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Using New York’s Sustainable WoodyBiomass Resources for Bioenergy and
Bioproducts
T. A. VolkSUNY Center for Sustainable and Renewable Energy
State University of New York College of EnvironmentalScience and Forestry
What is Biomass?
Organic material that is available on a renewable orrecurring basis – but will focus on woody biomassExecutive Order 111 lists ‘sustainably managedbiomass’ as one of eight sources of renewable energyBiomass is included in RPS in 13 other statesLess than 1% electricity generation in NY is frombiomassPotential for a significant increase
Woody Biomass Feedstocks
Low value woodfrom forests can beharvestedsustainably
Large quantities ofwood residues fromprimary andsecondary woodproductmanufacturers areavailable
Willow biomasscrops can be grownon under utilizedopen land
Wood Residues
5.5 million tons ofresidue producedannually from secondarywood manufacturingindustriesAbout 30% is currentlynot utilizedUse for energy ratherthan being landfilledreduces GHG emissions
NY’s Forest Resources18.6 million acres of forestland in NY15.4 million acres oftimberland outside of federaland state reservesNet annual growth rate of586 million cubic feet195 million cubic feetharvested annuallyAnnual growth is 3X greaterthan current annual harvest
Low Grade & Forest ResiduesBioenergy market for low-grade wood will
support the sustainablemanagement of NY’s forestsimprove the economicviability of privately ownedforest landenhance NY’s forest productindustry
Woody Biomass Crops
Land dedicated toagriculture has declinedsteadily over the past 40yearsCurrently about 5.4million acres (14% ofland area ) of agriculturalland in NYAbout 1.7 million acresare underutilized
Year
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Acre
s (1
000'
s)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000Crops Pasture Grassland Idle
Decline in agricultural land in NY over thethe past 40 years.
Woody Crop Research HistoryResearch on woody biomasscrops began at SUNY-ESF inearly 1980sStudies have ranged fromhybrid poplar grown on 10 -12year rotations to wood grasstrials with one year rotationsResearch and developmentfocus shifts to willow biomasscrops in the mid 1980sHave established 500 acres ofwillow demonstration areas inNY in the past five years
SUNY-ESF research station in Tully,NY. Site of original willow biomasstrials in the US.
Willow Biomass Growth Cycle
Three years old after coppice
One year old after coppice
Harvest
Early spring after coppicing
CoppiceFirst year growth
Site Preparation
Planting
Biodiversity
Wood Thrush nesting in willow Soil microarthropod - Gozmanyina
Soil microarthropod diversityand density is similar toundisturbed early successionalfields four years after plantingSRWC
57 species regularly used SRWC 28 species breed in SRWC plots Species diversity is similar to
natural shrub lands and easterndeciduous forests
Global Carbon Cycles
(Mann and Spath 1997, Heller et al. 2003)
100 % Carbon Closure(Assumes 0.25 t/ha-yr increase in soil carbon)
Net CO2 Emissions: 0%Power Plant
Construction(26%)
Transportation(12%)
Feedstock Production
(62%)
Natural Gas1 0.40
Corn Ethanol1 1.34
55 J 11-16 J1 J
Rural Development Benefits(Jobs created per 10,000 acres planted)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
InducedIndirectDirectJo
bs C
reat
ed
Planting Years
Feedstock Costs
Valuation of multiple benefits associated withwillow biomass required for commercialization
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Green Price Premium (GPP)
0.60 – 0.90 ¢ kWh-1 required to be competitive Biomass tax credit
1.7 – 2.3 ¢ kWh-1 required to be competitive Future cost reductions will occur as expansion
takes place and R&D results (i.e. breeding forincreased yield) are deployed