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Using the Metric SystemA. Why do scientists use the metric system?The metric system was developed in France in 1795 - used in all scientific work because it has been recognized as the world wide system of measurement since 1960.

SI system is from the French for Le Systeme International dUnites. The metric system is used in all scientific work because it is easy to use. The metric system is based upon multiples of ten. Conversions are made by simply moving the decimal point.What is the basic unit of length?The meter a little longer than a yard

What do scientists use to measure the length of an object smaller than a yard? A centimeter one hundredth of a meter, so there are 100 centimeters in a meterA millimeter There are 1,000 millimeters in a meter

How do scientists measure long distances?The kilometer There are 1,000 meters in a kilometer

Which measurement to USE?

Base Units (Fundamental Units)

QUANTITY NAME SYMBOL_______________________________________________ Length meter m ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mass gram g------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Time second s-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Temperature Kelvink--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Volume(liquid)__________liter_____________L________________SI PrefixesPrefix Symbol Multiplication Factor Term Micro u (0.000 001) one millionthMilli m (0.001) one thousandthCenti c (0.01) one hundredthDeci d (0.1) one tenthOne Unit 1 oneDeka dk 10 tenHecto h 100 one hundredKilo k 1000 one thousandMega M 1 000 000 one million

Metric Units Used In This ClassQUANTITY NAME SYMBOL Length meter m centimeter cm millimeter mm kilometer km Mass gram g kilogram kg centigram cg milligram mg Volume liter (liquid) L (l) milliliter (liquid) mL (ml) cubic centimeter (solid) cm3 Derived UnitsBase Units independent of other units-measureDerived Units combination of base units-calculated

Examples density g/L mass / volume (grams per liter) volume m x m x m = meters cubedVelocity m/s (meters per secondSCIENTIFIC NOTATIONScientific Notation: Easy way to express very large or small numbersA.0 x 10xA number with one non-zero digit before decimalx -exponent- whole number that expresses the number decimal placesif x is (-) then it is a smaller if x is (+) than it is larger

PRACTICEConvert to NormalConvert to SN 2.3 x 1023 m3,400,000, 3.4 x 10-5 cm.0000000456MultiplyingCalculating in Scientific notationMultiplying- Multiple the numbersAdd the exponents(2.0 x 104) (4.0 x 103) = 8.0 x 107

Dividingdivide the numberssubtract the denominator exponent from the numerator exponent

9.0 x 107 3.0 x 1023.0 x 105AddAdd or subtractget the exponents of all # to be the samecalculate as statedmake sure the final answer is in correct scientific notation form7.0 x 10 4 + 3.0 x 10 3 = 7. 0 x 104 + .3 x 104 = 7.3 x 104 70,000 + 3,000 = 73000= 7.3 x104

subtract7.0 x 10 4 - 3.0 x 10 3 =7.0x 104 .30 x 104 = 6.7 x 104

70,000 - 3 000 =67,000

PRACTICEAdd: 2.3 x 103 cm + 3.4 x 105 cmSubtract: 2.3 x 103 cm - 3.4 x 105 cmMultiply: : 2.3 x 103 cm X 3.4 x 105 cmDivide:: 2.3 x 103 cm / 3.4 x 105 cm

Significant figureshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puvE8hF6zrY

value determined by the instrument of measurement plus one estimated digit reflects the precision of an instrument

example if an instrument gives a length value to the tenth place you would estimate the value to the hundredths place

Using Significant Figures (Digits)Mathematical Operations Involving Significant FiguresMultiplication and DivisionThe answer must have the same number of significant figures as the measurement with the fewest significant figures.Making Unit ConversionsMake conversions by moving the decimal point to the left or the right using: king henry died unit drinking chocolate milk

Examples10.0 cm = __________m34.5 mL = __________L28.7 mg = __________kgFactor label method /Dimensional analysisUse equalities to problem solve converting units.quantity desired = quantity given x conversion factor (equality)A-given unitB-desired unitC-given unitA x B C B C must equal 1 use equality sheet

