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GSJ: Volume 7, Issue 11, November 2019, Online: ISSN 2320-9186
www.globalscientificjournal.com
Using ETAP Load Flow Analysis of 132/11kv
Kohat Substation: A Case Study
Muhammad Bilal, Prof.Dr.M.Naeem Arbab, Muhammad Zubair
Author Details (optional) Muhammad Bilal is currently pursuing master’s degree program in electric power engineering from Department Of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar, Pakistan. [email protected] Co-Author (1st) Prof.Dr.M.Naeem Arbab is currently working as a Dean and professor at Department Of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar, Pakistan. [email protected] Co-Author (2nd) Muhammad Zubair is currently pursuing master’s degree program in electric power engineering in Department Of Electrical Engineering, Abasyn University Peshawar, Pakistan. [email protected]
KeyWords
ETAP, Power flow analysis, under voltages etc.
GSJ: Volume 7, Issue 11, November 2019 ISSN 2320-9186
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GSJ© 2019 www.globalscientificjournal.com
Using ETAP Load Flow Analysis of 132/11kv
Kohat Substation: A Case Study
Muhammad Bilal
Department Of Electrical Engineering
University of Engineering & Technology
Peshawar, Pakistan.
Prof.Dr.M.Naeem Arbab Department Of Electrical Engineering
University of Engineering & Technology
Peshawar, Pakistan
Muhammad Zubair Department Of Electrical Engineering
Abasyn University
Peshawar, Pakistan.
Abstract – Using ETAP software load flow analysis
is accurate and gives high reliable result. This
research makes effective use of ETAP (Electrical
Transient Analyzer Program) to carry out load flow
analysis of 132 kV substation. The actual rating of
transformer, circuit breakers, current transformer,
potential transformer and isolating switch are taken
and modelled in ETAP in the form of single line
diagram. This 132 kV grid station located in KPK
Kohat Pakistan which is come under NTDCL
(National Transmission and Dispatch Company
limited).
In the operation and design planning for the power
system, the most significant and beneficial approach
for the investigation of problems relating to power
systems can be done by means of load flow analysis
or design power flow. In light of a predefined
structured power system and transmission system,
the load flow analysis provides steady state
characteristic data for voltage phase angles and its
magnitude, the flow of reactive power in the
transmission lines, losses in the system, generation
and consumption of reactive power in the bus bar
load. In this, an effort has been made to explore
power flow in the 132/11kV grid by utilizing ETAP
[1]. The data will be collect from Kohat 132/11KV
substation over a period of one year, specifically in
summer and winter peak loads.
I. INTRODUCTION
ETAP is Electrical Transient Analyzer Program. This
software provides Engineers, operators, and manager
platform for continuous functionality from modeling to
operation. ETAP’s model driven architecture enable
“Faster than Real-Time” operations - where Data and
analytics meet to provide predictive behaviour, pre-
emptive action, and situational intelligence to the
owner-operator. ETAP offers a suite of fully integrated
Electrical Engineering software solutions including arc
flash, load flow, short circuit, transient stability, relay
coordination, cable capacity, optimal power flow, and
more. Its modular functionality can be customized to fit
the needs of any company, from small to large power
systems [2].
Figure 1: Load Flow Diagram
As the electric power demand increasing day by day so
for that demand more generating station buit but also to
redesign the current power grid. For this reason, load
flow analysis can play vital role. Load flow or power
flow analysis can be performed by using Electrical
Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP)
which gives accurate, precise and reliable
outcomes[3][4].ETAP provides a package of complete
set of Electrical Design programming tools which
consists of transient steadiness, transfer coordination,
burden stream, transfer coordination, link capacity, and
numerous more ETAP [5].
It is predicted that consumption of energy will rise as
the population raises by which urbanization increases
and financial system will raise too [6].In third world
county or developing countries like Pakistan, where
the generation capacity of electricity is not increasing in
the same proportion as the demand of the country,
which in term leads to deficit of electric power. In spite
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of the deficiency of electric power, the main reason for
the energy deficit is the deficiency in the field of
analysis [7].Due to under voltage problem in power
system causes disturbance in power system so in case
of heavy load the reactive power cannot be send to long
separation so reactive power can be generated near the
load. This is because the difference in voltage causes
reactive power (VARs) to flow and voltages on a
power system are only ±5 percent of nominal and this
small voltage difference does not cause considerable
reactive power (VARs) to flow over long distances. So
if that reactive power (VARs) is not available at the
load centre, the voltage level goes down. Lasting under
voltages can cause excess wear and tear on certain
devices like motor as they will tend to run overly hot
if the voltage is low [8]. Power system studies are done
by electrical engineers from many years for utilizing
distinctive programming tools. The recently powerful
Computer-based software is emerged as a cause of
important research in the field of electrical engineering.
For the analysis and examination of mighty electrical
power systems, which comprises of power distribution
flowing from the 132kV grid, this project features the
viable utilization of Electrical Transient Analyzer
Program (ETAP).[9][10][11].For modelling and
simulation in ETAP, the single line diagram and real
ratings of power transformers, current
transformers(CT), circuit breakers, potential
transformers(PT) and isolators are taken from 132kV
kohat grid situated in kohat Pakistan.
