User Manual for the Tensiometer Manual for the Tensiometer ... equipment containing electronics. ... monitor the Tensiometers pressure with a type SWT-MR (INFIELD7) Manual Readout

User Manual for the

Tensiometer types SWT4 & SWT4R

Delta-T Devices Ltd

SWT4-UM-3.1

2/52

Notices

Copyright

All rights reserved. Under the copyright laws, this manual may not be copied, in whole or in part, without the written consent of Delta-T Devices Ltd. and UMS GmbH. Under the law, copying includes translation into another language.

Copyright © 2009 Delta-T Devices Limited © 2009 UMS GmbH

CE conformity

The sensors described in this document are CE marked by the manufacturer.

Design changes

Delta-T Devices Ltd reserves the right to change the designs and specifications of its products at any time without prior notice.

SWT4 User Manual, Version: 3.1 Oct 2009

Delta-T Devices Ltd Tel: +44 1638 742922

130 Low Road, Burwell Fax: +44 1638 743155

CAMBRIDGE CB25 0EJ e-mail: [email protected]

U.K. [email protected]

web: http://www.delta-t.co.uk

Strictly observe rules for disposal of equipment containing electronics. Within the EU: disposal through municipal waste prohibited - return electronic parts to your local distributor

mailto:[email protected]


http://www.delta-t.co.uk/

SWT4 User Manual v3.1 3

Table of contents User Manual for the 1

Tensiometer 1

Notices 2

1 Introduction 5

1.1 Safety instructions and warnings 5 1.2 Unpacking 6 1.3 Foreword 6 1.4 Guarantee 6 1.5 Durability 6 1.6 SWT4 and SWT4R 7 1.6.1 Soils and soil water 7 1.6.2 Intended use 7 1.6.3 Types 7 1.7 Quick Start 8

2 Sensor Description 12

2.1 Parts 12 2.1.1 Body and shaft 12 2.1.2 Pressure sensor 12 2.1.3 Reference air pressure 12 2.1.4 The ceramic cup 13 2.2 External refilling (SWT4R only) 13 2.3 Analog output signals 14

3 Installation 15

3.1 Advance planning 15 3.1.1 Selecting the measuring site 15 3.1.2 Number of Tensiometers per level 15 3.1.3 Extent of the site 15 3.1.4 Protection of refilling tubes (SWT4R only) 16 3.1.5 Use of Tube Jackets and Conduit 16 3.1.6 Ideal conditions for installation 17 3.1.7 Documentation 17 3.2 Selecting the installation angle 18 3.2.1 "Vertical" tilting downwards (SWT4R only) 18 3.2.2 "Horizontal" tilting upwards (SWT4R only) 18 3.3 Installation procedure 19 3.4 Offset correction for non horizontal installations 21 3.4.1 How to measure the zero offset of a tilted tensiometer 22 3.5 Connecting SWT4 and SWT4R 23 3.5.1 Spot reading with the SWT-MR (Infield7) 23 3.5.2 Connecting cables 23 3.5.3 Connection to a data logger 23 3.5.4 Connection to Delta-T Loggers 24

4 Service and maintenance 26

4 SWT4 User Manual v3.1

4.1 Refilling 26 4.1.1 When do Tensiometers need to be refilled? 26 4.1.2 Refilling in the lab 27 4.1.3 Refilling in the field (SWT4R only) 29 4.1.4 Refilling with a vacuum pump (SWT4R only) 30 4.2 Testing 33 4.2.1 Calibration 33 4.2.2 Check the Offset 33

5 Protecting the measuring site 34

5.1 Theft and vandalism 34 5.2 Cable protection 34 5.3 Frost 34 5.3.1 Protection against frost 34 5.3.2 Emptying SWT4 or SWT4R 35 5.4 Lightning protection and grounding 35

6 Useful notes 37

6.1 Maximum measuring range and data interpretation 37 6.2 Temperature influences 39 6.3 Vapor pressure influence 39 6.4 Osmotic effect 39 6.5 Using Tensiometers as a piezometer 40

7 Troubleshooting 40

8 Appendix 41

8.1 Technical specifications 41 8.2 Wiring configuration 42 8.3 Accessories 43 8.3.1 Connecting and extension cables 43 8.3.2 Handheld measuring device 44

9 Tensiometer loggers 45

9.1.1 Voltage regulators 46 9.1.2 Refill kits 46 9.1.3 Tensiometer augers 47 9.2 Units for soil water and matrix potentials 48

10 Technical Support 49

Terms and Conditions of sale 49 Service and Spares 50 Technical Support 50 Contact Details 50

11 Index 51

SWT4 User Manual v3.1 Introduction 5

1 Introduction

1.1 Safety instructions and warnings

Electrical installations must comply with the safety and EMC requirements of the country in which the system is to be used. Please note that any damage caused by handling errors are out of our control and therefore are not covered by guarantee. Tensiometers are instruments for measuring the soil water tension, and soil water pressure and are designed for this purpose only. Please pay attention to the following possible causes of risk:

Lightning: Long cables act as antennas and might conduct surge voltage in case of lightning stroke – this might damage sensors and instruments.

Frost: Tensiometers are filled with water and therefore are sensitive to frost! Protect Tensiometers from frost at any time. Never leave Tensiometers over night inside a cabin or car when freezing temperatures might occur! Tensiometers are not usually damaged when the cup is installed in a frost-free soil horizon.

Excess pressure: The maximum non destructive pressure is 300 kPa = 3 bar = 3000 hPa. Higher pressures - which might occur, for example, during insertion in wet clayey soils, whilst measuring shear force, or during refilling and reassembly - will destroy the pressure sensor!

Electronic installation: Any electrical installations must be executed by qualified personnel.

Ceramic cup: Do not touch the cup with your fingers. Grease, sweat or soap residues will influence the ceramic's hydrophilic performance.

6 Introduction SWT4 User Manual v3.1

1.2 Unpacking

The SWT4 or SWT4R includes:

Tensiometer, calibrated and filled, with 4-pin plug M12/IP67 with plug cap

This manual

Plastic bottle protecting the ceramic cup (must be half-filled with water to keep the cup wet)

Rubber shaft water protection disk

Calibration certificate with each order for conversion of electrical to physical values

With type SWT4R: a refill syringe

SWT4 and SWT4R are filled and ready for installation when supplied.

See also “Accessories” on page 43.

1.3 Foreword

Measuring systems must be reliable and durable and should require a minimum of maintenance to achieve target-oriented results and keep the servicing low. Moreover, the success of any technical system directly depends on it being used correctly. At the beginning of a measuring task or research project the target, all effective values and the surrounding conditions should be defined. This then leads to the requirements for the scientific and technical project management which describes all quality related processes and decides the methods to be used, the technical and measurement tools, the verification of the results and the modeling. The continuously optimized correlation of all segments and its quality assurance are decisive for the final success of a project. We wish you good success with your projects. Please do not hesitate to contact us for further support and information.

1.4 Guarantee

See Terms and Conditions of Sale on page 49.

1.5 Durability

The nominal lifespan for outdoor usage is 10 years, but protection against UV-radiation and frost as well as proper and careful usage substantially extends the lifespan.


1.6 SWT4 and SWT4R

1.6.1 Soils and soil water

All water movement in soil is directly dependant on the soil water tension, because water, both in the soil and on the surface, will always move from a point of higher potential to a point of lower potential. The majority of soil water flow take place in response to small water tensions. Only Tensiometers allow the direct and precise measurement of these small tensions. Natural soils in the ground are heterogeneous. It is not just precipitation and evaporation that matter, but also the soil texture, particle size distribution, cracks, compaction, roots and cavities. All these heterogeneities cause the soil water tension to vary. It is prudent therefore to have multiple measuring points, particularly in soil horizons close to the surface.

1.6.2 Intended use

Tensiometers measure soil water tension – a measure of the soil matrix potential – which is the work the plant needs to do in order to extract water from a unit volume of the soil. These Tensiometers work from +100 kPa (water pressure) to -85 kPa (suction or soil water tension). If the soil gets drier than -85 kPa, the Tensiometer runs dry and must be refilled as soon as the soil is sufficiently moist again (see Fig 6.1). Soil water and Tensiometer water have contact through the ceramic which is porous and permeable to water. A wetted porous ceramic creates an ideal pore/water interface. The soil water tension is directly conducted to the pressure transducer which offers a continuous signal. The atmospheric reference pressure is provided through a membrane on the cable, a unique patented method.

1.6.3 Types

The SWT4 is available in 2 versions: the standard SWT4 without refilling tubes, and the SWT4R with refilling tubes for refilling the Tensiometer in the field with a syringe. Separate refilling instructions for the SWT4R are provided in section 4.


1.7 Quick Start

This section does not replace the rest of the user manual. It is only a summary. Please read the complete manual carefully before using the instrument, particularly Chapter 3 and 5! 1. Drilling the borehole Mark the required drilling depth both on auger and on Tensiometer

shaft. Note: Installation depth = drilling depth / cos . For SWT4R: For installation from the soil surface, an installation angle of 25° to 65° from the vertical line is ideal for the optimal removal of air from the cup (Fig. 1a). For “horizontal” installation from a manhole the borehole should point upwards in an angle of 5° (Fig. 1b). 2. Slurrying the cup is only reasonable in clayey soils and only if the bore hole is larger than the ceramic cup (24 mm). In coarse sand or pebbly soils, a fine-pored slurry might create a water reservoir which slows down the response. With the special Tensiometer gouge auger type SWT4-AUG slurrying is unnecessary because of the accurate fit of the Tensiometer into the hole. 3. Take off the protective plastic bottle from the Tensiometer cup. Tilt and pull the bottle off carefully. If necessary, carefully turn it counter-clockwise only! (as marked on the bottle) Turn the bottle counter-clockwise only when you remove the bottle

but also when you reassemble the bottle (see arrow on bottle label).

4. Insert the SWT4 or SWT4R into the hole to the depth mark with constant gentle pressure and without using force.

In clayey soils a dangerous overpressure might develop. So monitor the Tensiometers pressure with a type SWT-MR (INFIELD7) Manual Readout Unit or a data logger.

Do not exceed -2 bar ( -200 kPa, -2000 hPa) during insertion. Do not turn the Tensiometer after it is inserted into the ground -

this might loosen the cup.


Note for SWT4R Tensiometers: Pay attention to the engraved black spot on the shaft’s top end that

marks the position of the exit opening of the external filling inside the cup:

a) Downwards installation: If the position of the cup will be lower than the end of the shaft, the black mark must exactly face up! The optimal installation angle is between 25° and 65°. b) Upwards installation: If the position of the cup will be higher than the end of the shaft, the black mark must exactly face down! The optimal installation angle is about 5°. Fig. 1a) Downwards installation Fig. 1b) Upwards installation 5. Push down the shaft water retaining disk to a position directly on the soil surface. 6. For SWT4R: Slide a thermal insulation tube over the capillary filling tubes. 7. If the plug is not connected right away leave the protective cover on the plug. Dirt will influence the impermeability and water tightness is only assured when the plug is kept clean. 8. Connect the Tensiometer signal wires to either a data logger or the SWT-MR/Infield7 See also: “Wiring Configuration” on page 42 GP1-PGA1 Quick Start Guide (for GP1 Logger users) LS2Win Software online help (for DL2e Logger users).


Please note: Especially in loamy, clayey soils a high pressure can occur just by

inserting the SWT4 or SWT4R into the borehole. Thus, the pressure values should be continuously observed during installation with an SWT-MR/Infield7 Manual Readout Unit or a data logger. Keep it less than -200 kPa, i.e. -2000 hPa

The less air left inside the cup and the better the soil's conductivity

is, the faster the Tensiometer will respond to tension changes. If the soil is dryer than -90 kPa (-900 hPa), it does not make sense to refill the Tensiometer immediately. Wait until any Tensiometer that is installed in the next lower level again reaches the reading it had when the upper Tensiometer dried out.


External syringe refilling (SWT4R only) Installed SWT4R can be refilled or ventilated through the two capillary tubes (stainless steel) without being removed from the soil. The tubes can be extended. With the supplied refilling syringe a measuring range of at least -80 kPa can be assured. With the special Refilling Kit SWT4-RK2 a range of -85 kPa can be assured.

Reference air pressure The reference atmospheric air pressure is conducted to the pressure transducer via the water impermeable (white) Teflon membrane and through the cable. The membrane must always have contact to the air and should never be submersed into water.

Cable gland (IP67) SWT4 and SWT4R can be completely buried if required. If buried, cables and tubes should be protected. Special cable glands are available for making tight seal to with plastic protection tube for the cable - see Accessories on page 43.

Transparent acrylic shaft One-piece shafts from 10 cm to 200 cm are available. Shafts over 200 cm are divided with threaded adapter and are available up to nearly any length.

Pressure transducer Position of the pressure sensor opening, position of the temperature sensor and the ventilation tube. High grade porous ceramic cup Filled with degassed water, with refilling tube.

