Using Satellite-Derived PBL Propertiesto Estimate Land Surface Fluxes Dr. Joseph A. Santanello, Jr.

ESSIC University of Maryland&NASA/GSFC Hydrological Sciences Branch

14 July 2005

Ph.D. Committee

Mark Friedl, Principal AdvisorBruce AndersonGuido SalvucciElena TsvetsinskayaWilliam Kustas (USDA-ARS)

MotivationLand surface energy balance is an important component of atmospheric and hydrologic models, the global water cycle, and the Earths radiation budget:Rnet G = lE + Hs (Net Radiation Soil Heat Flux = Latent Heat Flux + Sensible Heat Flux)

Observations of lE and Hs are limited to sparse networks of in-situ, point-scale measurements from flux towers.

The convective planetary boundary layer (PBL) grows throughout the day in response to turbulent fluxes of heat and moisture and acts as a short-term memory of land surface processes on regional scales.

The Convective PBLPBL Height12 UTC20 UTCMixed Layer Free Atmosphere Residual Layer1714

The Convective PBL h12 UTC201714 EntrainmentSurface sensible heat fluxAdvectionAdvectionRFD

The Convective PBLConservation methods to solving heat budgets in the PBL cannot be applied on diurnal timescales due to variability in entrainment and advection.

RFD can be significant but depends on specific humidity.STREAMER model (J. Key et al. 2002)

Observable properties of the PBL are strongly related to surface conditions and fluxes.Observations of the PBL can be used to estimate soil water content using a statistical approach.

The Convective PBLExamine properties that are not directly included in the conservation equation:

Maximum PBL Height (h)responds directly to the flux of heat into the PBL

Atmospheric Stability (g) dq/dz: change in pot. temperature with height

Soil Water Content (w)controls partitioning of surface fluxes

Change in 2-meter potential temperature (Dq2m)sensitive to heat input and PBL height g h qi qf

w (% vol) g (K m-1) Dq2m (K) Dq2m (g kg-1)h(m)h(m)h(m)h(m)Relationship of stability, soil moisture, 2m pot. temperature and specific humidity to PBL heightStabilitySoil water content2m Pot. temp2m Sp. humidity

(K/m)w (% vol)

g (K m-1)

R2 = 0.85Predictions of PBL height using trend surfaces and observations of soil moisture, stability and 2m potential temperature change.

MotivationRemote Sensing now offers the ability to monitor conditions in the lower troposphere on diurnal timescales with unprecedented spectral resolution.

Vertical temperature profiles are retrieved from observed radiances in a number of spectral bands/channels.

MODIS and AIRS have a high spatial and diurnal resolution compared to synoptic radiosonde networks.

Potential for remotely-sensed estimates of PBL structure to serve as a surrogate for land surface conditions.

BackgroundOriginal expectation of MODIS and AIRS temperature retrievals based on support product levels applied to observed radiosonde measurements.

BackgroundARM-SGP Central Facility (Lamont, OK)

PBL dataRadiosondes launched 4 times daily: 6:30am, 9:30am, 12:30pm, 3:30pm Profiles of temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind (10m)** Storage, advection, mixed-layer temperature

Land surface dataBowen ratio flux towers Surface meteorological data5 soil moisture probes (0-5 cm)Averaged across three sites surrounding the central facility** Surface fluxes, soil moisture

Background

MODIS and AIRS Data

44 clear days in JJA 2003.Temperature profile retrievals (L2) and cloud-cleared (L1B) radiances.2 complete soil dry-downs Daily PBL heights from 300 - 3650 m.Methodology:

a) First-order evaluation of MODIS/AIRS temperature profiles in the lower troposphere using ARM-SGP radiosonde data.

Derive key PBL properties (height, mixed-layer temperature, stability) from MODIS/AIRS.

Estimate land surface conditions and fluxes from satellite-derived properties.

MOD-T1130 UTC2330 UTC5 July 2003 1755 UTC (12:55pm) 10 July 2003 1635 UTC (11:35am)MOD-T EvaluationMOD-T1130 UTC2330 UTC MOD-T simulates the free atmosphere and mean lapse rate of temperature well. Near-surface profiles are very similar to 1130 UTC soundings and no variation in PBL.Theta (K)Theta (K)h (m)h (m)Profiles of potential temperature retrieved from radiances measured by MOD-T compared with those measured by radiosondes at the ARM-SGP site.

