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UTM EXPERIENCE
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UTM EXPERIENCE
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Palm Kernel Shell Palm Kernel Shell Activated Carbon
Different sizes of Palm Kernel Shell Activated Carbon developed from Palm Kernel Shell
Liew et al., 2017
Activated Carbon sizes COD NH4+N COLOR
Large size (2.4 – 4.6 mm) 38.3 % 70% 31.2%
Medium size (0.7 – 1.2 mm) 41% 84.6% 36.1%
Small size (0.3 - 0.4 mm ) 36% 75% 32.8%
UTM EXPERIENCE
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Aerobic granule Sequencing Batch Reactor
Fulazzaky et al., 2017 (%)
removal Without Serratia sp. SA30
With Serratia sp. SA30
CODt 48 68
CODs 68 94
Mass transfer of Oxidizable Organic Matter from POME onto AGS in SBR
UTM EXPERIENCE
30 Reduction of CO2 in POME using microbial granules in SBR
Najib et al., 2017 Parameters AGS Reactor Control
Time 24 hours 5 days
CO2 removal 30% 25%
AGS Bacteria Assay
Ø Enterobacter cloacae Ø Bacillus cereus Ø Lysiniacillus fusiformis
AGS Fungi Assay
Ø Engyodontium album
UTM EXPERIENCE
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Tan et al., 2006 Coagulants Flocculant Optimum
combination Aluminate sulphate
Polymer SR316
10% w/w ferric sulphate, 1% w/w aluminum sulphate, 1% w/w ammonium sulphate, Polymer SR316
Ferric chloride Ferric sulphate Ammonium sulphate
COD removal
64%
Turbidity removal
97%
Chemical precipitation of POME
OTHER POME TREATMENT STRATEGIES
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Saeed et al., 2016
Advanced oxidation process
Optimum condition for Fenton process
pH = 3.5 Reaction time = 90 mins Fe2+ conc = 0.05 M/L H2O2 conc = 0.02 M/L COD removal = >85% Control = 12%
OTHER POME TREATMENT STRATEGIES
33 Expanded Granular Sludge Bed
Yejian et al., 2008
Reactor working volume = 20.5 L
Reactor operation = for 514 days
HRT = 2 days
Reactor temperature = 35 °C
Organic loading = 1.45 to 17.5 kg COD (m3/d)
COD removal = 91%
Organic matter in POME transformed to biogas = 46%
OTHER POME TREATMENT STRATEGIES
34 Two stage Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) and Immobilized Biological Aerated Filter (i-BAF)
Cheng et al., 2010
Reactor volume = 2.36 L Total HRT = 48 hours I-BAFs COD removal = 90% MFC COD removal = 90% Integrated I-BAF/MFC COD removal = 96.5%
OTHER POME TREATMENT STRATEGIES
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Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Fixed Film (UASFF)
Zinatizadah et al., 2016 • UASFF was divided into three parts
• Bottom part: operated as UASB
• Middle part: Fixed Film reactor
• Upper part: Gas collection
• Middle part packed with 90 pall rings
• UASFF Volume = 4.98 L
• UASFF HRT = 1.5 days
• UASFF flowrate = 2.45 L/d
• UASFF upflow velocity = 0.75 m/h
• COD removal = > 90%
OTHER POME TREATMENT STRATEGIES
36 Multi-Step Pilot Integrated Bioreactor
Ahmad et al., 2003 Multi-step pilot integrated system
Operated in two stages
Stage 1: Coagulation, Sedimentation, Adsorption
Stage 2: Ultrafiltration, Reverse Osmosis
Influent flowrate = 4 L/min
Stage 1: COD = 56% BOD = 70% Turbidity = 99%
Stage 2: COD = 96% BOD = 99.4% Turbidity = 100%
RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM OIL PALM RESIDUES
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Mesocarp Fibre
POME
Palm Kernel Shell
Oil Palm Frond
Oil Palm Trunk
Empty Fruit Bunch
Fresh Fruit Bunch
APPLICATION OF OIL PALM BIOMASS TRADITIONAL VS MODERN
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OILPALMBIOMASS
TRADITIONALUSE
MODERNUSE
REF.