Sensor body with electronic The incorporated piezoelectric pressure sensor measures the soil water tension against atmospheric pressure. Direct connection to any power supply: e.g. battery, TVB1 or TVB-M, power supply unit

12 Sensor Description SWT4 User Manual v3.1

2 Sensor Description

2.1 Parts

2.1.1 Body and shaft

The pressure transducer is integrated in the sensor body. The electronics are completely sealed and thus well protected against moisture. The shaft is made of transparent blue acrylic plastic and has a very high durability and impact resistance.

2.1.2 Pressure sensor

The piezoelectric pressure sensor measures the soil water tension against the atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure is conducted via a white air-permeable membrane on the cable, through the cable, to the reference side of the pressure sensor.

The maximum permissible, i.e. non-destructive, pressure is 3 bar (300 kPa, 3000 hPa). Higher pressure will damage the sensor and absolutely must be avoided! High pressures can appear for example when cup and sensor are reassembled, when inserted in wet, clayey soils, or in tri-axial vessels used for measuring shear forces.

2.1.3 Reference air pressure

The reference atmospheric air pressure is conducted to the pressure transducer via the air permeable (white) Teflon membrane in-line in the cable. The membrane does not absorb water. Water will not pass through the membrane into the cable, but condenation inside the cable can leave the cable through the membrane. The white membrane on the cable must always have contact to air

and should never be submersed under water.

SWT4 User Manual v3.1 Sensor Description 13

2.1.4 The ceramic cup

To transfer the soil water tension as a negative pressure into the Tensiometer, a semi-permeable barrier is required. This must have good mechanical stability, be permeable to water and impermeable to gas (when wet). The Tensiometer cup consists of ceramic Al2O3 sintered aluminium. A special manufacturing process guarantees homogeneous porosity with good water conductivity and very high hardness. Compared to conventional porous ceramic the cup is much more durable. The bubble point is at least 1500 kPa (15 bar, 15,000 hPa). If the soil is dryer than -1500 kPa air can enter, the negative pressure inside the cup decreases, and the readings go down to 0 kPa. With these characteristics this material has outstanding suitability to work as the semi-permeable diaphragm for Tensiometers. The cup has a lifetime guarantee against breakage.

Ceramic cup: Do not touch the cup with your fingers. Grease,

sweat or soap residues will influence the ceramic's hydrophilic performance.

2.2 External refilling (SWT4R only)

The SWT4R is equipped with 2 stainless-steel capillary tubes which are led through the cable gland and the shaft. Each one has an opening that ends inside the ceramic cup. This allows easy refilling of the SWT4R while it remains installed in the ground. Tube 1 ends at the very tip of the cup, tube 2 ends next to the pressure transducer opening.

Outside, both tubes are connected together with a short rubber tube. Any air bubbles will ascend and accumulate either in the ceramic’s tip around tube 1 (upwards installation angle) or next to opening 2 (downwards installation angle). Accordingly the air is removed either through tube 1 or 2 (please see chapter 3.2).

1

2

14 Sensor Description SWT4 User Manual v3.1

2.3 Analog output signals

The pressure transducer offers an linear output signal. As the output signal directly depends on the supply voltage, the supply voltage needs to be constant and stabilized. As the pressure transducer is a Wheatstone full bridge, it has to be connected in a certain way. See also Connecting SWT4 and SWT4R on page 23 and the user manual for your display unit or data-logger before connection.

Black mark on tube

SWT4 User Manual v3.1 Installation 15

3 Installation

3.1 Advance planning

3.1.1 Selecting the measuring site

The installation spot should be representative of the soil horizon! Therefore, in heterogeneous soils, soil samples should be taken and classified before or during installation. On farmed sites with vegetation, root spreading and root growth during the measuring period must be considered. Fine roots will grow around the Tensiometer cup as this is a poor but still secure source of water. Therefore, avoid the root zone or move the Tensiometer from time to time depending on the root growth. Disturbing effects like the edge of a field, slopes or hollows must be avoided or taken into account when interpreting the data.

3.1.2 Number of Tensiometers per level

The deeper the level, the less the variation is in water potential. In lower sandy or pebbly horizons just one Tensiometer per depth is sufficient. Close to the surface about 3 Tensiometers per level are recommended. Guiding principle: More heterogeneous sites and soil structures

require a higher number of Tensiometers.

3.1.3 Extent of the site

A large number of well-spaced samples will help reduce sampling errors in heterogeneous soils. To obtain a differential description of the soil water situation, at least 2 Tensiometers are recommended per horizon, one in the upper and one in the lower level. The maximum recommended cable length for SWT4 and SWT4R is 40 meters.

Accuracy: long cables reduce the accuracy.

Lightning: cables act as antennas and should always be as short as possible.

16 Installation SWT4 User Manual v3.1

3.1.4 Protection of refilling tubes (SWT4R only)

A recent study by Prof. Wolfgang Durner showed that refilling tubes must be protected from heating up and solar radiation. If a bubble grows inside a refilling tube, temperature changes will lead to an expansion of the air, resulting in a variation of the reading. Therefore, refilling tubes should be as short as possible and should be thermally protected, either by providing an insulating protection or by burying the tubes. Thermal effect: As long as the Tensiometer and its tubes are freshly and completely filled it will work perfectly. Any air trapped inside the upper parts of the tube will expand when heated up by solar energy. This causes a drop of the water tension and some water will flow from the cup into the ground. Thus, readings will fluctuate around the actual reading during solar radiation, specially with low water potentials. Furthermore, under permanent solar exposure the tubes get sticky and brownish.

Slide the supplied thermal insulation tube over the shaft end and the refilling tubes as shown in above photo!

3.1.5 Use of Tube Jackets and Conduit

Tube Jackets: These are useful with shafts longer than 2 m, in pebbly soils or gravel, and for horizontal installations from inside a well or pit hole. The tube jacket should end 30 to 50 cm away from the cup so that no leakage or condensation is conducted to the cup. The inner diameter of the jacket should be at least 35 mm.

Thermal inuslation tube

Tube Jackets


Conduit: This pictures shows an example of the use of flexible cable conduit (trunking) to protect the tensiometer cables.

3.1.6 Ideal conditions for installation

For the installation of Tensiometers, the ideal conditions are:

Frost-free soil.

Wet coarse clay or loess (wind deposited soil).

Low gravel content. The more gravel in a soil the more often the drilling has to be repeated to reach the required depth.

3.1.7 Documentation

For every measuring spot you should:

Measure out the position where the pressure sensor will be placed. (A must for installations below the ground surface).

Take documentary photos before, during and after installation.

Save a soil sample.

Write down installation depth and angle with each sensor identification (serial number).

Mark all connecting cables with the corresponding sensor identification, serial number or logger channel on each end. Clip-on numbered rings are available as an accessory. Contact Delta-T for more information.


3.2 Selecting the installation angle

Ideally, a Tensiometer installation should not disturb the flow of water. To prevent the preferential flow of water along the shaft Tensiometers should be installed at an angle.

3.2.1 "Vertical" tilting downwards (SWT4R only)

When installed from the surface, an angle of 25° to 65° from the vertical is optimal for refilling. In an absolutely vertical position air bubbles might hide inside the edges of the cup adapter. Still, they could be removed completely with a hand vacuum pump (contact Delta-T for details). In this position, the refilling tube is the shorter stainless steel tube with the black mark. Water is injected Into this tube for refilling.

Before inserting the Tensiometer, orient the shaft so the black mark near the shaft end points upwards.

Do not rotate the shaft after it is inserted into the ground as this might loosen the cup.

3.2.2 "Horizontal" tilting upwards (SWT4R only)

When installed horizontally from inside a well or pit hole, the Tensiometer must point upwards! This means the cup is in a higher position than the end of the shaft. An upward angle of approx. 5° is ideal for refilling. Note that now de-airing and refilling tube are switched: the refilling tube is the longer stainless steel tube without the black mark. Water is injected into this tube for refilling.

Before inserting the Tensiometer, turn the shaft so the black mark near the shaft end points downwards.

Do not turn the shaft after it is inserted into the ground as this might loosen the cup.

Note that with a horizontal installation the (optional) filling indicator will not react until the cup is almost empty.


3.3 Installation procedure

For the installation of the Tensiometer in the field the following tools are required:

Tensiometer auger with diameter 25 mm, ideally the SWT4-AUG Gouge Auger with shaped blade tip.

Rule, spirit level, angle gauge, marker pen.

Notebook, camera for documentation of site and soil profile.

Perhaps PE-plastic bags for taking soil samples from the site.

Thermal insulation tubes for installations from soil surface.

Cable protection conduit.

Tube Jackets if required (inner diameter > 35 mm). Please observe the following notes:

Do not touch the cup with your fingers. The ceramic should not have contact with grease or soap as this will influence the hydrophilic performance.

Do not leave the cup in air for more than 5 minutes as Tensiometer water will evaporate and the Tensiometer will need to be refilled.

Procedure: 1. Mark the required drilling depth on auger and Tensiometer shaft.

The reference point is the center of the cup. Drill a hole with the desired depth on the chosen measuring spot. Auger in steps. Take care when drilling the last 20 cm, remove and save this soil. Water will not run along the shaft if the Tensiometer is installed in an angle because the water will drain into the soil before it reaches the cup.

Read the chapter "Selecting the installation angle" for the best installation angle on page 18.

2. When using augers with a diameter of over 25 mm, mix a paste of

water and crumbled soil material taken out of the borehole. Fill the paste into the bottom area of the borehole by using a simple pipe with outer diameter 2 cm.


3. Now remove the protective plastic bottle from the Tensiometer cup.

Important: Only turn the bottle counter-clockwise when taking the bottle off - and also when putting it back on again!

Save the plastic bottles: Do not store the Tensiometer without the protective plastic bottle since the cup empties quickly! The bottle must be filled with some water for storage!

4. Connect the Tensiometer to a readout unit. Carefully insert the SWT4/SWT4R into the borehole up to the stop while continuously observing the pressure signal.

Do not use any force. Do not hit the Tensiometer - this may damage cup and pressure sensor.

Especially in clayey soils the pressure reading must be monitored as high pressures might build up! The pressure should not exceed 200 kPa (2000 hPa) (because >300 kPa is fatal!)

Note for SWT4R Tensiometers: Important: Pay attention to the engraved black spot on the shaft’s top end that marks the position of the exit opening of the external filling inside the cup: a) Downward tilting installations: If the position of the cup will be lower than the end of the shaft, the black mark must exactly face up! b) Upward tilting installations: If the position of the cup will be higher than the end of the shaft, the black mark must exactly face down! Fig. 3a) Downwards installation Fig. 3b) Upwards installation


5. Press the soil surface with your boots gently to the shaft to close the gap.

6. Push the shaft water protection disk down to cover the soil surface. This prevents water from running down into the borehole along the shaft.

7. Leave the protective plastic cover on the plug whenever the plug is not connected!

8. Connect the signal cables as described in the chapter Connecting the SWT4 or SWT4R on page 23.

9. The Tensiometer will respond to changes in the soil water tension faster if there is no air inside the system and the soil water conductivity is high.

10. Write down the serial number, position, installation angle and depth.

11. Slide the supplied thermal insulation tube over the shaft end and the refilling tubes. Bend the signal cable and lead it back through the thermal tube.

12. Protect the cables against rodent bites. Lead the cables through plastic pipes or use the plastic protection tubes, conduit or trunking. Contact Delta-T for details.

3.4 Offset correction for non horizontal installations

The pressure transducer is calibrated without a cup. Thus, no compensation is required for horizontal installations. If a SWT4 or SWT4R is installed in a non horizontal position, the vertical water column draws on the pressure sensor and causes an offset shift. Compensate the offset:

by calculation,

by entering the installation angle in the Infield7 (SWT-MR) for spot readings,

in the configuration of a data logger by setting an offset. The middle of the cup is regarded to be the measuring level. The correction is largest for a vertical water column (at 0

o) and varies as the

cosine of the installation angle, as shown on the table below. In an absolutely horizontal position the offset is zero.


Example 1:Using A 5 cm vertical column of water below the pressure sensor will create an 0.5 kPa offset. This means that when the soil water tension is 0 kPa the sensor will indicate -0.5 kPa. Table showing the offset correction when a 5 cm column of water is tilted at various angles:

Angle to vertical line 0° 10° 15° 20° 25° 30°

Offset correction in [kPa] +0.5 +0.49 +0.48 +0.47 +0.45 +0.43


Offset correction in [kPa] +0.35 +0.25 +1.7 +1.3 +0.9 0

The offset is entered as + in your logger if you regard the soil water tension to be negative (0 ... -85 kPa).

3.4.1 How to measure the zero offset of a tilted tensiometer

As an alternative to using the table above, if the tensiometer is to be installed pointing downwards, submerge it up to one half the height of the ceramic cup in a beaker of water, tilting the tensiometer to the desired angle. The data logger reading in mV now represents 0kPa water tension at that angle, giving you the zero offset correction directly.


3.5 Connecting SWT4 and SWT4R

3.5.1 Spot reading with the SWT-MR (Infield7)

SWT4 and SWT4R are fitted with a 4-pin plug. The plug can be connected directly to an SWT-MR handheld measuring device for taking spot readings of the soil water tension. This displays and stores the soil water tension.