MOD-A1130 UTC2330 UTCMOD-A1130 UTC2330 UTC5 July 2003 1930 UTC (1:30pm) 10 July 2003 1945 UTC (1:45pm)MOD-A Evaluation MOD-A responds to the heating of the mixed-layer (bend point ~4 km). Spectral resolution is not sharp enough to capture mixed-layer structure of PBL height.Theta (K)Theta (K)h (m)h (m)Profiles of potential temperature retrieved from radiances measured by MOD-A compared with those measured by radiosondes at the ARM-SGP site.

AIRS-d1130 UTC2330 UTCAIRS-d1130 UTC2330 UTC15 June 2003 1930 UTC (1:30pm) 28 July 2003 1930 UTC (1:30pm)AIRS-d Evaluation AIRS-d has a negative temperature bias between 700 and 850 mb. As a result, AIRS-d cannot accurately represent the mixed-layer or PBL height.Profiles of potential temperature retrieved from radiances measured by AIRS-d compared with those measured by radiosonde at the ARM-SGP site.xxxxx

AIRS-d Variability

Chart1

986.0666986.0666986.0666986.0666986.0666986.0666986.0666986.0666986.0666986.0666986.0666986.0666

958.5911958.5911958.5911958.5911958.5911958.5911958.5911958.5911958.5911958.5911958.5911958.5911

931.5236931.5236931.5236931.5236931.5236931.5236931.5236931.5236931.5236931.5236931.5236931.5236

904.8659904.8659904.8659904.8659904.8659904.8659904.8659904.8659904.8659904.8659904.8659904.8659

878.6201878.6201878.6201878.6201878.6201878.6201878.6201878.6201878.6201878.6201878.6201878.6201

852.788852.788852.788852.788852.788852.788852.788852.788852.788852.788852.788852.788

827.3713827.3713827.3713827.3713827.3713827.3713827.3713827.3713827.3713827.3713827.3713827.3713

802.3714802.3714802.3714802.3714802.3714802.3714802.3714802.3714802.3714802.3714802.3714802.3714

777.7897777.7897777.7897777.7897777.7897777.7897777.7897777.7897777.7897777.7897777.7897777.7897

753.6275753.6275753.6275753.6275753.6275753.6275753.6275753.6275753.6275753.6275753.6275753.6275

729.8857729.8857729.8857729.8857729.8857729.8857729.8857729.8857729.8857729.8857729.8857729.8857

706.5654706.5654706.5654706.5654706.5654706.5654706.5654706.5654706.5654706.5654706.5654706.5654

683.6673683.6673683.6673683.6673683.6673683.6673683.6673683.6673683.6673683.6673683.6673683.6673

661.192661.192661.192661.192661.192661.192661.192661.192661.192661.192661.192661.192

639.1398639.1398639.1398639.1398639.1398639.1398639.1398639.1398639.1398639.1398639.1398639.1398

617.5112617.5112617.5112617.5112617.5112617.5112617.5112617.5112617.5112617.5112617.5112617.5112

596.3062596.3062596.3062596.3062596.3062596.3062596.3062596.3062596.3062596.3062596.3062596.3062

575.5248575.5248575.5248575.5248575.5248575.5248575.5248575.5248575.5248575.5248575.5248575.5248

555.1669555.1669555.1669555.1669555.1669555.1669555.1669555.1669555.1669555.1669555.1669555.1669

535.2322535.2322535.2322535.2322535.2322535.2322535.2322535.2322535.2322535.2322535.2322535.2322

515.72515.72515.72515.72515.72515.72515.72515.72515.72515.72515.72515.72

Pot. Temp (K)

Pressure (mb)

suptemp0728

986.0666315.79605315.55313307.2002312.42316315.88016309.2289304.99017303.09604303.31177305.4763314.7783296534314.536192515306.2101816194311.4163095131308314.8621685909308.2323436995304.007273914302.1192481532302.3342829171304.491837256986.0666301.20844300.2377313481986.0666

958.5911312.2823312.919304.77676308.78198306.50467312.82187306.72845302.72336300.4254300.6728302.9938313.8018785869314.4416767954306.2598163189310.284525885307.9961344004314.3440741568308.2210033231304.1964243895301.8872824211302.1358862798304.4681803618958.5911299.29114300.7475030651958.5911

931.5236308.64767310.3161302.31628305.1969303.74292309.89932304.20193300.3345297.70688297.9478300.42358312.7007179105314.3910571209306.2861864211309.2046336655307.7315605339313.9688041189308.1965980847304.2783824135301.6162574722301.8603411452304.3686321794931.5236297.42307301.3287205834931.5236

904.8659304.24368307.19647299.49487301.16782300.45718306.37646301.26297.53464294.52045294.87897297.3771310.8091517272313.825661898305.9578640757307.666915749306.9409403874312.9879563703307.761084961303.955333001300.8760978397301.2423545754303.7943933431904.8659295.17926301.5491247281904.8659

