more than a thousand millions of acres of vacant land under G overnm ent control.

Je re m ia h H ubbard , a m issionary who has lived and labored am ong the Ind ians of the N orth E as te rn par t of the Ind ian T err ito ry for m any years,writes as follows in regard to the re turned students from Carlisle and elsewhere who had come u n ­der his observation. H e s a y s :

“ I have often been asked since being E a s t about the conduct of the re tu rned s tudents from E as te rn schools as to the ir going back to the ir old ways, etc. I w ant to say th a t of all those who have r e ­tu rned to the ir homes of whom I have knowledge (upwards of sixty) I only know of one who has so re tu rned to old In d ian ways. The others have come back as ladies and gentlem en and show their t ra in in g after the ir re turn .

I p ray th a t the blessing of the Lord may rest upon all those inst itu tions tha t are t ry ing to lif t up the In d ian instead of c rush ing h im o u t .”

The above s ta tem en t from Mr. H ubbard effectually disposes of the question so far as the locality spoken of is concerned and we are well satisfied th a t w herever s im i­lar home conditions exist, results equally satisfactory will follow.

F o r an in teresting account of the daily doings a t our school,takethe In d ia n H e lp ­er published weekly in the R e d M a n office. I t is about the size of a le t te r and is called “ A weekly le tter from the Car­lisle Ind ian School.” The li t t le paper has a circulat ion of thousands and will be sent to an y address for ten cents a year.

E D I T O R I A L C O M M E N T S F R O M . L E A D I N G P A R E R S .

THE INDIAN A FOOT BALL,(From the Baltim ore American.)

The Ind ians should all be brough t w i th ­in the limits of civilization and given lands in severalty, w ith the im plem ents and stock to work it, and say rations for a year. They ought then to be made to unders tand th a t they m u s t work or starve, just as the rest of the h u m a n race do. This m uch is due to the p luck and en te r ­prise of the people who have opened the grea t W est to se ttlem ent, and it would be m uch the best policy in the end for the I n ­dians, who, under the present indefen­sible system, are the prey of d ishonest agents and the foot-ball of mock d ip ­lomacy.

NO W O N D E R .(From the Toronto Telegram.)

Probably the American Ind ians would not cherish so fe rven t a longing for the ad ­ven t of th e ir Messiah if they were per­m itted to associate with h igher types of mortal m anhood.

No wonder the poor, un tu tored savages look to the heavens for som ething better than the white men the earth has given them. They get a low idea of the qual ity of m en th a t the earth produces, and in the ir own blind w ay reach out after a nob­ler being than the poor whites who have brought civilization and whiskey into the ir midst.

NOT F R I E N D S YET.

(From H a rp e r s ’ W eekly .)There are about th ree hund red th o u ­

sand Ind ians am ong us, e i ther in some stage of civilization or in barbarism, and after a c en tu ry we have not made them friends. T h a t is a fact per contra w h ich we m ust not forget in our celebra­tion of ourselves as foremost in the files of t ime. The In d ian chapter of our h is ­tory is as discreditable to us as the ir I r ish chapter to the Eng lish , and the severity of our reproof of our E ng lish brethren is a l it tle absurd.

D E A L W IT H IN D IA N H A T E R S .(From the Boston Globe.)

Ind ian haters should not be p u t in posi­tion where they have a n y th in g to do w ith the Indians. Generals and other officers of the arm y, who openly announce the ir determ ination to go after the In d ian s if possible and to ex te rm ina te them, should be kept away from the v ic in ity of the res­ervation a t least, if the ir m ouths cannot be sealed. In d ian agents and all other governm ent officials dealing w ith the savages who take the view, as some of th e m have expressed it in the presen t ex ­citem ent, th a t Ind ians m ust go, should he removed from office and no t be per­mitted to hold positions w hich the ir ex ­pressed principles show they will use in every possible way against the interests of the Ind ians . H a lf of the legislation ta lked of since congress reassembled is nonsensical and foolish. The only legisla­tion wanted by the people of the United States as a whole, is th a t w h ich will call not only for investigation of abuses, bu t pun ishm en t of them.

THE HEAL PROBLEM.(From the M anchester, N. H ., Union.)Some time or o ther it is to be hoped th a t

common sense m ethods, divorced from politics, m ay be adopted in dealing w ith the Ind ians, and capable, experienced men be selected to m anage and deal w ith them to the end th a t peace m ay be m a in ­ta ined and the redskins rendered a civ il­ized and in te lligent portion of the com ­m unity . * * I f the governm ent provides th a t he shall not sta rve ,he will no t work ; if it w ithdraw s its assistance, he will starve, because he does not know how to work. H ow to so qualify the am oun t of assistance as to sti ll leave h im an abun­dan t incentive to effort on his own part is the problem w hich now confronts the gov­e rn m e n t and all hum a n ita r ia n s who are interested in his advancem ent ra the r than his ex term ination .

V I E W OF T H E SIT U A TIO N AT F IN E R ID G E IN T H E E A R L Y S TA G ES

OF T H E D IF F IC U L T Y , FROM T H E I N D I A N STA N D PO IN T.

(From the H artfo rd Courant.)I t happens th a t at P ine Ridge S. I).,

w hich is represen ted as the place where hostilities are most im m inen t , there are a t least two “ good In d ia n s ,” well-known in New E ng land , and who have no object in m is represen ting the situation. One of these is the Rev. C. S. Cook, g radua te of T r in i ty College, 1881, and a m issionary of the P ro te s tan t Episcopal church. H e is stationed there w ith his family, and w hen last heard from, long after the alleged dangers th rea tened , was in u tte r igno­rance of his peril, and was about to dine w ith Red Cloud and Am erican H orse, the leading Sioux chiefs. The o ther au th o r­ity is Dr. Charles A. E as tm an , also a Sioux In d ia n , governm ent physic ian a t the P ine Ridge Agency.

Of Dr. E a s tm a n ’s success the Rev. Mr. Cook says in a recent le t te r: “ Everybody is delighted w ith and proud of our new physician, th e Ind ian . H e will be the means of m ak in g popular and respecta­ble the w hite m a n ’s m edicines.” In p r i­vate letters since the ghost dancing began Dr. E a s tm a n has expressed the belief th a t there has been no real danger of any outbreak, th a t the poor, deluded dancing fantastics would wear themselves out if left alone.

I t is com forting to have th e views of such persons from the alleged seat of w ar as an offset to the exaggerations of the special correspondent. The governm ent would greatly advance the p e rm anen t se t t lem en t of the In d ia n question by h u n t in g down and punishing, or at least exposing the au thors of th is costly scare.

WIPE IT OUT.(From the K ansas City Times.)

The only obstacle to the construction of a great f a rm ing and industrial state out of the Ind ian te rr i to ry is the t r iba l a l le­giance w hich keeps even the Cherokees backw ard in development. I t is absurd tha t the U nited States governm ent should be con t inual ly trea ting on d isadvan ta ­geous te rm s with these pet ty sovereign­ties for permission to ex tend decency and orderliness into U nited States te rr i­tory. The In d ian reservations are all parts of the U nited States. They are not and can not be independent foreign ju r is ­dictions. The only logical solution of troubles which have always annoyed the frontier and w hich now jeopardize life and property in populous states is the d is in­tegration of In d ian tribes and nations.

Sioux, C heyenne and Comanche will be harmless the m om ent the strong and r ightfu l h and of a g overnm ent yvhieli as­sumes suprem acy in all emergencies and which ought to be supreme before em er­gencies arise, is laid upon th e ir tr ibal system.