3.5.2 Connecting cables

Connecting and extension cables are required for connecting SWT4 and SWT4R to a data logger or other data acquisition device. Find cables in the chapter “Accessories” on page 43.

3.5.3 Connection to a data logger

Delta-T Logger users: see Connection to Delta-T Loggers on page 24. The pressure transducer is a non-amplified full Wheatstone bridge circuit which is calibrated at 10.6 VDC. It requires a stabilized power supply. Some logger types can measure bridge circuits directly, other loggers require additional measures, because the signal minus and the supply minus do not have the same ground. If supplied with exactly 10.6 V (i.e. supply minus = 0 V and supply plus = 10.6 V) the Tensiometer output signal range is between +3.2 V (min.) and +6.8 V (max.) relative to the power supply minus. This may be outside the common mode range of some loggers. Other supply voltage ranges are permissable, but the output signal range has to be recalculated.

The supply voltage must be constant and stabilized.

If the Tensiometer is not permanently powered, the warm-up period before a measurement is normally 1 second. It should be no greater than 10 seconds.

The Tensiometer plug should be covered with the protective cover (as supplied) when not connected to a cable.

The supply voltage must not exceed 18 VDC.


3.5.4 Connection to Delta-T Loggers

All SWT Tensiometers can be connected directly and without further power supply to the special Tensiometer logger DL6-tens. Accessories are available for converting GP1 and DL2e loggers to take Tensiometer readings.

DL6-tens Logger

The DL6-tens can take six SWT Tensiometers. This is a standard Delta-T DL6 6-channel logger modified with six 4-pin M12 sockets. Each Tensiometer needs a SWTEC-20 extension cable.

GP1 Logger

A GP1 logger can take two SWT Tensiometers. Each tensiometer requires a GP1-PBA1 adapter and connection cables type SWTCC-XX . In addition 2 SM200 soil moisture sensors, (or 10K thermistors), and a WET sensor may also be connected at the same time, along with two digital sensors such as rain gauges. When fitting 5 or more sensors use the GP1-LID2 expansion lid which has additional cable glands.

DL2e Logger

Up to 60 SWT tensiometers may be connected to a single DL2e. Each group of 15 Tensiometers require one LAC1 input card. In addition, each group of 15 require one TVB1 voltage regulator (which itself requires a 12V supply from a 12V battery or mains powered power supply).


TVB-M Voltage regulator for the DL2e Logger

This regulated power supply is specially designed for powering Tensiometers SWT3, SWT4, SWT4R and SWT5 when connected to a DL2e logger. It provides a stabilised 10.6 V power supply, but with the supply minus at -5 V and supply plus at +5.6 V. This arrangement ensures the Tensiometer signals are less than 1 V. The TV-Batt itself requires power from a 12V battery or a mains to 12 V power converter. Each TVB-M module has screw terminals to power up to 15 Tensiometers. See also Voltage regulators on page 46

26 Service and maintenance SWT4 User Manual v3.1

4 Service and maintenance

4.1 Refilling

To assure a rapid and reliable measurement of the soil water tension, the cup must be filled possibly bubble-free with degassed water. After dry periods or periods with a large number of wet and drying out successions, the SWT4 or SWT4R must be refilled. The following items are required for all refilling methods:

Syringe with valve (one supplied with each order)

Degassed, de-ionized or distilled water

Measuring device for checking the pressure signal Simple method to degas water: The best way to degas water is by using a syringe.

Draw up water into the syringe until it is 2/3 filled. Close the valve or block the syringe with your finger.

Now draw up the syringe as far as possible to create a vacuum inside. Rotate the syringe to create one big bubble.

Remove your finger or open the valve and squeeze out the bubble. Repeat this procedure a few times.

4.1.1 When do Tensiometers need to be refilled?

Tensiometers need to be refilled if:

the curve of the readings apparently gets flatter (for example a rain event has no sharp peak but is round),

the maximum of -85 kPa is not reached anymore. Refilling is only reasonable if the soil is moister than -90 kPa,

or as soon as a Tensiometer installed in a lower level shows wetter readings than the reading at which the upper Tensiometer stopped working...

If the soil gets dryer than -85 kPa, the readings will remain constant at the vapor pressure of water (for example: the reading will be 92.7 kPa at 20°C and atmospheric pressure of 95 kPa). By diffusion and slight leakage the reading will slowly drop within months.

SWT4 User Manual v3.1 Service and maintenance 27

Connect to pump

Adaptor for sensor body

Adaptor for ceramic cup

Vacuum gauge

If the soil dries out more than -1500 kPa (-15 bar), the negative pressure will drop much faster as air will enter the cup.

4.1.2 Refilling in the lab

To reach the optimal measuring range of -90 kPa Tensiometers should be refilled in the laboratory using the refill kit. 1) Set up the refilling kit and connect the vacuum pump as shown in

fig. 4.1. The pump should achieve at least 0,8 kPa against vacuum. Use distilled or de-ionized water which does not necessarily have to be degassed when a pump is used.

Fig. 4.1: Laboratory refill kit SWT4-RK2

2) Unscrew the cup in clockwise direction and empty it.

Do not touch the ceramic cup with your fingers. Wrap a clean towel or paper towels around the cup!

The pressure sensor diaphragm is inside the small hole on the pressure sensor body. It is very sensitive and must never be touched! It can be destroyed even by the slightest contact!

No contamination should get on to the sealing and gasket. 3) If the cup is dry it should be placed in a beaker filled with distilled

water for several hours or overnight. Initially there should be no water inside the cup! Place the empty cup into the beaker in an upright position, with the external water level reaching no higher than 2/3 of the cup.


Warning! If the cup is filled with water and water intrudes from both inside and outside, cavities of air will be trapped inside the ceramic.

4) Insert the saturated but empty cup to the adapter and connect it to the degassing device. Place the cup in water in an upright position with the external water level reaching up to 2/3 of the cup.

5) Half fill the second adapter capsule with water and insert the sensor body. Connect the adapter to the degassing device as well.

6) Now start the vacuum pump. With well-saturated cups, the procedure will take 1 to 2 hours. From time to time knock on cup and sensor body to loosen bubbles. Degassing is complete when no air bubbles ascend from ceramic and body and the cup is completely filled with water.

7) Before screwing together cup and sensor body connect the sensor to a measuring device to observe the pressure signal.

Warning! Do not exceed 2 bar, as 3 bar will destroy the sensor!

Hold the cup in an upright position, fill it completely and with an overlapping meniscus of water. Carefully and slowly screw the cup on the sensor body. Allow the excess water to escape. Make sure that no bubbles are enclosed.

8) Fix the Tensiometer at an angle so the cup is pointing downwards, and the black mark on the shaft is on top.

9) Degas the water in the syringe as described above and connect it to the refilling tube (it has a black mark). Do not bend the rubber tube. Carefully inject water into the refilling tube until no bubbles come out of the de-airing tube. Inject at least 25 ml. Check the pressure all the time!

10) Remove the syringe and re-connect the rubber tube to the open refilling tube.


4.1.3 Refilling in the field (SWT4R only)

SWT4R Tensiometers can be refilled with the 50 ml syringe (supplied) through the stainless steel tubes without removing them from the soil. If the refilling tubes have a total length of 5 meters or more use the hand-operated vacuum pump – see section 4.1.4. With this method a range of at least -80 kPa can be measured.

Fig. 4.2 Downward tilted installation – the marked tube is the refilling tube, the unmarked tube the de-airing tube

Fig. 4.3 Upwards tilted installation – the marked tube is the de-airing tube, the unmarked tube the refilling tube


Procedure (see fig. 4.2 & 4.3): 1. Connect the SWT4R to the measuring device and keep an eye on

the pressure signal all the time. 2. Two steel capillary tubes come out from the SWT4R shaft: the

refilling tube and the de-airing tube. In a downwards tilting installations the marked tube is the refilling tube, in an upwards installation the unmarked tube is the refilling tube. Pull off the rubber tube from the refilling tube.

3. Degas the water inside the syringe as described above. 4. Connect the syringe to the refilling tube. 5. Carefully inject water into the refilling tube until no bubbles come

out of the de-airing tube. Inject at least 25 ml. Check the pressure all the time!

6. Remove the syringe. Put a drop of water on the ends of both the rubber and steel tubes – and then connect them together.

4.1.4 Refilling with a vacuum pump (SWT4R only)

To achieve the maximum possible measuring range Tensiometers can be completely degassed using a vacuum pump. This method can be applied for installed Tensiometers at any installation angle as well as for Tensiometers not yet installed. For refilling tubes longer than 5 meter this method should always be used. The refill kit SWT4-FRK2 includes all required tools: hand-operated vacuum pump, vacuum bottle with tube and syringe with valve.

Fig. 4.4 External refill kit SWT4-FRK2 for the SWT4R


Fig. 4.5 Downwards installation – the marked tube is the

refilling tube, the unmarked tube the de-airing tube

Fig. 4.6 Upwards installation – the marked tube is the de-airing tube, the unmarked tube the refilling tube

Procedure (see Fig. 5.4 & 5.5): 1. Connect the SWT4R to the measuring device and keep an eye on

the pressure signal all the time. 2. In a downwards tilting installation the marked tube is the refilling

tube. In an upwards installation the unmarked tube is the refilling tube. Pull off the rubber tube from the refilling tube.

3. Degas the water inside the syringe as described above. Connect the syringe to the refilling tube and close the valve!

4. Connect vacuum bottle and de-airing tube. Using the vacuum pump, evacuate the bottle to the maximum possible vacuum. This will enlarge the remaining bubble inside the cup.


5. Now briefly open and close the valve at the syringe a few times: water is drawn into the Tensiometer while at the same time the air bubble is sucked into the vacuum bottle. Repeat this 2 or 3 times until no more bubbles come out.

6. Close the valve of the vacuum bottle and remove the bottle. Inject 5 ml of water from the syringe into the refilling tube. Remove the syringe. Put a drop of water on the end of both the rubber and steel tubes and connect them together.


4.2 Testing

4.2.1 Calibration

When delivered Tensiometers are calibrated with an offset of 0 hPa (when lying horizontally) and a linear response. The offset of the pressure transducer has a minimal drift over the years. Therefore, we recommend you check sensors once a year and re-calibrate them every two years. Return the Tensiometers to Delta-T for recalibration, or contact us for details about available calibration accessories.

4.2.2 Check the Offset

There are two ways to check the offset. 1. Connect the Tensiometer to a readout device. Fill the beaker with distilled or de-ionized water and immerse the ceramic cup to a depth of 7.5 cm. Wait until the reading is stable. If there are bubbles inside the cup this might take a while. The reading now should be 0 kPa. 2. To check the zero-point more precisely unscrew the cup. Shake the pressure sensor to remove water from the pressure transducer hole. The offset is acceptable when the reading is between -0.5 and +0.5 kPa. The pressure sensor diaphragm is inside the small hole on the

pressure sensor body. It is very sensitive and must never be touched! It can be destroyed even by slightest contact! No contamination should get on the sealing and gasket.

Before reassembling cup and sensor body carry out the degassing

procedure (see chapter 4.1.2 "Refilling in the lab" on page 27). For testing the gain a calibration kit is required. Contact Delta-T for details

34 Protecting the measuring site SWT4 User Manual v3.1

5 Protecting the measuring site

5.1 Theft and vandalism

The site should be protected against theft and vandalism as well as against any farming or field work. Therefore, the site should be fenced and signposts could give information about the purpose of the site.

5.2 Cable protection

Cables should be protected against rodents with plastic protection tubes. Contact Delta-T for further information.

5.3 Frost

5.3.1 Protection against frost

Tensiometers are filled with water and can be damaged by

frost.

Do not store filled Tensiometer at temperatures below -5°C. Do not leave filled Tensiometers overnight in your car, in a measuring hut, etc.

Do not fill the Tensiometers with Ethanol, as this is corrosive to

some materials (i. e. PMMA) and will destroy these. Also it is not recommended to fill the Tensiometers with Decalin, mono-ethylene-glycol, di-ethylene-glycol, etc. These could harm any of the materials, destroy the ceramic cup or leak into the soil. SWT4 and SWT4R Tensiometers may remain installed during the winter if the cup is below 20 cm. Then the frost will enter the cup slowly without damaging the pressure sensor. The reading will jump to a constant value. After unfreezing the Tensiometer will continue to work. But as this depends on the climate of your region, please contact Delta-T if you intend to install Tensiometers in extreme temperature zones.

SWT4 User Manual v3.1 Protecting the measuring site 35

5.3.2 Emptying SWT4 or SWT4R

Also read chapter 4.1. SWT4R Tensiometers: 1) Remove the connecting rubber tube from the refilling tube. In a

downwards installation the refilling tube is the marked tube, in an upwards installation the refilling tube is the unmarked tube.

2) Connect the empty syringe to the refilling tube and completely suck out the Tensiometer water.

3) Re-connect rubber tubes and filling tube. SWT4 Tensiometer, if installed within the depth of frost

penetration, must be removed and stored in a frost-free place.