878.6201300.02115304.21768296.80396297.49417297.2771302.95038298.39185294.5909291.45447291.82318294.5588309.0865215814313.4098529879305.772121692306.4831869221306.2595579838312.1042605361307.4079910191303.4921923689300.2609927055300.6408435639303.4591224425878.6201292.8952301.7452554791878.6201

852.788295.99875301.23593294.9192294.36282294.42828299.36066295.8574292.10245288.8516289.33575292.02225307.5563145387312.9979854221306.4346124391305.8565080306305.9245239812311.0494936464307.4094453879303.5078796439300.1300969839300.6331511005303.4245481554852.788290.73856302.0907352071852.788

827.3713292.91278298.64673293.21732291.95483292.0688296.35123293.3298289.91464286.6783287.19012289.7112306.995006573313.004624924307.3141877958305.9910016725306.1104509532310.5987652767307.4320754426303.852726441300.4607944823300.9972210058303.6395057541827.3713288.91324302.8031826157827.3713

802.3714290.12854296.1049291.48642289.6078289.88535293.61188290.9549288.06604284.61322285.2084287.56577306.7569398955313.0758284313308.1926453023306.2063542521306.4998117267310.4399237172307.630661815304.5762299642300.925515363301.5548074536304.0472875364802.3714287.09662303.5512487174802.3714

777.7897287.6734293.683289.7925287.40515287.85193291.10992288.68808286.21664282.66092283.28674285.45523306.8798976967313.2907282886309.140479284306.5937380011307.0703472417310.5458567531307.9623227474305.3258772006301.5327597631302.2003625988304.5136317066777.7897285.33197304.3821422599777.7897

753.6275285.1617291.24335288.05368285.11356285.80148288.6038286.45685284.35236280.68878281.40106283.34763306.9585171811313.5050283922310.0715505672306.9066975188307.6471998483310.6637199205308.3526641635306.0873139084302.1437019704302.9104262978305.0057856704753.6275283.52066305.1920415113753.6275

729.8857283.31543288.76868286.3511283.16312284.18924286.30627284.72635282.69843279.1899279.74738281.69226307.7759350359313.7000003709311.0736946133307.6104751008308.7251868638311.0249941413309.3086691417307.105665323303.2942205974303.8998315529306.0126259762729.8857281.44556305.7446267247729.8857

706.5654281.51553286.43866284.83185281.4166282.60248284.17258283.0583281.16782277.7456278.25574280.11868308.674036544314.0721131955312.3102902202308.5655625197309.8658473262311.5874187961310.3656414205308.2927820915304.5404119777305.0997664581307.1424289344706.5654279.3831306.335885694706.5654

683.6673279.58804284.28934283.21442279.74136280.9846281.67807281.41827279.54413276.21652276.60992278.67902309.4626887554314.6663338708313.4765561056309.632391363311.0084745216311.7760434446311.4884831951309.4140868672305.730913804306.1663495321308.4565378009683.6673277.5345307.1897231097683.6673

661.192277.56528282.17444281.5722278.08347279.4164279.29022279.66068277.97903274.7062274.89026277.2464310.174984763315.3256510595314.6526570062310.7540542178312.2435832483312.1025790147312.5165624382310.637344104306.9800062864307.1856905409309.8186412061661.192275.44482307.8054029183661.192

639.1398276.16614280.10663279.77737276.5374278.0418277.40604277.7298276.6033273.65796273.37622276.2004311.6200071833316.0663724115315.6948424203312.0389290825313.7364620922313.0190840104313.3844079184312.113289243308.7898301398308.4719207074311.6586654397639.1398273.68176308.8166855544639.1398

617.5112274.94528278.06927278.17935275.00934276.69797275.67752276.06696275.24243272.62094271.94272275.33127313.3120979632316.8720203627316.9974613077313.3850971177315.3093644046314.1465172724314.5903010807313.6507133048310.6634114981309.890550327313.7519503465617.5112271.93045309.8765681286617.5112

596.3062273.4956276.0013276.5219273.3827275.55975273.63885274.30832273.9816271.57065270.50742274.459314.7903692175317.674401824318.2736065872314.6604225833317.1661827246314.9552483614315.7258008254315.3497497686312.5747733497311.3510075404315.899231816596.3062270.4059311.2341591586596.3062

575.5248271.93124273.94702274.78784271.6175273.8692271.887272.47604272.5963270.11246268.90207273.18103316.1812462834318.5250440487319.5026864686315.8164529474318.4345607906316.1298073302316.8146988539316.9545281603314.0665053396312.659154648317.6344083393575.5248268.9331312.6952340042575.5248

