Using Brassicaceae seed meals and seed meal extracts as bioherbicides Lydia Clayton, Donn Thill, and Matt Morra University of Idaho Lydia Clayton, Donn

Using Brassicaceae seed meals and seed meal

extracts as bioherbicides

Using Brassicaceae seed meals and seed meal

extracts as bioherbicides

Lydia Clayton, Donn Thill, and Matt Morra

University of Idaho

Lydia Clayton, Donn Thill, and Matt Morra

University of Idaho

OutlineOutline

• Background• Introduction to Brassicaceae seed meals• Justification• Greenhouse seed meal extract study

• Background• Introduction to Brassicaceae seed meals• Justification• Greenhouse seed meal extract study

Research at UIResearch at UI

Interdisciplinary research for obtaining • EPA registration• Use patents for Brassicaceae seed meals

(yellow mustard and oriental mustard) and their extracts involving soil, weed, entomology, and plant breeding sciences

Interdisciplinary research for obtaining • EPA registration• Use patents for Brassicaceae seed meals

(yellow mustard and oriental mustard) and their extracts involving soil, weed, entomology, and plant breeding sciences

http://www.uihome.uidaho.edu/uihome/

% of farmed acres in US certified organic

Number of organicacres farmed per state

Organic Farming Research Foundation, www.ofrf.org

MustardRapeseed

CanolaBroccoli

Cauliflower Kale

MustardRapeseed

CanolaBroccoli

Cauliflower Kale

Brassicaceae cropsBrassicaceae crops

Morra, 2007; Univ. of Idaho

Biological & Agricultural Engineering

28 – 40%28 – 40%

o

CH2OH

S C

N OSO3-

R

OH

OH

HO

Glucosinolate

> 120

Morra, 2007; Univ. of Idaho

o

CH2OH

S C

N OSO3-

R

OH

OH

HO

IntroductionIntroduction

Glucosinolates- enzymatically

degrade into 2° compounds

- water soluble anions

Glucosinolates- enzymatically

degrade into 2° compounds

- water soluble anions

+ H2O

+ H2O

Enzyme(myrosinase)

Enzyme(myrosinase)

Glucosinolate

IntroductionIntroduction

–Yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) 4-hydroxy-benzyl (~148 μ mol/g)Ionic thiocyanate (SCN )ˉ (~165 μ mol/g)

–Canola (Brassica napus L.) 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl, etc.Various breakdown products (~17 μ mol/g)

–Yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) 4-hydroxy-benzyl (~148 μ mol/g)Ionic thiocyanate (SCN )ˉ (~165 μ mol/g)

–Canola (Brassica napus L.) 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl, etc.Various breakdown products (~17 μ mol/g)

Justification and ObjectivesJustification and Objectives• Management of weeds one of the most

expensive and troublesome aspects of organic agricultural production

• Greenhouse study designed to analyze water extracts of yellow mustard seed meal as an effective weed management tool

• Management of weeds one of the most expensive and troublesome aspects of organic agricultural production

• Greenhouse study designed to analyze water extracts of yellow mustard seed meal as an effective weed management tool

Extraction Experiment

• Factorial design with 6 doses (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mt/ha) and 8 treatments:

- water alone preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST)

- dry seed meal PRE - dry seed meal POST - extract alone PRE- extract plus organic surfactant (OS) POST- extract plus nonionic synthetic surfactant (NIS) POST - water plus OS POST, and water plus NIS POST

• Factorial design with 6 doses (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mt/ha) and 8 treatments:

- water alone preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST)

- dry seed meal PRE - dry seed meal POST - extract alone PRE- extract plus organic surfactant (OS) POST- extract plus nonionic synthetic surfactant (NIS) POST - water plus OS POST, and water plus NIS POST

Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods

• ‘Yaya’ carrot, common lambsquarters, ‘Baronet’ lettuce, and ‘Cabernet’ spring wheat seeded in rows at 20 seeds/flat

• Seed meal applied 3 days after seeding for PRE and at 2 leaf stage for POST treatments

• Biomass collected 18 DAT for PRE and POST treatments

• ‘Yaya’ carrot, common lambsquarters, ‘Baronet’ lettuce, and ‘Cabernet’ spring wheat seeded in rows at 20 seeds/flat

• Seed meal applied 3 days after seeding for PRE and at 2 leaf stage for POST treatments

