USII.7abc-8abcd

2nd Nine WeeksBenchmark Review

WWII & The Cold War including USII.2c, 4d,

6c and 6d.

Political instability & economic devastation in Europe resulting from WWI:

•World wide depression•Germany’s high war debt•High inflation•Massive unemployment

Rise of Fascism

Fascism is a political philosophy in which total power is given to a dictator and individual freedoms are denied

Fascist dictators included:

•Adolf Hitler -Germany

•Benito Mussolini -Italy

•Hieki Tojo -Japan

The 3 Axis Powers

•Germany •Hitler

•Italy•Mussolini

• Japan•Tojo

Ruled by dictatorships:

•Nazi Germany•Fascist Italy•Dictatorial Japan•Communist Soviet Union

The Soviet Union (Joseph Stalin)

•Began as an Axis Power, and changed to the Allies after Germany invasion.

The Allies-(Democratic Nations)*USA

•FDR & Truman*Great Britain *Canada

•Churchill *France*Soviet Union

•Stalin (joined after German invasion)

US Presidents during WWII

•Franklin D. Roosevelt and later…•Harry S. Truman

There was a gradual change in American policy during WWII:

• Isolationism (Great Depression, legacy of WWI)

• Economic aid to allies (lend lease)

• Direct involvement (Pearl Harbor)

Isolationism•National policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs.

Inflation•A continuous rise in the price of goods and services.

Increased tensions between the U.S. and Japan BEFORE Pearl Harbor was due to:

•Japanese aggression in East Asia

Lend-lease•An act passed by Congress in

March 1941 allowing the U.S. to sell, lend, or lease arms or other war supplies to any nation vital to the defense of the U.S.

• Ex: The U.S. gave war supplies and old naval ships to Great Britain in return for military bases in Bermuda and the Caribbean.

The U.S. helped in WWII BEFORE Pearl Harbor by:

•Giving economic aid to the Allies

The bombing of Pearl Harbor•December 7, 1941

•“A day that shall live in infamy”

When…

•The U.S. declared war on Japan then….

•Germany declared war on the U.S.

That was 2 years after….

Germany invades Poland in 1939

The start of WWII in Europe

The Soviet Union also invaded Poland and the Baltic Nations.

War Timeline:• Germany invades Poland on Sept.

1939• Germany invades France and

captures Paris on June 1940• Japan bombs Pearl Harbor on Dec.

1941• U.S. declares war on Japan &

Germany• D-Day, Normandy, France June 1944

The Battle of Britain•Germany launched massive

air raids over London, BUT the British Royal Air Force mounted a heroic defense and inflicted heavy losses on the German Air Force. Hitler then moved east into the Soviet Union.

Stalingrad•The Soviet Union defeated Germany at Stalingrad, oil rich lands to the south of the Soviet Union. This was a turning point of the war in Eastern Europe.

D-Day•American & Allied troops

•Normandy, France•June 6, 1944

•Started the liberation of Western Europe

The Battle of MidwayU.S. victory that was a turning point in the war in the Pacific

Japan surrendered because:

•The U.S. dropped 2 atomic bombs on:

•Hiroshima•NagasakiThis marked the end of World War II.

Hitler’s promise•A boost in economy

•Relief from high unemployment

The Holocaust•a systematic attempt to rid Europe of all Jews.

•practiced Anti-semitism- a hatred of Jews

Hitler believed that:

•Aryans were the master race

Tactics used during the Holocaust:

• Boycott of Jewish stores• Threats• Segregation• Imprisonment and killing of Jews and

others in concentration camps

Concentration Camps•Where Hitler imprisoned Jews and others during WWII

•Allied forces liberated (set free) Jews and others from Concentration Camps at the end of WWII.

American involvement in WWII brought an end to the Great Depression

• Factories and workers were needed to produce goods to win the war

America went from a consumer producingcountry to a war producing country:• Nylon stockings to parachutes• Tennis shoes to combat boots• Automobiles to trucks & tanks

Women helped during WWII by:•Thousands took jobs in defense plants during the war.