Palm Kernel Shells (PKS)
Serves as Fuel for boilers
Activated Carbon, etc
Liew et al., 2017
Mesocarp Fibres (MF)
Serves as Fuel for boilers
Residual oil extraction
Foo and Hameed, 2011
Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB)
Landfill or used for mulching in Plantation
Paper pulp, Mattress, compost, ethanol
Piarpuzan et al., 2011; Krishnan et al., 2017
Oil Palm Frond (OPF)
Used for mulching in Plantation
Animal feed, silica Onoja et al., 2017 ; Ishida and Hassan, 1997
POME Treated and discharged Biogas production Norfadilah et al., 2016
Oil Palm Trunk (OPT)
Used for mulching in Plantation
Furniture, plywood
Mokhtar et al., 2011
RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM OIL PALM WASTE BIOMASS
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ECO-FRIENDLY PRODUCTS
BIO-CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
BIO-ENERGY PRODUCTS
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM OIL PALM WASTE BIOMASS
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ECO-FRIENDLY PRODUCTS
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Palm Kernel Shell Palm Kernel Shell
Activated Carbon
Activated carbon derived from palm kernel shell
UTM EXPERIENCE Liew et al., 2015
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Oil Palm Fibre
Oil Palm Fibre Activated Carbon (OPFAC)
Activated carbon derived from Oil Palm Fibre
OTHER EXPERIENCES Foo and Hameed (2011)
SEM image of OPFAC
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Oil Palm Trunk (OPT)
Plywood derived from Oil Palm Trunk
OTHER EXPERIENCES Mokhtar et al., (2011)
Plywood from OPT
44 Paper derived from Empty Fruit Bunch
OTHER EXPERIENCES Gonzalo et al., 2007
Semi Chemical non-wood pulp plant
Straw Pulping Engineering is a manufacturing company that produces semi chemical papers from non-wood materials such empty fruit
bunch
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Ø MTS Fibromat (M) Sdn. Bhd. is a Bio-engineering company using various biomass including oil palm empty fruit bunch for Erosion Control –slope stabilization, river bank stabilization, soil erosion and embankment protection
Erosion control derived from empty fruit bunch
OTHER EXPERIENCES www.fibromat.com.my
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The Malaysia Palm Oil Board (MPOB) has a Palm Oil Mill Technology located in Negeri Sembilan used to produce fibre strands as feedstock raw for the production : Ø Medium density Fibre board Ø Paper pulp Ø Moulded paper products Ø Fibre reinforcing composite
materials
Various eco-friendly products derived from oil palm biomass
OTHER EXPERIENCES
www.mpob.gov.my
MPOB, 2017
RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM OIL PALM WASTE BIOMASS
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BIO-CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
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Oil palm frond
Oil palm frond treated has 95.2% silica content
High silica content derived from oil palm frond
UTM EXPERIENCE Onoja et al., 2017
Oil palm frond untreated
Oil palm frond treated
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Empty Fruit Bunch
Production of bio-ethanol from Empty Fruit Bunch
OTHER EXPERIENCES Piarpuzan et al., 2011
Bioethanol
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Production of bio-ethanol from Oil Palm Frond Juice
OTHER EXPERIENCES Zahari et al., 2014
Bioethanol
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Production of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) from Empty Fruit Bunch
OTHER EXPERIENCES WARIS NOVE SDN BHD
Ø Waris Nove Sdn. Bhd is a Malaysian company in Pahang Ø Signed a Memorandum with MPOB on the production of
Carboxymethyl Cellulose from empty fruit bunches
Carboxymethyl Cellulose
www.warisnove.com
RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM OIL PALM WASTE BIOMASS
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BIO-AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
53 PRODUCTION OF COMPOST FROM EFB AND POME
UTM EXPERIENCE Krishnan et al., 2017
54 PRODUCTION OF COMPOST FROM OPF
OTHER EXPERIENCES Stevanus et al., 2016
Mucuna Bracteata
Cow Manure
Oil Palm Frond OPF based compost
55 PRODUCTION OF COMPOST WITH EFB & FUNGI
OTHER EXPERIENCES Siddiquee et al., 2017
Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB)
Trichoderma Strains
A bio-compost produced through anaerobic composting of empty fruit bunch with microorganisms
56 PRODUCTION OF COMPOST WITH EFB & POME
OTHER EXPERIENCES
Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB)
POME
FELDA Palm industries SDN BHD commissioned a compost plant in 2005 at Maokil Mill, Johor. The EFB and POME is used to produce compost suitable as organic fertilizer
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Oil Palm Frond (OPF)
ANIMAL FEED DERIVED FROM OIL PALM FROND
OTHER EXPERIENCES Ishida and Hassan, 1997
Animal feed
Bull
RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM OIL PALM WASTE BIOMASS
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BIO-ENERGY PRODUCTS
59 BIOGAS GENERATION FROM POME FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATION
UTM EXPERIENCE Kwee et al., 2017
Kwee et al., 2017 evaluated the potential cost for the replacement of solar energy with biocompressed natural gas (BioCNG) in Rumah Dau, Sri Aman, Malaysia. Rumah Dau, Sri Aman has a population of about 114, 26 households and one school. The energy supply system is a mix of solar energy (129.6 kWp), battery (48v) and diesel generator (2 x58 kW), respectively.