• Biomass collected 18 DAT for PRE and POST treatments


2 lf stage for POST treatments

• Statistical analysis Statistical analysis -carrot, common lambsquarters, lettuce -carrot, common lambsquarters, lettuce

and wheat biomass and wheat biomass • SAS version 9.1SAS version 9.1

-Non-linear regression techniques-Non-linear regression techniques

• Statistical analysis Statistical analysis -carrot, common lambsquarters, lettuce -carrot, common lambsquarters, lettuce

and wheat biomass and wheat biomass • SAS version 9.1SAS version 9.1

-Non-linear regression techniques-Non-linear regression techniques


Exponential regression model for biomass analysis

Exponential regression model for biomass analysis

Y = A*exp(-B*rate)

A - intercept-biomass at a dose = 0

B - rate of change-slope of line between seed meal and

seed meal extract doses

Y = A*exp(-B*rate)

A - intercept-biomass at a dose = 0

B - rate of change-slope of line between seed meal and

seed meal extract doses

Yellow mustard seed meal extractionYellow mustard seed meal extraction

Spinning!Spinning!

Hydrolyzed seed meal being poured into GE extractor

Hydrolyzed seed meal being poured into GE extractor

Yellow mustard seed meal extraction


ExtractExtract



ExtractExtract



Carrot biomass by treatment as a percent of control

Carrot biomass by treatment as a percent of control

Extract plus synthetic surfactantExtract plus organic surfactantExtract alone

Dry seed meal pre - emergenceDry Seed meal post - emergence

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 0.5 1 2 3 4

Dose of yellow mustard seed meal, mt/ha

Biom

ass,

% o

f ave

rage

con

trol

Extract plus OS

Water alone; 3 mt/ha; 14 DAT

Extract plus NIS

Seed meal alone

GR50 for seed meal and extract treatments on carrot

GR50 for seed meal and extract treatments on carrot

Treatment GR50

------------ mt/ha ------------

Dry Seed Meal (PRE) 15.5

Dry Seed Meal (POST) 8.5

Extract 7.5

Extract plus NIS 6

Extract plus OS 2.5

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 0.5 1 2 3 4


Biom

ass,

% o

f ave

rage

con

trol

Common lambsquarters biomass by treatment as a percent of control

Common lambsquarters biomass by treatment as a percent of control



Seed meal alone


Extract plus OS Extract plus NIS

GR50 for seed meal and extract treatments on common lambsquarters

GR50 for seed meal and extract treatments on common lambsquarters

Treatment GR50

------------ mt/ha ------------


Dry Seed Meal (POST) 2

Extract 1.5

Extract plus NIS 0.3

Extract plus OS 0.5

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 0.5 1 2 3 4


Biom

ass,

% o

f ave

rage

con

trol

Lettuce biomass by treatment as a percent of control

Lettuce biomass by treatment as a percent of control




Seed meal alone


GR50 for seed meal and extract treatments on lettuce

GR50 for seed meal and extract treatments on lettuce

Treatment GR50

------------ mt/ha ------------

Dry Seed Meal (PRE) 16

Dry Seed Meal (POST) 4

Extract 3.5


Extract plus OS 1.4

Spring wheat biomass by treatment as a percent of control

Spring wheat biomass by treatment as a percent of control

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 0.5 1 2 3 4


Biom

ass,

% o

f ave

rage

con

trol





Seed meal alone

GR50 for seed meal and extract treatments on spring wheat

GR50 for seed meal and extract treatments on spring wheat

Treatment GR50

------------ mt/ha ------------


Dry Seed Meal (POST) 12.4

Extract 6.4


Extract plus OS 2.1

SummarySummary

Carrot Common lambsquarters Lettuce Spring

wheat

Treatment ---------------- GR50, mt/ha ---------------

Dry Seed Meal (PRE) 15.5 0.7 16 4.4

Dry Seed Meal (POST) 8.5 2 4 12.4

Extract 7.5 1.5 3.5 6.4

Extract plus NIS 6 0.3 1.2 1.8

Extract plus OS 2.5 0.5 1.4 2.1

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

SummarySummarySummarySummaryThe University of Idaho is continuing to The University of Idaho is continuing to explore novel uses of Brassicaceae seed meals explore novel uses of Brassicaceae seed meals and seed meal byproducts, for biopesticides and seed meal byproducts, for biopesticides and other uses.and other uses.

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

• Dr. Thill• Dr. Morra• Dr. Price• Vladimir Borek• USDA - National Research Initiative (NRI)

Competitive Grants Program

• Dr. Thill• Dr. Morra• Dr. Price• Vladimir Borek• USDA - National Research Initiative (NRI)

Competitive Grants Program

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Using Brassicaceae seed meals and seed meal extracts as bioherbicides Lydia Clayton, Donn Thill, and Matt Morra University of Idaho Lydia Clayton, Donn