Useful Lang.for Academic Writing

8/17/2019 Useful Lang.for Academic Writing

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useful sentences for academic writing

Argue

a. Along similar lines , [X]argues that ___.

b. There seems to be no compelling reason to argue that ___.

c. As a rebuttal to this point, it might be (convincingly) argued that ___.

d. There are [three] main arguments that can be advanced to support ___.

e. The underlying argument in favor of / against [X] is that ___.

f. [X]’sargument in favor of / against [Y] runs as follo s! ___.

Claim

a. "n this [paper], " put forward the claim that ___.

b. [X] develops the claim that ___.

c. There is ample / growing support for the claim that ___.

d. [X]’s #ndings lend support to the claim that ___.e. Ta$ing a middle%ground position, [X] claims that ___.

Data

a. The data gathered in the [pilot stud&] suggests / suggest that ___.

b. The data appears / appear to suggest that ___.

c. The data yielded b& this [stud&] provides strong / convincing evidence that ___. '&ielded ( generated)

d. A closer look at the data indicates that ___.

e. The data generated b& [X] is / are reported in [table *].

f. The aim of this [section] is to generalize beyond the data and ___.

"n modern usage, data can also be treated as a mass / uncountable noun, li$e information. +efore &ou

submit &our or$, chec$ hether the institution &ou’re riting for / on behalf of prefers data plural

verb.

Debate

a. [X] has fostered debate on ___. 'fostered ( encouraged)

b. There has been an inconclusive debate about whether ___.

c. The -uestion of hether ___ has caused much debate in [our profession] [over the &ears].

d. ' uch of) the current debate revolves around ___.

Discussion

a. "n this section / chapter, the discussion ill point to ___.

b. The foregoing discussion implies that ___. 'foregoing ( that came before)

c. For the sake of discussion , " ould li$e to argue that ___.

d. "n this stud&, the uestion under discussion is ___.

e. "n this paper, the discussion centers on ___.

f. [X] lies at the heart of the discussion on ___.

!vidence ' emember! Evidence is uncountable.)

a. The available evidence seems to suggest that ___ / point to ___.


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b. "n the basis of the evidence currentl& available, it seems fair to suggest that ___.

c. There is overwhelming evidence corroborating the notion that ___. 'corroborating ( con#rming)

d. Further evidence supporting / against [X] ma& lie in the #ndings of [Y], ho ___.

e. These results provide con#rmatory evidence that ___.

$rounda. " ill no summari0e the ground covered in this [chapter] b& ___.

b. "n logical grounds , there is no compelling reason to argue that ___.

c. [X] takes a middle%ground position on [Y] and argues that ___.

d. "n these grounds , e can argue that ___.

e. [X]’s vie s are grounded on the assumption that ___.

&ssue

a. This stud& is an attempt to address the issue of ___.

b. "n the present stud&, the issue under scrutiny is ___.

c. The issue of whether ___ is clouded b& the fact that ___. 'clouded ( made less clear)

d. To portray the issue in [X]’s terms, ___.

e. 1iven the centrality of this issue to [m& claim], " ill no ___.

f. This [chapter] is concerned with the issue of [ho / hether/ hat] ___.

'iterature

a. [X] is prominent in the literature on [Y].

b. There is a rapidly growing literature on [X], hich indicates that ___.

c. The literature shows no consensus on [X], hich means that ___.

d. The 'current) literature on * abounds with e+amples of ___.

,remise

a. The main theoretical premise behind [X] is that ___.

b. [X] and [Y] share an important premise ! ___.

c. [X] is premised on the assumption that ___.

d. The basic premises of [X]’s theor& / argument are ___.

e. The arguments against [X]’spremise rest on [four] assumptions! ___.

-esearch

a.This stud& draws on research conducted b& ___.

b. Although there has been relativel& little research on / into [X], ___.

c. "n the last [X] &ears, [educational] research has provided ample support for the assertion that ___.

d. Current research appears / seems to validate the view that ___.

e. -esearch on / into ___ does not support the view that ___.

f. Further research in this area ma& include ___ and ___.

g. 2vidence for [X] is borne out by research that sho s ___.

h. There is insu.cient research on / into ___ to dra an& #rm conclusions about / on ___.

iew


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a. The consensus view seems to be that ___.

b. [X] propounds the view that ___. 'propound ( put for ard for consideration)

c. 3urrent research 'does not) appear's) to validate such a view .

d. There have been dissenters to the view that ___. 'dissenter ( someone ho disagrees)

e. The ans er to [X] / The di4erence bet een [X] and [Y] is not as clear%cut as popular views might

suggest.f. The view that _____ is 'ver& much) in line with [common sense].

g. " am not alone in my view that ___.

h. [X] puts forward the view that ___.

i. [X]’sviews rest on the assumption that ___.

• Introducing questions, problems and limitations: theory or argument• The main weakness with this theory is that …

The key problem with this explanation is that …

However, this theory does not fully explain why …

One criticism of much of the literature on X is that …

However, there is an inconsistency with this argument.

serious weakness with this argument, however, is that …

One !uestion that needs to be asked, however, is whether …

"mith#s argument relies too heavily on !ualitative analysis of …

"mith#s interpretation overlooks much of the historical research …

$any writers have challenged "mith#s claim on the grounds that …

"mith#s analysis does not take account of X, nor does he examine …

%t seems that &ones# understanding of the X framework is !uestionable.

The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and '.One of the limitations with this explanation is that it does not explain why…

• Introducing questions, problems and limitations: method or practice• One ma(or drawback of this approach is that …

"election bias is another potential concern because …

)erhaps the most serious disadvantage of this method is that …

The main limitation of biosynthetic incorporation, however, is …

*on+government agencies are also very critical of the new policies.

ll the studies reviewed so far, however, suffer from the fact that …

ritics of laboratory+based experiments contend that such studies …

nother problem with this approach is that it fails to take X into account.-ifficulties arise, however, when an attempt is made to implement the policy.

ritics have also argued that not only do surveys provide an inaccurate measure of X, but the

…

*evertheless, the strategy has not escaped criticism from governments, agencies and

academics.

However,

this method of analysis has a number of limitations.

this method does involve potential measurement error.

there are limits to how far the idea of concept of X can be taken.

approaches of this kind carry with them various well known limitations.one of the problems with the instrument the researchers used to measure X was …


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•

However, all the previously mentioned methods suffer from some serious

drawbacks.

limitations.

weaknesses.

shortcomings.disadvantages.

• • Identifying a study’s weakness

/However,0

"mith fails to fully define what …

&ones fails to acknowledge the significance of …

the author overlooks the fact that X contributes to '.

what "mith fails to do is to draw a distinction between …

the paper would appear to be over+ambitious in its claims.

another weakness is that we are given no explanation of how …

no attempt was made to !uantify the association between X and '.

the main weakness of the study is the failure to address how …

the study fails to consider the differing categories of damage that …

the research does not take into account pre+existing … such as …

the author offers no explanation for the distinction between X and '.

"mith makes no attempt to differentiate between different types of X.

•

"mith

The paper

The book

fails to

does not

makes no attempt to

specify …

!uantify …

compare …

separate …

account for …

suggest why …

analyse how …

ascertain whether …

distinguish between …

explain the meaning of …provide information on …

address the !uestion of …

assess the effectiveness of …

use a standardised method of …

give sufficient consideration to …

consider the long term impact of …

offer an ade!uate explanation for …

engage with current discourses on …

determine the underlying causes of …

systematically review all the relevant literature.

