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USH.2.1 Identify the factors necessary for industrialization
USH.2.1 Describe economic developments that transformed the United States into a major industrial power.
USH.2.2 Identify key ideas, movements, and inventions and explain their impact on rural communities and urban communities in the United States
USH 2.3-2.7; and many more
The process of social and economic change that transforms a human group from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one.
Developed country means an industrialized country
Developing country means a traditional country; trying to change to an industrialized country
Fundamental changes: Daily lives are change: family, work, etc. Politics change
“Gilded Age” 4 main changes/factors:
Technology Innovation Resources Organization
Not every American was happy with the change
Every aspect of American culture and politics were changed
Moving from rural to urban Farm living to city living
Social Darwinism: Herbert Spenser:
“survival of the fittest” Do not intervene with poverty
William Graham Sumner: Applied Social Darwinism Wrote: “What the Social Classes owe to
Each other” (1883) He says they owe nothing to each other
Social Darwinism Andrew Carnegie:
Came from poor Scottish to America Wrote “Gospel of Wealth” Owned 2/3 of steel (named U.S. Steel) Gave $350 million away Built many libraries for children
Horatio Alger: Books on how to change from poverty to
rich successful people “From Farm Boy to Senator” “Ragged Dick”
Andrew Carnegie
U.S. Steel
Company Owner
Horatio Alger
Protestant Work Ethic Hard working is morally good Wealth is morally good Poverty is morally wrong Everything determined by you
Elisha Otis Safety Elevator (1852)
Alexander Graham Bell Telephone (1876)
Thomas Edison (1847-1931) Electricity-light bulb (1880)
Granville Woods African American inventor Steam Boiler Furnace (1884)
Guglielmo Marconi Wireless telegraph (1896)
1850s: English Henry Bessemer Developed Bessemer Process:
Process of purifying iron, resulting in strong, but lightweight steel
America quickly adopts the process 1890-U.S. outproducing Great Britain
with steel manufacturing.
Suspension Bridges created from the creation of steel
Brooklyn Bridge (1883 completed) 1st suspension bridge suspended by steel
cables Transportation innovations
George Westinghouse created air brakes for trains in 1869
Gustavus Swift developed refrigerated cars for carrying food on trains in 1887
1883-three transcontinental railroad lines were created
Gilded Age Presidents Rutherford B. Hayes:
Put down a railroad strike in 1877 by killing 70 workers with the federal army
James Garfield July 2-shot in arm Sept.-died from infection Handed out many jobs
Chester Arthur Fair to both political parties
Gilded Age Presidents Grover Cleveland
Vetoed almost everything that came across his desk
Benjamin Harrison Cheated the election Lost popular vote but won electorial vote-
2nd to occur Grover Cleveland
Only President to run two separate terms Blamed for the 1893 Depression Labor Party was his biggest supporter
(Populist)
President Benjamin Harrison
William Henry
Harrison’s son
Congress Created Veterans Benefits
1st time vets received benefits Given to only white and black union vets
Tariffs: Tax imports Protect American industry
Meat packed with much harmful additives inside package
Upton Sinclair: The Jungle Spoke on meat packing Conditions of the work
Meat was dropped on the floor, sneezed on, coughed on, and still went through
Pg 220
Urban places overcrowded Most families live with more than one
family in a tenements 1879: windows had to be in every room Trash was thrown out of the window in
the street Work 12, 14, or even 16 hrs. a day Apartments (tenements) had no plumbing
and no sewage Water shortage
Factory work became a very popular way to earn money
Sweatshops are factories that are hot, dark, and dirty workhouses with workers working 12 hr shifts.
Factory work was very dangerous and locked in
No OSHA Workers were killed regularly Workers had very few breaks
Knights of Labor founded 1869 by Uriah Stephens
Recruited African Americans regularly 1881: Terence V. Powderly became leader
of the Knights Said that everyone are welcome except
Chinese They oppose wage labor
American Federal of Labor (AFL) founded 1886 by Samuel Gompers
Only let skilled workers in They had strikes, but no political reforms
Knights of Labor
American Federal of Labor
Symbol
Push Factors: Religious persecution for Russians and
Eastern European Jews Wanted to have a new start Land reform and low prices forced many
farmers off their land in Mexico, Poland, and China
Pull Factors: Plentiful land offered Jobs needed Political Freedom
East Coast: Ellis Island Before 1880: European immigrants that
could assimilate into American culture easily
Germans Scandinavians Irish
After 1880: European immigrants having a harder time assimilating mostly because they were poverty
Jews, Slaves (Polish, Bulgarians, etc), and Italians
West Coast Angel Island All come after 1880
Chinese Mexicans Japanese Etc.
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882-1943 told them no more Chinese come into America
Most of the Chinese workers worked on the transcontinental railroad
European Immigrants: Irish were considered the European
Blacks Italians were lynched and killed
New Orleans (1891) Jews were never really liked by anyone
Leo Frank (1913)
Asian Immigrants: Chinese were told by the Supreme Court
that they were not of the Caucasian race In re ah Yup 1876
Indians thought that they were of the right race and was told no
U.S. vs. Bhagat Singh Thind 1923 Japanese believed they were of the
Caucasian race and did not gain citizenship
Owaza vs. U.S. 1922
Amusement Parks Outdoor activities Musical dramas Movie theaters Sports: Baseball, horse racing, bike
racing, boxing, football, etc.
Rose out of a falling economy (deflation) Ex: corn falls 43% Wheat falls 50%
Farmers organize The Grange (1867) by Oliver H. Kelley
“Patron of Husbandry” Created by people who raise livestock
and agriculture
Farmers organize Farmer's Alliances (1876) started in Texas
Active in 48 states when started Wanted to get the government to work
with them Populist Party (1892): “People's Party”
Wanted to build a new federal government from the ground up
Omaha Platform: adopted views in July 1892
Unlimited coinage of silver Graduated income tax Government ownership of railroad and
telegraph companies Bank regulations
William McKinley vs. William Jennings Bryan
Populist party gave Bryan their support “Cross of Gold” speech
“You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify man upon a cross of gold.”
Bryan went all out on election: first tour of the nation as a presidential candidate, speak directly to people, and many other things.
William McKinley won election with 271 electoral votes while Bryan had only 176