Usage of Japanese Verbs

- A dictionary for foreign learners

of Japanese Language

Created by :

Ei Cohen

Electronically published by :

Personal Office Telintalk

Tokyo Japan

Revised Edition : June 2010

JOBUN (Japanese Preface)

Jobun I

Hissha ga, kanari nenrei ga takaku natte kara, eigo igai no gaikokugo wo manabi, shounenjidai kara naganen ni watatte mananda eigo yori, jissai no yaku ni tatte iru korera no gaikokugo ni tsuite omou toki, gaikokugo no gakushuusha ni totte, ikani saisho no kyouiku mesoddo ( method) ga juuyou de aru ka wo omoi sirasareta. Sorera hukusuu no shurui no kotonaru gaikokugo wo osieru mesoddo ha, sorezore kotonatte ita nimo kakawarazu, tomoni sono chuusin ni suerarete ita no ga, dousi de atta. Sosite, hissha ga gaikokugo wo manabu tachiba de rikai si, gengo wo gaikokujin ni osieru ni atatte juuyouda to kangaeru koto ha, kono dousi no shuutoku de aru. Kore ha hotondo sinnen ni chikai mono de aru. Mochiron, kokode iu dousi no shuutoku toha, dousi wo ta no gengo youso kara kirihanasite itte iru no daha nai. Gyaku ni, dousi to setsuzoku suru ta no youso tono karami no nakade, kimerarete iru dousi no hataraki to gutaitekina imi no rikai ga nasareru koto wo iu node ari, sore ha gutaitekina hito to hito tono komyunikeeshon ( communication) no naka deno sityueeshon ( situation) ni oujita imi no ha'aku ni tsunagaru mono de aru. Kore ha gengo no chigai ni yora nai, huhentekina meidai da to hissha ha sinzuru. Hurikaette, waga nihongo wo gaikokujin ga shuutoku siyou to suru toki, kono koto ha issou juuyouna imiai wo motte kuru. Nihongo no dousi ha, sore jitai de, sono hataraki no tayousei wo motte iru bakari de naku, tokuni, tayouna jodousi ya josi ga kirabosi no gotoku dousi wo torimaite, jitsuni yuukitekina hokankankei wo motte, tagai no hataraki to imi wo kettei site iru. Kono ten ni oite, nihongo no jodousi to josi ha, sono kazu no oosa tomo aimatte, seioushokukugo no jodousi ya zenchisi no hatasu yakuwari wo ookiku ryouga siteiru to kakusin site iru. Sono you na kihontekina konseputo ( concept) ni tatte, "Jitsuyou kouza: OTO KARA MANABU NIHONGO" no hensan ni sakidatte, hissha ga massaki ni torikakatta koto ga, onsetsu lebelu ni tachi'itte sakusei sita kyousiyou to gakuseiyou no hatsuon kyouzai de ari, sore to narande, kono "NIHONGO DOUSI YOUHOU JITEN" no hensan de aru. Kono jiten ha, saki ni nobeta hissha no kanten wo gutaitekini akirakani site iru (mata sono ito wo motte hensan site iru) to sinzuru node, kono sho wo riyou sareru kata ha, dare simo, hissha no iwan to suru tokoro wo rikai sareru darou to omou. Mata kono jiten ha, jouki no "OTO KARA MANABU NIHONGO" no sankousho to site hensan sare, hissha no kangaeru gaikokugo to site no (tsumari, gaikokujin ni totteno ikokugo to site no) nihongo no kyouiku mesoddo to yuukiteki ni ketsugou site iru. Kono jiten no kousei to siyouhou ha, tsugi no "Kono jiten no kousei to tsukaikata" de nobete aru ga, toriwake gaikokujin no shogakusha ni totte ha, kore wo tandoku de siyou suru yori ha, jouki no mesoddo no nakade siyou suru hou ga yori koukateki de arou to omou. Sikasi, aruteido nihongo wo shuutoku site iru gakushuusha ga, kyoumi wo motte yuukou riyou deki nai to iu koto deha nai. You ha, gaikokujin gakushuusha ga, nihongo no dousi wo meguru, jodousi to josi no kirabiyakana kyouen wo kakunin si, sono youhou wo etoku si, motte nihongo to Nippon no bunka wo yori hukaku rikai site itadakere ba, hissha no mokuteki ha tasse rare, ooi ni yorokobi to suru tokoro de aru.

