Using the CMAQ Model to Simulate a Dust Storm in the Southwestern United StatesDaniel Tong$, George Bowker*, Rohit Mathur+, Tom Pierce+, Shaocai Yu$, Dale Gillette+ The 6th CMAS Workshop Atmospheric Sciences Modeling Division, ARL/NOAA, RTP, NC 27711* Atmospheric Modeling Division, US EPA, RTP, NC$ On assignment from STC+ on assignment to NERL/ORD/EPAOctober 2, 2007Chapel Hill, NC

Environmental Impacts of Dust Particles (Source: IPCC, 2007) Direct: absorbing & scattering; Indirect: CCN; Bio-available iron phytoplankton CO2 sink;Climate : Reduce photolysis rates by over 50%; Reacting platform for O3, HO2 and N2O5; Buffering acid rain;Atmospheric Chemistry: Reduce visibility; PM air quality standards;Air Quality: Sources for toxic metals; Ubiquitous constituents of inhalable PM;Human Health:

Sources of Dust Emissions: 3 major typesEPAs National Emission Inventory (NEI) includes anthropogenic dust emissions (Dust from unpaved road)Anthropogenic sourcesThe other two major sources are not accounted for

Impact on CMAQ ModelingCMAQ simulation of PM2.5 on April 15, 2003

Comparing CMAQ with IMPROVE

How to Simulate Dust Storm with CMAQ?Dust EmissionPost-processing

Modeling Wind-blown Dust EmissionsOpen barren areas (land use data);Dry soil (precipitation, soil moisture, and snow cover);Soil components sand, silt and clay (soil type data);Vegetation coverage (seasonal crop data, roughness)High wind to mobilize particles (surface wind speed);Threshold wind speed for each soil type (threshold wspd)Important parameters

Building a Box ModelPurpose: Sensitivity test and compare various parameters Dust Emission Flux = Kvh * [Horizontal Flux] Horizontal flux Equations were derived from wind tunnel and field experiments over different soils.Dust emission modeling fundamentals Dust emission is more sensitive to threshold friction velocity than to formulation of flux equation

Chart3

0.000042985900000

0.000343887400000

0.001160620100000

0.00275109950.00020460580000

0.00537324110.00219012410000

0.00928496070.00546522020000

0.01474417370.01028780980000

0.02200879570.01691580840.0016368464000

0.03133674240.02560713160.0084182994000

0.04298592920.0366196950.0175209925000

0.05721427170.05021141420.0292028414000

0.07427968560.06664020460.04372176160.005524356600

0.09444008640.0861639820.06133566880.019955146700

0.11795338970.10904066190.08230247840.037738839200

0.1450775110.13552815980.1068801060.059133349700

0.17607036590.16588439130.13532646730.08439659390.01309477130

0.21118987010.2003672720.16789947780.11378648730.03802830070

0.2506939390.23923471750.2048570530.14756094550.0673463950

0.29484048830.28274464340.24645710860.1859778840.10130696960

0.34388743350.33115496520.29295756020.22929521850.14016794010.0255757251

0.39809269020.38472359840.34461632320.27777086440.18418722220.0638653964

0.4577141740.44370845880.40169131330.33166273750.23362273130.1075712948

0.52300980040.50836746180.46444044610.39122875320.28873238310.1569513358

0.59423748510.57895852310.53312163710.45672682710.34977409310.212263435

0.67165514350.65573955810.60799280190.52841487480.41700577690.2737655081

0.75552069140.73896848250.6893118560.60655081190.490685350.3417154705

0.84609204420.82890321190.77733671520.69139255390.57107072820.4163712379

0.94362711750.92580166180.87232529480.78319801650.65841982680.4979907258

1.04838382691.02992174780.97453551060.88222511520.75299056160.5868318498

1.1606200881.14152138551.0842252780.98873176550.8550408480.6831525255

U*t = 0 m/s

U*t = 0.1 m/s

U*t = 0.2 m/s

U*t = 0.3 m/s

U*t = 0.4 m/s

U*t = 0.5 m/s

Local Friction Velocity (m/s)