5.4 Lightning protection and grounding

In-the-field measuring equipment is always susceptible to electrical surge. Our equipment is protected against over-voltage and wrong polarity as far as this is technically achievable. There never can be total lightning protection. Lighting strikes are unpredictable and vary significantly with region, voltage and destructiveness. Proper lightning protection has to be considered whenever a system with several sensors and loggers is installed. Passive lightning protection measures would comprise one or more grounding rods, preferably with ground water contact, but without (!) an electrical connection to the measuring system. With an active lightning protection each sensor and the logger are equipped with an individual grounded surge protection module. Unfortunately, these are very expensive. Please contact Delta-T or your distributor for assistance about integrating SWT4 or SWT4R into your measurement system.

36 Protecting the measuring site SWT4 User Manual v3.1

General recommendations for lightning protection and grounding for stations with battery power

First step Measure the distances between sensor positions, data acquisition etc. to get to know the potential levels

Recommendations for lightning protection on masts

2 or 3 meter masts can be equipped with a lightning rod which is installed on top of the mast, and a grounding rod which is clamped to the foot of the mast. This creates a zone of protection in a 45 degree angle cone around the tip

Recommendations for lightning protection of enclosures

Install surge protection devices in one corner of the measuring enclosure. All lines to and from the surge protection devices should not run parallel.

System protection of stations with enclosure and mast

Install a separate earth grid 50 cm below the soil surface to equalize variations in the ground potential between the sensors and the mast grounding rod .

Lightning protection with grounding rods

According to the standards the ground rod (diam. 25 mm) must be inserted into the ground for a minimum of 2,5 meters below the frost level, i. e. in general 3 meters. Cross shaped rods are less advisable for such low depths, but this depends on soil type, moisture or clay content, and distance between soil surface and ground water level.

SWT4 User Manual v3.1 Useful notes 37

Interpretation Messwerte bis über 15 bar nahe der

Bodenoberfläche

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Zeit

Wassers

pan

nu

ng

Bodenwasserspannung

Tensiometermesswert

6 Useful notes

6.1 Maximum measuring range and data interpretation

The measuring range of Tensiometers is limited by the boiling point of water. At a temperature of 20°C the boiling point is at 23 hPa over vacuum. So with 20°C and an atmospheric pressure of 950 hPa the Tensiometer cannot measure a tension below -927 hPa, even if the soils gets drier than that. The readings remain at a constant value (Fig. 6.1, between day 10 and 16).

Fig. 6.1: Tensiometer readings with tensions beyond -15,000 hPa

If the soil dries to -15,000 hPa, the ceramic’s bubble point is reached. The water in the ceramic cup will run out quickly and the reading of the air-filled cup will go to zero (Fig. 6.1, day 16 to 19).

So

il w

ate

r te

nsio

n (

hP

a)

Soil water tension Tensiometer reading

Time Day

Typical behaviour of tensiometer readings when tension exceeds -15,000 hPa close to the surface

38 Useful notes SWT4 User Manual v3.1

Interpretation Messwerte unter 10 bar in tieferen

Bodenschichten

1

10

100

1000

10000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Zeit

Wassers

pan

nu

ng

Bodenwasserspannung

Tensiometermesswert

If it rains before the soils reaches -15,000 hPa, the Tensiometer cup will suck up the soil water. However, the soil water includes dissolved gasses which will degas as soon as the soil dries again, increasing the tension. This will result in a poor response, the signal curve will get flatter and readings will only slowly adapt to the actual soil water tension. Depending on the size of the developed bubble, readings will get less close to the maximum (Fig 6.2, after day 20).

Fig. 6.2 Tensiometer readings with tensions to -10, 000 hPa

Other problems that can be recognized by checking the data: Soil water tension normally change only slowly. An erratic signal curve with many discontinuities could indicate, for example loose contacts, moisture in defective cables or plugs, poor power supply or a data logger malfunction. With SWT4R Tensiometers, unsteady signals can also be caused by solar radiation on the refilling tubes. To prevent this fit thermal insulation - see page 16.

So

il w

ate

r te

nsio

n (

hP

a)

Interpretation of readings below -10,000 hPa


Day

SWT4 User Manual v3.1 Useful notes 39

6.2 Temperature influences

If the sensor is not powered continuously the voltage should be switched on for no longer than 10 seconds before a measurement. In this case, the self heating is negligible. The correlation of water tension to water content is temperature

dependent. The influence is low at tensions of 0 to 10 kPa 0 … 0,6 kPa/K, but high for tensions over 100 kPa (1 bar, 1000 hPa):

oM

TRln

= Water tension R = Gas constant (8,31J/mol K) M = Molecular weight p = Vapor pressure po = Saturation vapor pressure at soil temperature (from Scheffler/Straub, Grigull)

6.3 Vapor pressure influence

If the temperature of a soil with a constant water content rises from 20°C to 25°C the soil water tension is reduced for about 0.85 kPa due to the increased vapor pressure which opposes the water tension. Temperature in °C 4 10 16 20 25 30 50 70

Pressure change per Kelvin in [hPa]

0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.9 2.5 7.2 14

6.4 Osmotic effect

The ceramic has a pore size of r = 0,3 m and therefore cannot block ions. Thus, an influence of osmosis on the measurements is negligible because ion concentration differences are equalized quickly. If the SWT4 cup is dipped into a saturated NaCl solution the reading will be 1 kPa for a short moment, then it will drop to 0 kPa again.

40 Troubleshooting SWT4 User Manual v3.1

6.5 Using Tensiometers as a piezometer

SWT4 or SWT4R can be used as a piezometer for measuring water overpressure. Calculate the height of the water level with:

hgpp OH2 [hPa]

and:

gp

ph

OH2

pH2O .998205 kg/dm

3, at 4°C: 1.0 kg/dm

3.

[Pa] = N/m2; [N] = kg.m/s

2; [Pa] = kg/(s

2.m).

A water column of 100 cm causes the following pressure: p [Pa= N/m

2] = 998.205 kg/m

3 x 9.81 m/s

2 x 1m

p = 9792.39 [kg/m3 x m/s

2 x m ] = 9.792 kPa.

Accordingly 10 kPa at 20°C indicate a water column of 102.15 cm.

7 Troubleshooting Please refer to the Delta-T website where you will find a regularly up-dated list of FAQs: http://www.delta-t.co.uk/product-faq-table.html?product2005092818915

http://www.delta-t.co.uk/product-faq-table.html?product2005092818915

SWT4 User Manual v3.1 Appendix 41

8 Appendix

8.1 Technical specifications

Material and dimensions

Ceramic material Ceramic dimensions Shaft material

Al2O3 sinter, bubble point > 15 bar

Length 60 mm, 24 mm

Impact-proof PMMA, 25 mm

Sensor cable

For shaft lengths < 120 cm For shaft lengths > 121 cm

Length 1.5 m from sensor body (effective length = 1.5 m minus shaft length) Length 2.3 m from sensor body (effective length = 2.3 m minus shaft length)

Plug Male 4-pin, thread M12, IP67

Measuring range

Pressure transducer Water tension Water level

-100 kPa ... +100 kPa (electronically) -85 kPa ... +100 kPa (physically) -85 kPa … 0 kPa (Tensiometer) 0 kPa … +100 kPa (Piezometer)

Output signal

Pressure 85 mV = -85 kPa (Tensiometer) 0 mV = 0 kPa -100 mV = 100 kPa (Piezometer)

Accuracy

Pressure transducer ±0.5 kPa

Power supply

Supply voltage Vin typ. 10.6 VDC (5 ... 15 VDC), stabilized

Current consumption 1.3 mA at 10.6 VDC

42 Appendix SWT4 User Manual v3.1

8.2 Wiring configuration

Signal Wire Pin Function

Vin brown 1 Supply plus

V- blue 3 Supply minus

A-OUT+ white 2 Signal plus

A-OUT- black 4 Signal minus

Pin and wire configuration for connecting cables SWTCC

SWT4 User Manual v3.1 Appendix 43

8.3 Accessories

8.3.1 Connecting and extension cables

Cables must be ordered additionally for each Tensiometer.

4-wire connecting cables SWTCC-xx are fitted with a female plug M12/IP67 and 12 cm wire end sleeves. Extension cables SWT-EXT-xx have one each male and female plug M12/IP67. Plugs are supplied with protective covers.

Item Delta-T no.

4-pin connection cables

Length 1.5 m SWTCC-01

Length 5 m SWTCC-05

Length 10 m SWTCC-10


4-pin extension cable

Length 5 m SWTEXT-05



Additional items

Clip-on cable markers Please contact Delta-T

Plastic protection tubes Please contact Delta-T

Thermal insulation tubes Please contact Delta-T

44 Appendix SWT4 User Manual v3.1

8.3.2 Handheld measuring device

The SWT-MR (Infield7) manual readout unit for taking and storing spot readings of soil water tension, soil temperature and filling status. Includes an automatic offset correction for water column height and installation angle. Suitable for all SWT Tensiometers. The unit comes with a small carrying case.

Item Delta-T no,

SWT-MR manual readout SWT-MR A USB converter is available for data collection from the SWT-MR to a PC via PC or laptop. It includes Windows PC software TensioVIEW.

Item Delta-T no,

USB PC adapter for SWT-MR SWT-MR-USB

SWT4 User Manual v3.1 Tensiometer loggers 45

9 Tensiometer loggers All SWT Tensiometers can be connected directly and without further power supply to the special Tensiometer logger DL6-tens. Accessories are available for converting GP1 and DL2e loggers to take Tensiometer readings.

DL6-tens Logger

The DL6-tens can take six SWT Tensiometers. This is a factory-modified Delta-T DL6 6-channel logger modified with six 4-pin M12 sockets. Each Tensiometer needs a SWTEC-20 extension cable.

GP1 Logger


DL2e Logger

Up to 60 SWT tensiometers may be connected to a single DL2e. Each group of 15 Tensiometers require one LAC1 input cardand one TVB1 voltage regulator.

Item Delta-T no.

6-channel modified GL6 logger Contact Delta-T

2-channel GP1 logger Contact Delta-T

60 channel DL2e logger Contact Delta-T

46 Tensiometer loggers SWT4 User Manual v3.1

9.1.1 Voltage regulators

Tensiometer power supply unit for SWT3, SWT4, SWT5, fitted to a DL2e-logger extension frame (left), or as an open module (right). The regulated power supply itself can power up to 60 tensiometer. Each TVB1 logger frame has supply terminals for 15 Tensiometers. Contact Delta-T if you wish to fit more than 15 Tensiometers to one DL2e logger.

Item Delta-T no.

TV-batt for DL2e logger TVB1

TV-batt module only TVB-M

9.1.2 Refill kits

SWT4-FRK2 Refill kit for externally refillable Tensiometers SWT4R, incl. hand operated vacuum pump, 250 ml bottle, refill syringe, tubes, valves.

SWT4-LRK2 Laboratory refill kit for Tensiometers SWT4 & SWTT4R, incl. stand, clamps, adapter for SWT4 sensor body, 500 ml bottle, pressure gauge, tubes, beaker, refilling syringe and pliers.

Item Delta-T no.

Refill kit for field use SWT4-FRK2

Laboratory refill kit SWT4-LRK2

SWT4 User Manual v3.1 Tensiometer loggers 47

All vacuum glass bottles are coated and implosion proof.

9.1.3 Tensiometer augers

Tensiometer gouge auger with specially shaped blade. The tip of the blade has the same shape and diameter as the Tensiometer cup, so the Tensiometer fits tightly into the borehole. Thus, no slurrying of the cup is necessary. Set includes gouge auger and handle with hammering head.

Item Delta-T no.

Auger with handle SWT4-AUG

Extension rod, length 100 cm

Please ask

48 Tensiometer loggers SWT4 User Manual v3.1

9.2 Units for soil water and matrix potentials

%R

H

99.9

993

99.9

926

99.9

756

99.9

261

99.2

638

98.8

977

92.8

772

47.7

632

0.0

618

ps

i

-0.1

450

-1.4

504

-4.9

145

-12.3

45

-14.5

04

-145.0

4

-219.5

2

-1,4

50.4

-14,5

04

-145,0

38

ba

r

-0.0

1

-0.1

-0.3

3

-0.8

5

-1

-10

-15

-100

-1,0

00

-10,0

00

MP

a

-0.0

01

-0.0

1

-0.0

33

-0.0

85

-0.1

-1.0

-1.5

-10

-100

-1,0

00

kP

a =

J/k

g

-1

-10

-33

-85.1

-100

-1,0

00

-1,5

00

-10,0

00

-100,0

00

-1,0

00,0

00

cm

H20

9.8

98.1

323.6

834.5

980.7

9,8

06.6

14,7

09.9

98,0

66.5

980,6

65

9,8

06,6

50

hP

a

-10

-100

-330

-851

-1,0

00

-10,0

00

-15,0

00

-100,0

00

-1,0

00,0

00

-10,0

00,0

00

pF

1

2.0

1

2.5

3

2.9

3

3

4

4.1

8

5

6

7

Fie

ld c

ap

acit

y

Sta

nd

ard

Ten

sio

mete

r

ran

ge

Perm

an

en

t

wil

tin

g p

oin

t

Air

dry

, air

hu

mid

ity

dep

en

dan

t

oven

dry

SWT4 User Manual v3.1 Technical Support 49

10 Technical Support

Terms and Conditions of sale

Our Conditions of Sale (ref: COND: 1/07) set out Delta-T's legal obligations on these matters. The following paragraphs summarise Delta T's position but reference should always be made to the exact terms of our Conditions of Sale, which will prevail over the following explanation.