•


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• Offering constructive suggestions• The study would have been more interesting if it had included …

These studies would have been more useful if they had focused on …

The study would have been more relevant if the researchers had asked …

The !uestionnaire would have been more useful if it had asked participants about …

The research would have been more relevant if a wider range of X had been explored

"mith#s paper

Her

conclusions

The study

The findings

would have

been

break

might have

been

more

break

much

more

break

far more

useful

relevant

convincing

interesting

persuasive

original

if he she had

break

if the author

had

included …

considered …

assessed …

addressed …

adopted …

used …

• more comprehensive study would include all the groups of …

better study would examine a large, randomly selected sample of societies with …

much more systematic approach would identify how X interacts with other variables that are

believed to be linked to …• Using evaluative adjectives to comment on research

%n her

%n

their%n this

excellent

comprehensive

detailed

useful

thorough

ground breaking

timelyimportant

impressive

1111111+

limited

small+scale

analysis /of X0,

examination /of X0,

study /of X0,

survey /of X0,investigation /into

'0,

"mith /23420

&ones et al.

/23420

found …

was were able to show

that …concluded that …

• • ighlighting inadequacies of previous studies• )revious studies of X have not dealt with …

5esearchers have not treated X in much detail."uch expositions are unsatisfactory because they …

$ost studies in the field of X have only focused on …

"uch approaches, however, have failed to address …

)revious published studies are limited to local surveys.

Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether …

The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than '.

)reviously published studies on the effect of X are not consistent.

"mith#s analysis does not take account of …, nor does she examine …

The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and '.

$ost studies of X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.

However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature …

The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.


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5esearch on the sub(ect has been mostly restricted to limited comparisons of …

However, few writers have been able to draw on any systematic research into …

"hort+term studies such as these do not necessarily show subtle changes over time …

lthough extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which …

However, these results were based upon data from over 63 years ago and it is unclear if …

The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about …• Introducing general criticism• ritics !uestion the ability of poststructuralist theory to provide …

*on+government agencies are also very critical of the new policies.

"mith#s meta+analysis has been sub(ected to considerable criticism.

The most important of these criticisms is that "mith failed to note that …

The X theory has been vigorously challenged in recent years by a number of writers.

These claims have been strongly contested in recent years by a number of writers.

$ore recent arguments against X have been summarised by "mith and &ones /478209

ritics have also argued that not only do surveys provide an inaccurate measure of X, but the

…$any analysts now argue that the strategy of X has not been successful. &ones /23360, for

example, argues that …• Introducing the critical stance of particular writers• &ones /23360 has also !uestioned why …

However, &ones /23360 points out that …

The author challenges the widely held view that …

"mith /47770 takes issue with the contention that …

The idea that … was first challenged by "mith /47720.

"mith is critical of the tendency to compartmentalise X.

However, "mith /47:;0 !uestioned this hypothesis and …

"mith /47830 broke with tradition by raising the !uestion of …

&ones /23360 has challenged some of "mith#s conclusions, arguing that …

nother ma(or criticism of "mith#s study, made by &ones /23360, is that …

&ones /23360 is critical of the conclusions that "mith draws from his findings.

n alternative interpretation of the origins of X can be found in "mith /47;:0.

&ones /23360 is probably the best known critic of the X theory. He argues that …

%n her discussion of X, "mith further criticises the ways in which some authors …

"mith#s decision to re(ect the classical explanation of X merits some discussion …

The latter point has been devastatingly criti!ued by &ones /23360, who argues that …%n a recent article in Academic Journal , "mith /234


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ccording to many in the field …

"mith /23340 holds the view that …

$any scholars hold the view that …

5ecent research has suggested that …

There is some evidence to suggest that …

%f "mith#s /23340 findings are accurate, …• "eing cautious when giving e#planations or hypothesising

These fre!uent storms

are almost certainly

are probably

could be

may be

might be

due to climate change.

•

%t is almost certain that

%t is likely that

%t may be that

%t could be that

%t is possible that

the more extreme weather is a result of climate change.

•

likely explanation

probable explanation

possible explanation

is that these fre!uent storms are a result of cl imate change.

• • "eing cautious when e#plaining results• This inconsistency may be due to …

This discrepancy could be attributed to …

possible explanation for this might be that …

%t seems possible that these results are due to …

This rather contradictory result may be due to …

The observed increase in X could be attributed to …

The possible interference of X cannot be ruled out …

There are several possible explanations for this result.

There are two likely causes for the differences between …

possible explanation for these results may be the lack of ade!uate …

"ince this difference has not been found elsewhere it is probably not due to …• "eing cautious when discussing implications or recommendations• One possible implication of this is that …

The findings of this study suggest that …

The evidence from this study suggests that …

Taken together, these results suggest that …

The data reported here appear to support the assumption that …


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%nitial observations suggest that there may be a link between …

The findings from these studies suggest that X can have an effect on …• "trategies to enhance X might involve …

Other types of response could include9 a0, b0. …

These results would seem to suggest that the …

There would therefore seem to be a definite need for … reasonable approach to tackle this issue could be to …

nother possible area of future research would be to investigate why …• !evices for avoiding over$generalisation

O?one is toxic to

almost all

most

many types of

the ma(ority of

certain types of

some types of

living organisms.

•

O?one levels

nearly always

fre!uently

generally

often

sometimes

occasionally

exceed @HO levels in many cities.

• O?one tends to attack cells and break down tissues.

There is a tendency for o?one to attack cells.• %n general, this re!uires …

%n general terms, this means …

Xs use generally accepted principles to …

uthors generally place an emphasis on …

X is generally assumed to play a role in …

Aenerally accepted methods for X include9 …

"tudies which show no effect are not generally published.

5esearch articles generally consist of the following components9Buantitative research is generally associated with the positivist paradigm.

• "eing cautious when writing about the future

"evere weather

will almost certainly

will probably

is likely to

could

may

might

become more common in the future.

•


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%t is almost certain that

There is a strong possibility that

%t is likely that

There is a possibility that

There is a small chance that

the situation will improve in the long term.

• • %dvising cautious interpretation of findings &'efer to Discussing Findings (• These findings cannot be extrapolated to all patients.

These data must be interpreted with caution because …

These results therefore need to be interpreted with caution.

%t is important to bear in mind the possible bias in these responses.

lthough exclusion of X did not …, these results should be interpreted with caution.

However, with a small sample si?e, caution must be applied, as the findings might not be …• )eneral classifications

X may be divided into three main

classes.

sub+groups.

categories.

•

X may be classified

on the basis of

according to

depending on

in terms of

' into Xi and Xii.

• • %t has become commonplace to distinguish Cpassive# from Cactive# forms of X.

Done is generally classified into two types9 X bone, also known as …, and ' bone or …

"ystems theory distinguishes two different types of X, i.e. social and semantic Xs / l+$asry

23460.

There are two main types of memory9 declarative and non+declarative memory. -eclarative

memory can be broken down into X and '.

ristotle#s systematic treatises may be grouped in several divisions9 logic, psychological works,

physical …The works of ristotle fall under three headings9 /40 dialogues and …= /20 collections of facts

and …= and /60 systematic works.

There are two basic approaches currently being adopted in research into X. One is the '

approach and the other is …

ssociative learning can be categorised into classical and operant conditioning. lassical

conditioning was first …

Aenerally, spectra typing provides two types of information9 band intensity pattern and band

number.• *pecific classifications

%n the traditional system, X is graded in terms of …

on the basis of …

http://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/discussing-findings/http://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/discussing-findings/http://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/discussing-findings/


10/60

according to whether …

•

"mith /47::0

divided

classified

grouped

Xs into two broad types9 Xi#s and Xii#s.

•

Thomas /477:0 describesfour basic kinds of

validity9

logical, content, criterion and

construct.

