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UV+PVD: CORROSION AND DURABILITY ALTERNATIVES TO TRADITIONAL ELECTROPLATING 26 February 2013 1

UV+PVD:CORROSIONANDDURABILITY … · • Mul7#stage#or#mul7ple#layers#of#PVD#create# adenser,#less#porous#metal#layer#than#that of#asingle#stage#coang# • The#surface#of#some#metal#layers#(Zr,#Cr,#Ti)#

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Page 1: UV+PVD:CORROSIONANDDURABILITY … · • Mul7#stage#or#mul7ple#layers#of#PVD#create# adenser,#less#porous#metal#layer#than#that of#asingle#stage#coang# • The#surface#of#some#metal#layers#(Zr,#Cr,#Ti)#

UV+PVD:  CORROSION  AND  DURABILITY  ALTERNATIVES  TO  TRADITIONAL  ELECTROPLATING  

26  February    2013  

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Outline  • Corrosion  • Chrome  pla7ng  as  an  inhibitor  of  corrosion   Overview  of  process  and  downsides  

• UV  coa7ngs  and  Physical  Vapor  Deposi7on  as  an  alterna7ve  to  chrome  pla7ng   Overview  of  process  and  upside  

• Weatherability      Durability  of  UV  coa7ngs  and  PVD  

W

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Corrosion  • Corrosion  is  degrada7on  of  materials’  proper7es  due  to  interac7ons  with  their  environments  

• Corrosion  of  most  metals  (and  many  materials  for  that  maGer)  is  generally  inevitable.  

• While  primarily  associated  with  metallic  materials,  all  material  types  are  suscep7ble  to  degrada7on.     4

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Corrosion  cont.  • There  are  different  categories  of  corrosion:  

• uniform  corrosion  that  takes  place  across  the  exposed  surface  

•  local  corrosion  (e.g.  piPng,  crevice,  selec7ve),  take  place  at  specific  places  on  the  surface  

• stress  corrosion  cracking,  observed  on  material  exposed  to  a  constant  tensile  stress  in  a  corrosive  environment   5

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Chrome  Plating  –  traditional  corrosion  protection  

• Hard  Chrome  Plating  (functional)  • Metal  Substrates  •  Chrome  Thickness  >  1  mil  •  Applications  include  hydraulic  cylinder  rods,  piston  rings,  thread  guides,  gun  bores  

• Nickel  Chrome  Plating  (decorative)  •  Plastic  Substrates  •  Chrome  Thickness  250  Å  –  1000  Å  •  Applications  include  automotive  interior  &  exterior,  appliances,  general  purpose  applications.  

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Chrome  Plating  Process  •  Cleaning,  rinse,  

condition,  neutralize  to  prepare  the  substrate  

•   Hydrochloric  acid  •  Rinse  •  Copper  Plating  •  Rinse  •  Nickel  Plating  •  Rinse  •  Nickel  Plating  (2-­‐3  

more  times)  •  Rinse  •  Chrome  Plating  (Total  time  >2  hours)  

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Downside  to  Chrome  Plating    • The  nickel  and  copper  adhesion  layers  are  susceptible  to  corrosion  

• Extreme  Health  Hazard  –  Though  a  powerful  inhibitor  of  corrosion,    it  is  carcinogenic  

• Environmentally  Hazardous  • Heavily  Regulated  by  EPA  –  Costly  

• Quality  Problems  •  Safety  Issues  For  Some  Component  Parts  

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Why  Chrome  helps  corrosion  resistance  • Passiva7on  –  being  less  affected  by  environmental  factors  such  as  air  or  water.  It  involves  a  shielding  outer  layer  of  corrosion  which  can  be  applied  as  a  micro-­‐coa7ng     9

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Corrosion  -­‐  pictorial  examples  

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UV  Coatings  /  PVD  Process  as  an  alternative  to  Chrome  Plating  

Substrate  

UV  Basecoat  

PVD  Metal  Layer  

UV  Protec7ve  Topcoat  

Provides  protec7on  of  the  metal  layer  and  

performance  proper7es  

Seals  substrate,  provides  (leveling)  and  an  ultra  smooth  surface,  adhesion  proper7es  

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Coating  Options  to  encapsulate  PVD  

•  Thermal  Cure  •  Longer  Processing  Times  (90  min)  

•  Lower  Cross-­‐Link  Density  

•  Post  Cure  Effect  •  Pot  Life  

•  Thermal  Powder  •  Longer  Processing  Times  

•  Temperature  Constraints  for  Plas7c  

• UV  Curable  • Quick  Processing  (20  min)  • High  Cross-­‐Link  Density  –  Variety  of  PVD  Metals  