Equalities You Need To Know1 km = 1000 m1 m = 100 cm1 m = 1000 mm1L = 1000 mL1kg = 1000g1 g = 100cg1 g = 1000 mg

ENGLISH TO METRIC1 inch=2.5 centimeters1 gal=3.8 liters1lb= 4.4 Newtons1qt = .94 Liters1 ft = .30 meters12 in = .30 meters1 mi = 1.6 KmFour-step approachWhen using the Factor-Label Method it is helpful to follow a four-step approach in solving problems: 1.What is question How many sec in 56 min2. What are the equalities- 1 min = 60 sec3. Set up problem (bridges) 56 min 60 sec 1 min4. Solve the math problem -multiple everything on top and bottom then divide 56 x 60 / 1

24DistanceWe all know what the distance between two objects is...

So what is it? What is distance? What is length?

ALSO - you can't use the words "distance" or "length" in your definition; that would be cheating.DistanceAs you can see from your efforts, it is impossible to define distance.

Distance is a fundamental part of nature. It is so fundamental that it's impossible to define. Everyone knows what distance is, but no one can really say what it is.

However, distances can be compared.DistanceWe can compare the distance between two objects to the distance between two other objects.

For convenience, we create standard distances so that we can easily make comparisons... and tell someone else about them.

This doesn't define distance, but it allows us to work with it.DistanceWe'll be using meter as our standard for measuring distance.

The symbol for distance is "d".

And the unit for the meter is "m.

d = 0.2 m

Distance ActivityWork in partners create a difference in position between you and a partner. Use a meter stick to determine the distance between you and your partner.( position A)Now move to a different position. Measure the difference in your position now. ( Position B) make note of the distance you have traveled?

TimeSimilarly, everyone knows what time is...

But try defining it; what is time?

Remember you can't use the word "time" or an equivalent to the word "time", in your definition.TimeLike distance, time is a fundamental aspect of nature.

It is so fundamental that it's impossible to define. Everyone knows what time is, but no one can really say what it is...

However, like distances, times can be compared.TimeWe can say that in the time it took to run around the track, the second hand of my watch went around once...so my run took 60 seconds. When we compare the time between two events to the time between two other events, we are measuring time.

This doesn't define time, but it allows us to work with it.TimeWe will be using the second as our standard for measuring time.

The symbol for time is "t"

The unit for a second is "s".

t = 10sclick here for a "minute physics"on measuring time and distance Time ActivityRepeat previous distance activity Use a timer use seconds as the unitDetermine the time it took to go from position A to position BDraw a diagram of your activityList the known information-Distance: between position A to position BTime: it took to go from A to B

How do scientists calculate speed?Speed the distance the object travels in one unit of timeRate tells you the amount of something that occurs or changes in one unit of timeSpeed = distance time

Speed s = d t

meters second

msThe units of speed can be seen by substituting the units for distance and time into the equationWe read this unit as "meters per second"SPEED = Distance / timeUse the information from the previous two activities to calculate your speed.Use these steps1. draw a diagram2. list known and unknown data3. write the formula you will use4. plug in data5. solve the problem using the correct units

1A car travels at a constant speed of 10m/s. This means the car:Aincreases its speed by 10m every second.Bdecreases its speed by 10m every second.Cmoves with an acceleration of 10 meters every second.Dmoves 10 meters every second.

cccc2A rabbit runs a distance of 60 meters in 20 s; what is the speed of the rabbit?

How can you calculate the distance an object has moved?Rearrange the speed formula

Speed = distance/time

Distance = Speed x Time

Rearrange the following formulaSpeed =distance timeFind-distance: what you do to one side you do to the other time x speed = distance x time time distance=time x speed Find- time: what you do to one side you do to the other distance= time x speed speed speedTime =distance speed

3A car travels at a speed of 40 m/s for 4.0 s; what is the distance traveled by the car?