• • %ndividuals were classified as belonging to upper or lower categories of …

"mith and &ones /23360 argue that there are two broad categories of ', which are9 a0 … andb0 …

Eor ristotle, motion is of four kinds9 /40 motion which …= /20 motion which …= /60 motion

which …= and /


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There are three reasons why the Gnglish language has become so dominant. These are9

There are two types of effect which result when a patient undergoes X. These are …

The disadvantages of the new approach can be discussed under three headings, which are9 …

The Three oices for $ass is divided into six sections. These are9 the >yrie, Aloria, ….

ppetitive stimuli have three separable basic functions. Eirstly, they … "econdly, they …

-uring his tour of Dritain, he visited the following industrial centres9 $anchester, Ieeds, and …This section has been included for several reasons9 it is …= it illustrates …= and it describes…

The Mass for Four Voices consists of five movements, which are9 the Kyrie, Gloria, Credo,

Santus and Agnus Dei .• 'eferring to other people’s lists• "mith and &ones /47740 list X, ' and F as the ma(or causes of infant mortality.

"mith /23360 lists the main features of X as follows9 it is X= it is '= and it has F.

"mith /23360 argues that there are two broad categories of ', which are9 a0 … and b0 …

"mith /23360 suggests three conditions for its acceptance. Eirstly, X should be … "econdly, it

needs to be … Thirdly, …

Eor ristotle, motion is of four kinds9 /40 motion which …= /20 motion which …= /60 motionwhich …= and /


12/60

•

@hereas

@hile

oral societies tend to be more

concerned with the present,

literate societies have a very definite

awareness of the past.

• %n contrast to oral communities, it is very difficult to get away from calendar time in literate

societies.

ompared with people in oral cultures, people in literate cultures organise their lives around

clocks and calendars.

This interpretation

contrasts with that

differs from that

is different from that

of "mith and &ones /233


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X can be defined as … %t encompasses …

X can be loosely described as a correlation.

The term X has come to be used to refer to …

The term X is generally understood to mean …

The term X has been applied to situations where students …

%n the literature, the term tends to be used to refer to …The broad use of the term X is sometimes e!uated with …

@hereas X refers to the operations of …, ' refers to the …

The term disease refers to a biological event characterised by …

The term X is a relatively new name for a ', commonly referred to…

%n broad biological terms, X can be defined as any stimulus that is …

-efined as X'F, obesity is now considered a worldwide epidemic and is associated with …• Indicating difficulties in defining a term• generally accepted definition of X is lacking.

Jnfortunately, X remains a poorly defined term.

The term X embodies a multitude of concepts which … further definition is given by "mith /47820 who describes …

%n the field of language teaching, various definitions of X are found.

"mith /23340 identified four abilities that might be subsumed under the term X9 a0 …

lthough differences of opinion still exist, there appears to be some agreement that X refers to

…

X is a commonly+used notion in language learning and yet it is a concept difficult to define

precisely.• *pecifying terms that are used in an essay or thesis• The term X will be used solely when referring to …

%n the present report, X was therefore defined in terms of …

%n this essay, the term X will be used in its broadest sense to refer to all …

%n this paper, the term that will be used to describe this phenomenon is X.

%n this dissertation, the terms X and ' are used interchangeably to mean …

Throughout this thesis, the term education is used to refer to informal systems as well as …

@hile a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this paper will use the

definition first suggested by "mith /47:80 who saw it as …• 'eferring to people’s definitions: author prominent• Eor "mith /23340, fluency means refers to …

"mith /23340 uses the term Cfluency# to refer to …

"mith /47K


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"mith et al. /23320 have provided a new definition of health9 Chealth is a state of being with

physical, cultural, psychological …# • +ommenting on a definition

This definition

includes …

allows for …

highlights the …

helps distinguish …

takes into account …

poses a problem for …

will continue to evolve.

can vary depending on …

was agreed upon after …

has been broadened to include …

The follo ing de#nition is

intended to 5

modelled on 5

too simplistic!

useful because 5

problematic as 5

inade-uate since 5

in need of revision since 5

important for hat it e6cludes.

the most precise produced so far.

!escribing trends

The graph shows that there

has been a

Eigure 2 reveals that there

has been a

slight

gradual

slow

steady

marked

steep

sharp

growth

increase

rise

decrease

fall

decline

drop

in the number of divorces in Gngland

and @ales since 4784.

!escribing high and low points in figures

Oil production peaked in 478K.

Aas production reached a /new0 low in 4773

The peak age for committing a crime is 48.

The number of live births outside marriage reached a peak during the "econd @orld @ar.rojecting trends

The number of Xs

The amount of '

The rate of F

is pro(ected to

is expected to

is likely to

will probably

fall

grow

increase

level off

remain steady

after 2323.


15/60

decline steadily

drop sharply

!escribing ratios and proportions

"ingapore has the highest proportion of millionaire households.

The annual birth rate dropped from


16/60

can result in

"curvy is a disease caused by resulting from stemming from lack of vitamin .

$uch of the instability in X stems from the economic effects of the war.

Iow levels of chlorine can give rise to high blood pressure.

.ouns indicating causality

One reason why Xs have declined is that …

The most likely causes of X are poor diet and lack of exercise.

The causes of X have been the sub(ect of intense debate within …

conse6uence of vitamin deficiency is blindness.

X can have profound health conse6uences for older people.

)hysical activity is an important factor in maintaining fitness.

$any other medications have an influence on cholesterol levels.

repositional phrases indicating causality

233,333 people per year become deaf

owing to

because of

as a result of

as a conse!uence of

a lack of iodine.

*entence connectors indicating causality

%f undernourished children do survive to

become adults, they have decreased

learning ability.

Therefore,

onse!uently,

Decause of this,

s a result /of

this0,

when they grow up, it will

probably be difficult for them

to find work.

%dverbial elements indicating causality

$alnutrition leads to illness and a reduced ability to

work in adulthood,

break

thus

break

thereby

perpetuating the poverty

cycle.

break


17/60

The warm air rises above the surface of the sea,creating an area of low

pressure.

Other e#amples

Gxtreme loneliness is a risk factor for X.

X and ' are important driving factors of F.

X is almost as strong a risk factor for disability as '.

X is generally seen as a factor strongly related to '.

The mixing of X and ' exerts a powerful effect upon F through …

-ue to X and ', inflowing surface water becomes more dense as it …

Ioneliness can have profound health conse!uences for older people.

s a conse!uence of X , it appears that ' alone is not the causative factor of…

The study found that loneliness has twice the impact on early death as obesity does.ossible cause and effect relationships e#pressed tentatively

There is some evidence that X may affect '.

%t is not yet clear whether X is made worse by '.

This suggests a weak link may exist between X and '.

The use of X may be linked to behaviour problems in …

The human papilloma virus is linked to most cervical cancer.

The findings indicate that regular exercise could improve cognitive function in people at risk of …

X may have been an important factor in …

X may have contributed to the increase in …

X may have played a vital role in bringing about …

X may have been caused by an increase in …%n the literature, X has been associated with '.

X in many cases may be associated with certain bacterial infections.

high consumption of X could be associated with infertility.

Gxamples as the main information in a sentence

n

well+known

notable

classic

useful

important

example of X is …..

Eor example, the word Cdoctor# used to mean a Clearned man#.

Eor example, "mith and &ones /233


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This is evident in the case of …

This is certainly true in the case of …

The evidence of X can be clearly seen in the case of …

%n a similar case in merica, "mith /47720 identified …

This can be seen in the case of the two Iondon physics laboratories which …

X is a good illustration of …X illustrates this point clearly.

This can be illustrated briefly by …

Dy way of illustration, "mith /23360 shows how the data for …

These experiments illustrate that X and ' have distinct functions in …/#amples as additional information in a sentence

'oung people begin smoking for a variety of reasons, such as pressure from peers and the role model

of parents.