555.1669270.5543271.91678272.88916270.01462272.20697270.39993270.64136271.1785268.67685267.37198271.8553317.8371232379319.4377140386320.5800298765317.2031272575319.7786184515317.6557751066317.939398086318.5704101689315.6315648453314.0986521287319.3654896225555.1669267.51617314.2680411748555.1669

535.2322269.3443269.85538271.1013268.50046270.58786268.99268.98657269.7631267.2809265.8803270.59058319.7422528914320.3489628556321.8280112993318.7405190412321.2184997473319.3216585808319.3175867815320.2394160225317.2927629092315.6300917504321.221728696535.2322266.1263315.9221216698535.2322

515.72268.17188267.79742269.23828267.15308268.93658267.61407267.22772268.19748265.88785264.40225269.18176321.7497070286321.3004339904323.0291621586320.5273618613322321.0804526531320.6169141221321.7804216304319.0093526584317.2269459244322.9613500769515.72264.6726317.5513089162515.72

496.6298266.97415265.7363267.38696265.83206267.23254266.17422265.53394266.6329264.43655262.94165267.8267323.7868142284322.2855471282324.2874710702322.4016850589324.1001901673322.8166574311322.0401244918323.372945506320.709207577318.8961896927324.820788673496.6298263.17368319.1775961678496.6298

477.9607265.45212263.59598265.32394264.44315265.15887264.4216263.88577264.86438262.5486261.17496266.20886325.4882777168323.2123425621325.3311078007324.2511133364325.1287046328324.2246894661323.5676731129324.7676111034321.9280811582320.2437709413326.4161663292477.9607261.346320.4534943182477.9607

459.7118263.7244261.48456263.1386262.9483263.06494262.7434262.16687262.9461260.59259.47977264.27615326.9901998446324.2130365286326.2638701645326.0279184095326.1725396008325.7738642076325.0590283414326.0251906435323.1038772958321.7273102069327.674311147459.7118259.48145321.7293932282459.7118

441.8819262.0113259.36542260.93204261.20074260.93362260.9547260.38898260.97238258.56717257.73407262.21088328.5623266214325.2443915218327.2089339371327.5458838975327.210915258327.2373495906326.5279363729327.2595203212324.2433855453323.1986776479328.8126000606441.8819257.63666323.0765254498441.8819

424.4698260.2416257.2118258.67917259.3979258.77365259.1035258.53857258.9461256.4936255.94638260.0553330.1169748397326.2736676575328.1350293513329.0467397517328.2548774148328.6732927801327.9566779784328.4736305746325.3626295632324.6684799308329.880652928424.4698255.80164324.4848769598424.4698

407.4738258.05634255.0352256.17828257.15756256.40247257.00488256.3971256.49704254.00555253.53706257.74323331.1931473556327.315773658328.7828186564330.0396404238329.0705472652329.8436887578329.0636553314329.1919197373325.994306322325.3930396466330.7912975643407.4738253.74303325.6573844504407.4738

390.8926255.77316252.82301253.6115254.85045253.9738254.84955254.19073253.98524251.45503251.08208255.36069332.1864081974328.3548891586329.3789436802330.9880349173329.8494822453330.9868660387330.1312209451329.8643399908326.5782196962326.0938494013331.6507111454390.8926251.64162326.8205542003390.8926

374.7241253.5189250.5906251.00185252.53209251.53175252.7881251.93222251.49527248.84811248.56769252.80379333.2607267776329.4113593883329.9519639503331.9635255914330.6485386795332.3000609687331.1749725006330.6005842615327.1207866389326.752163341332.3206861008374.7241249.44786327.9091819849374.7241

358.9665251.15369248.34901248.3581250.18004249.02194250.68733249.63164248.96849246.17079246.00865250.16273334.2331038844330.5006606071330.5127574985332.9373790969331.3961898848333.6124761312332.2075732391331.3250590987327.6019047436327.3861302691332.9143431024358.9665247.12651328.873768446358.9665

343.6176248.68785246.06888245.88364247.78407246.48956248.5236247.47089246.4421243.49838243.3892247.50157335.1138083977331.5846733363331.335057274333.8959396609332.15155136334.8924769454333.4739208831332.0875976874328.1208529507327.973729858333.5152630381343.6176244.6909329.7278068843343.6176