W ipe out the whole system and scatter the Ind ians th rough a white population. The policy of th e governm ent has been to­w ard th a t end for some time, bu t the ad­vance is too slow.

DISCONTINUE THE FOLLY.

(From the St Louis Globe-Democrat.)E a c h tribe is practically a nation to i t­

self. .W e recognize them as such, and deal w ith them by treaties as we do with the greatest of foreign countries. They are allowed to reta in all the ir tr iba l laws, customs and superstitions, the same as if they were still unconquered and able to ca rry on wars for the enforcement of the ir wishes and the vindication of the ir r igh t of sovereignty. W e feed and clothe them like so m a n y paupers and yet flatter the ir van i ty w ith the idea th a t they are a peo­ple with whom we are bound to deal ac­cording to th e methods of diplomacy. They are not required to abandon the ab­sorb theory th a t the ir tr ibal relations signify a separate form of governm eut and impose obligations upon them which are superior to an y others. In short, we assume dom inion over them , and tell th e m at the same t im e th a t they are free

to conduct the ir affairs in an independent fashion.

There is no reason to hope th a t In d ian uprisings will cease so long as th is folly shall be continued.

THE RIGHT VIEW-(From the U tica H erald .)

If the common schools are open to the Ind ians, and their ability to become self- supporting fostered, the re is no reason w hy our frontier states should be jeo­pardized m uch longer.

AS PROMISING AS ANY.(F rom the Chicago Inter-Ocean.)

a good route with plenty to eat makes a tram p a lazy vagabond instead of a c r im ­ina l ,bu t it never gets h im out of the ca ta ­logue of tram ps. Only work will do that. A nd w hile p len ty to ea t and d r ink m ay keep our In d ian s off the war path, it will never civilize them. They will rem ain Ind ians w ith o u t an a im or ambition in life. Ten industria l schools like th a t at Carlisle and the policy pursued by S uper­in tenden t P ra t t m a y in a generation or two convert our I n d ia n tr ibes into one large body of A m erican citizens as p rom ­ising as is the colored race.

T R U E .(From the St. Paul Globe.)

I t would m ake white men devilish and worthless to pen them up and give them noth ing to do bu t eat the rations sent them. I t is a proverb th a t applies to In d ian s as well as whites th a t the Satan ic potentate finds bad work for the idle.

T H E I N D I A N SCARE.(From th e Mobile Register.)

The en terp ris ing correspondents can be depended on to keep the coun try supplied w ith exciting news—even if they have to m anufac tu re it.

N o th ing in the history of th e American people is more discreditable to th e m than the methods employed in dea ling w ith the Ind ians . The story of our In d ia n policy is a record of injustice, falsehood and im ­becility. The practice we now pursue of m a in ta in ing large bodies of these savages in idleness, feeding them at the public cost,treating w ith them as if they were independent, and perm it t ing th e m to re­tain the ir tr ibal organizations, is prob­ably the worst for them, and for us, tha t could be devised by the wit of m an. We believe th a t the time has come for set­tl ing the In d ian question finally and for­ever. There are only 250,000 Ind ians in the c o u n t ry ; a num ber easy to handle. E very savage am ong them should be called in and subjected to the influences of civilization. The whole body should be brough t E as t of the Mississippi, the tribes should be broken up and th e families of each tr ibe d is tribu ted so th a t they could never again come together. Sm all groups should be placed upon arable land, given to ind iv iduals in fee sim ple by the federal government. They should be supplied w ith m achinery , cattle and seeds, and proper instruc tion in the ar ts of civiliza­tion should be given to them , with (he d is t inct unders tand ing th a t th e y m ust ei ther support themselves by the ir own labor w ith in two or three years or starve. U nder such conditions no revolt or ou t­break would be possible, the presence of the surrounding civilization upon them would urge them forward, and w ith in a generation there would not be an Ind ian in the coun try capable of doing harm* There is enough idle land in W est Jersey to accommodate every l iv ing m em ber of the r a c e ; there are m illions of even better acres along the Southern A tlan t ic sea­board. In our own State the re is m uch land now uncul t iva ted th a t would be su it­able for such a purpose, and there is p lenty ol i t in near ly all the old States. This is the way to solve the Ind ian prob­lem. I t will produce good results for us and far better results for the Ind ian , for it will give h im a chance, w hich he does no t now possess, of bMng transfo rm ed from a useless vagabond into a civilized and useful m a n .—[Phila. M anufacturer

W ISCO NSIN 'S “ L IT T L E RED SCHOOL- H O U S E .'’

So m a n y inquir ies have come to us con­cern ing the B e n n e tL a w th a t a l though we kept our readers posted thereon from w eek to week early in the cam paign, it appears th a t an in terest was no t aw aken ­ed un ti l since its defeat. One of our most in te l l igen t readers s a i d ; “ I always sk ip ­ped those editorials , and even w ondered th a t you gave so m uch space to it, un ti l I learned of its defeat. ‘Now tell me all about i t . ’ ”

W e do no t propose to go over the whole question, bu t s im ply to say th a t the law m ere ly requires th a t all pupils should re ­ceive a certain am oun t of in s t ruc tion in the E ng lish language,—only th is and no thing more. I t m ade no a t tack on p r i ­vate or parochial schools, and was in ­spired by no bigotry. I t s au thor, whose nam e it bears, was an Irish R om an C atho­lic, and voters of the sam e race and fa ith are am ong the la w ’s supporters th ro u g h ­out the state . ^The hosti l i ty to th e law was inspired princ ipa lly by hosti l i ty to our A m erican language on the p a r t of the German L u th e ra n s and G erm an and Pol­ish Catholics, supp lem ented by the op­position of the ir m in is te rs an d priests to our whole A m er ic an idea of education.

The on ly question really involved was th is ; “ Shall we teach A m erican ch i l ­dren the A m erican language in A m erican schoo ls?” The verd ic t rendered in W is ­consin was an em phatic “ N o ,” i e., if th e ir pa ren ts w ish them not to know the A m erican language. I t is a tho rough ly h um il ia t ing condition of things, bu t the ie were m any other conditions involved in the election—[Journal o f Education.

F o r t M o j a v e , Arizona.Dec. 7th, 1890.

E d i t o r R e d M a n .K now ing how interested you are in

the up lif ting of the Ind ian every where, I am su re you will like to hea r a lit tle about the new In d ia n school th a t has la te ­ly been started a t F o r t Mojave, Arizona.

This place, which was t ransferred from the W a r D epartm en t to th a t of the I n te ­rior last S p r in g is adm irab ly s ituated for a school, being on the Colorado River, eighteen miles nor th of the Needles, and in the m ids t of a tr ibe of Ind ians , who are quiet, peaceable and willing to work*.

The buildings are excellent , and the greater part of them form a quadrangle enclosing a large play-ground.

The Super in tenden t, Mr. S. M. McCo- wan was appointed early in Ju n e and im ­m ediately set to work getting ev e ry th in g into shape,for the school. This was no easy cask, w ith the the rm om ete r ' ten 120 F., and the few th ings which he had to work with.

There was great delay in getting even the necessary articles transferred , and in ­num erable pe t ty annoyances had to be endured.

The superin tendent visited every camp in the valley, on foot, and, note book in hand , made out a list of all the children of school age.

The older Ind ians a t first were very m uch prejudiced aga inst a school here,as the whites, who should have w arm ly supported it, opposed i t in every conceiv­able way, even going so far as to te ll the In d ian s th a t they “ had better kill two or th ree of the whites here, and then they would have th e soldiers back again, and m ake more m oney .”

