Jeffersonian Republicans: small farmers, urban poor, some plantation owners, who generally favored the French Revolution; stronger in the South and West, weak in New England; favored a weaker federal government and stronger states' right

Spot Resolution: requested President James K. Polk to provide Congress with the exact location (the spot) upon which blood was split on American soil, as Pol had claimed in 1846 when asking Congress to declare war on Mexico

Federalists: wealthy conservatives who feared a spread of radicalism; favored a mercantile and industrial nation with a strong federal government

Act of Consolidation: 1854, Philadelphia annexes the entire county

Knights of the Golden Circle: a southern society aimed at conquering territories around the Carribean

Republicans: sought constitutional amendment guarteening slavery where it already existed but prohibiting its expansion; argued in favor of making slavery and emancipation of stated war issue

Whigs: supported higher tariffs and federal funding for internal improvements; promoted temperance and moral conservatism; consisted of northern middle class, industrialists, and some southern planters; opposed Jackson

Copperheads: northern anti-war democrats, gained strength as the war dragged on, and would gain strength if Union strategies were unsuccessful

Compromise of 1850: allowed to California to enter the Union as a free state; Texas enters a slave state with truncated borders in exchange for federal settlements of Texas debts; popular sovereignty; stronger Fugitive Slave Act; slave trade banned in Washington DC

Kansas-Nebraska Act: extended popular sovereignty to settlers living north of the Missouri Compromise line, in effect making slavery possible in the great plains

Contraband Camps: camps for freed slaves

Anaconda Plan: blockade of southern ports, control of border states, expeditions down the Tennessee, Mississippi, and Red Rivers to divide up the southern interior

March to the Sea: Sherman's march to Savannah employing hard war, destroying railroads, burning farms,

Shenandoah Valley: valley where Thomas Stone Wall Jackson ties up larger Union forces; also a rare region that was home to food farms rather than cash crops; offered a secure invasion route into the North

Cleburne Plan: controversial plan to emancipate slaves and arm them against the North; called into question southern values; plan was approved shortly before the war ended

Society of Cincinnati: military society with hereditary membership; controversial with Jeffersonians Yeomanry: small to middling farmers; self-sufficient and independent; part of Jefferson idealHartford Convention: secret meeting discussing the removal of 3/5 compromise, grievaznces with Louissana Purchase, etc.; discredited and disgraced Federalist party after General Andrew Jacksons victory in New Orleans

The Main Line: railroad suburbs that were elite enclaves for the wealthy, famous in PhiladelphiaUSS Monitor vs. CSS Virginia: first clash between iron clad ships; ended in a draw but Union maintained Naval superiority

San Patrico Battalion: Catholic-Americans fought alongside Mexican forces during Mexican War; at least 30 were hanged after the end of conflict

Filibuster Raids: Freebooter armies raised in South for the purposes of toppling Central American governments and opening their countries to American rule

Santa Fe Trail: brought in influx of goods and money from America into northern Mexico, inducing many Mexicans to look northwards for economic growth

Major Themes and Topics

Themes:Canals: Morris Canal construction, reasons for failure State legislature grants George McCulloch a charter to build and operate a canal connecting New York to Pennsylvania Construction guided by veterans of Erie Canal; had $2,000,000 price tag political scandal and banking issues led to the collapse of the original company continued need for widening to accommodate heavier canal boats drove up costs railroads (4 hour journey) made canals less profitableUrbanization: Growth of Newark Morris Canal allows easy access to New York Newark is center for leather goods, like shoes Pro-business leaders; approve new factories; keep taxes low at expense of paved streets and parks local and immigrant laborThe Civil War: Northern and Southern Strengths and Weaknesses Northern Strengths population advantage; more soldiers stronger economy; could easily get loans from banks greater industrial power; so factories to produce weapons; many railroads; etc. stronger navy; could easily blockade south Southern Strengths advantage of staying on defensive stronger military tradition and better trained officers Northern Weaknesses bad initial generals; because they got positions from political favors] had to rely on volunteers and then an unpopular draft Southern Weaknesses small population so less soldiers weak industry; little railroads

Topics:

Transportation Technology (steam boats, railroads, canals) how they changed where people lived and worked steam boats spread market goods from Pittsburgh and Cincinnati to Memphis and New Orleans steam boats needed fluid avenues of passage, so canals were invented caused growth of boom towns and places like Newark grew fast due to easy access to New York canals eventually became replaced by railroads and although they sometimes even exploded; they were more profitable railroads gave rise to railroad suburbs which recreated patterns of urban life cities transition from local crafts to manufacturing working class lived in industrial slums; middle class lived in townhouse districts, upper class lived in suburban mansions more people tended to live outside city boundaries than within them railroad suburbs became elite enclaves for the wealthy

Whig and Jacksonian visions for Americas future (Tall vs. Wide nationalism) Whig - Tall primarily northern and Whig emphasized the institutional and infrastructural (schools, railroads, industry) favored canal projects Jacksonian Wide primarily southern and democrat; envisioned an America that continued to expand territorially with more and more land placed under lucrative cultivation, mainly plantations did not like canal projects

The Emancipation Proclamation: Why it was created, what it achieved, what it did not achieve. Republicans argued in favor of making slavery and emancipation an issue in the war, but Lincoln needed a victory to make a statement Battle of Antietam and although it was really a tie, it was enough of a victory for Lincoln to declare the Emancipation Proclamation Said that any slaves held by rebellious states to be free The Union could not actually enforce this however since they were fighting these states Did not free slaves in border states Transformed the war into a conflict about slavery; removed any chance of foreign intervention (Britain or France helping the South)