)avlov found that if some other stimulus, for example the ringing of a bell, preceded the food, the dog

would start salivating.

%n )aris, Aassendi kept in close contact with many other prominent scholars, such as >epler, Aalileo,Hobbes, and -escartes.

The prices of resources, such as copper, iron ore, oil, coal and aluminium, have declined in real terms

over the past 23 years.

$any diseases can result at least in part from stress, including9 arthritis, asthma, migraine, headaches

and ulcers.'eporting cases as support

This case has shown that …

This has been seen in the case of …

The case reported here illustrates the …

Overall, these cases support the view that …This case study confirms the importance of …

The evidence presented thus far supports the idea that …

This case demonstrates how X used innovative marketing strategies in …

s this case very clearly demonstrates, it is important that …

This case reveals the need for further investigation in patients with …

This case demonstrates the need for better strategies for …

%n support of X, ' has been shown to induce ' in several cases /"mith et al., 23340.

5ecent cases reported by "mith et al. /23460 also support the hypothesis that …

reviewing sections of te#t

The purpose of this chapter is to review the literature on X. %t begins by …

This introductory section provides a brief overview of … %t then goes on to …

This part of the thesis discusses the findings which emerged from the statistical analysis presented in

the previous chapter.

This chapter describes and discusses the methods used in this investigation. The first section … The

second part moves on to describe in greater detail the …

The final chapter of this dissertation is divided into two parts. The first …

This chapter is divided into four main sections, each of which presents the results relating to one of

the research !uestions.

The structure and biological functions of Xs will be discussed in the forthcoming sections.Introducing a new topic or aspect of a topic


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5egarding X, …

s regards X, …

%n terms of X, …

%n the case of X …

@ith regard to X, …

@ith respect to X, …s far as X is concerned, …

'eintroducing a topic

s discussed above, …

s explained earlier, …

s described on the previous page, …

s was mentioned in the previous chapter, …

s explained in the introduction, it is clear that …

s was pointed out in the introduction to this paper, …

5eturning /briefly0 to the /sub(ect issue0 of X, …0oving from one section to the ne#t

Turning now to the experimental evidence on …

Defore proceeding to examine X, it will be necessary to …

Defore employing these theories to examine X, it is necessary to …

"o far this paper chapter has focussed on X. The following section will discuss …

Having defined what is meant by X, % will now move on to discuss …

This chapter follows on from the previous chapter, which /examined laid out outlined0 X.

This chapter has demonstrated that … %t is now necessary to explain the course of …

Having discussed how to construct X, the final section of this paper addresses ways of …

This section has analysed the causes of X and has argued that … The next part of this paper …

0oving from one section to the ne#t whilst indicating addition, contrast or opposition%n addition, it is important to ask …

On the other hand, in spite of much new knowledge about the role of …,

However, this system also has a number of serious drawbacks.

-espite this, little progress has been made in the …reviewing a following section

The following is a brief report on a …

@hat follows is a description outline account of …

%n the section that follows, it will be argued that …

The problem of X is discussed in the following section.

The next chapter describes synthesis and evaluation of …This raises !uestions about X which will be discussed in the next chapter.1ransition statements for results and discussion


omparing the two results, it can be seen that …

comparison of the two results reveals …

s pointed out in the introduction to this paper, …

Erom the previous discussion, it can be seen that …

%t is also worth noting that X is significantly more fre!uent in …

The differences between X and ' are highlighted in Table


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%n this section, it has been explained that …The chapter that follows moves on to consider the….

This chapter began by describing X and arguing that … %t went on to suggest that the … The next

chapter describes the procedures and methods used in this investigation

These analytical procedures and the results obtained from them are described in the next chapter.

summary of the main findings and of the principal issues and suggestions which have arisen in this

discussion are provided in the next chapter, which …%n the next section, % will present some of the findings of my empirical research on the impact of …1ime phrases associated with the use of the present perfect tense: past and presentconnected

To date, little evidence has been found associating X with '.

Jp to now, the research has tended to focus on X rather than on '.

"o far, three factors have been identified as being potentially important9 X, ', and F.

"ince 47:K, these four economies have doubled their share of world production and trade.

Jntil recently, there has been little interest in X.

5ecently, these !uestions have been addressed by researchers in many fields.

%n recent years, researchers have investigated a variety of approaches to X but …

$ore recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about …

The past decade has seen the rapid development of X in many …

Over the past 63 years there has been a significant increase in …

Over the past century there has been a dramatic increase in …

Over the past few decades, the world has seen the stunning transformation of X, ' and F.1he present perfect tense may also be used to describe research or scholarly activity thathas taken place recently

"everal studies have revealed that …

)revious studies of X have not dealt with …

considerable amount of literature has been published on X.

There have been several investigations into the causes of illiteracy /"mith, 478K= &ones, 478;0.

The new material has been shown to enhance cooling properties /"mith, 478K, &ones, 478;0.

%nvasive plants have been identified as ma(or contributing factors for the decline of …

The relationship between a diet high in fats and poor health has been widely investigated /"mith,

478K, &ones, …2or reference to single investigations or publications in the past, the simple past tense isused

n experimental demonstration of this effect was first carried out by …

The first experimental realisation of …, by "mith et al. R42S, used a …

The first systematic study of X was reported by )atel et al. in 478:.

"mith and &ones /477


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$ore recent attention has focused on the provision of …

There are relatively few historical studies in the area of …

great deal of previous research into X has focused on …

large and growing body of literature has investigated …

$uch of the current literature on X pays particular attention to …

Eor many years, this phenomenon was surprisingly neglected by …There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of …

Over the past decade, most research in X has emphasi?ed the use of …

%n recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on …

The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.

-uring the past 63 years, much more information has become available on …

considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies …

The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 47;3s with …

Historically, research investigating the factors associated with X has focused on …

@hat we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how …

'eference to previous research or scholarship: normally more than one author"everal recent studies investigating X have been carried out on …

"urveys such as that conducted by "mith /47880 have shown that …

Traditionally, it has been argued that … /e.g. "mith, 47:3= O#Drien, 47;20.

Garly examples of research into X include … /"mith, 4782= O#Drien, 478elly, 4778= …0.

)revious research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory /"mith, 477:= …0.

To date,

Thus far,

Jp to now,

several studies

previous studies

a number of studies

have used …

found …

reported …

shown that…

indicated that …

linked X with '.

suggested that …

demonstrated that …

tested the efficacy of …

investigated the effects of…

begun to examine the use of …confirmed the effectiveness of …


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used longitudinal data to examine …

examined the association between …

attempted to evaluate the impact of …

revealed a correlation between X and '.

analysed the accuracy and precision of …

explored the relationships between X and '.

highlighted factors that are associated with …

%t has been suggested that levels of X are independent of the si?e of the ' /"mith et al ., 477K0.

%t has conclusively been shown that X and ' increase F /"mith et al ., 4777= &ones, 2334 …0.

%t has been demonstrated that a high intake of X results in damage to … /"mith, 4778= …0.'eference to current state of knowledge

X is a principal determining factor of ' /"mith, 233K= &ones, 23460.

X is one of the most intense reactions following H- /Iane, 23360.There is an unambiguous relationship between X and ' /5ao, 47780.

X is significantly reduced during the first months of … /"mith, 2333= &ones, 233:0.

X has been found to oppose the anti+inflammatory actions of ' on F / lourfi, 233


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%n 48K7, the publication of X had a ma(or impact on …

%n 47:K, &ones published his ma(or historic survey of …

%n 47;K, "mith et al. published a paper in which they described …

%n 478


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The way in which the X gene is regulated was studied extensively by Ho and colleagues /Ho et al .

