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Utilization of the hydrogen energy carrier
in large scale power plant
Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
2019 MIT ENERGY INITIATIVE SPRING SYMPOSIUM
Can hydrogen become part of the climate solution?
Session 2: The path to low-carbon hydrogen infrastructure deployment
Senior researcher
Heat & Fluid Dynamics Gr.
Technology Platform Center
Technology & Intelligence Integration
Takamasa Ito
Ph. D in Engineering
Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
5th Strategic Energy Plan in Japan
2
Ideal composition of power sources in 2030FY Source : Japan's ENERGY (2017 EDITION)
GHG reduction targets in Japan Mid-term : 26% by 2030FY (compared to 2013FY) Long term : 80% by 2050FY
Promotion of hydrogen energy is assigned as the one of the measures to achieve mid-term target.
Measures to reduce 26% GHG by 2030FY Source : The 5th Strategic Energy Plan
In July 3, 2018
Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
Basic Hydrogen Strategy
3
Basic Hydrogen Strategy is composed of “Supply” and “Use”. The sector of power generation is expected to increase the demand of
hydrogen energy and accelerate a promotion of hydrogen into the society.
In December 25th, 2017
Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
Comparison of Hydrogen Energy Carrier
4
Japan is an energy importer. There are several hydrogen energy carriers under
consideration for the commercialization.
For the transportation in long distance, ammonia is estimated the most feasible
option.
All rights reserved by SIP
Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
Cost of Hydrogen Energy Carrier
5
Hydrogen needs a certain investment for the infrastructure.
For the large scale power plant with long distance transportation, ammonia is
estimated the most feasible option.
All rights reserved by SIP
Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
Comparison of Hydrogen Energy Carrier
6
Pressurized
Hydrogen
(700 bar)
Liquefied
hydrogen
Organic
hydride
(MCH)
Ammonia
Molecular weight 2.0 2.0 98.2 17.0
Hydrogen content
[wt%] 100 100 6.2 17.8
Hydrogen content
[kg-H2/m3]
39.6 70.8 47.3 121
Boiling point [℃] - -253 101 -33.4
Energy for
hydrogen
expression
[kJ/mol-H2]
- 0.90 67.5 30.6
Feature of Ammonia
High hydrogen content → Relatively compact infrastructure
Boiling point is close to ambient temperature → Easy evaporation
Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
Ammonia in Trading Market
7
From Yara Fertilizer Industry Handbook January 2017
・Total production is 180 Million tones/year in the world. (Increasing with 2.2%/year)
・1/10 of the total production is in trading market.
・Main usage: fertilizer 0.8, chemical materials 0.2
Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
Hydrogen Energy Carrier in SIP
8
Research subjects
From SIP H.P.
Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
Hydrogen Energy Carrier in SIP
9
General issue to utilize the hydrogen energy carrier in the sector of power generation
(1) Technical feasibility (Combustion, Efficiency, Operation, Retrofitting etc.) (2) Safety assessment (Standard, Leakage, Blackout, etc.)
IHI has joined in Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP)for the development of Ammonia Direct Combustion technology for gas turbine, coal fired boiler. In addition IHI also investigated ammonia fuel cell.
Coal fired boiler
※CFT(Coal Firing Test Furnace)
Gas turbine
※IM270 Gas turbine
SOFC
Insulator
FC stack
Heat
exchanger
Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
Combustion of Hydrogen Energy Carrier
10
Technical Issues concerning the direct combustion
Hydrogen: H2 Ammonia: NH3
Feature of
combustion
(comparing with CH4)
High combustion speed
High flame temperature
Low combustion speed
Low flame temperature
Risk Back fire
Erosion by high temperature
Less flame stability
NH3 leakage
NOx production Thermal NOx Fuel NOx
Design concept of
combustor
Erase the spatially high
temperature region to
avoid the thermal NOx.
Method:
・Lean premixed combustion
・Micro mixed combustion
Fuel rich combustion to
stabilize the flame and remove
the fuel NOx.
Method:
・Rich Quench Lean concept
・Over-firing
Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
Reaction path of fuel-NOx (in coal combustion)
11
Fuel-N
Char-N
N2
+ NO
+ O2 NOx
+ O2
NH3
Volatile-N + CHi
HCN
+ Char
NOx formation in coal combustion
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1100 1600 2100
Rea
ctio
n r
ate
[s-1
]
Temperature [K]
XNO=1000 ppm
XO2≥3%HCN + O2 → NO + …
NH3 + O2 → NO + …
HCN + NO → N2 + …
NH3 + NO → N2 + …
Calculated by most widely used De Soete’s expression
Reactions of intermediate N species
From De Soete’s expression
High-temp.: RNH3-O2 ≫ RHCN-O2, RHCN-NO, RNH3-NO
Increasing [NH3]/[HCN] facilitates more NOx formed
Contradict with some literature:
Increasing [NH3]/[HCN] facilitates more N2 formed
Some studies showed RHCN-O2 is too low
Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
Achievements in SIP: Boiler
12
Objectives Optimization of the combustion system for the NOx reduction Feasibility study to retrofit the existing power plant
Achievements 2017FY : Co-firing test in 10MW test furnace 2018FY : Feasibility study retrofitting to 1000MW coal fired power plant
1.Optimization of
combustor to reduce
NOx
4. Feasibility study for
Receiving Terminal,
Storage Tank
Steam turbine
Boiler
DeSOxDeNOx
Ash handling
Coal
Tanker
Ammonia
Tanker
Tank Vaporizer
Conditions
Output:1000MWe
Ammonia mixing ratio:
20% in calorific base.