II. PROBLEM STATEMENT
FDR ANA (False Discovery Rate) cannot provide wide
ranging analysis. The under voltage is main cause of
disturbance in power system.
III. OBJECTIVES The main objective are to monitor and analyse the
power system accurately, overcome the under voltage
problem, expand the substation in future demand
.improve the power factor of power system and
minimize the losses of power system.
IV. DETAILS OF COMPONENTS
The data is taken from kohat grid station. The grid
having current transformer, potential transformer,
power transformer, isolators and circuit breakers. The
data is taken real time of various feeder of kohat grid
station.
Table 1: Current Transformer Rating
Equipment Type Primary/ Secondary
Current Transformers
CT 1-3
1200/5A
Current Transformers
CT 4
1600/5A
Current Transformers
CT 5-11
300/5A
Current Transformers
Remaining 41 CTs
600/5A
Table 2: Potential Transformer Rating
Equipment Type Primary/ Secondary
Potential Transformers
PT- 5
132KV/120 KV
Potential Transformers
PT- 6
66 KV/120 KV
Table 3: Power Transformer Rating
Power TF Rating Primary/
secondary
TF-1 40MVA 132/11 KV
TF-2 40MVA 132/66 KV
TF-3 37MVA 132/11 KV
TF-4 26MVA 132/11 KV
Table 4: Current Transformer Rating
Equipment Type Rated
Current
Normal
Current
Circuit breaker
KHN 81-84 40KA 3120A
Circuit breaker
KHN71-74
25KA 2500A
Circuit breaker
WITH FEEDER 25KA 2500A
Circuit breaker
Remaining
400A
Table 1: Isolating switches Rating
Equipment Type Rating
Isolating switches
SW 1-16
132KV/1250A
The summer and winter (2019) load data are taken from
different 11KV feeder of kohat grid station which are
given below in a table.
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Table 5: 11KV Feeder Summer & Winter Load
11kv Feeder
(Places)
Winter Load
(A)
Summer load
(A)
Old City 1 200 160
New City 2 250 190
New City 3 260 290
Lachi Express 370 380
Jarma 450 250
K.T.M 5 7
B.C.M 50 90
Gumbat 370 400
Kohat Express 410 390
Barh 290 250
Alizai-1 220 150
OTS 140 370
Kharmaton 420 390
College town 160 230
Cadet college 120 120
Kohat tunnel 22 25
Figure 2: 132KV grid single Line Diagram in ETAP
132KV single line diagram are modelled in ETAP
which are given above. The two bus bar of 132 KV
rated having four incoming supplies. These 132KV bus
bars are further connected to feeders through power
transformers which stepped down to 11KV. Already to
capacitor bank are installed of rating of 7.2 MVAR
each.
Figure 3: Simulation of 132KV grid in ETAP Before adding
capacitor
132kv single line diagram simulation in ETAP show
the critical and marginal condition of buses then the
capacitor of 8 MVAR are added to the system, the
buses which are under voltages and in critical situation
goes to marginal state and there is no critical alert on
these buses but the buses are still in the form of under
voltage.
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Figure 3: Simulation of 132KV grid in ETAP before after
adding capacitor
Table 6: Incoming supplies to 132KV Grid station
Grid
Type
MV KV MW MVA
R
Am
p
%
P.F
Daud
Khel 1
27.43 132 40.96 23.04 206 87.2
Daud
Khel 2
27.43 132 40.96 23.04 206 87.2
Pesha
war 1
37.27 132 45.90 27.70 235 85.6
Pesha
war 2
45.72 132 45.90 27.70 235 85.6
V. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
Swing capacity, demand and losses summary report
without capacitor bank are in below table.
Table 7: summary Report of swing, total demand and losses
before adding capacitor bank.
Type MW MVAR MVA %P.F
Swing 173.9 93.45 205.5 87.9
Total
Demand
173.9 93.45 205.5 87.9
Appearent
Losses
0.31 8.21 --- ---
LOAD FLOW ALERT BY ETAP:
Load flow analysis of 132KV grid station has been
performed in ETAP with the help of different numerical
method in which Newton Raphson method [12] [13] is
used and it is observed the critical and marginal
situation of various part of the system. The buses which
are under voltages and operation condition is below
than 95% are consider as a critical alert while those
buses which are under voltages and operational
condition is greater than 95% are in marginal alert.
From load flow analysis it show that 3 & 8 buses are in
critical alert while bus 9 are in marginal alert.
LOAD FLOW ALERT BY ETAP WHEN
PUTTING OCT 2019 LOAD:
Below table show that there is two buses 3 & 8 are in
under voltage which are critical alert situation.
Table 8: Bus no 3&8 are in under voltage critical situation.
Bus
No.