Ei Cohen,

2010 nen 6 gatsu

Kono Jiten no Kousei to Tsukaikata

Jobun II

Kono "NIHONGO DOUSI YOUHOU JITEN" ha, (mikan no) "Jitsuyou kouza: OTO KARA MANABU NIHONGO"ni yoru jugyou wo susumeru ni atatte no sankousho to site hensan sareta mono de atta. Sikasinagara kono kouza no tekisuto ha, shohan no jijoude mihensan no mama soukou no joutai de tomatte simatte iru. Kono jiten niha, gendai nihongo de tsukawarete iru, hotondo no dousi ga hukumarete iru ga, ichibu nihonjin demo mazu me ni suru koto no nai youna dousi ha katsuai sarete iru. Sono you na jijou nimo kakawarazu, hajimeni nobeta you ni, kouza no tekisuto yori saki ni hensan sita kankei kara NIHONGO DOUSI YOUHOU JITEN no hou ga sakini dekiagatte simatte iru node, kono tabi kore wo saki ni koukai site zensekai no nihongo gakushuusha no riyou nikyousuru koto ni sita sidai de aru. Kono jiten no midasigo ni natte iru dousi ha subete, aposutorofii (apostrophe) () de dousi no genkei no gokan to gobi sono ta no youso wo wakete hyouji site aru. [Rei: Aisuru; Au nado] Midasigo ha, hajime ni sono oto wo arawasu tame ni eimoji (English characters) de hyouji site ari, tsudzuite hirakana ga simesite aru. [Rei: Iku ()Ageru] . Kou suru koto ni yotte, gakushuusha ga shogakusha de atte mo sorezore no oto ni taiou suru nihongo no hyouki hirakana ga sikakuteki ni atama ni hairu koto mo nerai to site iru. Midasigo ha, dousi no juuyoudo ni oujite, ji no saizu (size) wo kaete aru. [Rei: Uke ru: Ukaga u : A u : Usu meru ()] Douon'igigo no aru baai ha, midasigo ha hitotsu daga, yourei no naka de, (* > ; ** > ) no youni, asuterisuku (asterisk) no kazu wo huyasu koto ni yotte imi no chigau dousi de aru koto wo sisa site ari, sorezore imi no chigai wo akiraka ni suru you ni, kana majiri kanji de nihongo wo hyouki site iru. [Rei: Au () * () > Kyou niji ni sensei to au (). > ** () > Seikaku (shumi, taisitsu) ga awa () nai to itte, hutari ha wakareta. > ]. Yourei ha subete prompt-mark (>) de hajimatte ite, bunshou no naka de sono dousi ga jissai no kenka kei de hutoji no italikku tai (bold-italic) de arawasare te ori, dousi no gobi henka wo hikiokosu youin to naru go ga italikku tai de simesarete iru. Kono jiten ni noserarete iru dousi niha, ichi'ichi subete no dousi ni imi ha tsukete inai ga, tokuni hitsuyou to hissha ga handan sita mono ni tsuiteha, midasigo no chokugo ni, kakko no nakani, ( ) no youna katachide imi ga