477K and 47780.'eference to what other writers do in their te#t: author as subject

%n hapter 2, "mith provides us with a number of important …

%n the subse!uent chapter, "mith examines the extent to which …

Dy drawing on the concept of X, "mith has been able to show that …

"ome analysts /e.g. arnoy, 23320 have attempted to draw fine distinctions between …

-rawing on an extensive range of sources, the authors set out the different ways in which …

Other authors /see Harbison, 2336= >aplan, 233


25/60

suggests

"mith /23460

argues for

offers

proposes

suggests

an explanatory theory for each type of irrational belief.

*ynthesising sources

"imilarly, *icoladis /233:0 found that X …

%n the same vein, "mith /477


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"mith /23430 presents an X account,

break

@hile "mith /23380 focusses on X,

whilst &ones /23440 …

break

&ones /23370 is more concerned with …

*ome ways of introducing quotations

ommenting on X, "mith /23360 argues9 C… …#

s arnoy /233


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)iving reasons why a particular method was adopted or rejected

X based methods provide a means of …

case study approach was used to allow a …

This method is particularly useful in studying …

!uantitative approach was employed since …

Bualitative methods offer an effective way of …

The design of the !uestionnaires was based on …

The X method is one of the more practical ways of …

The semi+structured approach was chosen because …

The X approach has a number of attractive features9 …

Eor this study, the X was used to explore the subsurface …

The second advantage of using the multivariate method is …

The study uses !ualitative analysis in order to gain insights into …

One advantage of the X analysis is that it avoids the problem of …

"mith et al. /477


28/60

rticles were searched from &anuary 47:K until pril 234


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!escribing the process: typical verbs in the passive form

The data ere normalised using …

Gthical approval as o&tained from …

-rugs ere administered by icv in(ection …

-escriptive data ere generated for all variables.

The procedures of this study ere appro"ed by …

)rompts ere used as an aid to !uestion two so that …

-ata for this study ere retrospecti"ely collected from …

The experiments ere run using custom software written in…

Two sets of anonymised !uestionnaires ere completed by …

The solution as ashed three times with deioni?ed water and …

total of 2K: samples ere ta7en from K2 boreholes /Eigure 440.

"ignificance levels ere set at the 4L level using the student t+test.

-ata management and analysis ere performed using ")"" 4:.3 /23430.

)ublished studies ere identified using a search strategy developed in …

%n(ection solutions ere coded by a colleague to reduce experimenter bias.The sub(ects ere as7ed to pay close attention to the characters whenever …

The pilot interviews ere conducted informally by the trained interviewer …

rticle references ere searched further for additional relevant publications.

The experiments ere conducted over the course of the growing period from …

Dlood samples ere o&tained with consent, from 2K: aucasian male patients …

%ndependent tests ere carried out on the x and y scores for the four years from …

The mean score for the two trials as su&)ected to multivariate analysis of variance to …

This experiment as repeated under conditions in which the poor signal noise ratio was improved.!escribing the process: sequence words and phrases

To begin this process, …The first step in this process was to …

The second method used to identify X involved …

)rior to

commencing the study, ethical clearance was sought from …

analysing the interview data, the transcripts were checked for …

data collection, the participants received an explanation of the pro(ect.

undertaking the investigation, ethical clearance was obtained from …

fter

Ctraining#, the participants were told that …

collection, the samples were shipped back to X in …

testing for the presence of antibodies, the blood was …

the appliance was fitted, the patients attended X every four weeks.

On

arrival at the clinic, patients were asked to …

completion of X, the process of parameter estimation was carried out

obtaining written informed consent from the patients, a !uestionnaire was …

Once the samples were extracted, it was first necessary to …

the Xs were located and marked, a thin clear plastic ruler …the exposures were completed, the X was removed from the ' and placed in …


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the positions had been decided upon, the Xs were removed from each ' and …

Eollowing

correction for …, X was reduced to …

conformational analysis of X, it was necessary to …

administration of X to patients, we assessed the effects on …

this treatment, the samples were recovered and stored overnight.

@hen

dividing X, care was taken to …

removing X, it was important to …

inviting the participants, the purpose of the research was clearly explained.

The sub(ects were then shown a film individually and were asked to …

The soil was then weighed again, and this weight was recorded as …

The results were corrected for the background readings and then averaged before …

These ratings were then made for the ten stimuli to which the sub(ect had been exposed …

The analysis was checked when initially performed and then checked again at the end of …

Einally, !uestions were asked as to the role of …

%n the follow+up phase of the study, participants were asked …

The final stage of the study comprised a semi+structured interview with participants who …!escribing the process: adverbs of manner

The medium was then aseptically transferred to a conical flask.

sample of the concentrate was then carefully in(ected into …

The tubes were accurately reweighed to six decimal places using …

The soil was then placed in a furnace and gradually heated up to …

The vials were shaken manually to allow the soil to mix well with the water.

The resulting solution was gently mixed at room temperature for ten minutes and …!escribing the process: using 3 instruments

-ata were collected using two high spectral resolution Xs.

"emi+automated genotyping was carried out using X software and …

Jsing the X+ray and looking at the actual X, it was possible to identify …

omparisons between the two groups were made using unrelated t+tests.

The data were recorded on a digital audio recorder and transcribed using a …

"tatistical significance was analysed using analysis of variance and t+tests as appropriate.

Jsing an nthos $icro plate 5eader, we were able to separate single cells into different …

4K sub(ects were recruited using email advertisements re!uesting healthy students from …

ll the work on the computer was carried out using Buattro )ro for @indows and …!escribing the process: statistical procedures

The data ere normalised using …

p value -escriptive data ere generated for all variables.

5eliability as calculated using ronbach#s alpha.

ll analyses ere carried out using ")"", version 23.

"tatistical analysis as performed using ")"" software /version 230.

"ignificance levels ere set at the 4L level using the student t+test.-ata management and analysis ere performed using ")"" 4:.3 /23430.

The mean score for the two trials as su&)ected to multivariate analysis of variance to …


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Indicating problems or limitations

%n particular, the analysis of X was problematic.

%n observational studies, there is a potential for bias from …

The small si?e of the dataset meant that it was not possible to …

Eurther data collection is re!uired to determine exactly how X affects '.

nother ma(or source of uncertainty is in the method used to calculate X.

%n this investigation there are several sources for error. The main error is …

%t was not possible to investigate the significant relationships of X and ' further because…

The responses relating to X were sub(ective and were therefore susceptible to recall bias.ighlighting significant data in a table or chart

@hat is interesting in this data is that …

%t is apparent from this table that very few …

%n Eig.43 there is a clear trend of decreasing …

The differences between X and ' are highlighted in Table <

This table is !uite revealing in several ways. Eirst, unlike the other tables …

Erom the chart, it can be seen that by far the greatest demand is for …

Erom the data in Eigure 7, it is apparent that the length of time left between …

Erom this data, we can see that "tudy 2 resulted in the lowest value of …

-ata from this table can be compared with the data in Table


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%nterestingly, the X was observed to …

%nterestingly, this correlation is related to …

The more surprising correlation is with the …

The most surprising aspect of the data is in the …

The correlation between X and ' is interesting because …

The most striking result to emerge from the data is that …%nterestingly, there were also differences in the ratios of …

The single most striking observation to emerge from the data comparison was …'eporting a reaction

"timulation of X cells with ' did not increase the ….

@ith successive increases in intensity of the X, the ' moved further to ….

Eollowing the addition of X, a significant increase / 8 U3.3K0 in the ' was recorded.