Condition Rating
KV
Operating %
Operating
Bus
3
Under
voltage
11.0 10.38 94.3
Bus
8
Under
voltage
11.0 10.40 94.6
While the bus 9 is in under voltage and two power
transformer TF-2 & TF-4 are overloaded which are
marginal alert condition which is shown in below table.
Table 8: Marginal alert of bus 9 which is in under voltage
&power transformer tf-2&tf-4 are overloaded.
Equipment
Type
Conditio
n
Ratin
g
Operatin
g
%Operati
ng
Bus 9 Under
Voltage
11
KV
10.62 96.5
TF-2
Transform
er
Overloa
d
40
MVA
38.9 97.1
TF-4
Transform
er
Overloa
d
26
MVA
25.90 99.6
GSJ: Volume 7, Issue 11, November 2019 ISSN 2320-9186
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LOAD FLOW ALERT BY ETAP WHEN
PUTTING JUNE 2019 LOAD:
ETAP show critical alert before capacitor bank was
added.
Table 8: Bus 3 is under voltage and TF-4 is overloaded
Equipment
Type
Condition Rating Operating %Operating
Bus 3 Under
voltage
11 KV 10.35 94.1
TF-4
Transformer
Overload 26MVA 26.8 102.1
ETAP also show marginal alert before capacitor bank
was added.
Table 8: Marginal alerts before adding capacitor bank.
Equipment
Type
Condition Rating
KV
Operating
KV
%Operating
Bus 8 Under
voltage
11.0 10.55 96
Bus 9 Under
voltage
11.0 10.68 97.1
After adding capacitor bank the condition goes from
critical situation to marginal condition but still in uder
voltage condition.
Table 7: summary Report of swing, total demand and losses
after adding capacitor bank.
Type MW MVAR MVA %P.F
Swing 173.7 101.5 206.61 86.2
Total
Demand
173.7 101.5 206.61 86.2
Appearent
Losses
0.34 8.9 --- ---
Table 7: Marginal alerts in which under voltage busses are
shown that are improved after addition of 8mvar capacitor
bank.
Equipment
Type
Condition Rating
KV
Operating
KV
%Operating
Bus 3 Under
voltage
11.0 10.67 96.9
Bus 8 Under
voltage
11.0 10.59 96.2
Bus 9 Under
voltage
11.0 10.69 97.1
VI. Conclusion:
The study of load flow analysis using ETAP to
overcome the problem of under voltage. ETAP software
is an excellent tool for system planning. The outcome
from power flow analysis are phase angle, nodal
voltage transmission losses, real and reactive power in
each line. ETAP is used for to monitor the system more
accurately, help of expansion of substation in future
demand also help to improve power factor and
minimize losses.
VII. REFERENCES
[1] Kiran Natkar, Naveen Kumar, “Design
Analysis of 220/132 KV Substation Using
ETAP”, ISSN: 2395- 0072, Volume: 02 Issue:
03 (June-2015)
[2] ETAP Operations Technology, Inc., Available:
http://www.etap.com.
[3] P. N. Vishal, student Birla Vishwakarma
Mahavidyalaya, Vvn. Akshay pandya, A. Birla
Vishwakarma Mahavidyalaya, and Vvn. A.
Prakash Shah, “Modeling, Simulation and
Analyses of Power Grid-Case study,” Int. J.
Innov. Adv. Comput. Sci. IJIACS ISSN, vol.
4, pp. 2347–8616, 2015.
[4] N. R. W. Jos Arrillaga, Load flow 4.1, Second
Edi., no. ii. WILEY AND SONS, 2001.
[5] N. Nisar, M. B. Khan, S. Gondal, and M.
Naveed, “Analysis and optimization of 132KV
grid using ETAP,” 2015 Power Gener. Syst.
Renew. Energy Technol. PGSRET 2015,
2015.
[6] L. Czumbil, D. D. Micu, S. F. Braicu, A.
Polycarpou, and D. Stet, “Load Flow and
Short-Circuit Analysis in a Romanian 110 / 20
kV Retrofitted Substation,” pp. 0–5, 2017.
[7] R. A. J. Khan, M. Junaid, and M. M. Asgher,
“Analyses and monitoring of 132 kV grid
using ETAP software,” Electr. Electron. Eng.
2009. ELECO 2009. Int. Conf., p. I–113,
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[8] C. Mozina, “Undervoltage load shedding,” in
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PSC 2007, 2007, pp. 39–54.
[9] K. Brown, F. Shokooh, H. Abcede, and G.
Donner, “Interactive simulation of power
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GSJ: Volume 7, Issue 11, November 2019 ISSN 2320-9186
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[10] W. Zhongxi and Z. Xiaoxin, “Power System
Analysis Software Package (PSASP)-an
integrated power system analysis tool,”
POWERCON ’98. 1998 Int. Conf. Power
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[11] G. W. Stagg and A. H. El-Abiad, “Computer
Methods In Power System Analysis.” p.
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[12] Glenn W. Stagg and Ahmed H. El -
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[13] M.A.Pai, “ Computer Techniques in
Power System Analysis”, second
edition, ISBN: 0 -07-059363-9, Tata
McGraw Hill [2005 ].
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