4You travel at a speed of 20m/s for 6.0s; what distance have you moved?

5An airplane on a runway can cover 500 m in 10 s; what is the airplane's average speed?

Solve for time:6You travel at a constant speed of 20 m/s; how much time does it take you to travel a distance of 120m?

7You travel at a constant speed of 30m/s; how much time does it take you to travel a distance of 150m?

48Graphinggraph a visual representation of data that reveals a pattern Bar- comparison of different items that vary by one factor Circle depicts parts of a wholeLine graph- depicts the intersection of data for 2 variablesIndependent variable- factor you change Dependent variable the factor that is changed when independent variable changesGraphingCreating a graph- must have the following pointsTitle graphIndependent variable on the X axis horizontal- abscissaDependent variable on Y axis vertical- ordinateMust label the axis and use unitsPlot pointsScale use the whole graphDraw a best fit line- do not necessarily connect the dots and it could be a curved line.Interpreting a graphSlope- rise Y2 Y1 Run X2 X1 relationship direct a positive slopeinverse- a negative slopeequation for a line y = mx + bm-slopeb y intercept extrapolate-points outside the measured values- dotted lineinterpolate- points not plotted within the measured values-dotted lineWORK ON GRAPHING EXERCISES

Graphical analysis click and go

What is average speed?Most objects do not move at constant speeds for very longTo find average speed divide the total distance by the total time

Car tripHow do you graph motion?You can show the motion of an object on a line graph in which you plot distance against timeTime is along the x-axis independent variable and distance on the y-axis dependent variable

How do you interpret motion graphs?A straight line indicates a constant speedThe steepness depends on how quickly or slowly the object is moving The faster the motion the steeper the slope

Bulldozer LabReturn toTable ofContentsAverage SpeedAverage SpeedThe speed we have been calculating is a constant speed over a short period of time. Another name for this is instantaneous speed.

If a trip has multiple parts, each part must be treated separately. In this case, we can calculate the average speed for a total trip.

Determine the average speed by finding the total distance you traveled and dividing that by the total time it took you to travel that distance.In physics we use subscripts in order to avoid any confusion with different distances and time intervals.

For example: if an object makes a multiple trip that has three parts we present them as d1, d2, d3 and the corresponding time intervals t1, t2, t3.

Distance and Time IntervalsThe following pattern of steps will help us to find the average speed:

Find the total distance dtotal = d1+ d2+ d3

Find the total time ttotal = t1 + t2 + t3

Use the average speed formulaAverage Speed & Non-Uniform Motion savg = dtotal ttotalAverage Speed - Example 1You ride your bike home from school by way of your friends house. It takes you 7 minutes (420 s) to travel the 2500 m to his house. You spend 10 minutes there, before traveling 3500 m to your house in 9 minutes (540 s). What was your average speed for this trip? To keep things clear, we can use a table to keep track of the information...