2. Evaluation of boiler performance by CFD
3. Feasibility study for boiler
Coal storage
Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
Achievements in SIP: Boiler
13
NOx reduction by the NH3 injection
method (CHEMKIN)
Consideration of the NH3 Reaction path
+
Temp.(K)
1800
300
Consideration of the fluid dynamics
Method:
・Consideration of the NOx injection by experimental and numerical analysis
・Consideration of the boiler performance by numerical analysis
Reduction zone Weak → Strong
NH3 co-firing
Coal only
NO
x@6
%O
2[p
pm
]C
O@
6%
O2
[pp
m]
Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
Achievements in SIP: Boiler
14
Pulverized coal burner
for ammonia co-firing
Experimental results
Fuel feeding
rate
Coal 1.0-1.6 ton/hour
Ammonia 0.4 ton/hour
Burner type IHI-Dual Flow burner,
Target NO below 200 ppm
(@ O2 6% conversion, NH3 20% co-firing)
Exhaust CO2:Coal-only 13.3%
NH3 co-firing 10.6%
Exhaust O2:Coal-only 3.9%NH3 co-firing 3.9%
Exhaust NH3:Coal-only 0ppmNH3 co-firing 1ppm
Time [min]C
O2@
6%
O2
[%],
O2@
dry
[%
], N
H3
[pp
m]
▲20% ammonia co-firing
◆100%coal
Combustion air
Ammonia
Pulverized Coal
+Primary air
Reduction zone
Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
Achievements in SIP: Boiler
15
Gas temperature
Heat absorption
Numerical results
100% Coal 20% Ammonia co-firing
Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
Achievements in SIP: Gas turbine
16
Objectives Optimization of combustor design to reduce NOx Demonstration with 2MW scale commercial gas turbine (IM270)
Comparison of flame in swirl burner
City gas City gas
+
Ammonia 20%
2MW scale commercial gas turbine (IM270)
Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
Achievements in SIP: Gas turbine
17
Results Stable operation in 20% co-firing condition. Combustion efficiency is approximately 99.87%. NOx can be controlled below regulation limit with de-NOx catalyst.
NOx and CO2 emission Combustion efficiency and generator end efficiency
Generator-end efficiency, ηGE
Normalized by value of NH3 mixing
ratio=0%LHV
NH3 + 0.75O2 → 0.5N2 + 1.5H2O + 𝟑𝟏𝟖kJ/mol
NH3 + 1.25O2 → NO + 1.5H2O + 𝟐𝟐𝟔kJ/mol
Effect of NOx
formation
By increase of gas
volume
Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
Achievements in SIP: SOFC
18
Objectives Evaluation of SOFC stack performance with 100% ammonia. Optimized design of SOFC system including stack and other components. Demonstration test using 1kW-class SOFC integrated system.
⇒ 2017-2018 : Demonstration test by 1kW-class integrated SOFC system
[K]
Numerical simulation of temperature
distribution in hot module
Development of SOFC hot module
Structure of hot module
Mechanism of ammonia fueled SOFC
①Fuel electrode (Anode)
②Ceramic membrane (Electrolytes)
③Air electrode (Cathode)
Insulation
materials
Fuel cell
Heat
exchanger
Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
Achievements in SIP: SOFC
19
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
発電
電力
[W]
電流
[A],
電
圧[V
]
発電
効率
[%]
時間 [min]
Efficiency
Current
Voltage
Start up Steady Shut down
Power
Time [min]
Pow
er[
W]
Cu
rren
t[A
], V
olt
ag
e[V
],Eff
icie
ncy[%
]
Temp. [K]
Hot module
• MFCs
• Air blower
• Start-up heaters
Temperature distribution in the system
Results High efficiency (56% DC) and
thermal independent operation is achieved by the optimized thermal design.
Stable operation 1000 hours continuous run is
on-going.
Thermal design of SOFC system
Operation of SOFC system
Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
Achievements in SIP: Other organizations
20 Clean Coal Day in Japan 2018
International Symposium, Program Director for SIP Energy Carriers, Mr. Muraki
Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
Achievements in SIP: Other organizations
21 Clean Coal Day in Japan 2018
International Symposium, Program Director for SIP Energy Carriers, Mr. Muraki
Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
Achievements in SIP: Other organizations
22 Clean Coal Day in Japan 2018
International Symposium, Program Director for SIP Energy Carriers, Mr. Muraki
Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
Green Ammonia Consortium (Established in 2019)
23
Development of a commercial CO2 free ammonia value chain toward low carbon society.
Objectives
(a) Promotion of collaborations between industry,
government and academia.
(b) Commercialization of NH3 utilization technologies
and supply chain.
(c) Studies on Feasibilities, Environmental Impact and
Standard & Regulation
(d) Strategy & Policy making
(e) International collaborations
Main activities
Auditors
General Meeting
Planning & Operating Committee
Board of Directors
to be established as necessary
Secretariat
Committees or WGs
Organization of GAC
Member
・More than 40 organizations.
・International
・Related to
Energy, Trading, Chemicals, Engineering, Research Institute etc.
Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
Roadmap of Ammonia Supply Chain
24 Clean Coal Day in Japan 2018
International Symposium, Program Director for SIP Energy Carriers, Mr. Muraki
Supply