6/08/2013

1

Concrete Pavements Conference 201312 August 2013

Use of Manufactured Sand

in Concrete PavementWarren South1, Ion Dumitru2 and Vute Sirivivatnanon3

1 Director of Research and Technology, CCAA2 Technical Manager, Boral Construction Materials3 Professor of Concrete Engineering, UTS

CONTENTS

• Optimum use of natural & manufactured sands

• Important sand characteristics to all concrete

• Important sand characteristics to concrete pavement

• CCAA/RMS collaborative study

• Performance-based specifications

2

6/08/2013

2

IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS

TO ALL CONCRETE

GRADING, SHAPE & TEXTURE, FREE OF DELETERIOUS FINES,

DURABLE & NON REACTIVE, GOOD SKID RESISTANCE

The The challenge is to apply engineering knowledge to the best & economical use of challenge is to apply engineering knowledge to the best & economical use of

manufactured manufactured sands through appropriate specificationssands through appropriate specifications

3

IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICSTO CONCRETE PAVEMENT

Concrete pavement must be fit for purpose

• Resistance to wear (abrasion of texture)

• Good skid resistance in wet and dry condition

Skid resistance depends on the complementary

functions of macro- & microtexture

• Microtexture: λ< 0.5mm

• Macrotexture: 0.5<λ< 50mm

4

6/08/2013

3

MACROTEXTUREIN SKID & ABRASION RESISTANCE

MACROTEXTUREWeller and Maynard (1970)

• Tyned grooves provide drainage to

prevent hydroplanning

• Mechanical resistance to skiding

Shackel et al.,(1994)

• Dependent on mix & curing

ICAR Barborak and Rached, (2010)

• Effect of textures & travel speed on

skid (friction)

S Bulahdelah

Mittagong Bypass

5

Effect of textures on skid

ICAR Barborak and Rached, (2010)

Smooth

Broom Finish

Tined+Carpet

Glass

Carpet Drag

6

6/08/2013

4

EFFECT OF SAND ON MICROTEXTURESKID & ABRASION RESISTANCE

MAN SAND TESTING

Micro-Deval - abrasion

Na2SO4 Soundness - stability

Absorption – stability

MBV x Passing 75-micron - durabilitySource Rocks

▼

Coarse

Aggregates

▼

Man SandsMicro-Deval

Apsortion

Historical perspective

Natural Sand

Mineralogical

compositions

Silica Content

LAB CONCRETE TESTING

Skid before & after wear

Wear loss (AS 1141.41)

Abrasion loss (AS 4456.9)

Lab-prepared

Concrete

Specimens

FIELD ASSESSMENTS

SCRIMS and other

by Road Authority

Field-retrieved

Concrete

specimens

Performance

Criteria

Figure 1

7

MANUFACTURING & TESTING OF CONCRETE3 Natural sands and

9 Manufactured sands at 50% & 80% of total fine

Random Description by

Supplier

Petrographic Description Approx free

silica (1)

,%Designation

NS Control Emu Coarse 69

MS1 Meta-argillite Meta-argillite 22

MS2 Olivine Basalt Olivine Basalt 2

MS3 Micro-granite Micro-diorite 6

MS4 Basalt (Latite) Latite 45

MS5 Ignimbrite Rhyolitic tuff 36

MS6 Adamellite Granite 48

MS7 Ignimbrite (Rhyodacite) Rhyolitic tuff 31

MS8 Meta-Greywacke Meta - Greywacke 27

MS9 Rhyodacite Rhyolitic tuff 29

NS10 ex Wagga Wagga Metasiltstone, quartzite 80

NS11 ex Billabong Quartzofeldspathic and lithic 648

6/08/2013

5

Sand durability tests

• Micro-Deval

% abrasion in water

• Sodium Soundness

stability due to expansive

salt crystallization

• Absorption

Porosity

• Free Silica Content

Petrography

Chemical

9

To Wagga WaggaTo Wagga Wagga

Truck RestTruck Rest

Test site is on the S/B,

opposite the entrance to the

Truck Bay

2820

RMS Collaboration - Tarcutta Range test site 15

6/08/2013

6

Skid of various surfaces from

lab-prepared & field sampledskid after wear of workmanship-independent surfaces

11

Field

sample

Lab

sampleOff-form surface

Tyned surface

Sawn surface

Pendulum friction test (AS 1141.42)Friction Value FV

12

6/08/2013

7

PAFV abrasion resistance (AS 1141.41)33-35 revs/min (8,000&16,000 cycles after 4 & 8 hours)