Kono Jiten no Kousei to Tsukaikata

Jobun III

ataerarete iru (*1). Mata ookuno dousi no baai deha, yourei no bunshou no nakade no imi ga, onajiku ( ) no katachide hobo sono dousi no sugu usiro ni ataerarete iru (*2). Izure no baai mo, ataerarete iru imi ha, ichibu gokai wo maneku osore no aru mono wo nozoite, subete genkei de aru. [Rei (*1): Idzu ru (Ide ru) ( deru, hasshou suru)] [Rei (*2): "Kimi no jitsuryoku (nouryoku, ) ha takaku katte iru ( hyouka suru).] Ono'ono no dousi ni simesarete iru yourei ha, subete prompt-mark (>) de hajimari, tsugino prompt-mark no mae no piriodo ( period) de owaru. Yourei no bunshou no naka no midasigo-dousi ha, subete bunshou no naka no henkakei de, booludo-italikku ( bold-italic) no jitai ( style) de hyouji sarete iru. [Rei: > Doko de nanji ni ai () mashou ka.] Reibun no naka ni kan'youtekina hyougen ga aru baai ha, awasete sore nimo douyou no houhou de imi wo ataete aru. [Rei: > Iwazu mo gana no koto ( iwa nakute mo ii koto) wo itte minna no hukurodataki ni atta () ( yousha no nai issei kougeki ni atta).] Kono jiten no yourei no daibubun ha hissha no sousaku ni naru bunshou de aru ga, kotowaza, kakugen, kan'youku nado to tomo ni, wazuka nagara, bungaku sakuhin no uchi, nihonjin nara ookuno hito ga sitteite, kan'youkutekini mochiite iru bunshou mo sono naka de siyou sarete iru. [Rei: Nuke ru () : > Tonnelu wo nukeru () to, yukiguni datta. (Kawabata Yasunari: )] In'you sareta bunshou ha subete andaalain (underline) wo hodokosite aru. [Rei : Iku (): ** () ( ikiru) >Iku () beki ka iki () zaru beki ka, soko ga sian no sidokoro da. (Shakespea: Makbeth yori).] [Rei : Isogu () : > Awateru koto ha nai,"isoga () ba maware" tte, iu kara ne.] Dousi kara hasei suru meisi ya keiyousi, hukusi nado wo kakageru koto ha, kono jiten no mokuteki to suru tokoro deha nakatta ga, ichibu hikakuteki yoku tsukawareru mono ni tsuiteha sorera no hinsi no yourei mo simesite aru. [Rei: Ike ru (); * > Hana wo ikeru ();. (n: Ike (); > Ike bana ()ha nihon no dentougeijutsu desu.) Nihongo no hatsuon no tokuchou to site, Onbin to iu genshou ga aru. Sore ha tsugi no go ni tsuduku toki ni okoru mae no go no gobi no henbou (mutation) da to rikai sare tai. Sono omona mono ha, U ni kawaru mono

