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Using Le)er Analy/c Techniques to Pinpoint Textual Devia/ons Text Analy/cs World June 22, 2016 11:05 a.m. to 11:40 a.m.
R ICHARD B. LANZA, CFE, CPA, CGMA WWW.R ICHLANZA .COM
WWW.AUDITSOFTWAREVIDEOS .COM
Le)er Analy/cs Lifecycle 2014 to Present
Start
20+ Years Analy0cs Experience Focused in Audit and Fraud Detec0on
Finish
Text Analy0cs World
August 2014
Fraud & Corrup0on Key Word Survey
February 2015
Key Word LeHer Reduc0on and Journal Entry Trending
September 2015
IIAnaly0cs Releases “LALA” Research Brief
March 2016
LIWC and LALA Applica0on to MD&A Frauds
2
Red Flag (Key) and Word Summaries
Fraud Triangle Key Word Top Phrases
Opportunity CHANNEL STUFFING
COOKIE JAR RESERVES
FRAUDULENT SHAM QUID PRO QUO
SECRET ACCOUNT
Ra0onaliza0on DON’T KNOW WHAT ELSE TO DO
PIECE OF THE ACTION
TREAT ME THIS WAY WORRY ABOUT IT LATER
THEYLL BE SORRY
Pressure FROM PETER TO PAY PAUL
MANAGE EARNING TICKING TIME BOMB WALL STREET EXPECTATIONS
4
Fraud Related Key Words Survey
5
h&p://bit.ly/1XyMwch
Fraud Detec/on Lessons from WorldCom/ MCI Fraud
6
$3.8B detected in fraudulent journals The fraud was accomplished primarily in two ways: 1. Booking "line costs" as capital expenditures on the balance sheet instead of expenses. 2. InflaGng revenues with bogus accounGng entries from "corporate unallocated revenue accounts".
Structured Data An Auditors “Usual Sandbox”
7
Sales / Cash Ledger Inventory
Procure to Pay Payroll Travel Expense PCard Expenses
General Ledger
Company X
Wordle Journal Comparisons
8
Applying Benford’s Law to Words
Benford’s Law – The Basis of Digital Analysis
10
Can You Read This?
It deosn't m+aer in waht oredr the l+eers in a wrod are, the olny
iprmoetnt 5hng is taht the frist and lsat l+eer be at the rghit pclae.
11
COCA Ranking – In First Le)ers The Benford’s Law of English?
12
50% of Words Are Based on the First and Last Le)ers
13
A B (A) x (B)
# of LeHers in a Word
Word Occurrences per COCA
% of Le&ers Analyzed in First and Last Le&ers
Final %
1 3.51% 100% 3.51% 2 16.02% 100% 16.02% 3 20.71% 67% 13.88% 4 17.26% 50% 8.63% 5 11.29% 40% 4.52% 6 8.53% 33% 2.81% 7 7.74% 22% 1.70% 8 5.40% 25% 1.35%
90.46% 52.42%
Shakespeare’s Plays By Century
14
15
A Benford’s Law For Words The Dashboard
Refining the Approach By Consonant and Vowel Use
16
Lanza Approach to Le)er Anay/csTM (“LALA”) IdenGfies word deviaGons swi[ly by relaGng le&er frequency pa&erns to benchmarks of the English language and prior period le&er occurrences. Focus is placed on:
First le&er (26 le&ers) Last le&er (26 le&ers)
First two le&ers (702 le&ers)
Last two le&ers (702 le&ers)
17
Current Uses of Le)er Analy/cs Ø Fraud DetecGon Ø Plagiarism In Student Papers Ø Fraud, CorrupGon & SenGment Word Usage
Ø Trending Ø Structured Data DescripGon Fields Ø Payroll Gme descripGons, journal entries, and P2P fields
Ø Industry Reports and Public Company ReporGng Ø Contracts and Policy DocumentaGon Ø Employee Emails for Network Mapping Ø Internal QuesGonnaire Forms (Conflicts of Interest) Ø Network Error Logs
18
Useful Links on LALA Ø hHp://bit.ly/1jFD87b -‐ Blog announcing the discovery of le&er analyGcs. Ø hHp://bit.ly/1RZpolz -‐ Research Paper #1 – Focused on explaining the
le&er analyGc concept with reference to a benchmark for the English Language and an analysis of BriGsh song Gtles from 1960 to 1999.
Ø hHp://bit.ly/1QebYkL -‐ Research Paper #2 – Provides a more in-‐depth analysis of the populaGon of text data and how le&ers can explain text variaGons over Gme more quickly than word summaries. Three examples are provided including Shakespeare’s plays, Berkshire Hathaway shareholder reports and my personal Emails.
Ø hHp://bit.ly/1W0CAZO -‐ PredicGve AnalyGcs Times arGcle on how Word clouds analysis could improved with le&er analyGc visualizaGons
ü hHp://bit.ly/1TGwvPS and hHp://bit.ly/21mEbsU -‐ ACFE Fraud Magazine arGcles on “The Benford’s Law of Words – Parts 1 and 2”
19
Thank You!
20
Richard B. Lanza, CPA, CFE, CGMA Cash Recovery Partners, LLC
Phone: 973-‐729-‐3944 Email: [email protected]
www.AuditSo[warePros.com