13

2-hr with coarse abrasion [Balck silicon carbide No. 320 @ 2g/min]

2-hr with fine abrasion [Optical emery No. 600 @ 2g/min]

Abrasion index (AS 4456.9)4 circular faces subjected to 600 steel balls

60 rev/min x 1 hr = 3600 cycles

14

6/08/2013

8

Off-form

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

0 2 4 6 8 10

PAFV, hour

Skid

RosebrookS51 LS/DolomiteT68 QuartziteG80 Meta greyw acke

Skid (friction) after abrasion by PAFV

of off-form concrete

15

Intrinsic Skid

Skid (friction) after abrasion by PAFV

of saw-cut concrete

Saw-cut

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

0 2 4 6 8 10

PAFV, hour

Skid

RosebrookS51 LS/DolomiteT68 QuartziteG80 Meta greyw acke

6/08/2013

9

“Characteristic skid resistance ”Common skid resistance of off-form &

saw-cut surfaces after 4-5 hrs of polishing

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Abrasion, hour

Skid Resistance

Rosebrook Off S51 LS/Dolomite Off

T68 Quartzite Off G80 Meta grey Off

Rosebrook Saw S51 LS/Dolomite Saw

T68 Quartzite Saw G80 Meta grey Saw

17

Characteristic skid

Relating skid resistance

of various surfaces

Saw-cut

4-hour

polishing

TynedOff-form

4-hours

polishing

Off-form

8-hours

polishing

Sand

properties

Field-sampled concrete

Characteristic Skid Resistance

Saw-cut

4-hour

polishing

Intrinsic Skid

Lab-prepared concrete

SCRIM

18

6/08/2013

10

SCRIM results: Mittagong 68, 71

Tarcutta 74, 68

Heron Ck Not avail

Nabiac 65, 70

67

57.5 57.5

62

55

45

50.549

51.5 5149.5

61.564

5253.5

46

55.5

50.5

40.5 40.5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Emu MS1 MS2 MS3 MS4 MS5 MS6 MS7 MS8 MS9 NS10 NS11 Mttg Tarc Herons Nabiac

Skid after 4-hr polishing

Top wearing surface

Off-form surface, 80% man sand

Saw-cut surface, 80% man sand

Skid after wear of concrete with various sands

19

Intrinsic Skid and micro-Deval

or free silica content of Sands

20

R2 = 0.4875

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

40 50 60 70 80 90

% Free Silica (chemical)

Skid of off-form

surface after 8 hr polishing

R2 = 0.6931

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

0 5 10 15 20 25

MDV of indiv sand

Skid of off-form

surface after 8 hr polishing

83% Corr

6/08/2013

11

Fowler and Rached, ‘Evaluation of the Polish Resistance of

Fine Aggregates in PCC Pavements’

21

Abrasion is largely a function of strength

and independent of type of sand

2.5, 50.9

R2 = 0.4282

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

55.0

60.0

1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00

Off-form abrasion index

28-day Compressive Strength, MPa

22

65% Corr

6/08/2013

12

Possible performance-based

specifications for concrete pavement

NATURAL & MANUFACTURED SANDS

• Micro-deval ≤ 15% for skid after wear

or

CONCRETE PAVEMENT (LAB)

• Characteristic skid > 50 for off-form surface

• A nominated concrete strength for abrasion

resistance (independent of sand used)

23

CONCLUSIONS

CCAA research has lead to

• Critical property of sands to concrete

pavements is durability (Micro-Deval) for skid

after wear & concrete strength for abrasion

resistance

• Important properties to concrete producer are

shape, surface texture & consistent grading.

24

6/08/2013

13

CCAA PUBLICATIONS ON

MANUFACTURED SAND

Manufactured Sand – National test methods and specification valueshttp://www.concrete.net.au/publications/pdf/ManSand.pdf

Guide to the Specification and Use of Manufactured Sand in Concrete http://www.concrete.net.au/publications/pdf/GuideManSand.pdf

Manufactured Sand - Abrasion resistance and effect of manufactured sand on concrete mortar

http://www.concrete.net.au/publications/pdf/ManuSandReport2.pdf

Effect Effect of manufactured sands on surface properties of of manufactured sands on surface properties of concrete pavementconcrete pavement

(to be available on CCAA website shortly)

25

Thank you

ASCP Concrete Pavements Conference 2013