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V. Pinel, A. Hooper, S. de la CruzV. Pinel, A. Hooper, S. de la Cruz--Reyna, Reyna, G. ReyesG. Reyes--Davila, M.P. DoinDavila, M.P. Doin
!"#$%&'(&")*&$*('+,-".'/&(.*0$&'(&"1'&-2".3*&4*5.2-/&!"#$%&'(&")*&$*('+,-".'/&(.*0$&'(&"1'&-2".3*&4*5.2-/&6"+-"'3'02-/'*66"+-"'3'02-/'*6 778'9'2-"*9*"08'9'2-"*9*"0 -/$&&-/$&&:'0.,-:'0.,- ;'02-/'<&;'02-/'<&
=%&".,*&6*+.*6&'(=%&".,*&6*+.*6&'( >/!?@>/!?@ $-"-$-"- . .
In the past:- Plinian eruptions/pyroclastic flows- Large flank sector collapses
Caracteristiques des strato-volcans andesitiquesTwo typical andesitic stratovolcanoes
Since 1998
Since 1994
Caracteristiques des strato-volcans andesitiquesCurrent activity of Popocatepetl and Colima Volcano
Succession of eruptive cycles- Dome construction- Explosions - Lava or Pyroclastic flows
Since 1998
Since 1994
Caracteristiques des strato-volcans andesitiquesCurrent activity of Popocatepetl and Colima Volcano
Succession of eruptive cycles- Dome construction- Explosions - Lava or Pyroclastic flows
Fin 2002
Juin 1997
Since 1998
Caracteristiques des strato-volcans andesitiquesCurrent activity of Popocatepetl and Colima Volcano
Succession of eruptive cycles- Dome construction- Explosions - Lava or Pyroclastic flows
March 2005
July 2001
Since 1998
Since 1994
Caracteristiques des strato-volcans andesitiquesCurrent activity of Popocatepetl and Colima Volcano
Succession of eruptive cycles- Dome construction- Explosions - Lava or Pyroclastic flows
Lava flowOctober 2004
Pyroclastic flow of January 2001
ENVISAT data (ESA Cat 1 project N° 3312): (11/2002! 02/2007)
!T
B"
Descending Track 255
Ascending Track 148!T
B"
Small activitySmall deformation reversible (EDM)
TLAMACAS-CANARIO
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.3
0.31
20-Nov-00
20-Mar-01
18-Jul-01
15-Nov-01
15-Mar-02
13-Jul-02
10-Nov-02
10-Mar-03
8-Jul-03
5-Nov-03
4-Mar-04
2-Jul-04
30-Oct-04
27-Feb-05
27-Jun-05
25-Oct-05
22-Feb-06
22-Jun-06
20-Oct-06
17-Feb-07
17-Jun-07
fecha
2882
+
Descending Tracks 255 and 384
Ascending track 48
B"
103W
!T
B"
!T
B"
!T
B"
Effusive activity : sept!nov. 2004
Explosions : march!sept. 2005
ENVISAT data (ESA Cat 1 project N° 3312): (12/2002! 08/2006)
35
595
385
350
175
70
805
735
59 80 185 216 89 435 409 388 526 450 760
Perpendicular Baseline (B", m)
Tem
pora
l bas
elin
e (!
T, d
ays)
MMeethod usedthod used to to improveimprove signal/noise ratio : signal/noise ratio :
!Interferograms obtained with DORIS.
!Persistent Scatterers : (Hooper et al, 2007)
Optimised for non urban areas.No assumption on the deformation temporal behaviour.
35500
MMeethod usedthod used to to improveimprove signal/noise ratio : signal/noise ratio :
!Interferograms obtained with DORIS.
!Persistent Scatterers : (Hooper et al, 2007)
Optimised for non urban areas.No assumption on the deformation temporal behaviour.
!Small Baseline Method: 24500
35500
MMeethod usedthod used to to improveimprove signal/noise ratio : signal/noise ratio :
!Interferograms obtained with DORIS.
!Persistent Scatterers : (Hooper et al, 2007)
Optimised for non urban areas.No assumption on the deformation temporal behaviour.
!Small Baseline Method: (Using a subset)
35500
41000
MMeethod usedthod used to to improveimprove signal/noise ratio : signal/noise ratio :
!Interferograms obtained with DORIS.
!Persistent Scatterers : (Hooper et al, 2007)
Optimised for non urban areas.No assumption on the deformation temporal behaviour.