Biocompressed Natural gas
Solar Energy Diesel Engine
Battery
POME
This approach is estimated to save up to RM 2.5 million compared to the
hybrid solar energy and diesel.
60 PRODUCTION OF METHANE GAS FROM EFB, OPT & OPF
OTHER EXPERIENCES Suksong et al., 2017
Oil Palm Trunk Empty Fruit Bunch
Oil Palm Frond
The production of methane gas from oil palm residues such as empty fruit bunch (EFB), oil palm fronds (OPF) and oil palm trunk (OPT) using thermophilic solid state anaerobic digestion (SS-AD).
The maximum methane yield for EFB, OPF and OPT were about 229.8, 138.3 and 110.2 m3 t-1 Vs d-1 at F:1 ratio of 2:1, respectively.
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PRODUCTION OF METHANE GAS FROM PPF, EFB & DC
OTHER EXPERIENCES Chaikitkaewa et al., 2015
Palm Press Fibre Empty Fruit Bunch Decanter Cake
Ø Methane production from three biomass residues viz empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm press fiber (PPF) and decanter cake (DC) using solid state anaerobic digestion (SS-AD).
Ø The cumulative methane production rom EFB, PPF and DC were 2180, 1964 and 1827 mL CH4, respectively.
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BIOGAS PLANTS APPROVED IN MALAYSIA
OTHER EXPERIENCES www.seda.gov.my
BIOGAS PLANTS
Status Period Number Completed Sept 2016 96
63 COLLABORATION BETWEEN SIME DARBY, MPOB AND FGV TO BUILD A BIO-CNG PLANT
OTHER EXPERIENCES
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PRODUCTION OF BIO-COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS FROM POME
OTHER EXPERIENCES
400 m3 hr-1 Bio-CNG commercial plant at Sg Tengi Palm Oil Mill.
MPOB in collaboration with Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd (FPISB) and Sime Darby Offshore Engineering Sdn Bhd (SDOE) successfully developed a 400 m3 hr-1 Bio-CNG plant at Felda Sg Tengi Palm Oil Mill
BIO-CNG PRODUCTION PROCESSES
Ø The technology is compact, environmental and user-friendly.
Ø The commercial production and utilisation of BioCNG supplements the country’s primary energy supply and reduces high dependency on fossil fuel
Bakar et al., 2017
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CONCLUSIONS
66 RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM OIL PALM BIOMASS
CONCLUSION
OIL PALM BIOMASS
EmptyFruitBunch
POMEOILPALMTRUNK
OILPALMFROND
MESOCARPFIBRE
MethaneGas
BiohydrogenGasCo-Compost
PALMKERNELSHELL
CompostPaperPulp
CarboxymethylCellulose
Mattress
Activatedcarbon
AnimalFeed
PlywoodFurniture
AnimalFeed
Mediumdensityboard
ActivatedCarbon
67 IMPROVEMENT IN TECHNOLOGIES
CONCLUSION
Ø Huge opportunities in converting available oil palm biomass into value end products
Ø Proper management of
the oil palm biomass as well as improve on the waste collection will significantly increases revenue generation
68 BIOGAS TRAPPING AND BIOMASS UTILIZATION
CONCLUSION Ø More than 80% of oil
mills in Malaysia use pond system for POME treatment
Ø Methane generated are not captured
Ø Improvement in technologies for POME treatment and biogas trapping in POME
Oil Palm Biomass
Oil Palm Trunk
Oil Palm Frond
Palm Kernel Shell
Mesocarp Fibre
Empty Fruit Bunch
Palm Oil Mill Effluent
Palm Oil Mill Sludge
Palm Oil Clinker
69 INTENSIFICATION vs EXPANSION
RECOMMENDATION Ø Stricter regulations
and controls on waste disposal and discharge
Ø Stricter regulations
on land use
Ø More emphasis on technology intensification to improve yield and oil extraction rate
70 WASTE CONVERSION
RECOMMENDATION
Ø Co-composting of Palm Oil Mill Sludge (POMS) with Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) for the production of organic fertilizer
Empty Fruit Bunch
Palm Oil Mill Sludge
Compost
71 RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT - COLLABORATION
RECOMMENDATION
Ø Collaboration and funding for R&D to set-up pilot or demo plants to test novel technologies
72 THE END
THANK YOU
THE END