By d in t of m any “ ta lk s” the In d ian s came to look favorably on the project,and on the 10th of October, th e school opened with twenty-seven pup ils ; th e n u m b e r soon increasing to fifty-five, w hen no more could b e ta k e n in, because the sup­plies were so slow in coming.

W h e n the governm ent goods arrive, there will be a t least fifty more children only too ready to en ter school.

The pupils in the school are qu ie t and tractable, learn ing very quieklv. They are very fond of s inging a n d " a lready know a num ber of songs.

They can often be seen, d u r in g p lay ­tim e, busily w ri t ing or counting, seem­ing to find it even m ore engrossing than marbles, or the “ c h in n y ” th e y love so well. There seems no reason w hy the Mojave In d ian School should no t emulate the exam ple of her elder sis ter in the East . S incerely,

O n e o f t h e T e a c h e r s .

C A R L I S L E ’S P R I N C I P L E S .

Speech Before the Carlisle B oard o f Trustee*.

The hands of Providence are most wonderful . H e covers a sm all seed in th e g round , unseen by any h u m a n being or beast, bu t after aw hile a sm all p lan t is seen m a k in g its way up from under the ground. W h e n we look down upon tha t p lan t we can hard ly believe and some­tim es scorn* a t the idea th a t some day it would become a p rotection to the living creatures and an o rnam en t to th is beau ti­ful world. B u t God th in k s a grea t deal of it. H e causes the rain to descend, to w ate r it; the sun to shine upon it to w arm it; the storms to beat aga inst it to s treng then it; and in the course of time tha t sam e t in y p lan t grows into a s trong and magnificent tree—the adm ira tion of the world. I t spreads its strong arm s high in the a i r , inv it ing the weary winged birds to come and have a sw eet rest w ith in the folds of its m igh ty arms, the sore-footed traveler to come and have a com forting repose under the shade of its far-reach ing foliage.

W ith those same hands H e has planted m the hear t of our honored supe r in tend ­ent, Capt. P ra tt , the sm all seed of w hat we are now pleased to call Carlisle’s P r in ­ciples. F rom th a t small seed Carlisle was seen m a k in g its way up from under the hard ground. The different languages of the people with whom it worked had to be th row n aside before any progress could be made, the superst it ious na tu re of the people with w hom it dealt had to be quenched before the m ora l question could be touched. U nder these circumstances people stood by and they did no t oniy r id ­icule the idea th a t some day th a t small p lan t or Carlisle school would become a m ig h ty tree, a protection to a people and an o rnam en t to the pi’ogressive e lem en t of the world, bu t they exercised all the ir power to obstruct its g rowth. B u t God never forgets any of H is handiworks. W h i le s to rm s were f requen t the re were calms, gentle showers descended, th e sun shone and Carlisle grew. W h i le we c a n ­not say th a t it has become a m igh ty tree, we can say th a t it has borne the troubles of the weary; a comfort to the sore-footed travelers who can no longer be lorced westward by the ‘‘drive out sys tem .”

Carlisle’s object from the beg inning of its career, has been to civilize, elevate, and dignify the In d ian race. To do this, Carlisle considers first of all, the capacity of the Ind ian . W e are guided by c i rcum ­stances. Our knowledge is in proportion to our opportunities and priviliges. No m an , I care not how bril l ian t or power­ful a brain he m ay have, or how a m ­bitious he m ay be, if h is surroundings and influences are such as no t to promote h im to thq highest moral and in tellectual s tandard , he can never a t ta in th a t heigh t. It would be very un ju s t and foolish to blame h im for not ob ta in ing the th ings th a t are not with in his reach.

I f the Ind ian is to become a loyal and law abiding citizen, he m ust be placed w here he can be am ong such to model after. I t would be very foolish in the people of the U nited States to growl be­cause ce rta in D u tchm en in H olland would no t assume the responsibili t ies of an American citizen. I t would be ju s t as foolish for th e m to growl because the I n ­d ian would not become a citizen, for the United States has treated them as foreign nations. I t has kep t them in reservations, fed and clothed them and by its very actions it encourages the concentra tion and the continuation of savagery, the prolonged ignorance and dependence. So long as these conditions exist in a m an he can never be called civilized, and so long as the G overnm ent encourages and em ploys the reservation system, so long will these conditions rem ain in the I n ­dian, and as soon as the reservation sy s ­te m is banished so soon will the Ind ian go am ong the citizens of the United S ta tes j u s t as a D utchm an lands on the shores of the U nited S tates and goes am o n g its citizens and thereby becomes a p a r t of them . E duca tion and experience are the two principal factors tha t complete

| a m an for the grave responsibilities of j citizenship. E q u a l i ty of r ights is the glory of this na t ion . E q u a l i ty of rights is the princip le th a t unites al l m e n and prom pts them to work for one common in terest. E x te n d the equality of r ights to the In d ia n and the t im e will speedily come w hen be shall be in the procession th a t is cons tan t ly m oving onward and upw ard for the a t ta in m e n t of the h ighest stage of civilization.

H o w a r d G. L o g a n , Class '90.

T H E B N D I I K S A S B T M E I E N E W C H A M P I O N .

The pathetic cham pionsh ip of the I n ­dian by Senator Voorhoes rem inds one of the perform ance of a comedian w hen he a t tem p ts the role, of the tragedian . The condem nation of the t rea tm en t or the In ­dians by the G overnm ent as “ a cr im e re ­volting to m an and to God” would have force if made by a conscientious man and if it were based on facts; bu t it is mere batlios when made by a m an who has been s ilen t ali these years regarding the Ind ian policy, and who is accustomed to c l im ax his s tum p-speech with a proposi­tion to hang m anufac tu re rs like Carne­gie w ithou t judge or ju ry . Mr. Voorhees’ ta lk about dispossessing the In d ian of his home is nonsense. The In d ia n has no home, and he w an ts none in the sense th a t civilized or half-civilized peoples have such. Indeed, m uch of the present difficulty has its origin in the a t tem p t of LIle G overnm en t to persuade him to have a h o m e by a l lo tting h im laud as h iso w n to cultiva te and become self-supporting. Tiie Messiah craze and the ghost dances which are a t the bottom of the p resen t troubles are th e instigations of such lead­ers as Red Cloud and S it t ing Bull, who see in the a l lo tm en t of land to In d ian s in severalty the end of the ir prom inence and power. The coun try heard of these m a n i ­festations of u n res t long before the reports of Jack of food were made. There has a l­ways been difficulty in feeding the In - j dians. There has been, and m ay he now, d isnonesty and incom petency in the agents charged w ith th a t duty . On the o ther h an d , i t should be rem em bered th a t even w hite people, when fed a t the pub­lic expense, are always com plain ing of the insufficiency of the ir food. There was never more com plain t m ade than when th a t b r igh t and peculiar s ta r of reform, Carl Schurz, w ith his own selected re­formers, controlled the Indian Bureau. I t is a g rea t u n d e r ta k in g to issue rations to thousands of In d ian s scattered over a wide te rr i to ry , and to keep an Ind ian , who is a n a tu ra l g lutton, stuffed to stoiiu con ten t w ith m eat and bread. I t has been the policy of the G overnm ent—of Dem o­crats as well as Republicans—to break up the tribal relations aud m ake the Ind ian self-supporting, as far as possible, hut the noble red m an objects. H e will eat bis seed-corn and sell his plow for a W in ­chester. H e has been spoiled w ith the idea th a t a con t inen t was his, aud th a t if others take the lands for cultiva tion they m ust feed h im and allow h im to rem ain a p ic turesque savage. The policy of re­cen t adm in is tra t ions lias been to gradua l­ly reduce the rations and lead the Ind ian to cu ltiva te the soil, and to help h im to do it. In consequence of th is policy, when he is away from the reservation a t tend ­ing ghost dances and w earing war-paint, he m ay not get the G overnm ent rations, and the re m ay be a shortage a t the reser­vations ; but practical people will not be­lieve th a t Ind ians who ca rry W inchester rifles and are well prepared for the w ar­path are suffering general starvation. The a d m in i s t r a t io n will soon ascerta in if the reports th a t the Ind ians are starving are true, and if it is the fault of agents or contractors the evil will be remedied. If it is due to an inadequacy of the appropri­ations or supplies, Congress can see to tha t . I f the policy of a t tem p tin g to civ­ilize the In d ian s by al lo tting them lands in severalty and assisting them in bu ild ­ing houses and in ti l l ing the soil is to be continued, it seems necessary th a t all the leaders like Red Cloud and S it t ing Bull should be isolated—taken aw ay from the