Delta-T warrants that the goods will be free from defects arising out of the materials used or poor workmanship for a period of twelve months from the date of delivery.

Delta-T shall be under no liability in respect of any defect arising from fair wear and tear, and the warranty does not cover damage through misuse or inexpert servicing, or other circumstances beyond their control.

If the buyer experiences problems with the goods they shall notify Delta-T (or Delta-T’s local distributor) as soon as they become aware of such problem.

Delta-T may rectify the problem by replacing faulty parts free of charge, or by repairing the goods free of charge at Delta-T's premises in the UK during the warranty period.

If Delta-T requires that goods under warranty be returned to them from overseas for repair, Delta-T shall not be liable for the cost of carriage or for customs clearance in respect of such goods. However, Delta-T requires that such returns are discussed with them in advance and may at their discretion waive these charges.

Delta-T shall not be liable to supply products free of charge or repair any goods where the products or goods in question have been discontinued or have become obsolete, although Delta-T will endeavour to remedy the buyer’s problem.

Delta-T shall not be liable to the buyer for any consequential loss, damage or compensation whatsoever (whether caused by the negligence of the Delta-T, their employees or distributors or otherwise) which arise from the supply of the goods and/or services, or their use or resale by the buyer.

Delta-T shall not be liable to the buyer by reason of any delay or failure to perform their obligations in relation to the goods and/or services if the delay or failure was due to any cause beyond the Delta-T’s reasonable control.

50 Technical Support SWT4 User Manual v3.1

Service and Spares

Users in countries that have a Delta-T distributor or technical representative should contact them in the first instance.

Spare parts for our own instruments can be supplied and can normally be despatched within a few working days of receiving an order.

Spare parts and accessories for products not manufactured by Delta-T may have to be obtained from our supplier, and a certain amount of additional delay is inevitable.

No goods or equipment should be returned to Delta-T without first obtaining the return authorisation from Delta-T or our distributor.

On receipt of the goods at Delta-T you will be given a reference number. Always refer to this reference number in any subsequent correspondence. The goods will be inspected and you will be informed of the likely cost and delay.

We normally expect to complete repairs within one or two weeks of receiving the equipment. However, if the equipment has to be forwarded to our original supplier for specialist repairs or recalibration, additional delays of a few weeks may be expected. For contact details see below.

Technical Support


Technical Support is available on Delta-T products and systems. Your initial enquiry will be acknowledged immediately with a reference number. Make sure to quote the reference number subsequently so that we can easily trace any earlier correspondence.

In your enquiry, always quote instrument serial numbers, software version numbers, and the approximate date and source of purchase where these are relevant.

Contact Details

Tech Support Team Delta-T Devices Ltd 130 Low Road, Burwell, Cambridge CB25 0EJ, U.K.

Tel: +44 (0) 1638 742922 Fax: +44 (0) 1638 743155 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] web: www.delta-t.co.uk



SWT4 User Manual v3.1 51

11 Index

A

Accessories · 43

Accuracy · 41

atmospheric pressure · 12

augers · 47

C

cable · 41

extension · 43

markers · 43

Cable protection · 34

cables · 23

Calibration · 33

CE conformity · 2

ceramic · 13

Ceramic · 41

clay · 17

Conditions of sale · 49

Conduit · 16

connection cables · 43

Contact Details · 50

Copyright · 2

Current consumption · 41

D

data logger · 23

Description · 12

DL2e Logger · 24

DL6-tens · 24, 45

Durability · 6

E

Emptying · 35

F

Frost · 34

G

GP1 Logger · 24

gravel · 17

grounding · 35

I

Infield7 · 44

Installation · 15

procedure · 19

installation angle · 18

J

Jacket Tubes · 16

L

Lightning protectio · 35

loess · 17

loggers · 45

52 Index SWT4 User Manual v3.1

M

maintenance · 26

measuring range · 37

O

Offset · 33

Offset correction · 21

Osmotic effect · 39

output · 14

P

piezometer · 40

pressure · 12

problems · 38

Protection · 16

Q

Quick start · 8

R

range · 37, 41

refill kit · 30

Refill Kit SWT4-RK2 · 18

Refill kits · 46

refilling · 13

Refilling · 26

S

Service · 26, 50

soil sample · 17

soils · 7

Spares · 50

specifications · 41

SWT-MR · 44

T

Technical Support · 49, 50

Temperature · 39

Terms · 49

Testing · 33

Thermal effect · 16

Troubleshooting · 40

tubes

insulation · 43

protection · 43

U

Units · 48

Unpacking · 6

USB converter · 44

V

Vapor pressure · 39

Voltage regulator · 25

Voltage regulators · 46

voltage Vin · 41

W

warnings · 5

Wiring · 42

Z

zero ffset

How to check · 33

zero offset · 22

User Manual for the

Tensiometer types SWT5 & SWT5x

Delta-T Devices Ltd

SWT5-UM-2

2/49

Notices

Copyright

All rights reserved. Under the copyright laws, this manual may not be copied, in whole or in part, without the written consent of Delta-T Devices Ltd. and UMS GmbH. Under the law, copying includes translation into another language.

Copyright © 2009 Delta-T Devices Limited

© 2009 UMS GmbH

CE conformity

The sensors described in this document are CE marked by the manufacturer.

Design changes

Delta-T Devices Ltd reserves the right to change the designs and specifications of its products at any time without prior notice.

SWT5 User Manual, Version 2 Oct 2009

Delta-T Devices Ltd Tel: +44 1638 742922

130 Low Road, Burwell Fax: +44 1638 743155

CAMBRIDGE CB25 0EJ e-mail: [email protected]

U.K. [email protected]

web: http://www.delta-t.co.uk

Within the EU: disposal through municipal waste prohibited - return electronic parts to your local distributor




3/49

Table of contents

User Manual for the 1

Tensiometer 1

Notices 2

Introduction 5

1.1 Safety instructions and warnings 5 1.2 Unpacking 6 1.3 Foreword 7 1.4 Guarantee 7 1.5 Durability 7 1.6 SWT5 and SWT5x 8 1.6.1 Soils and soil water 8 1.6.2 Intended use 8 1.6.3 Typical applications 9 1.6.4 Extended measuring range of the SWT5x 9 1.6.5 Specific notes 10 1.7 Quick start 11

2 Sensor Description 13

2.1 Parts 13 2.1.1 Body and shaft 13 2.1.2 Pressure sensor 13 2.1.3 Reference air pressure 13 2.1.4 The ceramic tip 14 2.2 Analog output signals 14

3 Installation 15

3.1 Advance planning 15 3.1.1 Selecting the measuring site 15 3.1.2 Number of Tensiometers per level 15 3.1.3 Extent of the site 15 3.1.4 Ideal conditions for installation 16 3.1.5 Documentation 16 3.1.6 Selecting the installation angle 16 3.2 Installation procedure 17 3.3 Offset correction for non horizontal installations 18 3.4 Connecting SWT5 and SWT5x 19 3.4.1 Spot readings with the SWT-MR (Infield7) 19 3.4.2 Cables 19 3.4.3 General requirements 19 3.4.4 Connection to a data logger 20 3.4.5 TVB1 and TVB-M Tensiometer power supplies 20 3.4.6 Delta-T Tensiometer loggers 21

4 Service and maintenance 22

4.1 Refilling 22 4.1.1 When do Tensiometers need to be refilled? 22

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4.1.2 Refilling SWT5 in lab and field 23 4.2 Testing 34 4.2.1 Calibration 34 4.2.2 Check the Offset 34 Cleaning 35 Storage 35

5 Protecting the measuring site 35

5.1 Theft and vandalism 35 5.2 Cable protection 35 5.3 Frost 35

6 Useful notes 36

6.1 Maximum measuring range and data interpretation 36 6.2 Temperature influences 38 6.3 Vapor pressure influence 38 6.4 Osmotic effect 38

7 Troubleshooting 38

8 Appendix 39

8.1 Technical specifications 39 8.2 Wiring configuration 40 8.3 Accessories 41 8.3.1 Connecting and extension cables 41 8.3.2 Handheld measuring device 42 8.3.3 Tensiometer loggers 43 8.3.4 Voltage regulators 44 8.3.5 SWT5-FRK2 44 8.4 Units for soil water and matrix potentials 45

9 Technical Support 46

9.1 Terms and Conditions of sale 46 9.2 Service and Spares 47 9.3 Technical Support 47 Contact Details 47

10 Index 48

SWT5 User Manual v2 Introduction 5

Introduction

1.1 Safety instructions and warnings

Electrical installations must comply with the safety and EMC requirements of the country in which the system is to be used. Please note that any damage caused by handling errors are out of our control and therefore are not covered by guarantee. Tensiometers are instruments for measuring the soil water tension, and soil water pressure and are designed for this purpose only. Please pay attention to the following possible causes of risk: Lightning: Long cables act as antennas and might conduct surge

voltage in case of lightning stroke – this might damage sensors and instruments.

Frost: Tensiometers are filled with water and therefore are sensitive to frost! Protect Tensiometers from frost at any time. Never leave Tensiometers over night inside a cabin or car when freezing temperatures might occur! Tensiometers normally are not damaged when the cup is installed in a frost free soil horizon.

Excess pressure: The maximum non destructive pressure is 300 kPa = 3 bar = 3000 hPa. Higher pressures - which might occur, for example, during insertion in wet clayey soils, whilst measuring shear force, or during refilling and reassembling - will destroy the pressure sensor!

Electronic installation: Any electrical installations should only be done by qualified personnel.


Do not twist the SWT5 shaft against the sensor body!

6 Introduction SWT5 User Manual v2

1.2 Unpacking

An SWT5 or SWT5x delivery includes:

Tensiometer, calibrated and filled, with 4-pin plug M12/IP67 with plug cap

This manual

Rubber protection cap, half filled with water, for keeping the ceramic moist and clean

See also “Accessories” on page 41.


1.3 Foreword

Measuring systems must be reliable and durable and should require a minimum of maintenance to achieve target-oriented results and keep the servicing low. Moreover, the success of any technical system is directly depending on it being used correctly. At the beginning of a measuring task or research project the target, all effective values and the surrounding conditions must be defined. This leads to the demands for the scientific and technical project management which describes all quality related processes and decides on the methods to be used, the technical and measurement tools, the verification of the results and the modeling. The continuously optimized correlation of all segments and its quality assurance are finally decisive for the success of a project. We wish you good success with your projects. Please do not hesitate to contact us for further support and information.

1.4 Guarantee

See Terms and Conditions of Sale on page 46.

1.5 Durability

The nominal lifespan for outdoor usage is 10 years, but protection against UV-radiation and frost as well as proper and careful usage substantially extends the lifespan.


1.6 SWT5 and SWT5x

1.6.1 Soils and soil water

All water movement in soil is directly dependant on the soil water tension, because water, both in soils and on the surface, will will move from a point of higher potential to a point of lower potential. The majority of soil water flows take place in response to small water tensions. Only Tensiometers allow the direct and precise measurement of these small tensions. Natural soils in the ground are heterogeneous. It is not just precipitation and evaporation that matter, but also the soil texture, particle size distribution, cracks, compaction, roots and cavities. All these heterogeneities cause the soil water tension to vary. It is prudent therefore to have multiple measuring points, particularly in soil horizons close to the surface.

1.6.2 Intended use

Tensiometers measure soil water tension – a measure of the soil matrix potential – which is the work the plant needs to do in order to extract water from a unit volume of the soil. These Tensiometers work from +100 kPa (water pressure/level) to -85 kPa (suction / soil water tension). The SWT5x operates to even lower tensions. If the soil gets drier than -85 kPa, the Tensiometer runs dry and must be refilled as soon as the soil is sufficiently moist again (see Fig 6.1). Soil water and Tensiometer water have contact through the ceramic which is porous and permeable to water. A wetted porous ceramic creates an ideal pore/water interface. The soil water tension is directly conducted to the pressure transducer which offers a continuous signal. The atmospheric reference pressure is provided through a membrane on the cable, a unique patented method. The SWT5 Miniature Tensiometer is specially designed for point measurements, e. g. in soil columns, pots or laboratory lysimeters, or when the measurement of a minimal span is desired. With an active surface of only 0.5 cm

2 and a diameter of 5 mm the

ceramic tip has all advantages of small dimensions: little soil disturbance, point measurement and fast response.


1.6.3 Typical applications

Typical applications of the SWT5 and SWT5x:

Point measurements of water potential Miniature soil column studies, e. g. in combination with micro

water samplers and soil temperature probes Determination of drying curves of water content vs tension, or

water conductivity vs tension (pF/wc and K/Psi) in soil columns, soil cores or soil sampling rings

Determination of leachate and capillary water movements Controlling irrigation Pot experiments Measurements in the upper soil horizons in the field Monitoring with data loggers Spot readings with the SWT-MR (INFIELD7)

For field applications it might be better to use SWT4 or SWT4R Tensiometers.