(Rosie the Riveter)

Americans at home supported the war by: •Conserving and rationing resources

Red Books were used to purchase goods such as meat, butter, and cheese.

The need for workers temporarily broke down some racial barriers (hiring in defense plants)

• Discrimination against African Americans still continued.

Internment Camps•Where the U.S. put Japanese Americans during WWII (although many served in the armed forces during the war)

Post WWII•USII.7a

The United States & Soviet Union

•Emerged as SUPERPOWERS

after WWII

The United Nations•An international organization that debates world issues and tries to keep peace

•Formed near the end of WWII to prevent future wars

After WWII Japan:

•Adopted a democratic form of government

•Resumed self-government

•Became a strong ally of the United States

After WWII

•The U.S. felt it was in its best interest to rebuild Europe to prevent political and economic instablililty

Containment•The policy or process of preventing the expansion of a hostile powers; a policy of blocking communist expansion.

Marshall Plan•U.S. plan to provide massive economic aid to Western Europe after WWII and to stop the spread of communismNamed after George C. Marshall who made the announcement

Germany was partitioned into:West Germany-Became democraticResumed self-government (after a few years of American, French, and British occupation) East Germany- Remained under domination of Soviet

Union & did not adopt democratic institutions

Capitalism•An economic system based on private property and free enterprise

•U.S.A. has this type of system

Converting from:

Wartime to peacetime

• Following WWII, Americans prospered due to an expanding economy stimulated by America’s involvement in the war

Reasons for rapid growth of American economy following WWII• With rationing over, business

converted from production of war materials to consumer goods

• Americans purchased goods on credit

Examples of businesses converting from the production of war materials to consumer goods:

• Combat boots to tennis shoes• Fighter jets to passenger airplanes• Parachutes to nylon stockings• Production of war vehicles to family

automobiles

• automobiles

More reasons for rapid growth of American economy following WWII: • Workforce went back to men• Women returned to family duties• Labor unions merged & became

more powerful• Workers gained new benefits and

higher salaries

A “Booming” economy:

• As economic prosperity continued and technology boomed, the next generation of women re-entered the labor force in large numbers

The Cold War•Tension between the USA and the Soviet Union without actual fighting

Origins of Cold War

• Differences in goals and ideologies between the U.S. and the Soviet Union

• The U.S. :Capitalist and Democratic• The Soviet Union:Dictatorial and Communist

During the Cold War the Soviet Union controlled:

•Eastern European countries

NATO•North Atlantic Treaty

Organization•Stated that “an armed attack

against one or more of (the member nation) shall be considered an attack against all”

•Military alliance formed to guard against Soviet attack

Warsaw Pact•Counterpart of NATO•Had military force that the Soviet Union controlled

The Korean War

•ended in a STALEMATE

China•Aided North Korea during the Korean War

Domino Theory•If one country is taken over by communism then all surrounding countries fall to communism

•Coined by President Eisenhower referring to the spread of communism into South Vietnam

The Vietnam War

• Americans were divided over whether the U.S. should be involved in Vietnam.

• The conflict ended in a cease-fire agreement in which U.S. troops withdrew

The Cuban Missile Crisis•An event during the Cold War that

brought the USA and the Soviet Union close to a nuclear war

•The Soviet Union placed missiles in Cuba

•The USA responded by a naval blockade & the Soviet Union turned back

The collapse of the Soviet Union and Communism in Europe•The destruction of the Berlin Wall

•The break up of the Soviet Union into independent countries

America’s New Challenges AFTER the Cold War•Role of U.S. military involvement

•Environmental problems•Global trade and jobs•Diseases

• USII.2c, 4d, 6c & 6d Review:

•Between the Civil War and World War I, America was transformed from an Agricultural Nation to and Industrial Nation