Example 1 - Step 1You ride your bike home from school by way of your friends house. It takes you 7 minutes (420 s) to travel the 2500 m to his house. You spend 10 minutes there, before traveling 3500 m to your house in 9 minutes (540 s). What was your average speed for this trip? SegmentDistanceTimeSpeed(m)(s)(m/s)I IIIII Total /Avg. Write the given information in the table below:Example 1 - Step 2You ride your bike home from school by way of your friends house. It takes you 7 minutes (420 s) to travel the 2500 m to his house. You spend 10 minutes there, before traveling 3500 m to your house in 9 minutes (540 s). What was your average speed for this trip? SegmentDistanceTimeSpeed(m)(s)(m/s)I 2500m420 sII0 m600 sIII 3500m540 sTotal /Avg. Next, use the given information to find the total distance and total timeExample 1 - Step 2You ride your bike home from school by way of your friends house. It takes you 7 minutes (420 s) to travel the 2500 m to his house. You spend 10 minutes there, before traveling 3500 m to your house in 9 minutes (540 s). What was your average speed for this trip? SegmentDistanceTimeSpeed(m)(s)(m/s)I 2500m420 sII0 m600 sIII 3500m540 sTotal /Avg. 6000m1560sNext, use the given information to find the total distance and total timeExample 1 - Step 3You ride your bike home from school by way of your friends house. It takes you 7 minutes (420 s) to travel the 2500 m to his house. You spend 10 minutes there, before traveling 3500 m to your house in 9 minutes (540 s). What was your average speed for this trip? SegmentDistanceTimeSpeed(m)(s)(m/s)I 2500m420 sII0 m600 sIII 3500m540 sTotal /Avg. 6000m1560sNext use total distance and time to find average speed.Example 1 - SolutionYou ride your bike home from school by way of your friends house. It takes you 7 minutes (420 s) to travel the 2500 m to his house. You spend 10 minutes there, before traveling 3500 m to your house in 9 minutes (540 s). What was your average speed for this trip? SegmentDistanceTimeSpeed(m)(s)(m/s)I 2500m420 sII0 m600 sIII 3500m540 sTotal /Avg. 6000m1560s3.85m/sNext use total distance and time to find average speed.Example 2SegmentDistanceTimeSpeed(m)(s)(m/s)I IIIII Total /Avg. You run a distance of 210 m at a speed of 7 m/s. You then jog a distance of 200 m in a time of 40s. Finally, you run for 25s at a speed of 6 m/s. What was the average speed of your total run?Example 2 - ReflectionSegmentDistanceTimeSpeed(m)(s)(m/s)I 210307 m/sII200405 m/sIII 150256 m/sTotal /Avg. 560955.89 m/sWhat happens when you take the 'average' (arithmetic mean) of the speed for each leg of the trip? Is it the same as the average speed?

Why do you think this happens? Return toTable ofContentsPosition and Reference FramesPosition and Reference FramesSpeed, distance and time didn't require us to define where we started and where we ended up. They just measure how far we traveled and how long it took to travel that far.

However, much of physics is about knowing where something is and how its position changes with time.

To define position we have to use a reference frame. Position and Reference FramesA reference frame lets us define where an object is located, relative to other objects.

For instance, we can use a map to compare the location of different cities, or a globe to compare the location of different continents.

However, not every reference frame is appropriate for every problem. Reference Frame ActivitySend a volunteer out of the classroom to wait for further instructions.

Place an object somewhere in your classroom. Write specific directions for someone to be able to locate the object

Write them in a way that allows you to hand them to someone who can then follow them to the object.

Test your directions out on your classmate, (who is hopefully still in the hallway!)Remember: you can't tell them the name of something your object is near, just how they have to move to get to it. For instance 'walk to the SmartBoard' is not a specific direction. Reference Frame Activity - ReflectionIn your groups, make a list of the things you needed to include in your directions in order to successfully locate the object in the room.

As a class, discuss your findings.

You probably found that you needed:

A starting point (an origin)

A set of directions (for instance left-right, forward-backward, up-down)

A unit of measure (to dictate how far to go in each direction)

Results - Reference Frames

In this course, we'll usually:

Define the origin as a location labeled "zero"

Create three perpendicular axes : x, y and z for direction

Use the meter as our unit of measureResults - Reference FramesIn this course, we will be solving problems in one-dimension.

Typically, we use the x-axis for that direction.

+x will usually be to the right

-x would then be to the left

We could define it the opposite way, but unless specified otherwise, this is what we'll assume. We also can think about compass directions in terms of positive and negative. For example, North would be positive and South negative.

The symbol for position is "x".The Axis+x- x8All of the following are examples of positive direction except:Ato the rightBnorthCwestDup

Return toTable ofContentsDisplacementDisplacementNow that we understand how to define position, we can talk about a change in position; a displacement.

The symbol for "change" is the Greek letter "delta" "".