1.6.4 Extended measuring range of the SWT5x

The special version SWT5x is tested to reach a measuring range of -160 kPa (-1600 hPa) when delivered. To achieve this, the SWT5x requires an absolutely bubble-free filling. You might notice that your SWT5x might even go down to -250 kPa before running empty, sometimes even to -450 kPa, but this is an exception and cannot be guaranteed. The SWT5x is identical with the SWT5 but has a different ceramic. The extended measuring range is made possible by an effect called boiling retardation, which requires a special ceramic with smaller pores and an absolutely gas-free filling process.

Do not allow the SWT5x ceramic to dry out by leaving it unprotected in air: by drying out the tension might reach the destructive pressure.

Due to the finer pores of the ceramic the water conductivity is lower. Therefore the response of a SWT5x is slower than with a standard SWT5.

When the shaft is touched it might warm up. This might cause a temporary change of the pressure.


1.6.5 Specific notes

SWT5 and SWT5x are not suitable for dry soils and they are not frost resistant.

When installed in the field provide sufficient protection.

The less air that is inside the cup, and the better the soil's conductivity is, the faster the Tensiometer will respond to tension changes.

It does not make sense to refill a Tensiometer while the soil is dryer than -90 kPa (-900 hPa) for the SWT5 or - 160 kPa ( -1600 hPa) for the SWT5x.

The use of a quartz clay slurry is only recommended in clayey soils and only if the drilled diameter is larger than the shaft diameter (5 mm). In coarse sand or gravel soil a fine grained slurry paste would act as a water reservoir which would lead to a slower response.

The SWT5 can be installed in any position and orientation. Bubbles are easily detectable through the transparent shaft.

Output signals are standardized.


1.7 Quick start

This is only a summary of following chapters. Please read the complete manual carefully before using the instrument! SWT5 tensiometers are filled and degassed when supplied and are ready for installation. The procedure is the same for SWT5 and SWT5x. In very soft soils the SWT5 can be inserted directly without drilling a hole. As the shaft is fragile, no force should be applied. For hard soils a special auger kit for is available in the SWT5-FRK2 field refill kit, When the SWT5 auger is used, slurrying is unnecessary. Installation procedure: 1. Drill a hole with the required diameter and depth. Mark the installation depth on both auger and SWT5 shaft. 2. Connect the SWT5 to a readout device, for example a data logger for continuous measurements or the SWT-MR (INFIELD7) handheld device for spot readings.

During the installation the Tensiometer reading must be controlled all the time. Especially in wet, clayey soils a high pressure might develop while inserting the SWT5. Avoid pressures of over 2 bar (200kPa, 2000 hPa). Note: 3 bar will destroy the pressure transducer. If necessary stop or slow down the insertion to allow the pressure to decrease.

3. Carefully remove the water-filled rubber bulb from the tip and gently and steadily insert the SWT5 down to the mark.

Never turn the SWT5 inside the borehole as this might loosen the shaft.

Put the protective cover on the plug whenever the plug is not connected. Dirt will reduce the water tightness of the plug. Remember to put the protective cover back on the plug after taking spot readings with the SWT-MR (INFIELD7).


Sealed cable The SWT5 can be completely buried. Protect buried cables Don’t immerse white membrane.

High grade porous ceramic cup Filled with degassed water. wassergefüllt, mit Befüllröhrchen.

Acrylic glass shaft Shafts are available with lengths from 2 to 20 cm

Sensor body The incorporated piezoelectric pressure sensor measures the soil water tension against atmospheric pressure.

Reference air pressure The reference atmospheric air pressure is conducted to the pressure transducer via the air permeable (white) Teflon membrane and through the cable.

SWT5 User Manual v2 Sensor Description 13

2 Sensor Description

2.1 Parts

2.1.1 Body and shaft

The sensor body is made of transparent acrylic plastic and incorporates the pressure transducer and all electronic parts. The body is backfilled with resin to hermetically seal the electronics and make the body watertight.

2.1.2 Pressure sensor

The piezoelectric pressure sensor measures the soil water tension against the atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure is conducted via a white air-permeable membrane on the cable, through the cable, to the reference side of the pressure sensor.

The maximum permissible, i.e. non-destructive, pressure is 3 bar (300 kPa, 3000 hPa). Higher pressure will damage the sensor and absolutely must be avoided! High pressures can appear for example when cup and sensor are reassembled, when inserted in wet, clayey soils, or in tri-axial vessels used for measuring shear forces.

2.1.3 Reference air pressure

The reference atmospheric air pressure is conducted to the pressure transducer via the air permeable (white) Teflon membrane in-line in the cable. The membrane does not absorb water. Water will not pass through the membrane into the cable, but condensed water inside the cable can leave the cable through the membrane. The white membrane on the cable must always be in contact with air

during a measurement and should never be submersed under water.

14 Sensor Description SWT5 User Manual v2

2.1.4 The ceramic tip

To transfer the soil water tension as a negative pressure into the Tensiometer, a semi-permeable barrier is required. This must have good mechanical stability, be permeable to water and impermeable to gas (when wet). The Tensiometer cup consists of a ceramic, sintered Al2O3. A special manufacturing process guarantees homogeneous porosity with good water conductivity and very high hardness. Compared to conventional porous ceramic the cup is much more durable. The bubble point of a SWT5 cup is about 200 kPa (20 bar, 2,000 hPa), and for a SWT5x it is about 500 kPa (50 bar, 5,000 hPa). If the soil gets dryer than these values, air can enter, the negative pressure inside the cup decreases, and the readings go down to 0 kPa. With these characteristics this material has outstanding suitability to work as the semi permeable diaphragm for Tensiometers.


Do not allow the SWT5 ceramic to dry out by leaving it unprotected in air: By drying out the bubble point might be reached, the reading will go to 0 kPa and air can enter the cup, which will then require refilling.

2.2 Analog output signals

The pressure transducer offers the soil water tension as a linear output signal, with 1 mV corresponding to 1 kPa (10 hPa). As the pressure transducer is a Wheatstone full bridge, it has to be connected correctly. See also Connecting SWT5 and SWT5x on page 19. Please also read the user manual for your display unit or data-logger before connection.

SWT5 User Manual v2 Installation 15

3 Installation

3.1 Advance planning

3.1.1 Selecting the measuring site

The installation spot should be representative of the soil horizon! In heterogeneous soils, several soil samples should be taken and classified before or during installation. If the column is refilled care should be taken to achieve the best possible homogenous distribution and uniform compaction. Bear in mind a possible shrinking of backfilled columns when SWT5s are installed. On tillage sites (with plants) root spreading and growth during the measuring period should be considered. Fine roots might develop around the ceramic cup as it is a poor but assured water source. Avoid the root zone if possible or relocate the Tensiometer from time to time.

3.1.2 Number of Tensiometers per level

The lower the level the less the variations of water potentials are. In lower sandy or pebbly horizons one Tensiometer per depth is sufficient. Close to the surface about 3 Tensiometers per level are recommended.

Guiding principle: More heterogeneous sites and soil structures require a higher number of Tensiometers.

3.1.3 Extent of the site

A large number of well-spaced samples will help reduce sampling errors in heterogeneous soils. To obtain a differential description of the soil water situation at least 2 Tensiometers are recommended per horizon, one in the upper and one in the lower level. The maximum recommendable cable lengths for SWT5 and SWT5x are 20 meters.

Accuracy: long cables cause a reduction of the accuracy.

Lightning: cables act as antennas and should always be as short as possible.

16 Installation SWT5 User Manual v2

3.1.4 Ideal conditions for installation

For the installation of Tensiometers, the ideal conditions are:

Frost-free soil.

Wet coarse clay or loess.

Low gravel content.

3.1.5 Documentation

For every measuring spot you should:

Measure out the position where the pressure sensor will be placed. (A must for installations below the ground surface).

Take documenting photos before, during and after installation.

Save a soil sample.

Write down installation depth and angle with each sensor identification (serial number).

Mark all connecting cables with the corresponding sensor identification, serial number or logger channel on each end. Clip-on numbered rings, available as an accessory.

3.1.6 Selecting the installation angle

An installation position would be ideal if the typical water flow is not disturbed by the Tensiometer. No preferential water flow along the shaft should be created. If the ceramic cup is positioned higher than the sensor body the first bubble that appears inside the shaft will block the water exchange and stop the Tensiometer working.


3.2 Installation procedure

The following tools are required for installation in the field: An auger with diameter 5 mm, preferably the Tensiometer

auger provided in the SWT5-FRK2 field refill kit. Rule, spirit level, angle gauge, marker pen Note book and camera for documentation of site and soil

profile Perhaps PE-plastic bags for taking soil samples from the site

1. Drill a hole with the required diameter and depth. Mark the

installation depth on both auger and SWT5 shaft. 2. If the hole’s diameter is larger than 5 mm mix a slurry of water and

ground-up soil material. 3. Connect the SWT5 to a readout device, for example a data logger

for continuous measurements or the SWT-MR (INFIELD7) handheld device for spot readings.

During the installation the Tensiometer reading has to be controlled all the time. Especially in wet, clayey soils a high pressure might develop while inserting the SWT5. A pressure of over 2 bar will destroy the pressure transducer. Stop or slow down the insertion to allow the pressure to be relieved.

4. If you use a slurry paste pour it into the hole. 5. Pull off the water filled rubber cap from the shaft. Do not turn the

cap as this might unscrew the shaft. 6. Gently and steadily insert the SWT5 down to the mark while

checking the reading.

Never turn the SWT5 inside the borehole as this might loosen the shaft.

The less air there is inside the cup, and the better the soil's hydraulic conductivity is, the faster the Tensiometer will respond to tension changes.

7. Put the protective cover on the plug whenever the plug is not

connected. Dirt will reduce the water tightness of the plug. Remember to put the protective cover back on the plug after taking spot readings with the SWT-MR (INFIELD7).


8. Connect the signal cables as described in the chapter "Connecting the SWT5 or SWT5x" on page 19.

9. Write down the serial number, position, installation angle and depth.

10. Protect the cables against rodent damage. Lead the cables through plastic pipes or protective cable trunking.

3.3 Offset correction for non horizontal installations

The pressure transducer is calibrated without a cup. Thus, no compensation is required for horizontal installations. If a SWT5 or SWT5x is installed in a non horizontal position, the vertical water column draws on the pressure sensor and causes an offset shift.

Compensate the offset: by calculation, by entering the installation angle in the SWT-MR (Infield7) for spot

readings, in the configuration of a data logger by setting an offset. The deviation is largest for a vertical water column (at 0

o). The water

column drawing on the pressure transducer is equal to the shaft length, ranging from 2 to 20 cm. The offset is shifted for 0.1 kPa per cm shaft length. Example: A 5 cm vertical column of water below the pressure sensor will create an 0.5 kPa offset. This means that when the soil water tension is 0 kPa the sensor will indicate -0.5 kPa.

3 mm Centre of pressure transducer

Centre of ceramic


Table showing the offset correction when a 5 cm column of water is tilted at various angles:


Offset correction in [kPa] +0.5 +0.49 +0.48 +0.47 +0.45 +0.43


Offset correction in [kPa] +0.35 +0.25 +1.7 +1.3 +0.9 0

The offset is entered as + in your logger if you regard the soil water tension to be negative (0 ... -85 kPa).

3.4 Connecting SWT5 and SWT5x

3.4.1 Spot readings with the SWT-MR (Infield7)

SWT5 and SWT5x are fitted with a 4-pin plug. The plug can be connected directly to the handheld measuring device for taking spot readings of the soil water tension. This displays and stores the soil water tension readings. Stored readings can be downloaded with the USB adapter and Windows PC software SWT-MR-USB, available as accessory. Remember to put the protective cover back on the plug after taking spot readings with the SWT-MR.

3.4.2 Cables

Connecting and extension cables are required for connecting SWT5 and SWT5x to a data logger or other data acquisition device. Find cables in the chapter “Accessories”.

Cover plugs with the supplied protective cover if not connected.

3.4.3 General requirements

The pressure transducer is a non-amplified bridge circuit which is calibrated for 10.6 VDC and requires a stabilized power supply. Other supply voltages are possible, but the output signal range has to be recalculated.


In a full-bridge the signal must be measured differentially. This means do not measure only signal plus against common ground, but measure the voltage drop between signal minus against common ground and signal plus against common ground.

The supply voltage has to be constant and stabilized.

The supply voltage must not exceed 18 VDC.

If the Tensiometer is not permanently powered the warm-up before a measurement should be no greater than 10 seconds. The 99% value is reached in 0.01 seconds, so a 1 s warm up is fine.

If the Tensiometer is supplied with 10.6 VDC the output signal range is around 5.3 VDC. A data logger must have the capability to measure such a signal level, but many loggers cannot do this. In such cases use a TV batt (type TVB1 or TVB-M) power supply.

