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Use Measures for Electronic Resources: Theory and Practice
A Librarian’s Perspective
ALA / ALCTSJune 27, 2005
Chicago, Illinois
Brinley FranklinVice Provost for University Libraries University of Connecticut
I. Review some of the early efforts to develop cost
per use data for electronic collections
II. Discuss some of the ways libraries and consortia
currently use unit cost information to make
management decisions
III. Briefly describe how MINES for Libraries™ identifies
the extent to which electronic resources support
research, instruction, and other activities at U.S.
and Canadian research libraries.
Objectives
Drexel University Library
D-Lib Magazine (2002)
Medical Branch Library
of the University Library
Muenster, Germany
Health Information and Libraries Journal (2003)
Nonsubscription Periodicals Costs
CLIR Study (June 2004)
I. Unit Costs of Electronic vs. Print Journals
Space
Systems
Supplies & Services
Staff
Drexel University
Total Operational Costs $138,000 $90,000 $258,000
Electronic Journals
$ 5,000
$ 10,000
($2,000)
$ 125,000
Current Journals
$ 40,000
$ 2,500
$ 600
$ 46,000
Bound Journals
$ 205,000
$ 2,400
$ 8,000
$ 42,000
Adapted from: C.H. Montgomery and D.W. King, “Comparing Library and User Related Costs of Print and Electronic Journal Collections: A First Step
Towards a Comprehensive Analysis,” D-Lib Magazine, October 2002.
Nonsubscription Costs
Drexel University
Print Journals
Electronic Journals
Individual Subscriptions
Publisher’s Packages
Aggregator Journals
Full-Text Databases (non-unique)
Unique Electronic Journals
Titles
370
266
2,500
480
10,200
8,600
Adapted from: C.H. Montgomery and D.W. King, “Comparing Library and User Related Costs of Print and Electronic Journal Collections: A First Step Towards a Comprehensive Analysis,” D-Lib Magazine, October 2002.
Subscription Costs
Total Cost
$38,000
$115,000
$334,000
$29,000
$59,000
$537,000
Cost per Title
$100
$432
$134
$60
$6
$62
Drexel University Total Unit Cost per Use
Adapted from: C.H. Montgomery and D.W. King, “Comparing Library and User Related Costs of Print and Electronic Journal Collections: A First Step Towards a Comprehensive Analysis,” D-Lib Magazine, October 2002.
Print Journals
Current Journals
Bound Journals
Total Print Journals
Electronic Journals
Individual Subscriptions
Publisher’s Packages
Aggregator Journals
Full-Text Database Journals
Total Electronic Journals
Recorded Use
15,000
9,000
24,000
23,000
134,000
20,000
158,000
335,000
Subscription
Cost per Use
$2.50
NA
$2.50
$3.20
$2.25
$1.35
$0.40
$1.40
Operational
Cost per Use
$6.00
$30.00
$15.00
$0.45
$0.45
$0.45
$0.45
$0.45
Unit Cost
per Use
$8.50
$30.00
$17.50
$3.65
$2.70
$1.80
$0.85
$1.85
Drexel University Conclusions
Adapted from: C.H. Montgomery and D.W. King, “Comparing Library and User Related Costs of Print and Electronic Journal Collections: A First Step Towards a Comprehensive Analysis,” D-Lib Magazine, October 2002.
Operational cost per use for print journals ($15) was much greater than for electronic journals ($0.45);
The highest cost per use ($30) was associated with bound journals, given the cost to house them and their relatively low use;
Full-text database journals were used heavily and were cost effective (at less than $1 per use);
Unit costs for publisher’s packages and aggregator journals were more cost-effective than individual subscriptions.
Medical Branch Library, University Library Muenster, Germany
Adapted from: Oliver Obst, “Patterns and Cost of Printed and Online Journal Usage,” Health Information and Libraries Journal 2003.
Unit Costs of Print and Online Journals (in Euros)
Academic
Blackwell
Elsevier
High Wire
Springer
Total
67,533 €
35,742 €
60,143 €
8,984 €
85,353 €
257,737 €
3,350
1,531
4.012
3,223
1,679
13,795
3,593
6,329
8,248
25,975
20,346
64,491
Print Subscription Cost
Print Usage
Online Subscription Cost
Online Usage
Online Unit Cost
54,241 €
30,380 €
54,139 €
8,086 €
76,081 €
223,647 €
20.16 €
23.35 €
14.99 €
2.79 €
50.82 €
18.68 €
Print Unit Cost
15.10 €
4.80 €
6.56 €
0.31 €
3.77 €
3.47 €
Medical Branch LibraryMuenster, Germany
Conclusions
Adapted from: Oliver Obst, “Patterns and Cost of Printed and Online Journal Usage,” Health Information and Libraries Journal 2003.
•For titles included in the study, users accessed the online
version significantly more than the print version.
•The unit cost of an online usage was 5.38 times
(18.68 € /3.47 €) less expensive than the unit cost of print
journal usage.
Annual Nonsubscription Costs for Print and Electronic Journals
Schonfeld, King, Okerson,
and Fenton, The
Nonsubscription Side of
Periodicals: Changes in
Library Operations and
Costs between Print and
Electronic Formats, Council
on Library and Information
Resources, June 2004.
