51
Matthew T. Jenkins, PharmD, MS Pharmacy Operations Manager University of Virginia Health System USP Chapter <800>: Handling Hazardous Medications in Healthcare Settings

USP Chapter - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter and potential

  • Upload
    letruc

  • View
    221

  • Download
    1

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

Matthew T. Jenkins, PharmD, MSPharmacy Operations Manager

University of Virginia Health System

USP Chapter <800>: Handling Hazardous Medications in 

Healthcare Settings

Page 2: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

I have no financial interest in and/or affiliation with any external organizations in relation to this CE program

Disclosures

Page 3: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter <800> and potential effects on procedures for preparation, storage, transportation, and administration of hazardous drugs

• Articulate the method for medications to be placed on The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Hazardous Drug List

• Describe how current technologies which can reduce healthcare worker exposures to hazardous drugs will be implemented to address proposed provisions of USP <800>

Objectives ‐ Pharmacists

Page 4: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• Describe the method for medications to be placed on The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Hazardous Drug List

• Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter <800> and potential effects on procedures for preparation, storage, transportation, and administration of hazardous drugs

• Understand how current technologies which can reduce healthcare worker exposures to hazardous drugs will be implemented to address proposed provisions of USP <800>

Objectives – Pharmacy Technicians

Page 5: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• Chapter 800: Hazardous Drugs  ‐ Handling in Healthcare Settings Proposed standard to protect personnel and environment when handling hazardous 

drugs (HDs) Purpose: To define processes intended to provide containment of hazardous drugs to as 

low as reasonably achievable (ALARA)• There is NO acceptable level of personnel exposure to HDs ‐ revised• Ex. Radiology

Scope: Builds upon <797> and <795>• All healthcare settings

• USP Expert Committee: “Harmonization of ASHP, NIOSH, OSHA guidelines”

USP <800>: Overview

Page 6: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• <800> focuses on containment of hazardous drugs (HDs) as defined by the NIOSH list

• Currently there is not a federal standard that exists to protect healthcare workers

• Extended scope than other compounding chapters General Chapters below <1000>: Mandatory General Chapters above <1000>: Considered 

Interpretations

USP <800>: OverviewPrimary Challenges to Compliance with USP <797> 

RequirementsBarrier % of Respondents

Financial 27

Physical Plant Limitations 21

Training/Competency Resources Needed 19

Time Required 16

Compounding Staff Resistance to Change 7

Lack of Leadership Support 3

Leadership Lack of Knowledge 2

Pharmacy Purchasing & Products. 2014; 11(10 suppl):S6‐24

Page 7: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• USP <797>: HDs shall be prepared under conditions that protect healthcare workers and others in preparation and storage areas

• USP <795>: HDs shall be stored, prepared, and handled under conditions that protect the healthcare workers and other personnel

• Proposed USP <800>: Both sterile and non‐sterile compounding

Current USP Application to HDs

Page 8: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• NIOSH Alert

• ASHP Guidelines on Handling Hazardous Drugs

• Focused on principles of worker and medication safety

Current Resources

Page 9: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

HD List Personnel responsibilities Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Facility design and engineering controls Receiving Compounding Administering Cleaning Environmental control Medical Surveillance

USP <800>: Major Sections

Page 10: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• Scope includes the entire flow of a hazardous medication through the facility: 

• Inclusion of sterile and non‐sterile products and preparations

• The new standards apply to all personnel who are involved with manipulation of HD and where HDs are prepared, stored, transported, and administered Ambulatory Clinics Housekeeping Physician offices Outpatient Pharmacy

Review of Proposed USP <800>

Receipt  Disposal

Page 11: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

<797> vs. <800>Category USP‐797 USP‐800

Application to compounding Sterile only Sterile and non‐sterile 

Scope Receipt of inventory to start of administration

Receipt of inventory through drug administration

Exemption for low‐volume Exemption No exception

CSTD use A should Shall during administration (when dosage for permits)

Drug storage Separate from other inventory to prevent contamination and personnel exposure

Separate storageNegative pressure

Surveillance Does not require environmental and medical surveillance

Requires environmental & medical

Page 12: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

The Low Volume Exemption

Function C‐PEC C‐SEC Airflow Maximum BUD

Compounding sterile HD in a cleanroom

BSC or CACI ISO 7 Cleanroom

30 ACPH (HEPA) Per <797>

Compounding sterile HD in a CAVI that meets the requirements listed in <797>

CACI C‐SCA 12 ACPH(exhaust)

Per <797>

Compounding low‐risk or medium‐risk sterile HDs in a BSC

BSC C‐SCA 12 ACPH (exhaust)

12 hours

NO Exceptions!