@hen X cells were stimulated with ', no significant difference in the number of F was detected.'eporting results from questionnaires and interviews

Thirty+two individuals returned the !uestionnaires.

The response rate was :3L at six months and K:L at 42 months.

Of the study population, 73 sub(ects completed and returned the !uestionnaire.

Dy the end of the survey period, data had been collected from :< individuals, 26 of whom were …

5espondents were asked to indicate whether …

The overall response to this !uestion was poor.

5espondents were asked to suggest other reasons for …

There were K6 responses to the !uestion9 C…V#

The total number of responses for this !uestion was …

This section of the !uestionnaire re!uired respondents to give information on …

The overall response to this !uestion was very positive.

@hen asked whether …, 73L of the respondents reported that …%n response to the !uestion9 C…V#, a range of responses was elicited.

%n response to Buestion 4, most of those surveyed indicated that …

@hen the participants were asked ……, the ma(ority commented that …

Other responses to this !uestion included …

Over half of those surveyed reported that …

;3L of those who were interviewed indicated that ….

lmost two+thirds of the participants /:


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nother interviewee alluded to the notion of …

minority of participants /4;L0 indicated that …

"ome participants expressed the belief that …

Only a small number of respondents indicated that …

small number of those interviewed suggested that ….

One individual stated that C…# nd another commented C…# %t was also suggested that …

There were some suggestions that …

The participants on the whole demonstrated …

There were some negative comments about …

This view was echoed by another informant who …Observations about qualitative data

number of issues were identified …

Eive broad themes emerged from the analysis.

This theme came up for example in discussions of .…

Two discrete reasons emerged from this. Eirst … "econd .…The themes of X and ' recurred throughout the dataset.

recurrent theme in the interviews was a sense amongst interviewees that …

%n all cases, the informants reported …

variety of perspectives were expressed …

These views surfaced mainly in relation to …

There was a sense of X amongst interviewees.

common view amongst interviewees was that …

%ssues related to X were not particularly prominent in the interview data.

%n their accounts of the events surrounding …

"ome interviewees argued that … while others …

"ome felt that … while others considered that …

@hilst a minority mentioned that… all agreed that…

Two divergent and often conflicting discourses emerged …1ransition statements

%f we now turn to …

comparison of the two results reveals …


omparing the two results, it can be seen that …

The next section of the survey was concerned with …

%n the final part of the survey, respondents were asked …*ummary and transition

These results suggest that …

Overall, these results indicate that …

%n summary, these results show that …

%n summary, for the informants in this study, …

Together these results provide important insights into …

Taken together, these results suggest that there is an association between …

The results in this chapter indicate that … The next chapter, therefore, moves on to discuss the …"ackground information: reference to literature or to research aim4question

"everal reports have shown that …

s mentioned in the literature review, …


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The third !uestion in this research was …

)rior studies that have noted the importance of …

n initial ob(ective of the pro(ect was to identify …

The first !uestion in this study sought to determine …

%t was hypothesised that participants with a history of …

ery little was found in the literature on the !uestion of …The present study was designed to determine the effect of …

@ith respect to the first research !uestion, it was found that …

This study set out with the aim of assessing the importance of X in …

)revious studies evaluating X observed inconsistent results on whether …

strong relationship between X and ' has been reported in the literature.

%n reviewing the literature, no data was found on the association between X and '.*tatements of result: usually with reference to results section

One interesting finding is …

The current study found that …

nother important finding was that …The most interesting finding was that …

%n this study, Xs were found to cause …

The results of this study show indicate that …

On the !uestion of X, this study found that …

This experiment did not detect any evidence for …

The most important clinically relevant finding was …

X provided the largest set of significant clusters of …

%t is interesting to note that in all seven cases of this study …

The most obvious finding to emerge from the analysis is that …

%n the current study, comparing X with ' showed that the mean degree of …

The results of this study did not show that … did not show any significant increase in …Une#pected outcome

"urprisingly, X was found to ….

@hat is surprising is that ….

One unanticipated finding was that ….

"urprisingly, no differences were found in ….

This finding was unexpected and suggests that ….

%t is somewhat surprising that no X was noted in this condition ….

ontrary to expectations, this study did not find a significant difference between ….

However, the observed difference between X and ' in this study was not significant.

However, the *O /one way0 showed that these results were not statistically significant.'eference to previous research: support

These results further support the idea of …

confirm the association between …

are consistent with data obtained in …

match those observed in earlier studies.

are in line with those of previous studies.

are in agreement with those obtained by …

are in accord with recent studies indicating that …

seem to be consistent with other research which found …


35/60

are consistent with those of "mith and &ones /234K0 who …

are in agreement with "mith#s /47770 findings which showed …

support previous research into this brain area which links X and '.

corroborate the ideas of "mith and &ones /23380, who suggested that …

'eference to previous research: contrast

This study has been unable to demonstrate that …

However, this result has not previously been described.

%n contrast to earlier findings, however, no evidence of X was detected.

"mith et al. /47770 showed that …. This differs from the findings presented here …

However, the findings of the current study do not support the previous research.

%t has been suggested that … /"mith et al., 23320. This does not appear to be the case.

These results differ from X#s 2336 estimate of ', but they are broadly consistent with earlier …

lthough, these results differ from some published studies /"mith, 4772= &ones, 477:0, they areconsistent with those of …/#planations for results

possible explanation for this might be that …

nother possible explanation for this is that …

This result may be explained by the fact that …

There are, however, other possible explanations.

These relationships may partly be explained by …

There are several possible explanations for this result.

possible explanation for these results may be the lack of ade!uate …

These differences can be explained in part by the proximity of X and '.These factors may explain the relatively good correlation between X and '.

This inconsistency may be due to …

These results are likely to be related to …

This discrepancy could be attributed to …

%t seems possible that these results are due to …

This rather contradictory result may be due to …

The observed increase in X could be attributed to …

%t is difficult to explain this result, but it might be related to …

The possible interference of X cannot be ruled out.

%t may be that these participants benefitted from …

-ifferences between X and ' may have influenced …

These possible sources of error could have affected …

There are two likely causes for the differences between …

The reason for this is not clear but it may have something to do with …

The observed correlation between X and ' might be explained in this way9 …

"ince this difference has not been found elsewhere it is probably not due to …%dvising cautious interpretation

nother source of uncertainty is …

note of caution is due here since …

These findings may be somewhat limited by …

These findings cannot be extrapolated to all patients.


36/60

These data must be interpreted with caution because …

%t could be argued that the positive results were due to …

These results therefore need to be interpreted with caution.

%n observational studies, there is a potential for bias from …

%t is important to bear in mind the possible bias in these responses.

lthough exclusion of X did not …, these results should be interpreted with caution.However, with a small sample si?e, caution must be applied, as the findings might not be …*uggesting general hypotheses

%t is possible, therefore, that …

%t can thus be suggested that …

%n general, therefore, it seems that …

%t may be the case therefore that these variations …

%t is therefore likely that such connections exist between …

%t is possible to hypothesise that these conditions are less likely to occur in …

These findings suggest that …

ccording to these data, we can infer that …This observation may support the hypothesis that …

Hence, it could conceivably be hypothesised that …

The value of X suggests that a weak link may exist between …

These results provide further support for the hypothesis that …

Therefore, X could be a ma(or factor, if not the only one, causing ….oting implications

%t can therefore be assumed that the …

n implication of this is the possibility that …

The present study raises the possibility that …

One of the issues that emerges from these findings is …"ome of the issues emerging from this finding relate specifically to …

These findings may help us to understand …

This finding, while preliminary, suggests that .…

This finding has important implications for developing …

This observational study suggests that a diet rich in X may help prevent …

These findings raise intriguing !uestions regarding the nature and extent of …

This combination of findings provides some support for the conceptual premise that …+ommenting on findings

These findings are rather disappointing.