•  Low  Temperature  –  Large  Substrate  Selec7on  

• One  Component,  Poten7al  Reclaimability  

• Unlimited  pot  life  

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Physical  Vapor  Deposition  (2  common  methods)  

•  Thermal  evapora7on  

• Deposi7on  of  metal  via  thermal  vaporiza7on  •  Individual  components  of  alloys  vaporize  at  different                                                                                  temperatures,  resul7ng  in  individual  layers  being  deposited  

• Most  common  for  deposi7ng  elemental  metals  such  as  aluminum  

• Not  durable  enough  for  high  end  automo7ve  applica7ons   13

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Physical  Vapor  Deposition  (2  common  methods)  cont.  •  SpuGering  

• Deposi7on  of  metal  via  bombardment  by  high  energy  ions.    

•  This  allows  for  Alloys  to  be  created  /                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            deposited  uniformly  as  you  can  bombard  mul7ple  metal  targets  simultaneously  

• Coa7ngs  are  generally  chemically  iden7cal  to  target  material  (Al,  Cr,  SS,  etc)  

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Not  all  PVD  equipment  and  systems  are  created  equal  • All  PVD  coa7ngs  have  micro  pores  

•  Lesser  PVD  coa7ngs  have  more  defects  

• Defects–  allow  a  direct  path  for  a  corrosive  electrolyte  to  access  the  PVD  layer,  bc  layer,  or  the  substrate   15

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• Type  of  metal  spuGered  and  parameters  under  which  it  is  spuGered  effect  the  porosity  of  the  deposited  film  • Ex.  –  CrN  is  generally  finer  and  denser  than  TiN  (its  less  porous)  

• Higher  energy  spuGer  Cr  leads  to  denser  films  

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Not  all  PVD  equipment  and  systems  are  created  equal  

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Using  PVD  to  eliminate  corrosion  • Mul7  stage  or  mul7ple  layers  of  PVD  create  a  denser,  less  porous  metal  layer  than  that  of  a  single  stage  coa7ng  

• The  surface  of  some  metal  layers  (Zr,  Cr,  Ti)  are  protected  from  uniform  corrosion  by  a  thin  oxide  that  forms  naturally  

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Fortifying  PVD  against  corrosion  

• Applica7on  of  protec7ve  coa7ngs  • The  addi7on  of  chemical  species   in  chamber  barrier  coats  -­‐  HDMSO  

 Addi7ve  to  UV  topcoat  to    inhibit  corrosion  • Altera7on  of  the  alloy  chemistry  to  make  the  layer  more  resistant  to  corrosion  

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Automotive – Performance Criteria

• Adhesion • Water Soak • Humidity • Resistance Testing •  Impact Testing • Scratch & Mar

• Chip Resistance • Thermal Shock • Oven Aging • Artificial Weathering • Natural Weathering • Salt Spray/Filliform

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Testing  for  corrosion  and  durability  

20 UV basecoat / PVD Cr / UV topcoat

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Testing  for  corrosion  and  durability  

21 UV basecoat / PVD Al / UV topcoat

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Testing  for  corrosion  and  durability  –  PVD  wheels  

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168hrs CASS

3yrs Florida exposure, field validation

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Upside  to  PVD  Coating  Technology  •  Environmentally  Friendly  Hex-­‐Chrome  Free  

• Minimizes  need  to  outsource  (esp.  overseas)  

•  Increases  Quality  Control  •  Smaller  Footprint  

•  Reduced  Cycle  Time  

•  Increased  Throughput  •  Increased  Design  Flexibility  

•  Variety  of  Substrate  •  Improved  Consumer  Safety  

•  Cost  Savings  per  piece  

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Design  Flexibility    • Appearance  

• Color  Varia7on  • MaGe  Finishes  

• Func7onality  • RF  Transparency  • Day/Night  Design  • Transparency/Backlight  • Can  be  laser  etched  

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Questions?  

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Thank  you!  

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Jason  T.  Eich  Red  Spot  Paint  and  Varnish  Co.,  Inc.  

1107  E.  Louisiana  Street  

Evansville,  IN  47711  USA  [email protected]  

 +1  812  428  9174  

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Durability  • A  func7on  of  the  topcoat  yes,  but  really  an  outcome  of  a  balanced    bc  -­‐PVD  –tc  system  •  Basecoat  adhesion  to  mul7ple  plas7c  substrates  

•  PVD  adhesion  to  the  basecoat  

•  Topcoat  adhesion  to  the  PVD  layer   27

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Appliances – Performance Criteria

• Taber Abrasion • MEK Solvent Rub • Grease Resistance • Stain Resistance • Humidity Testing  

• Heat Resistance • Artificial Weathering • Water Immersion • Detergent Immersion • Salt Spray