Normalized Flux

Owen's Equation

Equations

0.02840381530.04746701550.0063311458

333

0.00000191430.00000191430.0000000238

0.0000153140.0000153140.0000003803

0.00005168480.00005168480.0000019252

0.00012251210.00012251210.0000060847

0.00023928140.00023928140.0000148552

0.00041347820.00041347820.0000308037

0.00065658810.00065658810.0000570677

0.00098009650.00098009650.000097355

0.0013954890.0013954890.000155944

0.0019142510.0019142510.0002376832

0.0025478680.0025478680.000347992

0.00330782570.00330782570.0004928599

0.00420560940.00420560940.000678847

0.00525270460.00525270460.0009130838

0.0064605970.0064605970.0012032712

0.00784077190.00784077190.0015576807

0.0094047150.0094047150.0019851539

0.01116391160.01116391160.0024951032

0.01312984730.01312984730.0030975113

0.01531400770.01531400770.0038029313

0.01772787810.01772787810.0046224868

0.02038294420.02038294420.0055678717

0.02329069140.02329069140.0066513506

0.02646260530.02646260530.0078857584

0.02991017130.02991017130.0092845003

0.03364487490.03364487490.0108615521

0.03767820170.03767820170.0126314601

0.04202163710.04202163710.0146093409

0.04668666670.04668666670.0168108816

0.05168477590.05168477590.0192523398

Owen

Kawamura or White

Gillette & Passi

Draxler2001

USTARUSTAR0UTSTAROwenKawamura or WhiteGillette & Passi

30.37249537030.250.02840381530.04746701550.0063311458

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10.124165123400.0019142510.0673941490.0019142510.04032802440.00023768320.0375418946

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1.40.173831172800.00525270460.18492954490.00525270460.1106600990.00091308380.1442209421

1.50.186247685100.0064605970.22745525290.0064605970.13610708240.00120327120.1900558412

1.60.198664197500.00784077190.27604643440.00784077190.1651835880.00155768070.2460345602

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1.80.223497222200.01116391160.3930426770.01116391160.23519303840.00249510320.3940997923

1.90.235913734500.01312984730.46225646810.01312984730.27660991950.00309751130.4892497241

20.248330246900.01531400770.53915319210.01531400770.32262419530.00380293130.600670313

2.10.260746759200.01772787810.6241372140.01772787810.37347783410.00462248680.7301185196

2.20.273163271500.02038294420.71761289870.02038294420.4294128040.00556787170.8794414052

2.30.285579783900.02329069140.8199846110.02329069140.49067107310.00665135061.0505761315

2.40.297996296200.02646260530.9316567160.02646260530.55749460950.00788575841.2455499609

2.50.310412808600.02991017131.05303357830.02991017130.63012538150.00928450031.4664802562

2.60.322829320900.03364487491.18451956310.03364487490.70880535710.01086155211.7155744808

2.70.335245833300.03767820171.3265190350.03767820170.79377650460.01263146011.9951301987

2.80.347662345600.04202163711.47943635910.04202163710.8852807920.01460934092.3075350742

2.90.360078857900.04668666671.64367590030.04668666670.98356018750.01681088162.6552668726

30.372495370300.05168477591.81964202340.05168477591.08885665920.01925233983.0408934593

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0.70.08691558640.010.00064789650.02281019340.00072243970.01521982590.00005050190.0079767327

0.80.09933209870.010.00097016330.03415609040.00106783190.02249629410.00008755410.0138291045

0.90.11174861110.010.00138431410.04873690650.00150819160.03177346610.00014198910.0224270721

10.12416512340.010.00190183440.06695700660.00205500420.04329331020.00021854070.0345183487

1.10.13658163580.010.00253420990.08922075570.00271975530.05729779440.00032251330.0509407483

1.20.14899814810.010.00329292580.11593251860.00351393030.0740288870.00045978160.0726221853

1.30.16141466050.010.00418946790.14749666020.00444901480.0937285560.00063679090.1005806748

1.40.17383117280.010.00523532150.18431754550.00553649430.11663876960.00086055680.1359243323

1.50.18624768510.010.00644197220.22679953930.00678785420.14300149590.00113866530.1798513739

1.60.19866419750.010.00782090550.27534700650.00821458010.17305870320.00147927290.2336501163

1.70.21108070980.010.00938360690.3303643120.00982815760.20705235950.00189110680.2986989767

1.80.22349722220.010.01114156190.39225582070.0116400720.24522443290.00238346410.3764664728

1.90.23591373450.010.0131062560.46142589750.01366180890.28781689180.00296621280.468511223

20.24833024690.010.01528917470.53827890730.01590485380.33507170410.00364979120.576481946

2.10.26074675920.010.01770180350.62321921490.01838069220.3872308380.0044452080.7021174613

2.20.27316327150.010.02035562790.71665118540.02110080960.44453626170.00536404230.8472466888

