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‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’ Belinda Maia Faculdade de Letras Universidade do Porto

‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

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‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’. Belinda Maia Faculdade de Letras Universidade do Porto. Basic premises. A Universal grammar probably exists at an abstract level Each language realises this universality in different ways - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

Belinda Maia

Faculdade de Letras

Universidade do Porto

Page 2: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

Basic premises

• A Universal grammar probably exists at an abstract level

• Each language realises this universality in different ways

• There is a symbiotic relationship between language and culture

• Languages change because of influences from other languages and cultures

Page 3: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

Corpora

• Comparable corpora consist of original texts in two or more languages, on a specific subject or of a particular genre.

• Parallel corpora are aligned originals and their translations

• Translational corpora consist of translations, for studying how translated text deviates from normal monolingual text production

Page 4: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

English and Portuguese

• BOTH:– European languages– ‘SVO’ languages

• BUT– Syntactic differences– Different conventions for ordering and

presenting information

Page 5: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

Objectives of this paper

• Originally – to report on corpora assembled by students mastering in ‘Terminology and Translation

• Now – due to lateness of arrival of material – a report on aspects of texts that we have investigated – and would like to investigate further

Page 6: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

Main points

• Topic/theme in English and Portuguese– The subject-less sentence– Adjectival/past participle agreement across sentences

• Making it impersonal– English be + pp passive– Portuguese –se passive

• Hedging or qualifying one’s statements– Certain genres use ‘hedging’ – e.g. Academic texts, Legal

texts – Tendency in Portuguese to use hedging in informative

genres

Page 7: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

1. Topic/theme in English and Portuguese

1.1 The subject-less sentence

• In Portuguese – pronouns exist – but only used for emphasis or special effect

• Theme/topic continues over several sentences

Page 8: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

NERO NERO THE POINTER• Sentia-se cada vez pior.

• Agora nem a cabeça sustinha de pé.

• Por isso encostou-a ao chão, devagar. E assim ficou, estendido e bambo, à espera.

• Tinha-se despedido já de todos.

• Nada mais lhe restava sobre a terra senão morrer calmo e digno, como outros haviam feito a seu lado.

• He was feeling worse and worse.

• He couldn't even raise his head now.

• And so he let it rest gently upon the ground and remained like that, weakly stretched out,

waiting. • He had already said farewell to

everyone; nothing more was left to him on this earth than to die serenely and with dignity, as others had done at his side.

Page 9: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

NERO NERO THE POINTER• É claro que escusava de sonhar

com um enterro bonito, igual a muitos que vira, dentro dum caixão de galões amarelos, acompanhado pelo povo em peso...

• Isso era só para gente, rica ou pobre.

• Ele teria apenas uma triste cova no quintal, debaixo da figueira lampa, o cemitério dos cães e dos gatos da casa.

• He knew, of course, that he could not dream of a fine burial like so many he had seen, with a yellow and white coffin, followed by everyone.

• That was only for humans, and not for all of them.

• He would have only a sad burial place beneath the fig-tree in the garden. Their cemetery was there.

Page 10: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

1. Topic/theme in English and Portuguese

1.2 Adjectival/past participle agreement across sentences

• Permits links between sentences

Page 11: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

Example• Original• Coimbra é por múltiplas razões a

mais apaixonante das cidades portuguesas

• Aureolada com epítetos vários desde longa data – justificados uns, injustificados outros – reúne de facto um conjunto de características, que a tornam única e inesquecível, para quantos nela passam algum tempo da sua vida.

• Situada nas margens do Mondego a quatro escassas dezenas do mar, numa importante encruzilhada viária, desempenha desde há séculos o papel de fulcro da vida de toda a zona centro do país.

• BABELFISH translation• Coimbra is for multiple ratios

apaixonante of the Portuguese cities.

• Aureoled with epítetos several since long date. justified ones, unjustified others. it congregates of fact a set of features, that become it only inesquecível e, for how many in they pass some time of its life.

• Situated in the margins of the Mondego the four scarce sets of ten of the sea, in important road crossroads, play since have centuries the paper of fulcrum of the life of all the zone center of the country.

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• Lembro-me de quando havia a fita dos areais brancos e estreitos, desdobrando-se, de Espinho a Vila do Conde, rentes a rochedos e pinheirais ou bordejando casarios à medida das paisagens que hoje são já quase só memória, entre pios de gaivotas, rebentações e brisas marinhas, trazendo um cheiro a algas às narinas. Pontuada pelo Cabedelo, pelos volumes atarracados dos castelos da Foz e do Queijo, pelo farol da Boa Nova e pelo obelisco do Mindelo, memória do desembarque dos liberais de D. Pedro IV, a paisagem da orla marítima é modesta, descontado o poderoso músculo do rio Douro, que, após um galgar épico por montes e vales, chega à barra entre a Afurada, humilde povoação de pescadores que lhe debrua a margem esquerda, e a Foz, um pouco mais à frente, a descer em socalcos, de Sobreiras até à Cantareira, na margem direita. (52 + 91 words – no explicit Subject!)