3.4.4 Connection to a data logger

The pressure transducer is a non-amplified bridge circuit which is calibrated for 10.6 VDC and requires a stabilized power supply. Some logger types can measure bridge circuits directly, other loggers require certain measures as the signal minus and the supply minus do not have the same ground. When supplied with just 10.6 V (supply minus = 0 V and supply plus = 10.6 V) the output signal range is between +3.2 V (min.) and +6.8 V (max.) related to power supply minus. Other supply voltages are possible, but the output signal range has to be recalculated.

3.4.5 TVB1 and TVB-M Tensiometer power supplies

These power supplies are designed for Tensiometers SWT3, SWT4, SWT4R and SWT5. They offers a stabilized 10,6 V power supply, supplying -5 V and +5,6 V for powering up to 30 tensiometers. These provide tensiometer output signals of <1V, which is suitable for many loggers, The TVB1 fits inside a DL2e logger terminal compartment. The TVB-M module has no environmental protection and can fit into an M-ENCL enclosure, and requires 7.5 – 16.0 V DC.


3.4.6 Delta-T Tensiometer loggers


DL6-tens Logger

The DL6-tens can take six SWT Tensiometers. This is a modified Delta-T DL6 6-channel logger with six 4-pin M12 sockets. Each Tensiometer needs a SWTEC-20 extension cable.

GP1 Logger


DL2e Logger

Up to 60 SWT tensiometers may be connected to a single DL2e. Each group of 15 Tensiometers require one LAC1 input card. In addition, each group of 30 require one TVB1 voltage regulator.

22 Service and maintenance SWT5 User Manual v2

4 Service and maintenance

4.1 Refilling

To assure a rapid and reliable measurement of the soil water tension, the cup must be filled, bubble-free with degassed water. After dry periods or periods with a large number of wet and drying out successions, Tensiometers must be refilled. Refilling is the easiest with the refilling tools included in the SWT5-FRK2 Kit. A readout device, for example the SWT-MR, is always needed to control the signal.

4.1.1 When do Tensiometers need to be refilled?

Tensiometers need to be refilled if:

the curve of the readings apparently gets flatter (for example a rain event has no sharp peak but is round),

the maximum of -85 kPa is not reached anymore. Refilling is only reasonable if the soil is moister than -90 kPa.

If the soil gets dryer than -85 kPa, the readings will remain constant at the vapor pressure of water (i. e. for example 92.7 kPa at 20°C and atmospheric pressure of 95 kPa). By diffusion and slight leakage the reading will slowly drop within months. If the soil dries out and reaches the bubble point (-200 kPa for SWT5; -500 kPa for SWT5x), the tension will decrease rapidly as air will enter the cup.

SWT5 User Manual v2 Service and maintenance 23

4.1.2 Refilling SWT5 in lab and field

This chapter describes the refilling of SWT5 or SWT5x using the SWT5-FRK2 kit The procedure has 5 steps:

1. Check the SWT5 Tensiometer 2. Degas cup and shaft 3. Degas sensor 4. Reassemble 5. Function test

The SWT5-FRK2 kit includes:

Vacuum syringe with pressure transducer adapter

Deionised water

Vacuum syringe for the cup

Filling syringe for the shaft

Drop syringe

Shaft auger & body auger

Pack of paper tissues

Capillary tube


Check the SWT5

1. First, check if the SWT5 requires refilling: connect it to an SWT-MR (Infield7) or a voltmeter and power supply.

2. Wrap a dry paper towel (kitchen roll) around the cup to dry the ceramic surface.

With short shaft lengths cover the ceramic with a paper towel to avoid contamination.

3. Now wave the SWT5 tip around in the air. If the tension increases to -80 kPa within 10 seconds the T5 filling is OK. If not then it needs to be refilled.

4. To disassemble the shaft hold the sensor body and turn off the shaft counter-clockwise.


The pressure sensor diaphragm is inside the small hole on the

pressure sensor body (approx. 2 mm). It is very sensitive and must never be touched! It can be destroyed even by slightest contact! No contamination should get on the sealing and gasket.

Degas the cup If the cup is completely dry just put the shaft in a beaker with deionised or distilled water over night.

Do not fill the shaft with water from inside the shaft! If water intrudes from both inside and outside then bubbles are trapped in the ceramic pores. But if the water only intrudes from the outside and soaks into the inside then any air bubbles are pushed out.

1. Take the syringe with the short rubber tube. Pull up 10 ml of deionised or distilled water.

Take care to avoid bubbles.

2. Remove all air from the syringe. Now block the tube with your finger and pull up the syringe. This creates vacuum inside the syringe and dissolved gas is released. Turn the still evacuated syringe to collect all bubbles. Hold the syringe upright, unblock the tube and remove all air. Repeat this procedure until no more bubbles appear.


3. Insert the ceramic cup into the tube as far as possible with the ceramic pointing inside. The cup’s tip should be close to the syringe nozzle. Pull up the syringe just a little bit. Hold the syringe down-wards and tap on it to loosen all bubbles.

Leave no air gaps inside the tube around the ceramic.

4. Take off the tube from the syringe. Leave the shaft inside the tube. If necessary fill the tube with a few drops of water from the syringe. Remove all air from the syringe.

6. Put the tube back on the syringe.


6. Now take the vacuum syringe with the 2 black spacers and the O-ring on the tube. Pull up 10 ml water.

7. Degas the water as described above.

8. Now insert the threaded side of the T5 shaft completely into the tube. Roll up the O-ring so the shaft is securely fixed: the O-ring should not be in the range of the thread but beyond the end of the thread.

Be careful to keep the parts clean so there will be no leaking when vacuum is applied 9. Now pull up the syringe until both spacers snap in. Turn the syringe to collect all bubbles, but do not tap on the syringe! Release the spacers and allow water to flow into the shaft. Carefully remove the tube from the syringe nozzle and remove all air from the syringe (see 6).


There should be no air inside the tube before inserting the shaft again.

If there is air inside the tube inject some drops of water into the tube with the syringe. Reattach the syringe and pull it up until the spacers snap in. Leave the syringes on the shaft.

Degas the sensor body

1. Now take the syringe with the attached sensor body adapter. Pull up the syringe, but not so far that the spacers snap in.

2. Hold the syringe upwards and remove all air.


1. Insert the sensor body. If you rotate the sensor it will slip in easier.

2. Pull up the syringe a few times. Hold the syringe downwards so bubbles are collected inside the syringe.

3. Take off the tube and remove the air from the syringe. Leave the sensor inside the adapter.

7. Squeeze the tube to remove any air inside while reattaching the syringe.


4. Pull up the syringe until the spacers snap in. The Tensiometer water now is degassing.

Leave both syringe assemblies for at least 2 hours (the longer the better).

Reassembling

1. Take off the tubes from the shaft.

When removing the syringe from the sensor body take care to avoid damaging the pressure transducer!

The piston must not snap in as this might damage the pressure transducer! 2. Hold the syringe and the syringe piston securely. Bear in mind there is still vacuum inside. Press in the spacers and slowly release the piston.


3. Now remove the last remaining bubbles: draw up the syringe once more and release it slowly. Now take off the syringe and remove the bubble inside.

4. Reattach the sensor body and draw up the syringe again. Tap on the sensor body to release any bubble.

Let the piston release slowly.

5. Now remove the sensor body.

6. Add one drop of water onto the shaft so a bulge of water overlaps the shaft ...


7. … and carefully screw in the shaft into the sensor body.

8. Continuously check the pressure with a meter: the pressure must not exceed 1 bar

You will clearly notice the point when the shaft hits the o-ring inside the sensor body. From this point do only another quarter turn!

Check the SWT5

Zero offset: Place the SWT5 horizontal on the table. Put a drop of water on the ceramic cup. Now the potential is zero and the reading should be between - 3 hPa and + 3 hPa (= -0.3 kPa to +0.3 kPa).

Check the response: Dry the ceramic surface with a clean tissue. Then wave the cup in the air. The reading should rise to -80 kPa within 10 seconds. If this is the case, the SWT5 is filled perfectly.


Find Maximum Measuring Range To find out the maximum measuring range hold the ceramic tip in the airspace above the water surface inside the open water bottle. When you raise the ceramic away from the water surface the air gets dryer and the suction rises. Now hold the ceramic as close to the water surface - the tension reading should rise slowly. Depending on the filling quality the value will reach -85 to -450 kPa. Then, the value will rapidly drop to the vapour pressure (around -90 kPa depending on the altitude). Then, immediately put some water on the ceramic and cover the ceramic with the protective bulb half-filled with water. It should take one day for the Tensiometer to return to it’s initial value.


4.2 Testing

4.2.1 Calibration

When delivered Tensiometers are calibrated with an offset of 0 kPa (when lying horizontally) and a linear response. The offset of the pressure transducer has a minimal drift over the years. Therefore, we recommend you check sensors once a year and re-calibrate them every two years. Return the Tensiometers to us for recalibration, or contact us about available calibration accessories.

4.2.2 Check the Offset

If there is no pressure difference between the cup interior and the surrounding the signal should be 0 kPa. There are two ways to check the offset. 1. Connect the Tensiometer to a readout device. Place the SWT5 in a beaker and fill the beaker with de-ionized water up to the centre of the sensor body (see 3.4.) Wait until the reading is stable. If there are bubbles inside the cup this might take a while. Now the reading is the approximate offset. The value should be between +0.3 and -0.3 kPa. 2. To check the zero-point more precisely shaft and sensor body need to be disassembled.

The pressure sensor diaphragm is inside the small hole on the pressure sensor body. It is very sensitive and must never be touched! It can be destroyed even by slightest contact! No contamination should get on the sealing and gasket.

Before reassembling cup and sensor body carry out the degassing procedure (see chapter "Refilling").

After taking off the shaft shake the pressure sensor to remove water from the pressure transducer hole. The offset is acceptable when the reading is between -0.3 and +0.3 kPa.

SWT5 User Manual v2 Protecting the measuring site 35

Cleaning

Clean ceramic and sensor body only with a moist towel. If the ceramic is clogged it may be flushed it with Rehalon®. If the pores are clogged with clay particles saturate the ceramic and then polish the ceramic surface with a wetted, waterproof sandpaper (grain size 150...240).

Storage

If the SWT5 or SWT5x is not be used for a year or more then empty shaft and sensor body to avoid algae growth. Store both in a dry place.

5 Protecting the measuring site

5.1 Theft and vandalism

The site should be protected against theft and vandalism as well as against any farming or field work. Therefore, the site should be fenced and signposts could give information about the purpose of the site.

5.2 Cable protection

Outdoors cables should be protected against rodents with plastic protection tubes. Protection tubes are available. Contact us for further details. In the lab the cables should be fixed so they are not accidentally pulled away and that there is no risk of stumbling.

5.3 Frost

Tensiometers are filled with water and are endangered by frost. SWT5 and SWT5x should only be use in frost-free surroundings.

Do not store filled Tensiometer at temperatures below 0°C. Do not leave filled Tensiometers over night in your car, in a measuring hut, etc.

Do not fill the Tensiometers with Ethanol, as this is corrosive for some materials (i. e. PMMA) and will destroy these.

36 Useful notes SWT5 User Manual v2

Interpretation Messwerte bis über 15 bar nahe der

Bodenoberfläche

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Zeit

Wassers

pan

nu

ng

Bodenwasserspannung

Tensiometermesswert

6 Useful notes

6.1 Maximum measuring range and data interpretation

The measuring range of Tensiometers is limited by the boiling point of water. At a temperature of 20°C the boiling point is at 23 hPa over vacuum. So with 20°C and an atmospheric pressure of 950 hPa the Tensiometer cannot measure a tension below -927 hPa, even if the soils gets drier than that. The readings remain at a constant value (Fig. 6.1, between day 10 and 16).

Fig. 6.1: Tensiometer readings with tensions to -15,000 hPa

If the soil dries to -15,000 hPa, the ceramic’s bubble point is reached. The water in the ceramic cup will run out quickly and the reading of the air-filled cup will go to zero (Fig. 6.1, day 16 to 19).

Soil

wate

r te

nsio

n (

hP

a)


Time Time

Typical behaviour of tensiometer readings when tension exceeds -15,000 hPa close to the surface

SWT5 User Manual v2 Useful notes 37

If it rains before the soils reaches -15,000 hPa , the Tensiometer cup will suck up the soil water. However, the soil water includes dissolved gas which will degas as soon as soil dries again, increasing the tension. This will result in a poor response, the signal curve will get flatter and readings will only slowly adapt to the actual soil water tension. Depending on the size of the developed bubble, readings will undershoot the the maximum (Fig. 6.2, after day 20).

Fig. 6.2 Tensiometer readings with tensions to -2, 000hPa

Other problems that can be recognized by checking the data: Soil water tension normally change only slowly. An erratic signal curve with many discontinuities could indicate, for example loose contacts, moisture in defective cables or plugs, poor power supply or a data logger malfunction.