However, these results were not very encouraging.

The test was successful as it was able to identify students who …

The present results are significant in at least two ma(or respects.

The results of this study do not explain the occurrence of these adverse events.

These findings will doubtless be much scrutinised, but there are some immediately dependable

conclusions for …*uggestions for future work

This is an important issue for future research.

5esearch !uestions that could be asked include …

There are still many unanswered !uestions about …

"everal !uestions remain unanswered at present.

-espite these promising results, !uestions remain.


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Eurther work is re!uired to establish the viability of…

Eurther research should be undertaken to investigate the …

There is abundant room for further progress in determining …

further study with more focus on X is therefore suggested.

Euture studies on the current topic are therefore recommended.

%n further research, the use of this data as X could be a means of …To develop a full picture of X additional studies will be needed that …

%n future investigations, it might be possible to use a different X in which …

Eurther studies, which take these variables into account, will need to be undertaken.

However, more research on this topic needs to be undertaken before the association between X and '

is more clearly understood.'estatement of aims

This paper has argued that …

This study set out to determine …

This essay has discussed the reasons for …

%n this investigation, the aim was to assess …The main goal of the current study was to determine …

The purpose of the current study was to determine …

This pro(ect was undertaken to design … and evaluate …

The present study was designed to determine the effect of …

5eturning to the hypothesis !uestion posed at the beginning of this study, it is now possible to state

that …*ummarising research findings

This study has identified …

This study has shown that …

The research has also shown that …The second ma(or finding was that …

These experiments confirmed that …

X made no significant difference to …

This study has found that generally …

The investigation of X has shown that …

The results of this investigation show that …

X, ' and F emerged as reliable predictors of …

$ultiple regression analysis revealed that the …

The most obvious finding to emerge from this study is that …

The relevance of X is clearly supported by the current findings.

One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that …*uggesting implications for the field of knowledge

%n general, therefore, it seems that …

The results of this study indicate that …

These findings suggest that in general …

The findings of this study suggest that …

Taken together, these results suggest that …

n implication of this is the possibility that …

The evidence from this study suggests that …Overall, this study strengthens the idea that …

The current data highlight the importance of …


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The findings of this research provide insights for …

The results of this research support the idea that …

These data suggest that X can be achieved through …

The theoretical implications of these findings are unclear.

The principal theoretical implication of this study is that …

This study has raised important !uestions about the nature of …The following conclusions can be drawn from the present study …

Taken together, these findings suggest a role for X in promoting '.

The findings of this investigation complement those of earlier studies.

These findings have significant implications for the understanding of how …

lthough this study focuses on X, the findings may well have a bearing on …*ignificance of the findings or contribution of the study

This research extends our knowledge of …

This research will serve as a base for future studies and …

This research provides a framework for the exploration of …

This research has several practical applications. Eirstly, it points to …These findings enhance our understanding of …

The findings of this thesis could be used to help …

The current findings add to a growing body of literature on …

Taken together, these findings suggest a role for X in promoting '.

The findings of this investigation complement those of earlier studies.

key strength of the present study was the …

The present study makes several noteworthy contributions to …

The present study should prove to be particularly valuable to …

The present study provides additional evidence with respect to …

The present study confirms previous findings and contributes additional evidence that suggests …

The key strengths of this study are its long duration and …

The empirical findings in this study provide a new understanding of …

The study has gone some way towards enhancing our understanding of …

The study has confirmed the findings of "mith et al. /23340 which found that …

The findings from this study make several contributions to the current literature. Eirst,…

This is the first study to investigate the effect of …

This is the first time that X has been used to explore …

This study has demonstrated, for the first time, that …

This is the first study reporting an advantage in those who …This is the largest study so far documenting a delayed onset of …

The contribution of this study has been to confirm …

This work contributes to existing knowledge X by providing …

The analysis of X undertaken here, has extended our knowledge of …

The methods used for this X may be applied to other Xs elsewhere in the world.

The X that we have identified therefore assists in our understanding of the role of …*ignificance of the findings with a qualification

*otwithstanding these limitations, the study suggests that …

@hilst this study did not confirm X, it did partially substantiate …

-espite its exploratory nature, this study offers some insight into …lthough the current study is based on a small sample of participants, the findings suggest …

5imitations of the current study


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limitation of this study is that …

Deing limited to X, this study lacks …

The small sample si?e did not allow …

The ma(or limitation of this study is the …

This study was limited by the absence of …

X makes these findings less generalisable to …Thirdly, the study did not evaluate the use of …

%t is unfortunate that the study did not include …

The scope of this study was limited in terms of …

The study is limited by the lack of information on …

The most important limitation lies in the fact that …

The main weakness of this study was the paucity of …

"ince the study was limited to X, it was not possible to ..

n additional uncontrolled factor is the possibility that …

%t was not possible to assess X= therefore, it is unknown if …

n issue that was not addressed in this study was whether…

The generalisability of these results is sub(ect to certain limitations. Eor instance, …

One source of weakness in this study which could have affected the measurements of X was …'ecommendations for further research work

$ore research using controlled trials is needed to …

@hat is now needed is a cross+national study involving …

$ore broadly, research is also needed to determine …

$ore research is re!uired to determine the efficacy of …

$ore research is needed to better understand when implementation ends and …

This research has thrown up many !uestions in need of further investigation.

%t would be interesting to assess the effects of …

%t would be interesting to compare experiences of individuals within the same … .

%t is recommended that further research be undertaken in the following areas9

%t is suggested that the association of these factors is investigated in future studies.

further study could assess the long+term effects of …

Eurther work needs to be done to establish whether …

Eurther studies need to be carried out in order to validate …

Eurther experimental investigations are needed to estimate …

Eurther studies regarding the role of X would be worthwhile interesting.

Eurther investigation and experimentation into X is strongly recommended.

Eurther research

might explore …

could usefully explore how …

should focus on determining …

is re!uired to determine whether …

in this field would be of great help in …

should be carried out to establish the …

should be undertaken to explore how …

on these !uestions would be a useful way of …

needs to examine more closely the links between X and '.could also be conducted to determine the effectiveness of …


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Euture trials should assess the impact of …

future study investigating X would be very interesting.

%n terms of directions for future research, further work could …

Euture research should therefore concentrate on the investigation of …

nother possible area of future research would be to investigate why …

number of possible future studies using the same experimental set up are apparent.

The study should be repeated using …

natural progression of this work is to analyse …

onsiderably more work will need to be done to determine ….

These findings provide the following insights for future research9 …

The precise mechanism of X in insects remains to be elucidated.

This would be a fruitful area for further work.

Iarge randomised controlled trials could provide more definitive evidence.

greater focus on X could produce interesting findings that account more for …The issue of X is an intriguing one which could be usefully explored in further research.

%f the debate is to be moved forward, a better understanding of X needs to be developed.

% suggest that before X is introduced, a study similar to this one should be carried out on …

$ore information on X would help us to establish a greater degree of accuracy on this matter.Implications or recommendations for practice or policy

Other types of X could include9 a0, b0. …

There is, therefore, a definite need for …

Areater efforts are needed to ensure …

)rovision of X will enhance ' and reduce F.

nother important practical implication is that …$oreover, more X should be made available to …

The challenge now is to fabricate Xs that contain …

Jnless governments adopt X, ' will not be attained.

These findings suggest several courses of action for …

reasonable approach to tackle this issue could be to …

ontinued efforts are needed to make X more accessible to …

The findings of this study have a number of practical implications.

There are a number of important changes which need to be made.