Print Journal Backfiles
Cost Per Title ($US)
$ 10.95
$ 10.67
$ 35.19
$ 10.63
$ 7.28
$ 16.84
$ 12.83
$ 26.29
$ 16.01
$ 47.04
$ 33.53
$ 105.65
$ 63.77
$ 313.89
$ 92.38
$ 101.37
$ 74.06
$ 50.33
$ 49.82
$ 41.77
$ 59.21
$ 29.37
$ 0.88
$ 1.10
$ 0.32
$ 0.63
$ 0.39
$ 1.80
$ 0.98
$ 0.18
$ 1.63
$ 1.15
$ 1.15
Bryn Mawr
Franklin and Marshall
Suffolk
Williams
Drexel
George Mason
Western Carolina
Cornell
NYU
Pitt
Yale
Current Print Journals
Cost Per Title ($US)
E-Journals
Cost Per Title ($US)
II. Using Unit Cost Data for Management Decisions
• University of Virginia
• University of Connecticut
• Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries (CARL)
UVA Summary
Special thanks to: Jim Self (UVa)
• Electronic journals provided by 26 publishers and aggregators cost about $2.3
million in fiscal year 2003, and there were 1.4 million recorded, yielding an average
cost per article downloaded of roughly $1.64.
• Cost per article used ranged from $.07 to $17.92; the median publisher/aggregator
cost per article use was slightly more than $1.00.
• Forty-nine major electronic reference databases cost approximately $550,000
annually. These 49 databases were searched about 1.05 million times last year,
yielding a $0.52 per search cost.
• The most heavily used database was searched more than 270,000 times, at a per
search cost of $0.08. An infrequently searched database had the highest per search
cost ($16.68).
University of Connecticut Libraries Database Unit Costs
Special thanks to: Deborah Sanford (UConn).
$ 0.27
$ 0.73
$ 0.64
$ 1.88
$1.15
WorldCat
JSTOR
FirstSearch
Web of Science
Total
35,762
31,485
14,736
72,040
154,023
$9,766
$23,100
$9,380
$135,270
$177,516
30,131
49,439
13,700
66,420
159,690
$0.37
$0.62
$0.47
$2.17
$1.20
FY 2002Searches
FY 2002Cost
FY 2003Searches
FY 2003Cost per Search
$11,160
$ 30,650
$ 6,375
$ 144,039
$192,224
FY 2003Cost
FY 2002Cost perSearch
CARL Summary
Special thanks to: George Machovec (CARL)
•Subscribing to 13 databases costs CARL about $600,000 a year. The databases
are then offered to more than 100 libraries, 10 of which are Alliance members.
Based on annual usage, each library in the state is assessed a share of the cost,
with a $350 minimum.
• Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries’ 10 members used the 13 databases
approximately 1.3 million times in a recent fiscal year, or 56% of the total state-
wide use.
• Consequently, each CARL member paid about $0.25 for each use of these
databases.
Conclusions
• Different libraries can expect to have different nonsubscription and unit costs per use for their electronic collections, even if licensing costs are similar.
• Electronic journal use data will become more reliable and is probably already more reliable than use data for print journals, allowing better unit cost comparisons among journal titles.
• Operating costs in the print environment typically exceeded subscription costs; in the pioneering Drexel study, nonsubscription costs ($0.45) represented only about 25% the total cost per use ($1.85) of electronic journals.
• Libraries still typically compute subscription cost per use, not total cost (i.e., subscription plus nonsubscription) cost per use.
Conclusions
•We can expect significantly lower operating costs in the electronic
journal environment than we experienced in the print environment AND
significantly more use, resulting in much lower unit costs per use.
•The data we now have available may raise some questions about our
previous selection policies:
•Some journals whose prices seemed preposterous in the absence of
cost per use data may seem (at least slightly) more reasonable in the
context of cost per use.
•Conversely, some reasonably priced journals now seem expendable
given their low-recorded use and unit cost per use.
III. MINES for Libraries™
•U.S. Medical Libraries
•U.S. Main Libraries
•Ontario Council of University Libraries (OCUL)
•MINES is a research methodology consisting of a web-based survey form and a sampling plan. •MINES measures who is using electronic resources, where users are located at the time of use, and their purpose of use.
•MINES was adopted by the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) as part of the “New Measures” toolkit in May, 2003.
•MINES is different from other electronic resource usage measures that quantify total usage (e.g., COUNTER, EQUINOX, E-Metrics, ICOLC Guidelines, ISO and NISO standards) or measure how well a library makes electronic resources accessible (LibQual+TM).
What is MINES?
Library User Survey
24%
9%
27%
39%
SponsoredResearch
Instruction
Patient Care
Other
Purpose of Use By LocationU.S. Medical Libraries
2003 – 2005
*83% of sponsored research usage occurred outside the library. 92% of this use took place on-campus.
31%
14%10%
45%
33%37%
14%16%
13%
50%
18%19%
On-Campus, Not in the Libraryn = 15,948
In the Libraryn = 6,590
Off-Campusn = 4,852
Overall Usen = 27,390
5%
26%
66%39%
SponsoredResearch
Instruction
Other
OtherSponsoredActivities
Purpose of Use By LocationU.S. Main Campus Libraries
2003 – 2005
*72% of sponsored research usage of electronic resources occurred outside the library; 83% took place on campus.
2%14%
63%
21%
11%
2%
25%
62%
6%
2%
34%
58%
On-Campus, Not in the Libraryn = 9,460
In the Libraryn = 9,733
Off-Campusn = 7,790
Overall Usen = 26,983
OCUL Scholars Portal Users by Purpose of Use
In a sample of 20,300 electronic resources uses at OCUL libraries,
there were four uses outside the library for each use in the library.
8%6%2%
16%
26% 42% Sponsored Research
Coursework
Other Research
Other Activities
Teaching
Patient Care
Copies of this presentation
are available at:
www.library.uconn.edu/~bfranklin
See also:
“Managing the Electronic Collection with Cost
per Use Data” by Brinley Franklin, IFLA Journal,
Vol. 31, No. 3 (October, 2005)
www.minesforlibraries.org
Contact the author at:
Use Measures for Electronic Resources: Theory and Practice
A Librarian’s Perspective