Soil

wate

r te

nsio

n (

hP

a)


Interpretation Messwerte unter 2 bar

1

10

100

1000

10000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Zeit

Matr

ixp

ote

nti

al

neg

ati

v

Bodenwasserspannung

Tensiometermesswert


Interpretation of readings to -2,000 hPa

at a greater depth

Ma

trix

pote

ntia

l negative (

hP

a)

Time

38 Troubleshooting SWT5 User Manual v2

6.2 Temperature influences

If the sensor does not need to be powered continuously then the warm-up voltage should be switched on for no longer than 10 seconds before a measurement. In this case, the self heating is negligible. Use a 1 second warm up for Delta-T loggers (Dl2e, DL6, DL6-tens & GP1). The correlation of water tension to water content is temperature

dependent. The influence is low at tensions of 0 to 10 kPa 0 … 0.6 kPa/K, but high for tensions over 100 kPa:

oM

TRln

= Water tension R = Gas constant (8,31J/mol K)

M = Molecular weight p = Vapor pressure po = Saturation vapor pressure at soil temperature (from Scheffler/Straub, Grigull)

6.3 Vapor pressure influence

If the temperature of a soil with a constant water content rises from 20°C to 25°C the soil water tension is reduced for about 0.85 kPa due to the increased vapor pressure which opposes the water tension. Temperature in °C 4 10 16 20 25 30 50 70

Pressure change per Kelvin in [hPa]

0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.9 2.5 7.2 14

6.4 Osmotic effect

The ceramic has a pore size of r = 0.3 m and therefore cannot block ions. Thus, an influence of osmosis on the measurements is negligible because ion concentration differences are equalized quickly. If the SWT5 cup is dipped into a saturated NaCl solution the reading will be 1 kPa for a short moment, then it will drop to 0 kPa again.

7 Troubleshooting Please refer to the Delta-T website where you will find a regularly up-dated list of FAQs: http://www.delta-t.co.uk/product-faq-table.html?product2005092818915

http://www.delta-t.co.uk/product-faq-table.html?product2005092818915

SWT5 User Manual v2 Appendix 39

8 Appendix

8.1 Technical specifications

Material and dimensions

Ceramic material Bubble point T5 Bubble point T5x Ceramic cup Sensor body Shaft material

Al2O3 sinter > 200 kPa > 500 kPa

Length 6 mm, 5 mm

PMMA, 20 mm

Impact-proof PMMA, 20 mm

Sensor cable

Length Plug

1.5 m Male 4-pin, thread M12, IP67

Measuring range

T5 T5x

Water tension Water level

-85 kPa ... +100 kPa min. -160 kPa ... +100 kPa

-85 kPa (-160 kPa) … 0 kPa (Tensiometer) 0 kPa … +100 kPa (Piezometer)

Output signal

Pressure 160 mV = -160 kPa (T5x) 85 mV = -85 kPa (T5) 0 mV = 0 kPa -100 mV = 100 kPa (water level)

Accuracy ±0,5 kPa

Power supply Power supply

Supply voltage Vin typ. 10,6 VDC by TV-batt (recommended) 5 ... 15 VDC, stabilized

Current consumption 1,3 mA at 10,6 V (TV-batt)

Environmental (chemical)

pH range pH 3 ... pH 10

Limited to substances that do not harm silicon, flour silicon, EPDM, PMMA and polyetherimid.

40 Appendix SWT5 User Manual v2

8.2 Wiring configuration

Configuration of SWT5 and SWT5x Tensiometer plug and the 4-wire connecting cables type SWTCC:

Signal Wire Pin Function

Vin brown 1 Supply plus

V- blue 3 Supply minus

A-OUT+ white 2 Signal plus

A-OUT- black 4 Signal minus

Pin and wiring configuration for connecting cable type


8.3 Accessories

8.3.1 Connecting and extension cables

Cables must be ordered additionally for each Tensiometer. 4-wire connecting cables SWTCC-xx... are fitted with a female plug M12/IP67 and 12 cm wire end sleeves. Extension cables SWTEC-xx... have one each male and female plug M12/IP67. Plugs are supplied with protective covers.

Item Delta-T no.

4-pin connection cables

Length 1.5 m SWTCC-01

Length 5 m SWTCC-05



4-pin extension cable




Additional items

Clip-on cable markers, 30 sets of numbers 0 ... 9

Please contact Delta-T

Plastic protection tubes Please contact Delta-T

Thermal insulation tubes Please contact Delta-T

Plastic protection tubes for cables are available with several diameters, including dividable slotted tubes for easy re-fitting. Contact Delta-T for details.


8.3.2 Handheld measuring device

The SWT-MR manual readout unit is capable of taking and storing spot readings of soil water tension, soil temperature and filling status, depending on the type of Tensiometer used. Includes an automatic offset correction for water column height and installation angle. Suitable for all SWT Tensiometers. The unit comes with a small carrying case.

Item Delta-T no,

SWT-MR manual readout SWT-MR

A USB converter is available for data collection from the SWT-MR to a PC via PC or laptop. It includes Windows PC software TensioVIEW.

Item Delta-T no,

USB PC adapter for SWT-MR SWT-MR-USB


8.3.3 Tensiometer loggers


DL6-tens Logger

The DL6-tens can take six SWT Tensiometers. This is a factory-modified Delta-T DL6 6-channel logger with six 4-pin M12 sockets. Each Tensiometer needs a SWTEC-20 extension cable.

GP1 Logger


DL2e Logger

Up to 60 SWT tensiometers may be connected to a single DL2e. Each group of 15 Tensiometers require one LAC1 input card and one TVB1 voltage regulator.

Item Delta-T no.

6-channel modified DL6 logger Contact Delta-T

2-channel GP1 logger Contact Delta-T

60 channel DL2e logger Contact Delta-T


8.3.4 Voltage regulators

Tensiometer stablised power supply unit for SWT3, SWT4, SWT5, suited in DL2e-logger extension frame (left), or as an open module (right). The regulated power supply itself can power up to 60 tensiometer. Each TVB1 logger frame has supply terminals for 15 Tensiometers. Contact Delta-T if you wish to fit more than 15 Tensiometers to one DL2e logger.

Item Delta-T no.

TV-batt for DL2e logger TVB1

TV-batt module only TVB-M

8.3.5 SWT5-FRK2

Service kit for SWT5 and SWT5x (without a SWT5!), incl. refilling tools (syringes etc.), auger kit, connecting cable SWTCC-1.5, all in blue case 35 x 30 x 8 cm.

Item Delta-T no.

SWT5 service kit SWT5-FRK2


8.4 Units for soil water and matrix potentials

%R

H

99

.999

3

99

.992

6

99

.975

6

99

.926

1

99

.263

8

98

.897

7

92

.877

2

47

.763

2

0.0

618

psi

-0.1

450

-1.4

504

-4.9

145

-12

.345

-14

.504

-14

5.0

4

-21

9.5

2

-1,4

50

.4

-14

,504

-14

5,0

38

bar -0.0

1

-0.1

-0.3

3

-0.8

5

-1

-10

-15

-10

0

-1,0

00

-10

,000

MP

a

-0.0

01

-0.0

1

-0.0

33

-0.0

85

-0.1

-1.0

-1.5

-10

-10

0

-1,0

00

kP

a =

J/k

g

-1

-10

-33

-85

.1

-10

0

-1,0

00

-1,5

00

-10

,000

-10

0,0

00

-1,0

00

,00

0

cm

H20

9.8

98

.1

32

3.6

83

4.5

98

0.7

9,8

06

.6

14

,709

.9

98

,066

.5

98

0,6

65

9,8

06

,65

0

hP

a -1

0

-10

0

-33

0

-85

1

-1,0

00

-10

,000

-15

,000

-10

0,0

00

-1,0

00

,00

0

-10

,000

,000

pF

1

2.0

1

2.5

3

2.9

3

3

4

4.1

8

5

6

7

Fie

ld c

ap

acit

y

Sta

nd

ard

Te

ns

iom

ete

r

ran

ge

Pe

rma

ne

nt

wil

tin

g p

oin

t

Air

dry

, a

ir

hu

mid

ity

de

pe

nd

an

t

ov

en

dry

46 Technical Support SWT5 User Manual v2

9 Technical Support

9.1 Terms and Conditions of sale

Our Conditions of Sale (ref: COND: 1/07) set out Delta-T's legal obligations on these matters. The following paragraphs summarise Delta T's position but reference should always be made to the exact terms of our Conditions of Sale, which will prevail over the following explanation.

Delta-T warrants that the goods will be free from defects arising out of the materials used or poor workmanship for a period of twelve months from the date of delivery.

Delta-T shall be under no liability in respect of any defect arising from fair wear and tear, and the warranty does not cover damage through misuse or inexpert servicing, or other circumstances beyond their control.

If the buyer experiences problems with the goods they shall notify Delta-T (or Delta-T’s local distributor) as soon as they become aware of such problem.

Delta-T may rectify the problem by replacing faulty parts free of charge, or by repairing the goods free of charge at Delta-T's premises in the UK during the warranty period.

If Delta-T requires that goods under warranty be returned to them from overseas for repair, Delta-T shall not be liable for the cost of carriage or for customs clearance in respect of such goods. However, Delta-T requires that such returns are discussed with them in advance and may at their discretion waive these charges.

Delta-T shall not be liable to supply products free of charge or repair any goods where the products or goods in question have been discontinued or have become obsolete, although Delta-T will endeavour to remedy the buyer’s problem.

Delta-T shall not be liable to the buyer for any consequential loss, damage or compensation whatsoever (whether caused by the negligence of the Delta-T, their employees or distributors or otherwise) which arise from the supply of the goods and/or services, or their use or resale by the buyer.

Delta-T shall not be liable to the buyer by reason of any delay or failure to perform their obligations in relation to the goods and/or services if the delay or failure was due to any cause beyond the Delta-T’s reasonable control.

SWT5 User Manual v2 Technical Support 47

9.2 Service and Spares


Spare parts for our own instruments can be supplied and can normally be despatched within a few working days of receiving an order.

Spare parts and accessories for products not manufactured by Delta-T may have to be obtained from our supplier, and a certain amount of additional delay is inevitable.

No goods or equipment should be returned to Delta-T without first obtaining the return authorisation from Delta-T or our distributor.

On receipt of the goods at Delta-T you will be given a reference number. Always refer to this reference number in any subsequent correspondence. The goods will be inspected and you will be informed of the likely cost and delay.

We normally expect to complete repairs within one or two weeks of receiving the equipment. However, if the equipment has to be forwarded to our original supplier for specialist repairs or recalibration, additional delays of a few weeks may be expected. For contact details see below.

9.3 Technical Support


Technical Support is available on Delta-T products and systems. Your initial enquiry will be acknowledged immediately with a reference number. Make sure to quote the reference number subsequently so that we can easily trace any earlier correspondence.

In your enquiry, always quote instrument serial numbers, software version numbers, and the approximate date and source of purchase where these are relevant.

Contact Details

Tech Support Team Delta-T Devices Ltd 130 Low Road, Burwell, Cambridge CB25 0EJ, U.K.

Tel: +44 (0) 1638 742922 Fax: +44 (0) 1638 743155 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] web: www.delta-t.co.uk



SWT5 User Manual v2 IndexIndex IndexIndexIndexIndexIndexIndexIndex 48

10 Index

A

Accessories · 41

applications · 9

B

bubble point · 14

Bubble point · 14

C

cable · 39

Cable protection · 35

Cables · 19

Calibration · 34

CE conformity · 2

ceramic · 14

Cleaning · 35

Compensate the offset · 18

compensation · 18

Conditions of sale · 46

Connecting · 14, 19

Connecting cables · 19, 40

Contact Details · 47

Copyright · 2

D

data interpretation · 36

data logger · 20

Degas · 25

Degas the cup · 25

Degas the sensor body · 28

Description · 13

DL2e Logger · 21

DL6-tens · 21, 43

Durability · 7

F

Frost · 35

G

GP1 Logger · 21

I

INFIELD7 · 19

Installation · 11, 15

installation angle · 18

Installation procedure · 11, 17

L

Laboratory lysimeters · 8

lifespan · 7

loggers · 43

M

maintenance · 22

O

Offset · 34

offset correction · 19

Offset correction · 18

Osmotic effect · 38

SWT5 User Manual v2 Index 49

Output signal · 39

P

Parts · 6

pH range · 39

Plug · 40

Pots · 8

power supply · 19, 44

Power supply · 39

Pressure sensor · 13

problems · 37

protection tube · 41

Q

Quartz clay · 10

Quick start · 11

R

range · 9, 39

Range · 33

Reassembling · 30

Reference air pressure · 13

Refilling · 22

S

Sensor · 13

Service · 22, 47

Slurry · 10

Soil columns · 8

soils · 8

Spares · 47

specifications · 39

Spot readings · 19

Storage · 35

supply voltage · 20

SWTCC · 41

SWTEC- · 41

SWT-MR · 19, 42

T

T5-set · 23

Technical Support · 46

Temperature influences · 38

Terms · 46

Testing · 34

Theory · 36

Troubleshooting · 38

TV batt · 20

Typical applications · 9

U

USB converter · 42

V

Vapor pressure · 38

W

warm-up · 20

warnings · 5

Warnings · 9, 11, 14, 17

Wiring · 40

Z

Zero offset · 32

Documents

User Manual for the Tensiometer Manual for the Tensiometer ... equipment containing electronics. ... monitor the Tensiometers pressure with a type SWT-MR (INFIELD7) Manual Readout