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Possible developments

• Subject-less sentence and adjective/past participle agreement:– Seems more typical of literary texts– Is difficult to study using large corpora

• This area needs to be studied:– over large portions of text– in variety of genres

Page 14: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

2. Making it impersonal

• English – be + pp passive

• Portuguese – Ser + pp passive– Ficar, estar etc + pp passive– –se passive

Page 15: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

Tim Johns• 1991. It is presented linearly: linear

dislocation & interlanguage strategies in Brazilian academic abstracts, mimeograph, University of Birmingham.

• - Se passive for impersonal structures

Page 16: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

Example 1ORIGINAL• Com este estado de coisas,

iniciou-se uma forte pressão dos mercados sobre a peseta. O Banco de Espanha foi chamado a intervir e começarem os rumores de que a peseta poderia tomar o caminho da libra e da lira e abandonar o SME. Calcula-se o que poderia posteriormente suceder ao escudo, sabendo-se, como se sabe, que os técnicos do Comité Monetário aconselham uma desvalorização substancial da moeda nacional.

BABELFISH TRANSLATION• With this state of things, one

strong pressure of the markets was initiated on the peseta. The Bank of Spain was called to intervine and the rumors to start of that the peseta could take the path of the pound and the lira and abandon the SME. Are calculated what it could later occur to the shield, knowing themselves, as if it knows, that the technician of the Monetary Comité advises a substantial depreciation of the national currency.

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Example 2• Reza a lenda que, em tempos

idos, a Rainha Dona Isabel costumava retirar-se furtivamente do palácio, com pães escondidos nas saias para distribuir à população faminta. Agia desta forma para não chamar atenção do seu marido, El-Rei Dom Dinis.

• Um dia, porém, Dom Dinis flagra a rainha a sair com as saias enroladas. Pergunta-lhe então o que leva ali. A resposta vem pronta: “São rosas, senhor!” E dá-se o milagre: o que antes eram pães transformam-se imediatamente em rosas que se espalham pelo chão....

• It prays the legend that, in gone times, the Queen Dona Isabel costumava to leave furtively of the palace, with pães hidden in skirts to distribute the hungry population. It acted of this form not to call attention its husband, El-Rei Dom Dinis.

• One day, however, Dom Dinis it photographs the queen to leave with rolled up skirts. It asks to it then what it leads there. The reply it comes ready: São roses, gentleman. E gives the miracle: what before they were pães they are changedded immediately into roses that if spread for the soil...

Page 18: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

Mª Emília Gonçalves,.• 2000. Contributo para a Tradução de

Construções Passivas com base em ‘Great Expectations’ de Charles Dickens’. Master’s dissertation. Porto: FLUP.

• Comparison of translation of the 403 examples of be + pp passive in:

4 translations – 1942, 1945, 1969, 1998

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Findings

• Passive be + pp > ser + pp– 23% in 1942– 53% in 1998

• Extensive use of active – 58% in 1942– 26% in 1998

Page 20: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

Possible developments

• The phenomenon of making texts impersonal – using passives or other linguistic devices – is a rich area for study in all genres

• The effect of international English on Portuguese can be studied by comparing different kinds of corpora – parallel, comparable and translational

Page 21: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

3. Hedging one’s statements

• Certain genres use ‘hedging’ – e.g. Academic texts, Legal texts

• Tendency in Portuguese to use hedging in informative genres

Page 22: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

International news – in English

• ISLAMABAD, Pakistan (CNN) -- Accusing the United States of "genocide" the Taliban authorities in Afghanistan said Monday that U.S. aircraft had bombed a hospital in the western city of Herat, killing up to 100 people.

• "It is now clear that America plans on intentionally targeting the Afghan people," Mullah Abdul Salam Zaeef, the Taliban's ambassador to Pakistan said Monday.

• He said the dead in Herat included doctors, nurses as well as patients. • Eighteen others were killed when U.S. planes struck two clinics and shops in

other parts of the country, "located far from military places," he added. • Neither claim could be independently verified. • Speaking to reporters in the Pakistani capital, Islamabad, Zaeef said the killing

of civilians was a terrorist act on par with the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York.

Page 23: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

• "[The] Bush administration is annoying the souls of those killed in New York by killing innocent men, women and children in Afghanistan," he said.

• "In attacking our country on mere suspicions, [the] CIA and FBI have escaped their failure to find the real culprit by putting the blame squarely on Afghanistan without any evidence."

• The Pentagon said it would investigate the Taliban's claims. • Zaeef said 1,000 Afghans had been killed in the U.S.-led airstrikes

since they began more than two weeks ago. • But he added: "We are telling the Bush administration that you will

never be able to break the will and determination of the Afghans," Zaeef said. "This is a nation that loves independence and faith more than its life."