$anagement to enhance bumble+bee populations might involve …

This study suggests that X should be avoided by people who are prone to …

key policy priority should therefore be to plan for the long+term care of …

This information can be used to develop targetted interventions aimed at …

Taken together, these findings do not support strong recommendations to …

Gnsuring appropriate systems, services and support for X should be a priority for …

The findings of this study have a number of important implications for future practice.

Impersonal Passive structure1. People believe the company stole over a million poundsIt is believed that the company stole over a million pounds

The company is believed to have stolen over a million pounds


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There is a belief that the company stole over a million pounds

One belief is that the company stole over a million pounds

2. We expect the train strike will begin tomorrow It is expected that the train strike will begin tomorrow

The Train Strike is expected to begin tomorrow

There is an expectation that the train strike will begin tomorrow

One expectation is that the train strike will begin tomorrow

BibliographyAll the sources that you use in the main body of your textmust be listed at the end of your essay; this is called areference list and should be in alphabetical order. You needto include:

Smith , J ., 2012 . Sustainability : Governmental policy, London. OUP.

the author (last name and initials)/ date / main title & subtitle (italics) / publishing place / publisher look carefully at punctuation .

What is a reference list?? a list of sources (books, articles, websites, journals) youhave used in your essay

What s a bibliography?? a is a list of sources that you read but may not have used

in essay.

!mportant" #ome universities see reference list and bibliography as the same thing$

Book with one author

llen! ".! 2##$. Effective time management: How to save time and spend it wisely ! %ondon&"an 'ooks.

Book with two authors


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(iller! ". and )untington! *.! 2#1#. Speaking persuasively: Making the most of your presentations ! Sydney& llen and +nwin.

Book with three or more authors

Smith! ,.! -ones! . and atton! '.! 2#11. Getting to yes: Negotiating an agreement withoutgiving in ! 2nd edition! %ondon& *entury 'usiness.

Book – second or later edition

'ridges! ,.! 1//0. Successful study for degrees ! 2nd edition! %ondon& ,outledge.

Book by same author in the same year

ikon! .! 1// a. Fatal storm ! Sydney& llen and +nwin.

ikon! .! 1// b. Survival at sea ! Sydney& llen and +nwin.

Book with an editor

3evon! ". 4ed.5! 2##/. Beyond the ferris wheel ! ,ockhampton& *6+ "ress.

If you have used a chapter in a book written by someone otherthan the editor

'ridges! -.! 2##$. 73isabilities in tertiary education8! in ,owan! %. and (c amee! -. 4ed.5 oicesof a Margin ! ,ockhampton& *6+ "ress.

Books with an anonymous or unknown author

!he "niversity Encyclopedia 41/$05 %ondon& ,oydon.

9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999

A Journal

uthor! Initials.! :ear. Title of article. Full !itle of #ournal ! ;olume number 4Issue


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Smith! -.(.! 2##2. The business of sustainable policy& an in depth look. Business Science $uarterly Be@DournalC A2 4?5 vailable through& 'usiness Source *omplete databaseB ccessed 12 -une 2#12C.

Electronic Journal from the Internet

uthors! Initials.! :ear . Title of article! Full !itle of Maga%ine& BonlineC. vailable at& web address 4=uote the exact +,% for the article5 B ccessed dateC.

Eipper! 3. ! 2##$. -apan8s new dawn! 'opular Science and !echnology& BonlineC vailableat&Fhttp&>. In "atterson! *. ). Foundations for a !heory of +nstructionand Educational 'sychology . %ondon& )arper and ,ow& 2$2@ $0

'uskist! . and Saville! '. E.! 2##1. ,apport@building& creating positiveemotional contexts for enhancing teaching and learning ) ,ssociation for 'sychological Science) ;ol.1A! no. . vailable through& "sychology Science,esearch. Baccessed -uly 21st 2#11C

3ornyei! K.! 2##1. !eaching and -esearching Motivation) )arlow&"earson Hducation %imited.

Hhrman! (. and 3ornyei! K.! 1//$. +nterpersonal .ynamics in Second *anguage *earning) The ;isible and Invisible *lassroom ) *alifornia& Sage.

)all! H. and )all! *.! 1/$$. Human -elations in Education) %ondon& ,outledge.

http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htmhttp://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htmhttp://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm


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Enight! ".! 2##1. The development of H % methodology ) In *andlin! . and(ercer! . 4Hds5 English *anguage !eaching in its Social /onte0t) %ondon&,outledge& 1A>@1??.

(cEay! S. %. 42##?5 -esearching Second *anguage /lassrooms) ew-ersey& %awerence Hrlbaum ssociates.

(oore! .! 2##A. !he Good !eacher: .ominant .iscourses in !eaching and!eacher Education) Oxon& ,outeledge.

"atterson! *. ).! 1/>>. Foundations for a !heory of +nstruction and Educational 'sychology . %ondon& )arper and ,ow& 2$2@ $0

,adnor! ).! 2##2. -esearching your 'rofessional 'ractice) 'uckingham&Open +niversity "ress.

+niversity of *ambridge.! 2##>. /E*!, Sylla(us)1 www.cambridgeesol.org


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Formality

Try to avoid

Contractions 4it5ll& there5s6

ll contracted forms need to be in full forms

H.g&it'll ! it will < it's ! it is < thereLs! there is

please note @ can't ! cannot 4one word! not two5

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informal adjectives 4hard& easy& (ig&6

some adDectives are seen as informal

ard: difficult! complicated! harsh! intolerable! unpleasant! undeniable!

!asy: effortless! elementary! facile! manageable! mere! obvious! simple! uncomplicated

"ig: considerable! extensive! immense! substantial! tremendous


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idioms

these are often seen as informal and personal

4every coin has two sides))6

metaphors too 4a rocky road ahead5

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#o Personal pronouns 4+& you& he& she& you& they6

+se L$here L as a subDectM e.g. LThere is a serious risk of ...L

+se L%tL as a subDectM e.g.LIt is impossible to...L

+se L&ne L as a subDectM e.g.LOne may ask whether...L 4LOneL is a formal version of L:ouL BpluralC ingeneral5

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s

se Passive constructions

They can learn Hnglish effectively

Hnglish can be learnt effectively

c

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se (erunds 4ing forms6They have to speak Hnglish

Speaking Hnglish is necessary


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s

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c

#oun phrases

e analysed the data and we found evidenceN.

nalysis of the data provided evidenceN.

They have many exercises to fill in the missing words available to learn from.

The availability of gap fill exercises enhance learning

c

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c

se Academic Word list 4789 academic words6

)igh fre=uency academic words taken from a academic literature Bacademic word listC

establish < ac=uisition < analysis < strategies < validity < beneficial < assumption < criteria <hypothesis < fundamental < initiative < presumption < differentiation < controversial <inevitable < intrinsic < exploitive < etc..

c

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se fixed academic phrases))

It can be said < it could be argued thatN

One maDor drawback of this approach is that NN < One of the most significant currentdiscussions inNN..

B cademic phrasesC

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http://www.academicenglishuk.com/academic-word-list/http://www.academicenglishuk.com/academic-phrases/http://www.academicenglishuk.com/academic-word-list/http://www.academicenglishuk.com/academic-phrases/


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Collo*uial + informal words expressions

examples of informal < collo=uial words are gonna < stuff < a lot of < things <

stuff: effects! e=uipment! gear! goods! individual! kit! luggage!obDects! paraphernalia! possessions! substances

a lot of: abundant! ade=uate! considerable! plenteous! si eable! substantial! sufficient!significant! voluminous

things: aspects! areas! elements! facts! figures! materials! points! situation! subDect! information

s

not sure use a synonym website& www.Thersaurus.com

c

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Documents

Useful Lang.for Academic Writing