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Chapter 7 Learning Goals (cont’d.) 6.W 6.What roles do managers take on in different organizational settings? 7.W 7.What set of managerial skills is necessary for managerial success? 8.W 8.What trends will affect management in the future?
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Using Management Skills to Build Using Management Skills to Build Business RelationshipsBusiness Relationships
Chapter 7
Chapter 7 Learning GoalsChapter 7 Learning Goals
1.1. WWhat is the role of management?2.2. WWhat are the four types of planning?3.3. WWhat are the primary responsibilities
of managers in organizing activities?4.4. HHow do leadership styles influence a
corporate culture?5.5. HHow do organizations control
activities?
Chapter 7 Learning Goals Chapter 7 Learning Goals (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
6.6. WWhat roles do managers take on in different organizational settings?
7.7. WWhat set of managerial skills is necessary for managerial success?
8.8. WWhat trends will affect management in the future?
Learning Goal 1Learning Goal 1
• WWhat is the role of management?– Management is the
• Process of guiding development, maintenance, and allocation of resources to attain organizational goals
– Managers are• Responsible for developing and carrying out this
management process– Primary functions of Managers
• Planning• Organizing• Leading• Controlling
ManagementManagement::The process of guiding the development, maintenance, and allocation of resources to attain organizational goals
Quality of ManagementQuality of Management
Ratings made by Fortune magazine:Most admired Most admired quality of management:
– Philip Morris– General Electric– Cisco Systems
LeastLeast admired admired quality of management::– Oxford Health Plans– Cabletron Systems– Trump Hotels & Casinos
Source: Fortune, Mar. 1, 1999, p. 70.
Four Activities of ManagementFour Activities of Management
1.1. Planning
2. 2. Organizing
3. 3. Leading
4. 4. Controlling
Learning Goal 2Learning Goal 2
• WWhat are the four types of planning?– Strategic planningStrategic planning
• Creating long-range (one to five years), broad goals• Determining necessary resources to accomplish goals
– Tactical planningTactical planning• Has a shorter time frame (less than one year)• Specific objectives that support the broader strategic goals
– Operational planningOperational planning• Creates specific standards, methods, policies, and procedures
used in specific functional areas of organization– Contingency plansContingency plans
• Identify alternative courses of action for unusual or crisis situations
Four Types of PlanningFour Types of Planning
1.1. Strategic Planning
2.2. Tactical Planning
3.3. Operational Planning
4.4. Contingency Planning
1.1. Planning
• long-range, broad goals
• to implement a strategic plan; shorter term and more specific
• creating very specific policies and procedures
• alternative actions for unusual or crisis situations
Contingency PlanningContingency Planning
Some types of contingency planning that were used in preparation for the Year 200 computer bug:– Cities stocked gasoline & diesel fuelstocked gasoline & diesel fuel for
emergency vehicles– Hotel chains stocked food & waterstocked food & water for guests if
needed– Stores devised paper & pen backupspaper & pen backups for credit
card processing– The Red Cross set up a national Disaster Disaster
Operations CenterOperations Center
Learning Goal 3Learning Goal 3
• WWhat are the primary responsibilities of managers in organizing activities?– Organizing involves
• Coordinating and allocating a firm’s resources in order to carry out its plans
• Developing a structure for the people, positions, departments, and activities within the firm by:
– Dividing up tasks (division of labordivision of labor)– Grouping jobs and employees (departmentalizationdepartmentalization)– Assigning authority and responsibilities (delegationdelegation)
Levels of ManagementLevels of Management2.2. Organizing
Top Management
Middle Management
Supervisory Management
CEOVice President
Division Heads,Regional Managers
Supervisors,Team Leaders,
Foremen
Strategic Plans
Tactical Plans
Operational Plans
Sources of Power for Leaders:Sources of Power for Leaders:3.3. Leading
Type of Power: Derived from:
1. LegitimateLegitimate position in organization
2. RewardReward control over rewards
3. CoerciveCoercive control over punishments
4. ExpertExpert extensive knowledge5. ReferentReferent charisma, respect,
admiration
– 95% of nurses in a research study were willing to follow doctors’ orders to administer a clearly unsafe dosage of medicine to patients (Source: Hofling et al., 1966, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, v. 143, pp. 171-180)
– 46% of nurses in another study admitted to a time that they complied with a doctor’s order that they thought was unsafe(Source: Krackow & Blass, 1995, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, v. 10, pp. 585-594)