Inventions that contributed to great change and industrial growth:• Electric lighting and mechanical

uses of electricity by Thomas Edison

• Telephone service by Alexander Graham Bell

The 4 Reasons for the rise & prosperity of big business:• National markets created by

transportation advances• The Captains of Industry:

•John D. Rockefeller (oil)•Andrew Carnegie (steel)•Henry Ford (automobile)•Cornelius Vanderbilt (shipping &

railroads)

Continued:•Advertising

•Mail order (ex. Sears Roebuck catalog)

•Lower-cost production•Assembly Line

Factors resulting in growth of industry:• Access to raw materials and energy

• Availablility of the work force

• Inventions

• Financial resources

Examples of bigbusiness:

•Railroads

•Oil

•Steel

Postwar changes in farm and city life:

*Mechanization**the reaper-reduced farm labor

needs and increased production *Industrial development in cities created

increased labor needs.

*Industrialization provided access to consumer goods (mail order)

Cultural climate of the 1920’s and 1930’s

• The 1920’s and 1930’s were important decades for American art, literature, and music.

• The leaders of the Harlem Renaissance drew upon the heritage of African American culture to establish themselves as powerful forces for cultural change.

Art:

•Georgia O’Keeffe- painted urban and later Southwest scenes.

•Jacob Lawrence- chronicled the Great Migration through art

Literature• F. Scott Fitzgerald- wrote about the 1920’s Jazz Age • John Steinbeck-wrote about the 1930’s

and the strength of poor migrant families and workers

• Langston Hughes-poet who combined experiences of African and American cultural roots.

Music•Aaron Copland and George

Gershwin- composers who wrote uniquely American music.

•Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong- Jazz musicians and composers

•Bessie Smith- Blues singer

USII.5d The Great Depression

The 3 causes of the Great Depression are:

• People over-speculated on stocks, using borrowed money they could not repay when the stock market crashed

• The Federal Reserved failed to protect the banking system

• High tariffs strangled international trade

The Impact on Americans:

• A large number of banks and businesses failed

• One-fourth (1/4 or 25%) of workers were without jobs

• Large number of people were hungry and homeless

• Farmers’ incomes fell to low levels

The 5 Major Features of the New Deal:

• Social Security• Federal Work Programs• Environmental Improvement

Programs• Farm Assistance Programs• Increased Rights for Labor

The 9 States found in the Northeast region:• Maine• Vermont• New Hampshire• Connecticut• Massachusetts• Rhode Island• New York• New Jersey• Pennsylvania

The 4 Important cities found in the Northeast region:

•New York•Boston•Pittsburgh•Philadelphia

The 14 states in the Southeast region:

• Maryland South Carolina• Delaware Georgia• West Virginia Florida• Virginia Alabama• Kentucky Mississippi• Tennessee Louisiana• North Carolina Arkansas

The 3 important cities found in the Southeast region:

•Washington, D.C.

•Atlanta

•New Orleans

The 12 states found in the Midwest region:

•Ohio Iowa• Indiana Missouri• Illinois Kansas•Michigan Nebraska•Wisconsin South Dakota•MinnesotaNorth Dakota

The 3 important cities found in the Midwest region:•Chicago

•St. Louis

•Detroit

The 4 states foundin the Southwest region:

•Texas•Oklahoma•New Mexico•Arizona

The 2 important cities found in the Southwest:

•San Antonio •Santa Fe

The 6 states found in the Rocky Mountain/Western Region:

•Colorado•Utah•Nevada•Montana•Wyoming•Idaho

The 2 Important cities found in the Rocky Mountain/Western region:

•Denver•Salt Lake City

The 3 states found in the Pacific region:

•Washington•Oregon•California

The 3 important cities found in the Pacific region:•San Francisco•Los angeles•Seattle

The 2 states found in the Noncontiguous region:•Alaska•Hawaii

The 2 important cities found in the Noncontiguous region:•Juneau•Honolulu

FINALLY!!! You’re finished!

• STUDY, STUDY, STUDY and maker

your parents proud!