!Small Baseline Method: (Using a subset)
! Combination of both pixel data sets. 54950
35500
41000
MMeethod usedthod used to to improveimprove signal/noise ratio : signal/noise ratio :
!Interferograms obtained with DORIS.
!Persistent Scatterers : (Hooper et al, 2007)
Optimised for non urban areas.No assumption on the deformation temporal behaviour.
!Small Baseline Method: (Using a subset)
! Combination of both pixel data sets
! “Spatio-temporal” unwrapping (“3D”)
54950
35500
41000
Phase/elevation correlation.DEM-SRTM
Strong troposphericStrong tropospheric artefacts :artefacts :Colima Volcano.
16/04/2004- 05/05/2005B"=5m
MethodsMethods to correct to correct thisthis effecteffect::
- Temporal filtering.- Continuous GPS data.- Meteorological inputs.- Correlation phase/elevation.
North American Regional Reanalysis North American Regional Reanalysis data data
#tropo = cte * ƒ(k1 (P/T)+ k2 (e/T) + k3 ( e/T2) + k4Wclouds + k5 ne/f2 + nrain ) dz
$#tropo/ $z = (cte/cos(%)) * (k1 (P/T)+ k2 (e/T) + k3 ( e/T2) )
Dry delay Wet delay
P: Total PressureT: Temperaturee : Partial pressure H2O
(k2<<k3)
Total delay !
Wet1st order (k3)
Mean total delay (rad/km)
Dry (k1)
Wet 2nd order (k2)
Ex: Colima Volcano
North American Regional Reanalysis North American Regional Reanalysis data data
Tota
l del
ay !
(rad/
km)
Maximum delay 10 rad/km! 4 fringes
Track 384
Track 155
North American Regional Reanalysis North American Regional Reanalysis data data
Ex: Colima Volcano
Ex. Colima Volcano
NARR.Estimation on wrapped phase..
Del
ay (r
ad/m
)
Interferogram number
ComparisonComparison NARR / NARR / correlationcorrelation phasephase--elevationelevation..
Ex. Colima Volcano
NARR.Estimation on wrapped phase.Estimation on unwrapped phase.Estimation on unwrapped phase using NARR.
Del
ay (r
ad/m
)
Interferogram number
ComparisonComparison NARR / NARR / correlationcorrelation phasephase--elevationelevation..
MMeethod appliedthod applied : :
- NARR data are used to help “unwrapping” (removed before and add back after).
- 3D Unwrapping
- Estimation of tropospheric delays by phase/elevation correlation
(+ spatially correlated DEM error).
- Correction of the unwrapped phase.
*2
Colima Colima volcanovolcano
Mean displacement rate in LOS (mm/y)
19.8
19.6
-103.8
19.4
19.2-103.4-103.6 -103.2
-12.1 44.9
Descending track 384
-103.8 -103.4-103.6 -103.2
Ascending track 48
-4.9 37.2
Colima Colima volcanovolcano-- SummitSummit subsidencesubsidence
Mean displacement rate in LOS (mm/y)
19.8
19.6
-103.8
19.4
19.2-103.4-103.6 -103.2
-12.1 44.9
Descending track 384
-103.8 -103.4-103.6 -103.2
Ascending track 48
-4.9 37.2
Tamazula fault
Guzman
Summit
19.6
19.5
-103.619.4
-103.5
-12.1 44.9 -10.2 33.7 -5 37.2
-103.6 -103.5 -103.6 -103.5
Colima Colima volcanovolcano-- SummitSummit subsidencesubsidence
Mean displacement rate in LOS (mm/y)
Descending track 384 Ascending track 48Descending track 155
1.63 cm/y
0.07 cm/y
2.81 cm/y
1.68 cm/y
-0.27 cm/y
Colima Colima volcanovolcano-- SummitSummit subsidencesubsidence
Descending track 384
14 µrad11 µrad
9 µrad
Distance from crater center (m)Dis
plac
emen
etra
te (c
m/y
)Colima Colima volcanovolcano-- SummitSummit subsidencesubsidence
Distance from crater center (m)Distance from crater center (m)
Dis
plac
emen
etra
te (c
m/y
)
Dis
plac
emen
etra
te (c
m/y
)
Descending track 384
- Load and compaction of eruptive products.
- Dome load.
- Withdrawal of a magma storage zone.
Explanation …
Maximum of Maximum of displacement isdisplacement is observedobserved aroundaroundthethe 1998 lava 1998 lava flowflow..
(Navarro-Ochoa et al., JVGR, 2002)39*106 m3 (!2.8 km from the crater center, 20 m thick)
DomeDome loadload ? ?