328.6753245.82486243.8317243.40196245.07462243.89096246.24294245.14867243.81256240.82222240.65958244.69325335.4947582273332.7745503024332.1880534062334.4708520714332.8554266603336.065341888334.5719133996332.7484285762328.667297826328.4453313923333.9503691717328.6753241.99648330.2698943852328.6753

314.1369242.6744241.56529241.03249242.3093241.18675243.78703242.87015241.16457238.0929237.89879241.9042335.5082964453333.9749018776333.2382818619335.0035292385333.4515532651337.0465575716335.7789296436333.4208884153329.1741661861328.9058003617334.4434602288314.1369239.2812330.8170444982314.1369

300239.30252239.20953239.02364239.56392238.6016241.13588240.78728238.51389235.42087235.23276239.05786335.2323436405335.1020764973334.8416682895335.5985317384334.2504440169337.8006474324337.3123032437334.1275734811329.7946465084329.5311283634334.8896061499300236.40527331.1736654969300

286.2617235.87361236.68562237.0325236.80357235.96358238.37854238.65276235.86914232.7273232.5294236.22961334.8886167381336.0414922364336.5339854974336.2089552788335.0163543381338.4450660701338.8343981216334.8822703218330.4215489566330.1405745091335.394058392286.2617233.53384331.5666582587286.2617

272.9191232.6372234.1091234.99472234.07466233.40283235.56587236.26053233.27483230.09662229.86697233.44528334.8334040321336.9519013635338.2265692123336.9023320666335.9353709536339.0486221717340.0484423743335.7511412788331.1767616309330.8462276869335.9964689981272.9191230.76204332.1344968671272.9191

259.9691229.72762231.46286232.90822231.44328231.03369232.9321233.88542230.98102227.86589227.67946230.69511335.2748048434337.8072920225339.9167153123337.7787160913337.1809420521339.9515668567341.3428848747337.1040730889332.557712478332.2856281641336.6868031957259.9691228.46034333.4252795025259.9691

247.4085227.2419228.84512230.66208228.85866228.76665230.41978231.41422228.76926225.70972225.53267227.89615336.377665091338.7508515511341.4404293198338.7708943054338.634695352341.0817617138342.5537939635338.6385588371334.1096364797333.8475560024337.3461268377247.4085226.29002334.9686328138247.4085

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0.0384231.8338216.37321232.77654231.55098232.57262232.14996235.70473233.74562233.04083233.91891228.07794216.12369277443934.95778942784233.26833885334210.98033532274229.55985482974221.87337063294286.52032901154250.89200351394238.07471018814254.0434511234147.81898924240.0384234.63164267.00441365130.0384

0.0161231.23863209.85367231.69287230.73914231.6651231.0118235.42024233.34592232.09363233.66724226.437045392.16914823224893.50107729545402.76140487165380.52172337145402.11384638525386.87978231665489.67858440195441.30827401065412.10658092565448.80101772175280.20262490320.0161233.472355444.25644899940.0161

suptemp0728

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Pot. Temp (K)

Pressure (mb)

AIRS-n1130 UTC2330 UTCAIRS-n1130 UTC2330 UTC4 June 2003 0840 UTC (4:40am) 27 July 2003 0745 UTC (3:45am)AIRS-n Evaluation Overall initial lapse rate is captured well by AIRS-n. Responds to stability in the mixed-layer (and presence of a residual layer).

Profiles of potential temperature retrieved from radiances measured by AIRS-n compared with those measured by radiosondes at the ARM-SGP site.

Use retrieved profiles to initialize and constrain a PBL model

Use AIRS-n to initialize the OSU 1-D PBL modelMixed layer height and structure simulated wellh +/- 200 m at w extremesOSU simulations of potential temperature initialized using AIRS-n data compared with radiosonde measurements.Modeling Approaches