Kono Jiten no Kousei to Tsukaikata

Jobun IV

(U-Onbin), I ni kawaru mono(I-Onbin),, oto ga tsumatte -tsu no youna oto ni kawaru mono [kono katachi ha, kiwamete sibasiba kako wo arawasu joshi ta () ya setuzoku no joshi te () ni tsudzuku sai ni okoru [Rei: Yama ni itta () > Aitsu no ie ni itta () ra, uchi ni kuru you ni itte () kure.]. Kono youna baai, hutsuu ha tta/-tte no you ni hyouki sareru no daga, yourei no bunshou no naka de ha -tta/-tte no you ni hyouki sarete, senkou suru t ga hutojishatai (bold-italic) de hyouji site, maeno go no youso de aru koto wo simesite aru.] Mou hitotsu ha gobi no oto ga nomikomarete n () no youna hana ni nukeru oto ni kawaru [kono baai, dousi deha yobite () yonde (), yomite () yonde () nado no you ni setsuzoku ya kako wo arawasu josi to kanrensite, -nu, -mu, -bu nado no gobiga nomikomarete n () to hyouki sare, douji ni te ya ta no oto ga de ya da no oto ni kawaru.] Nihongo no motte iru seisitsu kara, nihongo no dousi ha sibasiba hukugoudousi no katachide mochiirareru. Koto ni kihontekina dousi ha, sorezore kiwamete tasai na hukugoudousigun wo motte iru. Hukugoudousi no shui ( shu to suru imi) ha, sore wo katachidzukuru youso no uchi sentou ni aru dousi ga arawasu. Sitagatte, kono jiten deha, hukugoudousi ha, hotondo no baai midasigo to sezu, sono sentou no dousiyouso ni taiou suru midasigo (sore wo koko deha "shudousi" to kari ni nadzukeru) no nakade, sorezore ichirei dake, youhou no rei wo agete aru. Sonotame, sorera no hukugoudousi niha genkei ga simesarete inai. Shudousi no nakade yourei wo simesite aru hukugoudousi ha, (# > ) no youni, "sharp-prompt-kigou" de hajimaru bunshouchuu ni henkakei de simesu. [Rei: Iki ru (): > Ikiru () tame ni hataraku. > # > Sinda hazu no otoko ga iki kaetta ().] Ichibu juuyouna hukugoudousi ha, midasigo ni site aru. Kono baai ha sore ga hukugoudousi ka douka ha, chisiki ga nakere ba, setsumei wo uke nai kagiri, wakara nai. [Rei: Uke o u (): Uketsukeru (): Uke toru (): Uke mo tsu () nado] Jugyou ni saisite, korera no dousi ga hutatsu ijou no youso kara naritatte iru koto, sorezore no youso no motsu imiteki na hataraki wo setsumei suru koto ga, gakushuusha no rikai wo hayameru to kangaeru. Kono jiten wo tsukau kyousi ha, sono ten wo rikai site, jugyou sare tai.

Kono Jiten no Kousei to Tsukaikata

Jobun V

Hukugoudousi ha kazu ga ooii node, ono'ono ichirei dake wo agete aru ga, jigyoudeha, kyousi ga, hosokuteki ni siyourei wo takusan ataeru hitsuyou ga arou. Mata ichibu gaikokujin ga siyou suru koto ha nasasouna mono ha habuite aru. Nao kono jiten no kanmatsu niha, "Appendix 4" tosite hukugoudousi no zen lisuto ga nosete aru. Kono jiten no konkan bubun ha mokuji ni aru youni, zenbu de 17 no sekushon (section) ni wakete aru. Sono kijun ha nihongo no gojuuon jun de aru ga, dakuon, handakuon, sakkaon de hajimaru dousi ha betto nukidasite ari, ippan no nihongo no jishorui toha omomuki wo koto ni suru. Sono hairetsu no junjo ha, A-gyou kara Wa-gyou made ha gojuuonji jun de, tsudzuite, Ga, Za, Ba, Pa, Kya, Sha, Cha, Mya, Rya, Gya, Ja, Bya no kaku gyou no jun ni natte iru. Kono jiten no peiji ha toosipeiji ni natte inai, mokuji ni aru youni, kaku gyou no sentou no onsetsu wo daihyou to site sorezore ni peiji ga utarete aru. Pa-gyou ikou no kazu no sukunai mono ha yori ooii kazu no dousi ga aru gyou wo guruupu (group) no daihyou to site peiji wo utte aru. Kono jiten niha 5-tsu no "Hosoku (Appendix)" ga tsuite iru. Kore ni yotte, dousi to jodousi no youhou ni kansuru subete no youten ga moura sarete iru. Hosoku 1-I to 1-II ha, jodousi no youhou ni kansuru koto ga moura sarete iru. Hosoku 2, 3, niha dousi no youhou no juuyoujikou no subete ga moura sarete iru. Hosoku 4 ha, sude ni nobeta youni, hukugoudousi no lisuto (list) de aru. Korera no Hosoku no uchi de, gaikokujin gakushuusha ni totte yori juuyou nano ha hajime no hutatsu de arou. Naze nara, jodousi ha, josi to tomoni, bunshou no naka deno tano goku no yakuwari to hataraki to imi wo kettei suru kara de aru. Mata jodousi to josi ha tagai ni hokanteki ni sorezore no yakuwari to hataraki wo kimeau. Sarani ichibu no jodousi ha, ta no jodousi no hataraki wo mo kimeru. Korera no youhou ni shuujuku suru koto ha, nihongo no gokan wo mini tsukeru noni taihen juuyoude aru. Appendix 1-I deha, tsugi no youna kousei ni natte iru. Jodousi no midasigo ha [ ] no naka ni hyouji sarete iru. { Rei: [U] ; [SASERU] nado} Kigou " " ga tsuite iru midasigo ha, kotengo da ga, sono naka niha genzai mo, gagotekina (i.e. miyabi na) hyougen ya, jidaigeki ya jidai shousetsu nado de tsukawarete iru mono de aru. Tsukaware naku natte iru mono ha shuuroku sarete inai.