Automatic Deference to Automatic Deference to ExpertExpert & & LegitimateLegitimate Power can be Harmful Power can be Harmful
Learning Goal 4Learning Goal 4
• HHow do leadership styles influence a corporate culture– Corporate cultureCorporate culture is the set of attitudes,
values, and standards of behavior that distinguishes one organization from another
• Evolves over time• Based on the accumulated history of the
organization, including the vision of the founders• Dominant leadership style within the organization
also determines corporate culture
Leadership StylesLeadership Styles
1. AutocraticAutocraticdirective, controlling
2. ParticipativeParticipativedemocratic, consensual, consultive
3. Free-reinFree-rein (Laissez-Faire)members have freedom, leaders give ideas and
information
3.3. Leading
Learning Goal 5Learning Goal 5
• HHow do organizations control activities?– Controlling is the process of assessing the
organization’s progress toward accomplishing its goals by:
• Setting performance standards (goals)• Measuring performance• Comparing actual performance to established
performance standards• Taking corrective action, if necessary• Using information gained from the process to set
future performance standards
5-stage Cycle of Controlling5-stage Cycle of Controlling
1.1. Set performance standards2.2. Measure performance3. 3. Compare performance to standards4. 4. Take corrective action, if needed5. 5. Use information gathered to set
future performance standards
4.4. Controlling
Measuring PerformanceMeasuring Performance
Federal Express uses 3 quantitative measures of performance:
Service Quality IndexService Quality Indexmeasurements made on every shipment
Customer Satisfaction IndexCustomer Satisfaction Indexcustomer ratings
Process Quality IndicatorsProcess Quality Indicatorsmeasures taken on individual operating units (ex.,
delivery truck performance)
4.4. Controlling
Source: Neff & Citrin: Lessons from the Top, 1999, pp. 277-283.
Learning Goal 6Learning Goal 6
• WWhat roles do managers take on in different organizational settings?– Informational role
• Manager may act as an information gatherer, an information distributor, or a spokesperson for the company
– Interpersonal role• Manager may need to act as a figurehead, a company
leader, or a liaison– Decisional role
• Manager may have to think like an entrepreneur, make decisions about resource allocation, help resolve conflicts, or negotiate compromises
Managerial RolesManagerial Roles
Type of role: Activities:1. InformationalInformational information gathering,
disseminating, spokesperson
2. InterpersonalInterpersonal figurehead, leader, liaison
3. DecisionalDecisional entrepreneur, resource allocation, resolve conflicts, negotiate
The Interpersonal RoleThe Interpersonal Role
• Jack Welch, CEO of GE, estimates he spends 60% or more60% or more of his time on ‘people stuff’
(Source: Neff & Citrin: Lessons from the Top, 1999, p. 345).
The Decision-Making ProcessThe Decision-Making Process
1. Define the problem
2. Search for solutions
3. Select one or more alternatives
4. Put plan into action
to see if problem is solved5. Follow up
Learning Goal 7Learning Goal 7
• WWhat set of managerial skills is necessary for managerial success?– Technical skillsTechnical skills
• Specialized areas of knowledge and expertise• Ability to apply knowledge
– Human Relations skillsHuman Relations skills• Understand human behavior• Communicate effectively with others• Motivate individuals to accomplish their objectives
– Conceptual skillsConceptual skills• Ability to view the organization as a whole• Understand how the various parts are interdependent• Assess how the organization relates to its external environment
Managerial Skills Managerial Skills
1.1. Technical Skillsspecialized knowledge and expertise
2. 2. Human Relations Skillsinterpersonal skills
3. 3. Conceptual Skillsunderstanding the big picture
4. 4. Global Management Skillsability to operate in diverse environments
Learning Goal 8Learning Goal 8
• WWhat trends will affect management in the future?– Increasing employee empowerment
• Increased autonomy and discretion to make their own decisions• Control of the resources needed to implement decisions
– Increasing use of information technology• Managers can make quicker, better-informed decisions• Keeps organization members connected
– Growing need for global management skills• Managers must
– adapt to a new culture– learn a new language– manage a diverse workforce– operate in a foreign economic system
Trends in ManagementTrends in Management
Increased employee empowerment Increased role of information
technology Increase in global management
Empowering EmployeesEmpowering Employees
Things needed to empower employees, according to Don Fites, CEO of Caterpillar:
• Give them decision-making authoritydecision-making authority• Develop a culture & climateculture & climate that support it• OrganizeOrganize the business to support it• RewardReward employees based on performance
Source: Neff & Citrin: Lessons from the Top, 1999, pp. 123-128.