n in e and cared for by themselves. H’i tlie “ root-hog-or-die” policy is to be abandoned, and (be In d ian is to he sup­ported as a national pauper, it is due to tho^e who support him th a t he he taken where it can be done a t th e least expense, where lie will iiave no W inchester and canno t go on the w ar-pa th whenever his allowance of beef is not sufficient to en ­able h im and his dogs to live in a con­s tan t condition of bestial surfeit.—[In ­dianapolis Journal.

C IV IL SERVICE IN T H E IN D IA N BUR EAU .

A P h ilade lph ia paper in an article on the present Ind ian troubles speaks of the urgency of appoin ting the proper sort of tried men to take charge of the different agencies am ong the Indians.

There is hard ly a doubt th a t the present d isquietude am ong the red men would not be existing if the governm ent had any fixed and honorable policy of dealing with them , and if men who understood the I n ­dian character and had shown th e m ­selves to he honest in the ir actions were not retired from the ir positions by every party change in the nat ional adm in is t ra ­tion. The In d ia n a t the least is not easy to manage. But, difficult as the task is under the most favorable circumstances, w hat m ust it he w hen the agencies are given out as par ty spoils to serving heuch- m«n, oftentimes to men who know noth­ing at all about the work which they are called on to perform.

H ere is a field for civil service reform. E very sort of a m an is not qualified to get along peaceably w ith the Ind ians and when the governm ent does ge tagood man lie should be allowed to reta in his posi­tion, irrespective of his pa r ty polities.

The recent reports of the tu rbu lence that is now existing am ong the In d ian s will m ake m any people imagine th a t they are altogether incorrigible. B u t the m isguid­ed and harsh trea tm en t th a t the red man receives a t the hands of unprincipled agents very seldom finds its way into the public prints.

By all m eans part isan change should be avoided in the adm in is tra t ion of the I n ­dian bureau. B oth parties should agree on this po in t and if such appoin tm ents are no longer made toe perquisite of spoilsmen there w ill be surely less trouble with the Ind ians th a n the re lias been heretofore a t periodical intervals. If just ice is done to the Ind ians there will be less need of so m a n y troops.—[Altoona Times.

TREAT THEM AS HUMAN BEINGS-(From tiie D u lu th , M inn. News.)

There is no doubt th a t in the past the Ind ians were not properly treated by the whites, hu t the question now is not have we dea lt fairlv by the Ind ians in the pas t? but how shall we deal w ith them in the fu tu re? There is bu t one answer. Treat them as h u m a n beings; treat them as equals; encourage education and m ora l­ity am ong th em ; give them each and all a fair quota of land ; w ithdraw govern ­m en t support and let them work or starve. W hen it comes to a question of going to work or s ta rving they will go to work and w hen they see th a t education and en l igh t­enm ent would aid them in bread-winning they will become educated and en l igh ten­ed.

PREPR0STER0US!(From the P h ilade lph ia Bullet in .)

It is preposterous th a t the small n u m ­ber of 250,uOO Indians should possess lands equal in area to several grea t States of the Union ; th a t they should stand in the way of white imm igration and th a t tliev should oblige the governm ent to spend millions of money for their support and employ its gal lan t lit tle arm y in the in ­glorious business of stopping tr iba l quar­rels and preventing such idiotic superst i­tions as the so-called Ghost dances. The m anagem ent of the Ind ians is one of the problem s th a t Congress should deal with in earnest.

Our t rea tm en t of the In d ian is a dis­grace to the civilization of the nineteenth cen tu ry .—[Albany Argus.

T H E C O M M I S S I O N E R O F I N D I A N A F F A I R S .

W hat he has to say on the C ivilization ami Eflucatson o f those Under hi*

Charge.F rom General M organ 's A n n u a l R eport.

The Indians, w ith whose welfare and civilization he (the Commissioner) is charged, are widely scattered, ami the te rr ito ry in w hat is known as In d ian res ­ervations em braces no t less th a n 181,000 square miles. The N ava joe Reservation is in e x ten t a lm ost an em pire in itself-— 12,800 square miles. The m eans of com ­m unication between the Bureau and the agents are a t best imperfect, and in some instances very unsatisfactory. I t is im ­possible for the Commissioner to v isi t and inspect all the agencies, he cannot always rely upon official reports, and it is often very difficult even for the agents to have a personal knowledge of the te r ­ritory and the people over whom they are placed.

A great obstacle is found in the strange languages still used by most tr ibes. They com m unicate w ith the ir agents and w ith the Bureau th rough interpreters, who, in some instances, are en t ire ly incom peten t for an in te l l igen t transaction of business. Further, the various tr ibes differ so essen­tia lly among themselves in languages, habits , and customs, as well as in e n v i­ronm ent, as to m ake it very hard to adap t to th e ir vary ing necessities any pol­icy which m ay be adopted.

The entire system of dealing w ith them is vicious, involving, as it does, the in ­sta lling of agents, w ith semi-despotic power over ignorant, superstitious, and helpless subjects; the keeping of th o u ­sands of them on reservations practically as prisoners, isolated from civilized life and dom inated by fear and force; the is­sue of rations and annuities , which in ­evitably tends to breed pauper ism ; the d isbursem ent of m illions of dollars worth of supplies by contract, which invites f raud ; the m ain tenance of a system of licensed trade, w hich s timulates cupidity and extortion, etc.

The small salaries paid to agents and physicians renders it very difficult to pro­cure the services of thoroughly efficient and honest m en who are contented to de­vote their en tire energies to the good of the service w ithou t hope of other reward than the ir meager salaries.

The still all too preva len t public sen ti­ment w hich looks upon In d ian s w ith con­tem p t and regards them as the legitim ate spoil of w hite men, has its influence in lowering tiie grade of th is b ranch of the public service.

The white people who hang on the bor­ders of tiie reservations, those who have allied themselves by marriage w ith the tribes, and even those wno have from time to time been in Government employ, have, in m any cases certainly, presented to the Ind ians a type of character and a practical philosophy of life on a par with, if not inferior to the ir own.

The na tu ra l conservatism of the I n ­dians, which leads them to cling w ith tenacity to their superstitious and in h e r i t ­ed practices, adds to the difficulty of in ­ducing them to abandon the ir own and ac­cept the white m a n ’s ways.