Kono Jiten no Kousei to Tsukaikata

Jobun VI

{ Rei: [SIMU] : > Shojou (wo) sitatame, tsukai no mono ni mota simu ( motte ika seta).} Hitotsu no bunshou no hajimari ha, sude ni [DOUSI YOUHOU JITEN] de nobeta youni prompt-mark ( >) de meiji sarete iru.

Jodousi no kaku koumoku no yourei ha, tsugi no youna houhou de sikibetsu sarete iru. * Reibunchuu ni arawareru kaku kou no jodousi ha shatai no hutoji (bold-i tal ic) de hyouki sarete iru. [Rei: > Sonna ni yuu nara, boku mo iku no wo yosou.] * Douitsu reibun chuuno hoka no jodousi ha shataiji (italic) de hyoukisarete iru. [Rei: > Kongetsu kagiri de kono kaisha wo yame sasete itadaki masu.] * Renzoku site iru jodousi ha ushiro no jodousi no saizu wo ookiku site kubun site meiji site aru. [Rei: > Otto mo mou jiki modoru deshou kara, sibaraku chanomibanasi demo site i mashou . Yukkuri site ikeru no deshou ."] * In'youbun ya kan'you hyougen ha shitasen (underline) de meiji site aru. [Rei: > Ikura kuchi wo suppaku site itte mo chittomo kikou to si nai nda yo, ano ko ha.] Jodousi ni sakidatte tsunagaru hinsi ha, sono hinsi no eigomei no ryakugou de ("R" +) no katachi de simesu. "R" ha hinsi no eigomei no ryakugou (tadasi josi no baai ha josi sono mono). [Rei: (V +), (Adj +), (no +) nado. "no" ha josi] Kono jiten ni tsukawarete iru ryakugou niha, kaki no youna mono ga aru. V : dousi ( verb) Adj/adj: keiyousi ( adjective) Adj v: keiyoudousi ( adjective verb) Aux v: jodousi ( auxiliary verb) N / n: meisi ( noun) Adv/adv: hukusi ( adverb)