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14513

14521

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15916

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16023

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16330

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16515

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16701

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16718

16727

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16745

16752

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16786

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16811

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16870

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16904

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17410

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17425

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17470

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17510

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17581

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17595

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17612

17621

17630

17638

17646

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17660

17669

17677

17684

17691

17700

17709

17718

17727

17735

17744

17752

17761

17770

17778

17787

17795

17805

17815

17824

17833

17840

17848

17858

17867

17876

17885

17893

17901

17911

17921

17930

17938

17947

17955

17964

17973

17981

17989

17997

18005

18014

18024

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18050

18059

18068

18076

18084

18092

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18127

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18143

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18201

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18279

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18303

18311

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18402

18412

18420

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18436

18443

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18460

18468

18476

18485

18493

18501

18511

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18527

18535

18543

18551

18561

18569

18578

18586

18594

18604

18613

18621

18629

18637

18645

18654

18663

18671

18679

18687

18695

18704

18714

18721

18728

18736

18745

18753

18763

18770

18778

18785

18794

18802

18811

18819

18827

18835

18842

18851

18859

18868

18877

18885

18893

18903

18913

18919

18927

18934

18942

18950

18959

18966

18974

18981

18989

18998

19009

19016

19022

19029

19035

19043

19052

19064

19074

19081

19088

19096

19105

19112

19120

19128

19137

19146

19156

19163

19171

19179

19188

19198

19209

19217

19225

19232

19241

19250

19259

19268

19277

19285

19293

19302

19313

19321

19329

19338

19346

19356

19366

19374

19383

19391

19399

19408

19418

19426

19435

19443

19451

19459

19469

19479

19488

19496

19505

19514

19524

19532

19541

19549

19558

19566

19574

19583

19592

19600

19609

19617

19626

19636

19645

19653

19661

19668

19676

19687

19698

19706

19714

19722

19729

19739

19749

19758

19766

19774

19782

19791

19800

19809

19816

19824

19833

19844

19853

19862

19871

19879

19887

19898

19907

19915

19923

19931

19940

19951

19962

19970

19979

19987

19995

20005

20014

20024

20033

20041

20049

20059

20069

20079

20088

20096

20104

20115

20125

20135

20144

20152

20160

20170

20181

20191

20200

20209

20218

20227

20237

20245

20254

20263

20272

20283

20293

20302

20312

20322

20332

20340

20350

20360

20370

20379

20389

20397

20406

20417

20427

20436

20445

20454

20464

20473

20483

20491

20498

20509

20519

20529

20538

20547

20554

20563

20573

20582

20591

20599

20608

20617

20627

20638

20648

20656

20662

20671

20680

20689

20698

20705

20712

20722

20731

20740

20749

20758

20766

20773

20781

20789

20798

20807

20815

20823

20831

20839

20847

20856

20865

20873

20881

20889

20898

20907

20917

20925

20933

20941

20950

20959

20969

20977

20984

20992

21001

21010

21021

21027

21034

21040

21048

21056

21066

21074

21082

21090

21097

21105

21112

21121

21129

21138

21146

21154

21162

21170

21179

21186

21194

21202

21211

21220

21228

21236

21244

21250

21256

21265

21275

21283

21291

21299

21306

21315

21324

21332

21340

21348

21356

21364

21373

21382

21391

21400

21409

21417

21426

21436

21445

21453

21462

21472

21481

21491

21500

21510

21520

21528

21536

21545

21554

21564

21573

21581

21591

21601

21613

21623

21633

21643

21652

21661

21671

21681

21692

21701

21710

21720

21729

21739

21750

21761

21771

21780

21790

21801

21812

21821

21831

21841

21850

21860

21870

21882

21893

21903

21912

21923

21934

21945

21955

21965

21975

21984

21993

22005

22016

22027

22038

22047

22056

22068

22079

22090

22099

22108

22117

22129

22140

22151

22162

22172

22183

22191

22201

22211

22221

22231

22240

22248

22257

22268

22278

22286

22294

22304

22313

22322

22331

22340

22349

22359

22368

22376

22386

22396

22407

22414

22421

22430

22439

22449

22460

22467

22474

22482

22490

22497

22503

22514

22525

22534

22542