A H O P E F U L O UTLOOK. N otw iths tand ing all these h indrances,

however, there has been for ten or more years real progress in tiie r igh t direction, and the outlook for the future is encour­aging. The following points are especial­ly worthy of consideration and need to be repeated and emphasized un t i l they are fully recognized by both whites and In ­dians :

I t has become the settled policy of tiie G overnm ent to break up reservations, destroy tribal relations, settle Ind ians u p ­on the ir own homesteads, incorporate them into tiie national life, and deal wiili them not as nations or tribes or hands ,but as individual citizens. The A m erican Ind ian is to become the In d ian A m er i­can. H ow far this process has advanced dur ing the past year will be shown under the head of the reduction of reservations and a l lo tm en t of lands.

A public-school system is being rapidly provided, whereby every accessible In -

rdian boy and girl of school age is to be af­forded an opportunity of acquir ing the rud im ents of an E nglish education and the elements of an honorable calling. W h a t progress has been m ade in this d i­rection dur ing the last year is discussed under the general topic of education.

The Ind ians themselves are com ing to understand the present policy of the Gov­e rnm en t and are showing an increasing- readiness and even desire to ad just th e m ­selves to it. During the, past year I have had personal interviews with p rom inen t Chiefs and representative Ind ians from Wisconsin, N orth and South Dakota, Oregon, Arizona,New Mexico,Oklahoma, and Ind ian Territory, and I have been much gratified with their in te lligent ap ­prehension of the situation and w ith the willingness exhibited, as a general thing, to accept lauds in severalty w ith ind iv id ­ual citizenship. A lm ost w ithout excep­tion they have pleaded with me for more and better schools.

Another fact of significance is the growing recognition on the par t of W e s t­ern people th a t the In d ian s of th e ir re ­spective States and Territories are to re­main perm anently and become absorbed into the population as citizens. W hile dem anding the application of the pr inci­ple of “ home ru le ” in the selection of agents and other employes from the State or Territory in w hich the In d ian s are located, I th in k they also recognize the obligations which they thereby assume to recommend only suitable persons for ap ­pointm ent. If the Ind ians of South D a­kota, for instance, are to remain forever w ith in the limits of the State, e i ther as a burden and a m a n a c e ,o r a s an intelligent, self-supporting, co-operative factor in S ta te life, no others except the Ind ians themselves can have so deep an interest in the ir practical sta tus as the people by whom they are surrounded.

There is also a growing popular recog­nition of the fact th a t it is the duty of the Governm ent, and of the several States where they are located, to m ake am ple provision for the secular and industria l education of the rising generation ,leaving the churches free to prosecute with re ­newed vigor the ir legitimate work of es­tablishing and m a in ta in ing religious m is­sions. By this harm onious and yet sep­ara te ac tiv ity of the G overnm ent and the churches all of the Ind ians will eventually he brought into r igh t relations with their w hite neighbors, aud be prepared for the privileges and responsibilities of A m er­ican C hris t ian citizenship.S U M M A R Y OF IM P R O V E M E N T S A T T E M P T E D .

I u addil ion to the ord inary routine work of the office, the point* to which I have given special a t tention dur ing the year have been the following:The Im provem en t o f the Personnel o f the

Service.W herever i t could be done w ithout too

great hardship I have endeavored to re­move those who were immoral, inonmpe- tent, inefficient, or unfaithful. No one has been discharged,on account of politics or religion,and in no single instance except for the im provem ent of the service. I have steadily refused to remove those who were performing the ir duties satisfactori­ly. In m aking appoin tm ents 1 have, so far as it lay in m y power, endeavored to secure persons of good moral character, having special fitness for their work, and where m is takes have been made, I have not been slow to correct them. Allow me, in this connection, to recognize heartily not only the cordial support given to me in th is m a tte r by yourself and the Presi­dent, but also the painstaking efforts you have both put forth in the selection of presidentia l appointees.

The E leva tion o f the Schools,A great deal of th o u g h t has been given

to this subject, and the schools have been visited and inspected with a care and thoroughness h itherto unattem pted . The work accomplished by superin tendent and Mrs. Dorchester will appear in the ir reports on pages—and—. Large and care­ful expenditures have been made in re­pairing and enlarging school-houses and providing them w ith proper equipments, and new ones have been erected where

most u rgen tly dem anded. A new and carefully revised system of rules, inc lud­ing a course of s tudy, has been drawn up and a series of text-hooks ueterm inded upon. A w ork of this kind is beset with m any difficulties and necessarily proceeds slowly, hut when once accomplished is end uring.

The D evelopm ent o f Industries.Great im provem ents ffiive been made a t

the Governm ent schools in this im portan t direction. Com petent instruc tion is given to hoys iti b lacksm ith ing , broom-m aking, carpentering, dairying, farming, fru it culture, harness-m aking, p r in ting , ta i lo r­ing, tinsm ith ing , shoe-making, stock- raising, wagon-making, and wheel-wright- ing; to girls, in all the ord inary duties of housekeeping. The work accomplished am ong the older Ind ians in teaching them the ar ts of agriculture are discussed under the head of I ndian farming.

The Im provem en t o f the S a n ita ry Service.

There is a widely prevalent, bu t very m is taken, notion th a t the Ind ians , ch i l ­dren of nature, are a healthy , rugged peo­ple. N oth ing can be fu r the r from the tru th . They are the sport of disease, are well-nigh helpless in their struggles against the elements, are a lm ost wholly ignorant of the laws of health , are care­less of their persons, are dominated by senseless superstitions, are the v ic tim s of the crudest kinds of quackery , and per­

ish by hundreds dur ing the prevalence of an epidemic.

The common method of issu ing live beeves to the Ind ians is a relic of barbar­ism, cruel and filthy. S tringent orders have been issued for the correction of this great evil and proper facilities for s laugh­tering are now being provided.

Incu lca tion o f P a trio tism .On all G overnm ent schools the A m eri­

can flag has been d isplayed,national holi­days have been du ly celebrated,the pupils are learn ing patriotic songs and recita­tions, and are taught to love the great nation of which they are a part, and to feel th a t the people of the U nited States are the ir friends and not their enemies.

D iscouraging the W ild West Show Business.

I have refused to g ran t any more li­censes for Ind ians to leave the reser­vations or to en ter into any other con­tracts w ith showmen. I have inst i tu ted proceedings aga inst showmen and their bondsmen to compel the fulfi l lment of former contracts , which required them to trea t th e ir employes with h u m a n i ty and justice.

Education.T R A I N I N G SCHOOLS.

U nder the fostering care of the G overn­m en t a series of training schools has grown up off of reservations where, in add i­tion to the ord inary E ng lish education , Indian pupils are tra ined to hab its of industry.

A tten d a n ce , Cost, etc., o f T ra in ing Schools D uring F isca l Year E n d edJune 30, 1890

Name of Schools. Location.

A lbuquerque T ra n ’g.Oarlisle T ra in in g ......C hem aw a Training...Chilocco T ra in in g .....Genoa T ra in in g ........Grand .J unction T r ’g. j^Iaskell in s t i t u t e ......

A lbuquerque,N . M.Carlisle, Pa.. ...........Near Salem,Oregon Chilocco, OklahomaGenoa. N e b r ...........G rand Junct.,Coio. Lawrence, Kans... .

Total .

Rate per annum

Ca­pacity.

Number of em­

ployes

E n ­rol 1 - inen t

Averageattend­

ance.

Cost to Government.