2.30.28557978390.010.02326213350.81897918350.02407669160.50722994330.00641844371.013788649

2.40.29799629620.010.02643280570.93060757420.02731982360.5755538510.00762113231.2037524629

2.50.31041280860.010.029879131.05194072230.03084169110.64974995290.00898539861.4192373521

2.60.32282932090.010.0336125921.18338299280.03465377970.73006021720.01052510341.6624326387

2.70.33524583330.010.03764467711.32533875050.03876757480.8167266120.01225467811.9356177454

2.80.34766234560.010.04198687091.47821236040.04319456190.90999110540.01418912452.2411621954

2.90.36007885790.010.04665065881.64240818730.04794622661.01009566560.0163440152.5815256125

30.37249537030.010.05164752641.81833059610.05303405441.11728226080.0187354922.959257721

0.10.01241651230.02-0.00000305240-0.0000079690-0.00000001450

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0.30.0372495370.020.0000367850.00129507110.00005653550.00119104860.00000089150.0001408179

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0.50.06208256170.020.00021444830.00754998380.00028353320.00597326860.00001006960.0015904819

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0.80.09933209870.020.00094036370.03310694860.0011297010.02379970510.00007775310.012281049

0.90.11174861110.020.00135078950.04755662190.00159254450.03355055150.00012803420.0202229071

10.12416512340.020.00186458490.06564557940.00216492450.04560902860.00019939820.0314948028

1.10.13658163580.020.00249323540.08777818570.00285832620.06021710460.00029703460.0469164087

1.20.14899814810.020.00324822640.11435880590.00368423540.07761674760.00042670340.067397498

1.30.16141466050.020.00414104350.14579180480.00465413730.09804992580.00059473480.0939379445

1.40.17383117280.020.00518317220.18248154740.00577951770.12175860730.00080802970.1276277224

1.50.18624768510.020.00638609790.22483239840.00707186190.14898476020.00107405930.1696469066

1.60.19866419750.020.00776130630.27324872290.00854265550.17997035270.00140086520.2212656725

1.70.21108070980.020.00932028270.32813488570.0102033840.21495735290.00179705960.2838442959

1.80.22349722220.020.01107451270.38989525170.01206553290.25418772910.0022718250.3588331534

1.90.23591373450.020.01303548180.45893418580.01414058760.29790344930.00283491440.4477727219

20.24833024690.020.01521467560.53565605280.01644003380.34634648160.00349665120.5522935791

2.10.26074675920.020.01762357940.62046521780.01897535690.39975879430.00426792920.6741164031

2.20.27316327150.020.02027367890.71376604550.02175804240.45838235550.00516021280.8150519724

2.30.28557978390.020.02317645950.81596290090.02479957580.52245913320.00618553680.9770011665

2.40.29799629620.020.02634340680.92746014880.02811144260.59223109580.00735650631.1619549648

2.50.31041280860.020.02978600611.04866215420.03170512840.66794021130.00868629681.3719944479

2.60.32282932090.020.03351574321.1799732820.03559211860.74982844780.01018865461.6092907966

2.70.33524583330.020.03754410331.3217978970.03978389870.83813777350.01187789611.8761052921

2.80.34766234560.020.04188257221.47454036410.04429195430.93311015660.01376890822.1747893166

2.90.36007885790.020.04654263511.63860504830.04912777081.03498756520.01587714832.5077843524

30.37249537030.020.05153577781.81439631440.05430283381.14401196740.01821864422.8776219826

0.10.01241651230.03-0.00000926060-0.00003163550-0.00000003370

0.20.02483302470.03-0.00000703570-0.00001553530-0.00000007910

0.30.0372495370.030.00001816020.00063935750.0000327860.00069071190.00000037470.0000591821

0.40.04966604940.030.00007781260.00273951290.00012481410.00262949140.00000240930.0003805517

0.50.06208256170.030.00018340710.00645712780.00027203440.00573101960.00000767680.0012125387

0.60.07449907410.030.0003464290.01219656720.00048593240.01023726470.00001839940.0029061718

0.70.08691558640.030.00057836410.02036219590.00077799360.01639019470.00003737010.0059025802

0.80.09933209870.030.00089069760.03135837890.00115970360.02443177780.00006795210.0107329936

0.90.11174861110.030.00129491520.04558948110.00164254780.03460398230.00011407930.0180187422

10.12416512340.030.00180250230.06345986730.00223801170.04714877610.00018025570.028471257

1.10.13658163580.030.00242494460.08537390250.00295758090.06230812750.00027155590.0428920692

