USING GENETICS TO UNDERSTAND ENVIRONMENTAL

INFLUENCESJenae M. Neiderhiser

Department of PsychologyThe Pennsylvania State University

Conference on Genetics and BehaviorHCEO, University of Chicago. April 18-19, 2014

Genotype-environment correlation

Passive: parents & children share genes & share environments

Evocative: the environment (or people in it) respond to genetically influenced characteristics of individuals

Active: individuals seek out environments correlated with their genotype

Mechanisms of Parenting

Parenting behavior

Parent’s characteristics

Contextual factors

Child’s characteristics

Passive GE Correlation

Evocative GE Correlation

Gp Gc

Mechanisms of Parenting

Parenting behavior

Parent’s personality

Contextual factors

Child’s characteristics

Evocative GE Correlation

Gp

Gc

Partner relationships

Social support

Psychopathology

Children Of Twins Design (conceptual)

Twin 1 (Parent)

Twin 2 (Parent)

1.0 MZ; .5 DZ

Child 1 Child 2

.25 MZ parents; .125 DZ parents

.5

.5

Spouse 1 (Parent)

.5

Spouse 2 (Parent)

.5

.5 MZ parents; .25 DZ parents

0.5

a1

n

0.5

a1e1 e1

nmm

c2 a2

a1’

e2

a1’

e2a2 c2

0.5 / 0.125

1.0 / 0.5

A1 E1 E1 A1

ParentingTwin 1

ParentingTwin 2

Child adjChild 1

Child adjChild 2

a1’

a2 c2 e2 e2 c2 a2

a1’

TOSS

a1

n

0.5

a1e1 e1

nmm

c2 a2

a1’

e2

a1’

e2a2 c2

1.0 / 0.5

1.0

A1 E1 E1 A1

Parentingon Twin 1

Parentingon Twin 2

Child adjTwin 1

Child adjTwin 2

a1’

a2 c2 e2 e2 c2 a2

a1’

TCHAD

1.0

1.0

0.5

C1 C1

c1 c1

1.0C1 C1

c1 c1

1.0

0.5

a1

n

0.5

a1e1 e1

nmm

c2 a2

a1’

e2

a1’

e2a2 c2

0.5 / 0.125

1.0 / 0.5

A1 E1 E1 A1

ParentingTwin 1

ParentingTwin 2

Child adjChild 1

Child adjChild 2

a1’

a2 c2 e2 e2 c2 a2

a1’

TOSS

a1

n

0.5

a1e1 e1

nmm

c2 a2

a1’

e2

a1’

e2a2 c2

1.0 / 0.5

1.0

A1 E1 E1 A1

Parentingon Twin 1

Parentingon Twin 2

Child adjTwin 1

Child adjTwin 2

a1’

a2 c2 e2 e2 c2 a2

a1’

TCHAD

1.0

1.0

0.5

C1 C1

c1 c1

1.0C1 C1

c1 c1

1.0

Twin Parents sample Twin Children sample

Narusyte et al 2008: Mother reports of maternal overinvolvement &

adolescent internalizing problems Significant EVOCATIVE rGE

Findings from ECoT

Narusyte et al 2011: – Parental criticism and adolescent

externalizing problems– evocative GE correlation for mothers– Direct environmental influences only

for fathersMarceau et al 2014:

– Parental negativity and adolescent externalizing problems

– Evocative rGE for mothers & fathersMarceau et al under review:

– Parental monitoring and adolescent externalizing problems

– No rGE – direct enviornmental influences

Horwitz et al under review: – Parental criticism and adolescent

somatic symptoms– direct enviornmental influences

Parenting Twin 1

Parenting Twin 2

Parenting Twin 1

Parenting Twin 2

Child Beh Twin

1

Child Beh Twin

1

Child Beh Twin

2

Child Beh Twin

2

Time 1 Time 2

A1 A1

A2 A2

C1 C1C1 C1

C2 C2 C2C2 A2A2E2 E2 E2 E2

E1 E1 E1 E1A1 A1

A1’ A1’ A1’ A1’

Longitudinal Extended Children of Twins

Time 1 Time 2

Parenting Time 1

Child Beh Time 1

A1

A2

C1

C2 E2

E1

A1’

Parenting Time 2

Child Beh Time 2

C1

C2E2 A2

A1E1

A1’

Cross-Lagged Extended Children of Twins

Prenatalinfluences Child

BiologicalMother

BiologicalFather

Genetic influences

Shared environmental influences

Biological Parent-Child Designs

Prenatalinfluences Child

BiologicalMother

BiologicalFather

AdoptiveMother

AdoptiveFather

Genetic influences

Shared environmental influences

Adoptive Parent-Child Designs

Evocative rGE and Parenting

(Harold et al., 2013)

Evocative rGE and Peers

Birth Mother Underarousal

ToddlerInattention

Mother-ChHostility Preschool

Disruptive PeerBehavior (Mom)

Preschool Disruptive PeerBehavior (Dad)

.39***

.17**

.26***

.14*.17**.28***

.29***

.15*

.12*

Father-ChHostility

Significant indirect effects:1. Birth mother underarousal toddler inattention mother-to-child hostility (β =.04)2. Birth mother underarousal toddler inattention father-to-child hostility (β =.04)3. Toddler inattention mother-to-child hostility disruptive peer behavior (β =.05)4. Toddler inattention father-to-child hostility disruptive peer behavior (β =.08)

χ2 (2) = .156, RMSEA =.00

(Elam et al., 2014)

Conclusions Genetically informed studies need to include

detailed measurement of family environment Including prenatal environment

Children influence the environments they experience via (in part) their genes

Parents’ genes also influence the environments they provide

Using a variety of genetically informed designs allows mechanisms/processes to be clarified