$ 175.0(1 225 28 222 164 27.224. 36167.00 500 64 789 702 100,074. 34175.00 250 33 194 169 30,058. 28175.00 200 27 196 154 27,093. 21175.00 250 23 203 176 31,851. 66175.00 60 9 48 36 9 ,428. 12175.00 450 54 460 416 75,901. 62

.................. 1,935 238 2,112 1,818 301,691.59

F or the fiscal year ending J u n e 30, 1891, Congress has made liberal appropria t ions for these schools w hich will enable the Office to put them on a broad basis and thoroughly equip them for th e ir im p o r t­an t work. W ith the im provem ents now being made they will he able n ex t year to care for not less than th ir ty - th ree hundred students.

In es tim ating the work done several th ings should he carefully borne in m in d : These institutions are not universities,nor colleges, nor academies nor h igh schools. In the nest of them the work done is not above th a t of an ord inary g ram m ar school, while in m ost it is of the prim ary or in te rm edia te grade.

The pupils come to them for the most part ignorant of the E ng lish language, unaccustomed to study, im pa tien t of re­straint, and bringing with them m a n y of the vices and degraded habits of cam p life. F rom the very necessities of th e ease, the length of time which most of them have been kept in school has been very short. The tim e required for ch ild ren in the public schools to complete a course of s tudy em braced in the prim ary, interme- I diate, g ram m ar, and h igh school is from ! fourteen to fifteen years. I t has been heretofore commonly supposed tha t three years was long enough to educate an Ind ian and fit h im to compete w ith his w hite neighbor, who has enjoyed so m uch greater advantages.

The work, em bracing as i t necessarily does, the supplan ting of a foreign la n ­guage by the English , the destruction of barbarous habits by the substitu tion of civilized m anners , the displacement of hea thenish superstitions by the inculca­tion of m oral principles, the aw aken ingo f sluggish m inds to intellectual ac tiv ity by wise m ental t ra in ing and th e jm p a r ta t io n of useful knowledge, has been under taken by these In d ian teachers a lm ost single- handed and alone, unaided by those po­ten t factors outside of school w hich play so large a part in the education of our own children.

I t is a fact not to be forgotten in any discussion of popular education th a t the most im portan t factors in the develop- '

merit of our A m erican civilization have been in the colleges, universities, and professional schools. W ith o u t these there would have been no common schools. If the average of intelligence am ong the I n ­dians is to be b rought up to the level of th a t of the o ther peoples which compose our nation, and they are to be prepared to compete in life’s struggles on an equal basis, provision m ust be made whereby those am ong them who are specially gifted w ith talent, am bition , and energy may procure a h igher education than is offered to them in the reservation and tra in ing schools. A lready a very considerable num ber have shown both the desire and ability to pursue h igher studies. Several are now successfully teaching, or fitting them selves to teach, others are p rac tic ­ing medicine, some are preaching, and still o thers are preparing for the practice of law. The desire for these h igher studies is steadily increasing and only needs a lit tle fostering to he productive of the best results. A common school, industria l education for all, a liberal and profession­al education for the worthy few, with a fair field and free competition, is all tha t is asked for Ind ians as for others.

The outing system which brings Ind ian youth into in t im ate and vital rela tion­sh ip with civilized com m unities is now readily developing and is productive of the most hopeful results. D uring the pas t year Carlisle has accommodated nearly eight hu n d red pupils, more than half of whom have had the inestimable advantage of living and working, for periods va ry ing from a few weeks to sev­eral m onths , w ith P ennsy lvan ia farm ers and others, who have paid them a reason­able compensation. Their work has be in very satisfactory, and the school has been unable to meet the dem and made upon it for help. W h e n the present plans for in ­creasing its capacity are completed, not less th a n a thousand pupils can be cared for at th is one inst itu tion , and so far as I can now see it will he en ire ly feasible to carry perhaps double th is num ber. E very Ind ian boy or girl who secures a place to work at fair wages has become a producer,

and is prac tica lly independen t and self- supporting.

The supe r in tenden t of H aske ll Instit ute writes me th a t he expects to be able, when the present p lans for t h a t school are completed, to care for one thousand s tudents, and to provide hom es for a large num ber of them am ong K an sa s farmers. How far it will be possible to ex tend the outing system in connection w ith these tra in ing schools I am not prepared to say, but the system seems to have g rea t possi­bilities, and its developm ent shall receive my cons tan t and careful a t ten t ion .

These tra in ing schools, rem oved from reservations, offer to the pupils oppor­tun it ies w hich can not by an y possibility be afforded them in the reserva tion schools. The atmosphere about th e m is uplifting, they are surrounded by the object-lessons of c ivilization; they are en tire ly removed from the dreadfu l down- pull of the camp. If the en t ire r is ing generation could he taken a t once aud placed in such inst itu tions, kep t th e re long enough to be well educated , and then, if such as choose to do so were e n ­couraged to seek homes am ong civilized people, there would be no Ind ian prob­lem.

R E T u I t N E D S T U D E N T S .

I t should be especially rem em bered th a t the oldest of these t ra in in g schools, th a t a t Carlisle, Pa., has been inex is tence only eleven years, and last yea r g radua ted its first class. Very few of the g radua tes have re tu rned to the ir homes and none of them have as ye t had an,> oppo r tun i ty to show w hat they can do. The unfairness of some of the crit icisms upon re tu rned students, who are inaccura te ly denom i­nated “ Carlisle g radua tes ,” or “ gradua tes of the Carlisle U n ivers i ty ,” is apparen t . There has been no t im e in which to es t i­mate from practical experience the in­fluence which has been exerted upon these pupils. The tim e has not been too short, however, to show th a t , no tw ith ­s tand ing all the h indrances under w hich the w ork is carried forward, In d ian ch i l ­dren, under equally favorable conditions, are ju s t as susceptible of education as an y other class.

Relatively to the In d ian popula tion , a very small proportion of hoys and gir ls have yet been brought under the influence of these schools. The few who have re ­tu rned home have therefore found th e m ­selves in too m any cases isolated by the ir dress and habits, out of sy m p a th y w ith their surroundings, ostracized by th e ir companions, and too f requently p rac tica l Iv helpless. The remedy for th is is tw o­fold. F irs t , the universal education of the rising generation, so th a t the re will be a common bond of sy m p a th y and m u tua l helpfulness between them. Second, th e encouragem ent of pupils who have f in ish­ed the course of s tudy in the t ra in in g schools to seek for them selves homes and em ploym ent am ong civilized people.

Pupils in these schools should be taught, th a t they m ust depend upon th e m ­selves and not expect to he furnished e m ­ploym ent by the G overnm ent. A m ple opportun it ies are afforded them for ac­quir ing an education, w ith the expec ta ­tion tha t they will p repare them selves to earn the ir own living. T here is no neces­sity of th e ir re tu rn ing to the reservations, except as a m a tte r of choice, for all who are in telligent, industrious, honest, and thoroughly capable can secure honorab le and rem unera tive em p loym en t am o n g civilized people, which they should he encouraged to seek.

Reservation B o a rd in g Schools.C oncern ing these schools it m ay be s a id :

They have been for the m ost p a r t poorly equipped. The build ings in m a n y cases were small, cheap, inconvenien t, often in ­adequately furnished, f requently very deficient in ven t i la t ion , hea t in g and water supply. M any had been grossly neglected and were sadly ou t of repair. D uring the past year an earnest effort h as been made to im prove th e m by repairs , additions, or new build ings, and by sup ­plying water or h ea ting facilities, as need­ed. There still rem ains m uch to be done,however.

I f the work is to be m ade a t all ade-

8

quate to the necessities of the case, there shou ld be a very considerable increase in th e n u m b e r of these schools.