R=130m
=40m
&=2500 kg/m3
E=0.87GPaRMS=5.9mm
Elastic model :
Residual velocity -18.5 44.2
19.6
19.5
-103.619.4
-103.5
-12.1 44.9Data
Mean displacement rate in LOS (mm/y)
Descending track 384
1.68 cm/y
03/2003 09/2004 01/2005
Subsidence
Subsidence
2 domes of 2*106m3
removed in 3 years
DomeDome loadload ? ?
Time (since 1st Jan. 2003)
Disp
lace
men
t in
L OS
(cm
)
LoadLoad of of thethe redistributedredistributed domesdomes? ?
R=1 km
=0.4m
&=2500 kg/m3
Elastic model:
E=3GPaRMS=8.6 mm
V=1.3 million m3/y
19.6
19.5
-103.619.4
-103.5
-12.4 44.8
19.6
19.5
-103.619.4
-103.5
-12.1 44.9Data
Descending track 384
Residual velocity
Mean displacement rate in LOS (mm/y)
Withdrawal superficialWithdrawal superficial magma magma reservoirreservoir??
!V=-1.3*106m3/y, H=4700mRMS=5.35mm
H
19.6
19.5
-103.619.4
-103.5
-12.1 44.9 -13.2 44.8
19.6
19.5
-103.619.4
-103.5
Elastic model (Mogi):
Residual velocity
Mean displacement rate in LOS (mm/y)
Data
Descending track 384
Chamber withdrawal Chamber withdrawal + + load load of of redistributed domesredistributed domes?
!V=-0.9*106m3/yRMS=5.26mm
1km
250m
Elastic model :
19.6
19.5
-103.619.4
-103.5
-12.1 44.9 -12.6 44.9
-103.6 -103.5
Residual velocity
Mean displacement rate in LOS (mm/y)
Data
Descending track 384
After After correction (correction (ddoome redistribume redistributedted domesdomesloadload + + chamberchamber deflationdeflation))
Disp
lace
men
t rat
e (c
m/y
)
Distance from the crater center (m)
Overcorrected
-0.07cm/y
-0.39cm/y
0.93 cm/y
Descending track 384D
ispla
cem
ent r
ate
(cm
/y)
Distance from the crater center (m)
Disp
lace
men
t rat
e (c
m/y
)
Distance from the crater center (m)
PopocatepetlPopocatepetl –– No No significant deformation significant deformation
19.2
18.9
19
19.1
-98.8 -98.7 -98.6 -98.5
-8 7.9
-98.8 -98.7 -98.6 -98.5
-10.4 11.2
Mean displacement rate in LOS (mm/y)
Descending track 255 Ascending track 148
-98.8 -98.7 -98.6 -98.5
Descending track 255
1 cm/y
0.47 cm/y
Time (since 1st Jan. 2003)
Disp
lace
men
t in
L OS
(cm
)
-10.4 11.2
Small Small and localised displacementand localised displacement on on the the SW SW flank flank ? ?
2 cm of displacement measured by EDMin 1999.
PPX - PPX5
0.0000
0.0500
0.1000
0.1500
0.2000
0.2500
27/11/95
6/03/96
14/06/96
22/09/96
31/12/96
10/04/97
19/07/97
27/10/97
4/02/98
15/05/98
23/08/98
1/12/98
11/03/99
19/06/99
27/09/99
5/01/00
14/04/00
23/07/00
31/10/00
8/02/01
19/05/01
27/08/01
fecha
2420
+
PPX - PPX6
0.5400
0.5500
0.5600
0.5700
0.5800
0.5900
0.6000
0.6100
0.6200
0.6300
27/11/95
6/03/96
14/06/96
22/09/96
31/12/96
10/04/97
19/07/97
27/10/97
4/02/98
15/05/98
23/08/98
1/12/98
11/03/99
19/06/99
27/09/99
5/01/00
14/04/00
23/07/00
31/10/00
8/02/01
19/05/01
fecha
2071
m +PPX
PPX6
PPX5Small Small and localised displacement and localised displacement
on on the the SW SW flank flank ? ?
ConclusionsConclusions
Main difficulty is to removed tropospheric artefacts.
! difficult to detect: - small and reversible displacements.- displacements of the same wavelength of the edifice.
No evidence of magma injection during period 2003-2006 for the two Mexican strato-volcanoes.
Summit deflation at Colima might be explained by the 1998 lava flow load and withdrawal of a magma reservoir at sea level before the last effusive period.