22550

22559

22567

22576

22583

22591

22598

22607

22616

22626

22635

22644

22654

22664

22671

22679

22688

22697

22705

22711

22721

22730

22740

22750

22760

22769

22777

22786

22795

22805

22815

22825

22833

22841

22850

22860

22871

22880

22890

22899

22909

22918

22928

22939

22949

22959

22968

22977

22987

22999

23009

23019

23028

23036

23046

23056

23066

23077

23088

23098

23108

23118

23128

23139

23149

23159

23169

23180

23190

23201

23212

23222

23232

23242

23252

23262

23273

23285

23296

23306

23315

23325

23335

23346

23356

23366

23376

23386

23397

23408

23419

23428

23437

23447

23457

23466

23476

23487

23496

23505

23515

23523

23531

23538

23549

23560

23569

23577

23585

23594

23603

23613

23622

23632

23640

23648

23657

23666

23675

23684

23692

23700

23707

23715

23723

23732

23741

23750

23756

23763

23770

23779

23787

23797

23804

23810

23817

23823

23831

23840

23848

23855

23863

23871

23879

23887

23894

23901

23908

23914

23922

23931

23938

23946

23953

23960

23968

23976

23986

23995

24003

24010

24017

24023

24032

24041

24050

24058

24065

24073

24081

24090

24098

24106

24113

24121

24130

24139

24148

24157

24166

24174

24183

24192

24201

24210

24219

24227

24237

24246

24255

24263

24272

24282

24291

24300

24308

24316

24324

24337

24349

24359

24368

24377

24386

24395

24407

24418

24426

24434

24443

24452

24462

24473

24483

24493

24503

24512

24524

24535

24546

24556

24565

24573

24584

24595

24605

24614

24624

24633

24643

24652

24662

24671

24680

24688

24700

24710

24720

24729

24739

24751

24759

24768

24776

24785

24795

24807

24817

24827

24835

24843

24850

24859

24870

24880

24889

24897

24906

24914

24924

24935

24945

24954

24961

24967

24977

24988

24998

25007

25016

25024

25032

25040

25048

25057

25066

25076

25084

25091

25100

25108

25118

25129

25136

25145

25153

25162

25170

25178

25186

25195

25204

25212

25221

25230

25240

25249

25258

25266

25273

25281

25290

25299

25308

25317

25325

25333

25340

25349

25358

25368

25376

25385

25394

25402

25410

25419

25428

25438

25447

25455

25462

25471

25481

25493

25501

25509

25516

25524

25534

25545

25553

25561

25570

25578

25587

25598

25608

25617

25625

25634

25643

25652

25659

25667

25676

25686

25697

25708

25715

25724

25734

25744

25753

25760

25769

25778

25788

25799

25809

25818

25825

25832

25840

25849

25860

25871

25882

25891

25900

25905

25910

25915

25925

25936

25946

25956

25967

25977

25988

25998

26009

26019

26029

26040

26050

26061

26071

26081

26092

26102

26112

26122

26132

26142

26152

26162

26170

26180

26191

26204

26217

26231

26240

26248

26258

26267

26277

26288

1130 OBS

2330 OBS

1130 OSU

2330 OSU

Theta (K)

Height (m)

Sheet1

ZUVTHTQPSIGMARHUFLXVFLXTHFLXQFLXQ1Q2TDZSPPBLK

00297.8524.722.915.3979186.500-0.10.120020.5-10

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120-3.1309.153632.913.69660.98742.10.490-1.460.18-16.8-1.518.319840.03

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160-3.5309.8536.733.213.49610.98240.500-0.080.01-101820990

180-3.6309.9536.833.113.39590.9840.40.0100.020.010.3017.921250

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260-3.8310.2537.132.712.99510.97139.80.01000.010017.322250

280-3.9310.3537.232.612.89490.96939.60.01000.010017.122510

300-4310.4537.332.512.79470.96739.50.01000.010016.922760

320-4310.5537.432.412.69440.96539.30.01000.010016.823020

340-4.1310.6537.532.312.59420.96339.20.01000.010016.623280

360-4.1310.7537.632.112.49400.961390.01000.010016.523530

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400-4.3310.8537.731.912.29360.95638.70.01000.010016.124050

450-4.4311.153831.711.99310.95138.30.01000.010015.724710

500-4.6311.3538.231.411.79260.94637.90.01000.010015.325370

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850-5.6312.7539.629.49.98900.9134.70000.0100.112.230100

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950-5.4312.8539.728.59.58800.89934.7-0.01000.030011.430970

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1150-5312.9539.826.68.78610.87934.4-0.01000.03009.732800

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1700-4.2313.3540.221.76.78080.82633.40000004.938010

1800-4.3313.5540.420.96.57990.81633.90000004.538620

1900-4.4313.7540.620.16.47900.80734.5000000439220

2000-4.5314.0540.919.46.37810.797350000003.539830

2200-4.7314.4541.317.867630.779360000002.641080

2400-4.9314.8541.716.35.77450.761370000001.642350

2600-5315.3542.214.75.57270.74338.10000000.643660

2800-5.2315.7542.613.25.27100.72639000000-0.445000

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3200-5.6316.6543.510.14.66770.69240.9000000-2.647820

3400-6317.2544.18.74.36610.67541000000-3.849550

3600-6.4317.7544.67.246450.65940.8000000-5.251470

3800-6.8318.3545.25.73.76300.64340.3000000-6.753460

4000-7.3318.9545.84.33.36140.62839.6000000-8.355560

4300-7.9319.7546.62.12.85920.60537.8000000-10.859000

4600-8.3320.7547.602.45700.58335.6000000-13.462630

5000-8322.4549.3-2.51.95430.55433.3000000-16.467220

5500-7.5324.5551.4-5.61.45090.5228.7000000-20.973840

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7500-6.2333.5560.4-180.33920.40113.9000000-39.2100440