These schools are surrounded by in ­fluences which necessarily h am p er them very seriously in th e ir work. They are far removed from civilization,feel none of the s t im u la t in g effects of an in te lligen t public sen tim ent, and have little helpful super­vision. The parents have ready access to th e m , and often prove troublesome guests by reason of the ir clamors for the re tu rn of the ch i ld ren to th e ir tepees. I t is exceed­ingly difficult to b reak up the use of the tribal tongue and to teach th e m to use the E n g l ish language. N o tw iths tand ing these difficulties, however, they are doing a good work, directly upon th e ir pupi l s and ind irectly upon the older people of the res­ervations, and there uoes out from them a c iviliz ing force whose s trength and v a lue can scarcely be overestimated.

To render them sti l l more efficient they shou ld be increased in num ber , be be t te r equipped, more closely supervised, and subjected to more rigid discipline. The teachers should be selected w ith care, h ave a reasonably secure tenure of office, and have pay equal to th a t received for a s im ila r grade of work in the public schools of th e same S tate or Territory . These schools shoold be feeders for the t ra in in g schools, and deserving, capable pup ils should be regularly and sys tem a ti­cally promoted.

D a y Schools.D u rin g the past year there were m op­

eration at the various agencies 106 day schools w ith an en ro l lm en t of 8,967, and a n average a t tendance of 2,307.

Of these schools I wish to say th a t I found th e m in existence w hen I assumed the duties of the office ;*11 new ones have been established, and 3 of the old ones have been abandoned. Of the whole n u m ­ber 81 are conducted by the G overnm ent and 25 are carried on under contract.

The teachers labor u n d e r very great d is ­advantages. The houses are poor and the fu rn itu re scanty. The accom modations for the teachers are very p r im it ive ; the iso­lation an d depriva tions are h a rd to bear; the influences of the camps are often wholly an tagonis t ic to those of the schools,it is ex trem ely difficult to b reak up the use of the t r iba l language; m any of the ch ild ren are poorly fed, scanti ly clad, u n t id y in the ir habits , an d ir regular in the ir at tendance .

On the o ther hand , it m us t be said th a t a good day-school well adm in is te red is an object lesson of civ ilization in the m ids t of barbarism, for the ch i ld ren ca rry hom e daily some influence w hich tends toward a better life. I t perm its the p a r ­en ts the presence of th e i r ch ild ren , to w hich m any of them a t tach g rea t im por­tance, and to whose prolonged absence they could not be induced to consent, and the re is g radua l ly being produced, no doub t par t ly at least th rough these schools, a public sen tim en t am ong the cam p Ind ians more friendly to education and progress in civilization.

1 believe it is possible to raise the ch a r ­acter of these schools by provid ing better houses and facilties for work,by in troduc­ing some form of e lem en ta ry industry , and by paying more a t ten t ion to su p e r ­vision. The effort to do th is is now be­ing made, which, if it is successful, m ay lead to the es tab l ishm ent of o thers on a better basis.

I N D I A N S I N T H E P U B L I C SCHOOLS.Believing th a t the true purpose of th e

G overnm ent in its dealings with the I n ­dians is to develop them into se lf-support­ing, self-reliant, intelligent, and patriotic citizens, and believing th a t the public schools are the most effective m eans of A m erican iz ing our foreign population, I am desirous of b ringing the In d ian school system into relation with th a t of th e public schools. N ot only so, but wherever possible I am placing Ind ian pupils in the public schools. Very few are thus far en joy ing these advantages, bu t in a le t te r addressed to the supe rin ­tenden ts of public instruc tion in the sev­eral States and Territories where the re are In d ia n s u n d e r th e care of the N ational -Government I have invited th e ir co­opera tion , and have offered to contract

w ith school d istricts for the tu it ion of I n ­dian pupils a t the rate of $10 per quarter.

I th in k th is will prove a very im portan t feature of the w ork in hand , and con­fidently expect w ith in a year to be able to report a g rea t advance in th is d irec­tion. In d ian allottees can be provided w ith educational facilties for the ir ch i l ­dren in no more satisfactory m anner , and the tuition paid by th e G overnm ent aids the school d istric ts to m ain ta in schools in sections of the coun try where lands in severalty have been taken by th e Ind ians.

C O M P U L S O R Y E D U C A T IO N .

My predecessors and m any of the agents and superin tenden ts of 'schools have strongly urged the im portance and n e ­cessity of a law com pelling the attendance of pupils a t the schools. I am in favor of com pell ing every Ind ian child of suitable age and hea lth , for w hom accom m oda­tions are provided, to a t tend school ten m onths out of twelve. A general law, however, could not now be everywhere applied, for the simple reason th a t school accommodations are provided by the Gov­

e rnm en t for less th a n ha lf the ch i ld ren of school age. The question among' m any tribes is no t so m u c h one of filling the schools as it is of finning room for the pupils. W i th few exceptions every res­ervation school is crowded.and hundreds of children who are w illing to go to school are prevented by w an t of proper accommodations.

Som eth ing in the way of compulsory a t tendance m ay be secured th rough the au tho r i ty already vested in the agent under direction from this Office, whereby full and regular a t tendance at school is required upon forfeiture of ra t ions ,annu i­ties, or other favors as the penalty for in ­difference or open opposition. I t does not meet the case of the non-reservation schools, however. U nder the law ch i l­dren can not be taken from the reserva­tion except by permission of their parents, and a l though th e non-reservation schools are genera lly better equipped than those a t the agencies, a t tim es great difficulty is experienced in inducing p u ­pils and paren ts to concent to transfer.

E nrollm ent a n d A verage A ttendance a t In d ia n Schools fo r the

1SS7, 1888, 1889, a n d 1890.

F isca l Years

K in d of school.•

E n ro l led . Average a t tendance .

1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1887. 1888. 1889, 1890.

G overnm ent schools: T ra in ing and boarding 6.847 6,998 6,797 7,236 5,276 5,533 5,212 5,644D a y ................................... 3,115 3,1/o 2,803 2,963 1,896 1,929 1,744 1,780

Total ............................ 9,962 10,173 9,660 10,1991

7,172 7,462 6,956 7,424

C ontract schools: B o a rd in g ........................ 2,763 3,234 4,038

j

4,186 2,258 2,694 8,218 3,384D a y ................................. 1,044 1,293 1,307 1,004 6 0 1 786 662 587

I n d ustr ial hoard i n g, spe­cially appropriated for... 564 512 779 988 486 478 721 837

4,371 5,039 6,124 0,178........ . .. . j,3,348 3,958 4,596 4,808

14,333 15,212 15,784 16,877[

10,520 11,420 11,552 *12,232

♦T he average attendance for 1890 is com puted on th e attendance during the en tire year including sum m er vacations. The average attendance for the nine m onths from October 1 to June 1)0, was 12,402, a gain of 1,021 over the corresponding months of the preceding year.

The total en ro l lm en t d u r in g the y ea r , One grea t h in d ran c e is th e poor hea lth ended J u n e 30, 1890, is 16,377, while the so com mon am ong the I n d ia n ch i ld ren , es t im ated school popula tion (six to s i x - : Disease is very preva len t , and d u r in g the teen years of age),exclusive of the In d ian s ; last year th e ravages of th e grippe were of New Y ork State and the F ive Civilized j very d istressing. T here were thousands Tribes, is 36,000. of cases of i t ,and where it was not neces-

M any reasons have com bined to cause i sary ac tua lly to suspend the schools the th is com para tive ly small at tendance , of num ber of pupils in a t ten d a n ce was w hicli a few m a y be m entioned. Very j very largely decreased. The In d ian s as inadequate provision has been made. In j a whole suffer especially w ith pu lm onarysome cases, as am ong th e Navajoes for instance, where the re is a school popula­tion of 3,600, w ith accom modations for only 150 pupils , or at San Carlos Agency, w here the conditions are s im ilar, I have no doubt th a t the a t tendance could he doubled in one year, sim ply by m aking provision for the ch i ld ren w ho can not go to school because the re is no school for them to go to. In m a n y places the I n ­d ians are im p a t ie n t in the ir dem ands for th e schools w h ich the G overnm ent has

troubles, sore eyes, and diseases of the skin, and it m us t be conceded th a t these conditions offer one of the most serious obstacles to a regular, un iform school a t ­tendance.