• "The goal is to punish the Afghan nation for having chosen an Islamic system," the envoy added.

• "America is using, against the Afghan people, sophisticated and destructive weapons that have never been used before in any war."

Page 24: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

International news – in Portuguese

• Embaixador no Paquistão fala em mil mortos Regime talibã acusa EUA de genocídio

• Os ataques dos Estados Unidos às linhas da frente talibã, atingiram um hospital, em Herat, segundo afirmações feitas hoje pelo embaixador afegão no Paquistão.

• Abdul Salam Zaeef declarou, em conferência de Imprensa, que este ataque matou mais de cem pessoas, mas estas informações não foram ainda confirmadas por investigações independentes.

• O embaixador garantiu que mais de mil pessoas morreram na sequência dos bombardeamentos ao Afeganistão e acusou George W. Bush de promover um «genocídio» contra o povo afegão.

Page 25: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

• «É agora claro que os planos americanos se dirigem contra o povo afegão», disse Zaeef, acrescentando que «o objectivo (americano) é punir a nação afegã por ter escolhido um sistema islâmico».  Estes ataques às linhas da frente são vistos pelos talibã como uma ajuda dos Estados Unidos à oposição da Aliança do Norte, para esta avançar nas cidades mais importantes do Afeganistão.

• O único embaixador talibã reafirmou aos jornalistas o abate (negado pelo Pentágono) por parte dos talibãs de um helicóptero norte-americano, no Sudoeste do Afeganistão.

• O líder supremo dos talibã, o «mullah» Mohammed Omar, emitiu uma declaração, citada pela Associated Press, onde expressa as suas condolências a todos os que perderam os seus entes queridos nestes bombardeamentos.

• «Não tememos a morte pois o martírio é uma grande dádiva de Deus», afirmou Omar na declaração distribuída em Cabul. «Todos os muçulmanos aspiram ao estatuto de mártir. Todos os homens têm que morrer um dia, mas nós rezamos para que possamos morrer como mártires», acrescentou.

Page 26: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

Local Portuguese news- Adjuncts first

• Com 22 anos de idade, o jovem Diogo Macedo, que estudava na Universidade Lusíada, em Famalicão, era um desportista nato. Não só o ténis, como o atletismo, a par de outras actividades, a que se dedicava, não davam a entender a trágica morte. Na noite do passado dia 8, uma segunda-feira, após o jantar, em Braga, Diogo e outros amigos foram para a cidade de Famalicão ensaiar na tuna da Lusíada. Só que, inesperadamente, sentiu-se mal, tendo sido levado para o hospital local.

• Em face da gravidade dos ferimentos, o malogrado jovem foi logo transferido para o Hospital Central de São João, devido a uma hemorragia cerebral.

Page 27: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

•No dia seguinte, foi o seu estado considerado algo estável. Contudo, faz hoje uma semana, viria a ser no hospital portuense que tinha um edema cerebral e ligado à máquina, decorridas as 72 horas legais, fez-se o teste de vida. No domingo, seria dado como morto. Como se estava perante um caso com acompanhamento médico, a autópsia foi dispensada.

• Só que a família estava longe de esperar por tal desenlace. Em face de boatos, que o jovem teria sido vítima de eventuais excessos, com as “praxis” académicas e com base na denúncia a partir de um médico, o Ministério Público, sendo o titular da acção penal, ordenou que a autópsia se realizasse, para esclarecer quaisquer tipo de dúvidas. Por isso, o funeral, será realizado hoje, às 11 horas, da Igreja de São Lázaro para o Cemitério de Monte de Arcos, em Braga.

Page 28: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

Large corpora results

• Texts from – The Times – 20 million words – formal newspaper

– CETEMPúblico – 20 million words – formal newspaper

• Testing with– However, As, When, During

– Entretanto/No entanto, Como, Quando, Durante

– But, And, In , On, With, For

– Mas, E, Em (No/Na), Com, Por

Page 29: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

English Portuguese

• Initial:– However – 48%

– As – 7.5%

– When – 17.9%

– During – 13%

• Initial:– Entretanto/No Entanto

46% 46%

– Como – 7.4%

– Quando – 17.5%

– Durante – 13.4%

Page 30: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

English Portuguese

• Initial:– But – 30%

– And – 2.3%

– In – 7.2%

– On – 4%

– With - 3.5%

– For – 4.5%

• Initial:– Mas – 36.2%

– E – 4.8%

– Em/No/Na –

7%, 12%, 9.2%

– Com – 4.7%

– Por – 6.8%

Page 31: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

Possible developments

• This is a rich area for study in all genres and with wide variety of corpora

• The effect of international English on Portuguese can be also studied

Page 32: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

Conclusions

• This paper covers topics which need considerable further development

• BUT, the various phenomena are inter-related and need to be considered as parts of a wider area

Page 33: ‘Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese’

This presentation will be available at

http://www.letras.up.pt/translat/santiago.html