Page 13: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• <797> allows for facilities to prepare a low volume of HDs with the placement of a biological safety cabinet (BSC) or compounding aseptic containment isolator (CACI) in a non‐negative pressure room Should have a secondary containment device in place: CSTD

• All compounding involving HDs shall be done in a separate area designated for HD compounding

Removal of Low Volume Exemption

Page 14: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• Containment segregated compounding area (C‐SCA)• This is a separate, negative‐pressure room that is vented to the outside and 

has at least 12 air changes per hour (ACPH) Does not need to meet ISO cleanroom standards 12‐hour Beyond Use Date (Time) Should contain a BSC or CACI

Alternative to the Low‐volume Exemption:

Page 15: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• Clarification added: HDs may be unpackaged only in a neutral, normal, or negative‐pressure area

• Statement concerning no acceptable level of personnel exposure to HDs REMOVED

• For non‐sterile compounding: either venting or redundant HEPA filtration in C‐PECs is allowed

• Revised section on list of HDs, allowing entities to perform an assessment of risk for non‐antineoplastic drugs and reproductive risk‐only HDs to determine alternative containment strategies and/or work practices

• Additional clarifications

Major Changes from First Comment Period

Page 16: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• ONS‐1982  Chemotherapy• ASHP‐1983, 1985  Cytotoxic Drugs• OSHA‐1986  Cytotoxic (Antineoplastic) Drugs• ASHP‐1990  Cytotoxic and Hazardous Drugs• NIH‐1992, 2002  Cytotoxic Drugs• OSHA‐1995  Hazardous Drugs• NIOSH‐2004  Antineoplastic and Other Hazardous Drugs• ASHP‐2006  Hazardous Drugs• USP ‐2008  Sterile (Hazardous) Drugs• ONS‐2011  Hazardous Drugs• NIOSH‐2014  Antineoplastic and Other Hazardous Drugs• USP 800‐2015  Hazardous Drugs

History of US Guidelines Related to Hazardous Drug Handling

Page 17: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) List of Antineoplastic and Other Hazardous Drugs in Healthcare Settings Most recent  update: 2014 Next expected update: 2016

• Includes drugs that exhibit one or more of the following six characteristics in humans or animals Carcinogenicity Tetratogenicity or other developmental toxicity Reproductive toxicity Organ toxicity at low doses Genotoxicity Structure and toxicity profiles of new drugs that mimic existing drugs determined hazardous by 

the above criteria

Hazardous Drugs (HDs)

Page 18: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

NIOSH Hazardous Drug List: A Brief History

3133

28

0

15

1210

76

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2010 2012 2014

Num

ber o

f Cha

nges

Year of Update

Drugs Added

Drugs Removed

Drugs with Manufacturer'sWarnings

Page 19: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

NIOSH Classification of HDs

• Antineoplastic Drugs (AHFS Classification 10:00) [ASHP/AHFS DI 2013]Group 1

•Non‐antineoplastic drugs that meet one of more of the  six NIOSH criteria for a hazardous drugGroup 2

•Drugs that primarily pose a reproductive risk to men and women who are actively trying to conceive and women who are pregnant or breast feeding, because some of these drugs may be present in breast milk.Group 3

2014 Update: guidance for making a facility‐specific list

Page 20: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

NIOSH and USP <800>

Hazardous Drug Stratification (NIOSH) USP 800 Containment Requirements

Antineoplastics Must use all containment strategies

Non‐antineoplastics Can opt to conduct an internal assessment of risk to determine if practices ensure safe HD handling

Reproductive Hazards only

Notes:• API = Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient

Page 21: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

Site‐specific HD List

Carcinogenicity

Teratogenicity

Reproductive Toxicity

Organ Toxicity at Low Doses

Genotoxicity

Similar Drugs

• Must include all NIOSH listed drugs 

• Must perform toxicity review of own drugs and add, if appropriate

• Review ANNUALLY and when a NEW agent or dosage form is added

Hierarchy of Potential Toxicity

LOW

HIGH

Page 22: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• Not all HDs on the NIOSH list are cytotoxic agents

• Some dosage forms defined as hazardous may not pose a significant risk of direct exposure due to formulation of dosage

• Should include: Type of HD Risk of exposure Packaging Manipulation needed

Assessing Risk

Page 23: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• Example: Oxytocin– Use: OB‐GYN– Hospital’s assessment should include:

• Purchase: FDA‐approved dosage form in a vial, premixed IV bag from an FDA‐registered outsourcing facility (403B)

• A minimal number of doses are prepared in‐house, under controlled conditions• Employees know oxytocin is a reproductive hazard• Pharmacy only dispenses oxytocin in a final form: 

– IV bag to be administered (dispensed in overwrap)– Powder is not utilized, vials are not opened, and individuals are not exposed unnecessarily

Performing Your Risk Assessment

Page 24: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential
Page 25: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

Receiving Not to be in a positive pressure area (neutral is OK)

Competency of personnel• Containers may be damaged• Accessibility of spill kit

Standardization of identification

Facility Design and Process

Page 26: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• Storage of hazardous drugs (HDs) are to be negative or normal/neutral pressure• Compounding should occur in:

– CACI or BSC– Separate room that is:

• Negative pressure• Vented externally• Appropriately air changes per hour

• Focused to protect the environment, personnel, patient 

Facility Design

Page 27: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

Facility Design Example: Non‐sterile HD Compounding

Negative for HDs

C – PEC

Page 28: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

Buffer ISO 7Negative for HDs

BSC or CACI

Ante ISO 7 

positive

Facility Design Example: Sterile HD Compounding

Page 29: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

Facility Design Example: Sterile HD Compounding

Buffer ISO 7Negative for HDs

BSC or CACI

Ante ISO 7 Positive

Buffer ISO 7Positive for non‐HDs

LAFW or CAI

Page 30: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

Cleaning Steps

Cleaning Step Purpose AgentsDeactivation Render compound inert or 

inactiveRefer to HD labeling, sodium hypochlorite or other EPA‐registered oxidizer

Decontamination Remove inactivated residue Sterile alcohol, sterile water, peroxide, or sodium hypochlorite

Cleaning Remove organic & inorganic material

Germicidal detergent & sterile water

Disinfection Destroy microorganism Sterile alcohol or other EPA‐registered disinfectant appropriate for use

Page 31: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• PPE: Personal Protective Equipment• Impervious gowns• ASTM‐tested chemotherapy gloves (Standard D6978)

Sterile & Powder‐Free• PPE should be based upon function

Garb and PPE

Page 32: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

PPE and Engineering Controls for Working with HDs in Healthcare Settings

NIOSH 2014: Table 5

Formulation Activity Double Gloves Protective Gown

Eye Protection

Respiratory Protection

Ventilated Engineering Controls

Intact tablet of capsule

Administration from unit‐dose package

No (single glove should be used)

No No No  N/A

Tablets orcapsules

Cutting, crushing or otherwise manipulating tablets or capsules

Yes Yes No Yes, if not done in a 

control device

Yes

Adminsitration Yes Yes No Yes, if powder generated

N/A

Page 33: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

Utilization of Closed System Transfer Devices (CSTD) Should be used when compounding HDs when the dosage form allows

Shall be used when administering HDs when the dosage form allows

Utilization of Supplemental Controls

Page 34: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

Timeline of CSTD Development in the United States

Phaseal(1998)

Spiros(2005)

Texium with Smart Site, 

OnGuard with Tevadaptor(2006)

ChemoClave(2008)

Equashield(2009)

SureConnect(2010)

ChemoLock(2013)

Vialshield(2013)

Equashield II (2014)

Page 35: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• Currently, there are 6 FDA‐Approved Products: BD: Phaseal* Carefusion: Texium B.Braun: On‐Guard ICU Medical: Spiros/ChemoLock* Equashield Q‐Flo 13 Infusion Innovations 

• *= FDA ONB Code FDA ONB is a product code granted by the FDA, designated that a CSTD is a device for 

transferring liquids to reduce hazardous drug exposures in specific workplace settings

• None are 100% perfect, but they make cleanrooms safer

CSTD

Page 36: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• ONB Class II Medical Device Product Code Closed Antineoplastic & Hazardous Drug Reconstitution and Transfer System FDA ONB is a product code granted by the FDA, designated that a CSTD isa device for 

transferring liquids to reduce hazardous drug exposures in specific workplace settings• Criteria

Prevention of microbial ingress No escape of HDs or vapor concentration No transfer of environmental contaminants

The FDA ONB Code

Page 37: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

CSTD Usage Rates by Facility Size

27%

32%

45%

35%33%

35%

54%

42%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

1 ‐ 100 101 ‐ 200 201 ‐ 400 500+

Nursing Pharmacy Pham Purch Prod. 2014; 4(4): 58.