A no ther h indrance is, very natura lly , the failure of paren ts and children alike to apprecia te ' the im portance and natu re of education. They can no t see for th e m ­selves, and it is difficult to m ake them unders tand all it m eans for them. Theyeither ignore the school entire ly or ex

failed to supply them , though in some poet it to accomplish wonders in a brief cases they have been promised for years, period. Three years they consider a verycases they have been promised lor year

I n m a n y instances the facilities have not only been inadequate, hut the school- houses have been unattractive and. u n ­hea lthy and the ch ild ren have been neg ­lected or badly treated. Great im prove­m ents have been made dur ing the year, and others are under way w hich will in ­sure for nex t year considerable increase in attendance.

I n some cases the agents have taken lit­tle or no in terest in the schools, or have been so occupied with o ther cures th a t they have done little or no th ing to build them up or m ake them inviting, while in still o thers th e small a t tendance is direct­ly chargeable to th e i r ignorance, neglect, or even secret opposition. W here this lias seemed to he beyond im provem ent or remedy, I have not hesitated to suggest it to you as a sufficient cause for removal.

periodlong t im e in w h ich a boy or girl should no t only fu lly m aste r the Eng lish la n ­guage, bu t acquire all the accum ulated learn ing of the w hite m an. H appily , a great change in th is respect is tak ing place, and there is a growing desire a- mong ch ild ren th a t the education m ay he more complete.

If tiie G overnm ent will provide the m eans to establish and m ain ta in schools in accordance w ith the system laid down in my supplem ental report of last, year it is only a question of t im e—two or three years T th ink will suffice—when all Ind ian youth of school age and of suitable hea lth can be pu t into school.

I n th is connection it is worth while to note the allowance m ade by the Govern­m e n t to other th a n G overnm ent schools for the education of Ind ians.

[m ounts set A p a r t fo r Various Religious Bodies fo r In d ia n Education

fo r E a ch o f the F iscal Years 1886 to 1891. Inclusive .

R om an Catholic.P re sb y te r ia n ........Congregational. . .

1886.

16,121

A laska T ra in ing School . E p iscopa l ............................

M e n n o n i te .............................................Middletown, C a l ........................... .....U n i ta r ia n ..............................................L u the ran , W ittenberg , W is ..........M ethod is t .................... .........................Miss H o w ard .............•..........• •••••.......A ppropria tion for L incoln Inst. .., Appropria tion for H am p to n Inst.

T o ta l ............................................

33,40020,040

228,259

1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891.

$ 194,63537,91026,69610,4104,1751,890

27,8453,3401,5231,350

$221,16936,50026,080

7.500 4,175 3,690

14,4602.500

Dropped

$347,67241,82529,310

Dropped

$356,95747,65028,459

$347,68944,85027,271

..................

18,70023,383

3,125

24,87623,3834,375

29.91024,7434,375

5,4001,350

5,4004,0502,725

5,4007,560{>,940

5,4009,1806,700

275 600 1,00033,40020,040

33,40020,040

33,40020,040

33,40021,040

33,40020,040

363,214 376,264 530,905 562,640 554,558

W H Y T H E IN D IA N S A R E STAR VIN G .

T hat some of the Ind ians are s ta rv ing m ay be a fact, hu t i t is a wholly m is lead­ing fact, and so far as it is t rue it would continue true no m a tte r how m uch m o n ­ey the G overnm ent should spend for the ir relief. The tim e has come, unless we are bent upon ex te rm in a t in g the I n ­dian race th rough a m is taken ph i lan ­thropy , to aply a lit tle common-sense to the situation. The In d ian is essentially, almost irre trievably , a savage. I f he had possessed, even in a very inferior de­gree,the possibility of becoming a civilized man, in spite of all our oppressions on the one hand and foolish charity on the other, he would long ago have become absorbed into the dom inan t race. B u t he has been irreconcilable. H e has not faculty of o r­ganization, which is the test of civ iliza­tion. I t is with the greatest difficulty th a t he can he detached from his racial proclivities and be educated to apprecia te the objects of civilized life. I t is t rue enough th a t we have robbed and slain h im with m uch system and lit tle m ercy, though w hen each part icu la r robbery and each particu lar war are considered m uch can be said to prove th a t they were the lesser of two evils and the necessary consequence of c ircum stances th a t we could not control. The fact rem ains th a t in every generation since M assachusetts and V irg in ia were settled the re has been a wise and genuine effort made to b r ing h im into harm ony w ith the conditions th a t the fates had imposed upon bin), and th a t the net result of it all to-day is full of d is­couragement.

This m u c h has been settled beyond all d ispute—th a t the re is no th ing to be ga in ­ed by supporting h im in idleness. The only progress th a t has been made in his salvation has come th rough education and em ploym ent. The only hope of in ­ducing h im to abandon the tilth and sloth of his tepee and to pursue our ways and to en te r ta in our ambitions is found in the recen t policy of g iv ing h im som eth ing to th in k about besides fetich worship and som ething to do besides warlike en te r ­prise. H e can only he got to abandon these th ings by the force of sheer necessi­ty. To feed and clothe h im and then to leave h im alone on an im m ense reserva­tion is to encourage him in all his savage habits. The country towns near the I n ­dian agencies after an issue of b lankets and ponies are choked w i th bucks ready to*sell for a quarte r w h a t has cost the G overnm ent a dollar w ith no though t of the consequences when the w inter comes. The bottoms for miles along every w ater­course leading from the agencies after an issue of beef and o ther rations are pitted w ith cam ps wherein gorging and w asting is going on un ti l w ith in forty-eight hours not a shred of beef nor a grain of suger is left. Then the In d ian starves. Then he is cold. Then he grumbles, and rascally chiefs indict the G overnm ent in long com plain ts and spread the seeds of w ar am ong the ir young men. Then foolish ph ilanthropists here in the E as t cry out in dism al lamentation .

The G overnm ent will make a fatal m is­take, h u r tfu l to the in te res t of the W est­ern country but ru inous to the Ind ians , if it changes its policy one iota in response to the ignorant criticisms th a t found appro­priate voice iu the speech of Senator Vorohees last week. Now is not the tim e for weakness or irresolution. The peaceable Ind ians should be treated well. They should receive compensation for the outrages to which the hostiles have sub­jected them . Rations and cloth ing should be freely issued in place of those th a t have been stolen. B u t at the earliest practicable m om ent the leaders of this d isturbance should be arrested and p u n ­ished,and the Ind ians generally should be d isarm ed. E very true friend of the I n ­dian reform and Ind ian progress will sustain the G overnm ent in its well-di­rected efforts to check th is disturbance and to keep in the excellent pa th th a t has lately been m arked out for the education and em ploym ent of the ra,ee.—[N. Y. Dailv Tribune.

The In d ian s at Carlisle and H am pton are rising, and the more they rise there, the less uprising the re will he on the p lains.—[ C hristian R egister.