1.20.14899814810.030.00317372730.11173595140.00381274080.08032400460.00039362510.0621728108

1.30.16141466050.030.00406033620.14295037920.00481497690.10143837550.00055267870.0872952143

1.40.17383117280.030.00509625660.17942155050.00597577490.12589320850.00075550270.1193311126

1.50.18624768510.030.00629297410.22155383040.00730662010.15393047160.00100945330.1594424393

1.60.19866419750.030.00766197420.26975158360.00881899810.1857921330.00132245750.2088812286

1.70.21108070980.030.00921474230.32441917520.01052439430.22172016080.00170301250.268989615

1.80.22349722220.030.01096276410.385960970.01243429440.26195652320.00216018590.3411998339

1.90.23591373450.030.0129175250.45478133280.01456018370.30674318840.00270361590.4270342208

20.24833024690.030.01509051050.53128462870.01691354780.35632212440.00334351110.5281052122

2.10.26074675920.030.01749320610.61587522240.01950587220.41093529950.00409065040.6461153448

2.20.27316327150.030.02013709730.70895747890.02234864250.47082468170.00495638340.7828572561

2.30.28557978390.030.02303366960.81093576310.0254533440.53623223930.00595262990.9402136839

2.40.29799629620.030.02619440860.92221443990.02883146240.60739994030.00709188021.1201574668

2.50.31041280860.030.02963079971.04319787410.03249448310.68456975290.00838719511.3247515438

2.60.32282932090.030.03335432851.17429043060.03645389160.76798364530.00985220591.5561489544

2.70.33524583330.030.03737648041.31589647440.04072117350.85788358560.01150111411.8165928388

2.80.34766234560.030.0417087411.46842037040.04530781420.9545115420.01334869182.1084164377

2.90.36007885790.030.04636259571.63226648330.05022529921.05810948260.01541028162.4340430923

30.37249537030.030.05134953011.80783917820.05548511411.16891937550.01770179652.7959862442

0.10.01241651230.04-0.00001795220-0.00007578540-0.00000005280

0.20.02483302470.04-0.00002441880-0.00006375170-0.00000023230

0.30.0372495370.04-0.00000791450-0.00001641340-0.00000014220

0.40.04966604940.040.00004304640.00151551410.0000777150.0016372430.00000118420.0001870448

0.50.06208256170.040.00013994930.00492712930.00023011910.00484797810.00000528390.0008345955

0.60.07449907410.040.00029427970.0103605690.00045228420.00952838860.00001426460.0022530859

0.70.08691558640.040.00051752310.01822019810.00075569590.01592044280.00003080420.004865504

0.80.09933209870.040.00082116510.02891038140.00115183980.02426610890.00005815120.0091849381

0.90.11174861110.040.00121669120.04283548390.00165220130.03480735490.00010012440.0158145773

10.12416512340.040.00171558680.06039987040.00226826590.0477861490.00016111320.0254477111

1.10.13658163580.040.00232933740.08200790590.00301151910.06344445940.00024607730.0388677296

1.20.14899814810.040.00306942860.10806395520.00389344650.08202425420.00036054690.0569481235

1.30.16141466050.040.00394734590.13897238320.00492553360.10376750160.00051062260.080652484

1.40.17383117280.040.00497457480.17513755490.00611926580.12891616970.00070297560.1110345027

1.50.18624768510.040.00616260070.2169638350.00748612870.15771222660.00094484740.149237972

1.60.19866419750.040.00752290920.26485558860.00903760780.19039764040.00124404980.1964967847

1.70.21108070980.040.00906698580.31921718050.01078518850.22721437950.00160896530.2541349342

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Draxler2001

Owen

Kawamura

Gillette & Passi

Local Frictioin Velocity (m/s)

Normalized Horizontal Flux

adjustedeqn

Owen

Kawamura

Gillette & Passi

Ustar0

Normalized Flux

Sheet2

Surface roughness (cm)

19.375

USTARUSTAR0UTSTAROwenKawamura or WhiteGillette & Passi

Normalization factors30.77954844510.290.40816827480.56001105050.2319129522

0.10.025984948200.00001754550.00004298590.00001754550.00003133060.00000045590.00000196590.2322413537

0.20.051969896300.00014036390.00034388740.00014036390.00025064490.00000729470.0000314545

0.30.077954844500.00047372830.00116062010.00047372830.00084592670.00003692940.0001592383

0.40.103939792700.00112291150.00275109950.00112291150.00200515960.00011671520.0005032716

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