8000-6335.0561.9-21.70.23660.37413.1000-0.0100-42.8105300

8500-5.9336.1563-25.80.23420.3515.8000.01000-44.5107380

9000-5.8337.2564.1-29.90.23190.32618.9000.01000-46.3109530

9500-5.7338.3565.2-33.90.22970.30422.5000000-48.2-10

10000-5.7339.3566.2-38.20.12770.28326.3000000-50.5-10

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00323.2550.148.115.9979122.3-3.72-18.27220.01346.290021.1-10

212314.7541.639.510.19770.99822.1-3.72-18.27220.01346.2910.111.413.932270

422.1314.5541.439.19.99740.99522.2-3.79-18.24217.31349.2710.511.413.632280

632.2314.4541.338.79.99720.99322.3-3.85-18.19214.54352.2410.711.413.532290

832.2314.3541.238.59.89700.99122.5-3.91-18.14211.75355.1910.811.413.332300

1042.3314.3541.238.29.89680.98922.7-3.95-18.07208.95358.1310.911.413.332310

1242.3314.2541.1389.89660.98722.9-3.99-18206.14361.041111.413.232320

1442.3314.2541.137.89.79640.98423-4.03-17.93203.34363.941111.313.132330

1642.3314.2541.137.69.79610.98223.2-4.06-17.86200.53366.831111.313.132330

1852.4314.2541.137.39.79590.9823.4-4.1-17.78197.72369.721111.31332340

2052.4314.154137.19.79570.97823.6-4.13-17.7194.91372.611111.312.932350

2252.4314.154136.99.79550.97623.8-4.15-17.62192.09375.491111.312.932350

2452.4314.154136.79.79530.97424-4.18-17.54189.28378.371111.312.832360

2652.4314.154136.59.79510.97124.2-4.21-17.46186.47381.241111.312.832360

2862.4314.154136.39.79490.96924.4-4.23-17.37183.65384.1111.111.212.832370

3062.4314.154136.19.79470.96724.6-4.25-17.29180.84386.9611.111.212.732370

3262.4314.154135.99.69440.96524.8-4.27-17.2178.03389.811.111.212.732380

3462.4314.154135.79.69420.96325-4.29-17.12175.21392.6411.111.112.632390

3662.5314.154135.59.69400.96125.2-4.31-17.03172.4395.471111.112.632390

3862.5314.154135.39.69380.95925.4-4.33-16.94169.59398.281111.112.532402.35

4062.5314.154135.19.69360.95625.6-4.34-16.85166.79401.09111112.5324021.55

4572.5314.154134.69.69310.95126.1-4.38-16.62159.79408.071110.912.4324259.05

5072.5314.154134.19.69260.94626.7-4.41-16.39152.81414.981110.812.33244108.83

5572.5314.154133.69.69210.94127.3-4.43-16.16145.85421.8410.910.712.23245150.99

6082.5314.154133.19.69160.93527.8-4.45-15.92138.92428.6210.910.612.13247180.13

6582.5314.154132.69.69100.9328.4-4.47-15.68132.02435.3310.910.5123249209.31

7082.6314.154132.29.69050.92529-4.48-15.44125.16441.9610.810.411.93251237.83

7582.6314.154131.79.69000.9229.6-4.49-15.19118.33448.5110.810.311.83253265.01

8092.6314.154131.29.58950.91530.3-4.49-14.95111.53454.9810.710.111.73255290.17

8592.6314.154130.79.58900.9130.9-4.49-14.7104.77461.3410.71011.63257307.29

9092.6314.154130.29.58850.90431.6-4.49-14.4598.06467.6110.69.811.53259317.72

9592.6314.154129.79.58800.89932.2-4.49-14.291.38473.7610.59.611.43262327.25

10092.6314.154129.39.58750.89432.9-4.49-13.9484.74479.7810.59.411.33265335.8

10592.6314.154128.89.58700.88933.6-4.47-13.6878.14485.6810.49.211.23267343.29

11092.7314.154128.39.58660.88434.3-4.45-13.4271.59491.4210.3911.13270349.64

11602.7314.154127.89.58610.87935.1-4.42-13.1665.08497.0110.28.7113273354.75

12102.7314.154127.39.58560.87435.8-4.4-12.8958.63502.4110.28.410.93277358.54

12602.7314.154126.99.58510.86936.6-4.37-12.6252.22507.6210.18.110.83280360.94

13102.7314.154126.49.48460.86437.4-4.34-12.3545.87512.61107.710.73284361.84

13602.7314.2541.125.99.48410.8638.1-4.3-12.0839.58517.359.97.310.63288361.18

14112.7314.2541.125