Page 38: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

Gaps in current systems: Management of ampules

Arsenic trioxide Limitation to dose size Specialized routes of administration

Intrathecal Itravesical IrrigationTopicalOphthalmic 

Secure bag spike to prevent unspiking

Assessing Closed‐System Transfer Devices

Page 39: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• Segregation from non‐hazardous medications

• Manipulations: Crushing of a product Compounding

• Automated packaging devices

• Automated dispensing cabinets

Non‐sterile Hazardous Drugs

Page 40: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• Involves collecting and interpreting data to detect changes in health status of employees potentially exposed to hazardous substances

• Identify workers potentially exposed to HDs on the basis of their job duties• Consistent with Human Resources Policies• Should be appropriate to the exposure

Medical Surveillance

Page 41: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

Challenges Related to Medical Surveillance

<800> OSHA

“Appropriate to the exposure….”“Develop a systematic approach”

NIOSH refers to OSHA

Occupational exposure monitoring is required by lawPre‐placement exam historyRepeated every 3 yearsDocumentation of routine and any acute exposures

Page 42: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

Developing a Surveillance Program

Tier 1•Education and Self Surveillance

Tier 2

•Employer/Supervisor Surveillance•Annual reproductive questionnaire•Trending of sick calls

Tier 3

•Comprehensive Medical Surveillance•At hire & annually•CBC, urinalysis and LFTs

Tier 4•Medical record notation

Page 43: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

Wipe sampling should be routinely performed• Initial (benchmark) then at least every 6 months• Should include:

Interior of the C‐PEC and equipment contained in it Staging or work areas near the C‐PEC Areas adjacent to C‐PECs (e.g., floors directly under staging and dispensing area) Patient administration areas

Currently there is no standard for acceptable limits for HD surface contamination

Environmental Surveillance

Page 44: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• Designated individual  Develops and implements appropriate procedures Hazard Communication Program  Annual review of SOPs 

• Assures environmental quality and control of the compounding areas Routine monitoring  Environmental wipe sampling 

• Oversees facility compliance with USP Chapter <800> and other applicable laws, regulations, and standards 

• Ensures personnel training is completed and documented  Demonstration  Observation of competence

• Ensures products and components received are consistent with principles of Good Distribution Practices 

The Compounding Supervisor

Page 45: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• Storage The organization stores HD in a negative pressure room such as the hazardous drug 

compounding room: 55.6%

• Medical Surveillance and Competency There is a written confirmation by each compounding employee of reproductive age 

(male or female) that they understand the risk of handling hazardous CSPs: 42.3%

Organizational Compliance with USP <800>

Page 46: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• Update your facilities list of hazardous drugs• Review your policies• Review PPE currently used• Develop familiarity with <800>• Remain engaged

– Public comment period is open until May 31, 2015• Note that standards in USP‐NF become official 6 months after publication

– Allows for a delayed implementation

Next Steps

Page 47: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• Evaluate what medications are being manipulated at the point of administration Workflows – observe and understand what is really happening  Drug delivery models

• Engage Nursing & Housekeeping– Understand your disposal pathways

What You Should Be Doing Now

Page 48: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

• Develop a site‐specific hazardous drug list• Resources Cost of compliance: facility redesign and renovation New requirements for:

Personal protective equipment (PPE)Engineering and containment devices

• Surveillance Review OSHA Technical Manual online

Challenges for your Practices

Page 49: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

1. Which drugs are listed by the 2014 NIOSH Update as being hazardous?a. Drugs with reproductive hazardsb. Drugs that are hazardous, but not antineoplastic drugsc. Antineoplastic drugsd. All of the above

2. Proposed USP General Chapter <800>a. Replaces USP Chapter <795>b. Replaces USP Chapter <797>c. Replaces USP Chapters <795> and <797>d. Supplements USP Chapters <795> and <797>

Self‐Assessment Questions

Page 50: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

3. Which of the following was the most commonly reported barrier to compliance with USP Chapter <797> requirements for pharmaceutical compounding of sterile preparations in a 2014 survey of pharmacies?a. Compounding staff resistance to changeb. Financial and budget restrictionsc. Leadership lack of knowledged. Time required

Self‐Assessment Questions

Page 51: USP Chapter  - Virginia Society of Health-System ... Chapter : ... • Review core elements of the proposed USP General Chapter  and potential

In closing……

“Doveryai, no proveryai““Trust but verify”

Former President Ronald Reagan