So "x" means the change in x or the change in position-x+y-y+xDisplacementDisplacement describes how far you are from where you started, regardless of how you got there. -x+y-y+xDisplacementFor instance, if you drive 60 miles from Pennsylvania to New Jersey...

x0(In physics, we label the starting position x0)-x+y-y+xDisplacementand then 20 miles back toward Pennsylvania.

x0xf(We also label the final position xf )-x+y-y+xDisplacementYou have traveled:

a distance of 80 miles, and

a displacement of 40 miles,

since that is how far you are from where you started

x0xfwe can calculate displacement with the following formula:x = Xf - XoDisplacementMeasurements of distance can only be positive values (magnitudes) since it is impossible to travel a negative distance.

Imagine trying to measure a negative length with a meter stick...

xfxo-x+y-y+xxoxf-x+y-y+xDisplacementHowever, displacement can be positive or negative since you can end up to the right or left of where you started.Displacement is positive. Displacement is negative.Vectors and ScalarsScalar - a quantity that has only a magnitude (number or value)

Vector - a quantity that has both a magnitude and a directionQuantity Vector Scalar TimeDistanceDisplacementSpeed Which of the following are vectors? Scalars? 9How far your ending point is from your starting point is known as:AdistanceBdisplacementCa positive integerDa negative integer

10A car travels 60m to the right and then 30m to the left. What distance has the car traveled?+x- x

11You travel 60m to the right and then 30m to the left. What is the magnitude (and direction) of your displacement?+x- x

12Starting from the origin, a car travels 4km east and then 7 km west. What is the total distance traveled?A3 km B-3 km C7 km D11 km

13Starting from the origin, a car travels 4km east and then 7 km west. What is the net displacement from the original point?A3 km westB3 km eastC7 km westD11 km east

14You run around a 400m track. At the end of your run, what is the distance that you traveled?

15You run around a 400m track. At the end of your run, what is the displacement you traveled?

16Which of the following is a vector quantity?AtimeBvelocityCdistanceDspeed

ccReturn toTable ofContentsAverage VelocityWhat is Velocity?Speed in a given directionWhen you know the speed and direction of an objects motion, you know the velocity of the objectExample 15 km/hour westward

Average VelocitySpeed is defined as the ratio of distance and timeSimilarly, velocity is defined as the ratio of displacement and times = dtxtv = Average velocity = time elapseddisplacementAverage speed = distance traveledtime elapsedAverage VelocitySpeeds are always positive, since speed is the ratio of distance and time; both of which are always positive.But velocity can be positive or negative, since velocity is the ratio of displacement and time; and displacement can be negative or positive.s = dtxtv = Usually, right is positive and left is negative.Average speed = distance traveledtime elapsedAverage velocity = time elapseddisplacement17Average velocity is defined as change in ______ over a period of ______.Adistance, timeBdistance, spaceCdisplacement, timeDdisplacement, space

ccccc18Velocity is a vector.TrueFalse

cc19You travel 60 meters to the right in 20 s; what is your average velocity?

20You travel 60 meters to the left in 20 s; what is your average velocity?

21You travel 60 meters to the left in 20 s and then you travel 60 meters to the right in 30 s; what is your average velocity?

22You travel 60 meters to the left in 20 s and then you travel 60 meters to the right in 30 s; what is your average speed?

25You travel 160 meters in 60 s; what is your average speed?

DOT DIAGRAMGO TO PHYSICS CLASSROOM TO PRACTICE DOT DIAGRAM EXAMPLES.Ticker Tape Diagrams- dot diagramThe distance between dots on a ticker tape represents the object's position change during that time interval. A large distance between dots indicates that the object was moving fast during that time interval. A small distance between dots means the object was moving slow during that time interval. Ticker tapes for a fast- and slow-moving object are depicted below.

Dot diagram-

Return toTable ofContentsInstantaneous VelocityInstantaneous VelocitySometimes the average velocity is all we need to know about an object's motion.

For example: A race along a straight line is really a competition to see whose average velocity is the greatest.

The prize goes to the competitor who can cover the displacement in the shortest time interval.But the average velocity of a moving object can't tell us how fast the object moves at any given point during the interval t.

Instantaneous VelocityAverage velocity is defined as change in position over time. This tells us the 'average' velocity for a given length or span of time.

Watch what happens when we look for the instantaneous velocity by reducing the amount of time we take to measure displacement.

Instantaneous Velocity- velocity of an object at a specific point in time

If we want to know the speed or velocity of an object at a specific point in time (with this radar gun for example), we want to know the instantaneous velocity...Instantaneous VelocityDisplacementTime100m10 sVelocity In an experiment, an object travels at a constant velocity. Find the magnitude of the velocity using the data above.Instantaneous VelocityWhat happens if we measure the distance traveled in the same experiment for only one second?

What is the velocity? 10 m 1 s DisplacementTimeVelocity 100m10 s10 m/s Instantaneous VelocityWhat happens if we measure the distance traveled in the same experiment for a really small time interval?

What is the velocity? 10 m 1 s 10 m/s0.001m0.0001 s DisplacementTimeVelocity 100m10 s10 m/s DisplacementTimeVelocity100 m10 s 10 m/s 10 m 1 s 10 m/s 1.0 m 0.10 s 10 m/s 0.10 m 0.010 s 10 m/s 0.010 m0.0010 s 10 m/s 0.0010 m 0.00010 s 10 m/s 0.00010 m 0.000010 s 10 m/s Instantaneous VelocitySince we need time to measure velocity, we can't know the exact velocity "at" a particular time... but if we imagine a really small value of time and the distance traveled, we can estimate the instantaneous velocity.To describe the motion in greater detail, we need to define the velocity at any specific instant of time or specific point along the path. Such a velocity is called instantaneous velocity.

Note that the word instant has somewhat different meaning in physics than in everyday language. Instant is not necessarily something that is finished quickly. We may use the phrase "It lasted just an instant" to refer to something that lasted for a very short time interval.Instantaneous Velocity

In physics an instant has no duration at all; it refers to a single value of time.

One of the most common examples we can use to understand instantaneous velocity is driving a car and taking a quick look on the speedometer. Instantaneous Velocity

At this point, we see the instantaneous value of the velocity.Instantaneous VelocityThe instantaneous velocity is the same as the magnitude of the average velocity as the time interval becomes very very short.xt as t 0 close to zero v = Instantaneous Velocity(a) When the velocity of a moving object is a constant the instantaneous velocity is the same as the average.

v(m/s)t (s)v(m/s)t (s)These graphs show (a) constant velocity and (b) varying velocity.(b) When the velocity of a moving object changes its instantaneous velocity is different from the average velocity.Slow, Rightward(+)Constant VelocityFast, Rightward(+)Constant Velocity

MOTION GRAPHSPositive VelocityPositive VelocityChanging Velocity (acceleration)

Constant velocity to Speeding upSlow, Leftward(-)Constant VelocityFast, Leftward(-)Constant Velocity

Slowing downVelocity time graphsCONSTANT VELOCITYCalculate distance using v=d/t for 3 and 5 secs

Position time graphConstant VelocityCalculate velocity using v=d/t for 3 and 5 secs

Constant Positive VelocityObserve that the object below moves with a constant velocity in the positive direction. Thedot diagramshows that each consecutive dot is the same distance apart (i.e., a constant velocity). The position-time graph shows that the slope is both constant (meaning a constant velocity) and positive (meaning a positive velocity). The velocity-time graph shows a horizontal line with zero slope (meaning that there is zero acceleration); the line is located in the positive region of the graph (corresponding to a positive velocity). The acceleration-time graph shows a horizontal line at the zero mark (meaning zero acceleration).

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/kinema/cpv.gif

v(m/s)t (s)The graph below shows velocity versus time.

How do you know the velocity is constant?Velocity Graphing Activityv(m/s)t (s)The graph below shows velocity versus time.

When is the velocity increasing? Decreasing? Constant?Velocity Graphing ActivityTEST