Kono Jiten no Kousei to Tsukaikata

Jobun VII

Appendix 1-II deha, jodousi no hataraki ga sono taigen site iru imi no katachide kubun sarete iru. Koko deha, midasi no jodousi ni tsunagaru hinsi no shurui ga kantan ni simesarete iru. { Rei: [U] (kategorii 1 no dousi to keyousi, keiyoudousi ni tsunagaru) Mata sorezore no jodousi no hataraki no kubun ni oujite reibun ga simesarete aru. Reibun ha asterisk (*) de hajimaru (tadasi kaku kou no saisho no reibun dake). Setsuzoku site iru dousi ha boldo-tai de meiji sare, midasigo no jodousi ha henkakei de 12 point no bold-tai ni shitasen (underline) de meiji site aru. { Rei: [U] (hanasite no isi) * "Saa, kore kara Yumi no tegami ni henji wo kakou."} Douitsu bunshou ni hokano jodousi ga aru baai ha, sore ha tanni bold-tai de meiji site aru. [Rei: "Kyou ha mou dare mo konai darou."] Kono hosoku no sekushon (section) 2 niha sorezore no jodousi no kanouna gokei henka subete no reibun ga ataerarete iru. Shousai ha sono kou no setsumei wo sanshou sare tai. Appendix 2 deha dousi no tokushuna youhou ya zougohou, meirei no katachi, kateihou no katachi to setsuzoku suru oto ni yotte hikiokosareru oto no henka (onbin) ni tsuite no gutairei ga simesarete aru. Kono onbin ni tsuite ha, sono oto no henka ni itaru keika ga zusikitekini simesarete iru node, gaikokujin gakushuusha nimo rikai siyasui darou to omowareru. [Honrai, kono oto no henka ha, nihonjin ga hatsuwa suru sai ni okoru koukuu nai to kokyuukikei deno seiritekina henka no kekka hikiokosareru mono de ari, tokubetsuna kisokusei ga sakini atta wake deha nai. Ato kara soko ni kyoutsuu no kisokusei wo mitometa ni suginai. Mata jidai ni yotte onbin no katachi mo chigai, chihou ni yotte ha sono nagori wo todomeru onbin wo tsukau tokoro mo aru.] Izureni sitemo, kono otono henka mo, nihongo no gokeihenka no juuyouna youso to natte iru node, orosoka niha dekinai. Gaikokujin gakushuusha ha, kore wo tadasiku rikai site, sono kisokusei ni shuujuku suru hitsuyou ga aru. Appendix 3 deha, gokei henka no shujusou ga reiji sarete iru. Hajime ni, dousi ni setsuzokusuru go no chigai ni yoru henka ni tsuite rei ga simesarete ari, saigoni dousi no kihonkei no daihyoutekina mono ni tsuite, kanouna henkakei ga reibun no naka de simesarete iru. Koko deha, dousi no kihonkei no bunpoutekina yobina ha tsukawazu, 5-tsu no kategorii ni wakete aru (cf. : sono youna bunpouyougo wo oboete mo gogaku shuutoku no tasi ni nara nai to omou tame de aru.) Sorezore no daihyouteki na dousi ni tsuite, ono'ono 8-tsu no setsuzoku pataan (patern) (kore mo honsho de ha

Kono Jiten no Kousei to Tsukaikata

Jobun VIII

bunpoutekina meishou ha tsukawa nai) ni tsuite, reibun ga simesarete aru. 5-tsu no henkakei kategorii to 8-tsu no setsuzoku pataan to iu gainen ha, gaikokujin gakushuusha ga yokeina bunpou yougo ni chuui wo sorasareru koto naku, gakushuu dekiru youni to no hairyo kara de ari, hissha ga kangaedasita mono de, shourai, nihongo no gengogaku wo senkou sento suru mono ha, izure Nippon de saiyousarete iru tadasii yougo wo manabi naosu hitsuyou ga aru koto ha, gen wo mata nai. Appendix 2, 3 ni kansite ha, koko deha rei wo ageru koto ha shouryaku suru. Sorezore no kaisetsu wo sanshou saretai. Ijou ga kono jiten no naritachi ni tsuite no gaiyou de aru. Kono jiten ha, hajime nimo nobeta youni, "Jitsuyou kouza: OTO KARA MANABU NIHONGO"(mikan) no sankousho to site hensan sareta. Koko ni agerareta reibun ha, akumade mo hissha no sokkyoutekina sakubun ni yoru. In'youbun ni tsute sae, omoitsuki de agerareta ni suginai. Sitagatte sorera ga saitekina mono de aru toha kagira nai to omou ga, "wareware ippanjin ga sono go wo tsukau to sureba, kou naru", to iu hitotsu no sankourei de aru. Kono koto ha juuyou de, gaikokujin gakushuusha ga, shourai, korera no kotoba wo ouyou site yuku sai ni, kanarazu ya yakudatsu darou. Kono jiten no siyou ha, kihonteki niha, roomaji hyouki no nihongo gakushuu tekisuto wo tsukatta jugyou de nasareru beki mono to omou. Tokuni shogakusha ya, amari goi no houhude nai shokyuu no gakushuusha deha, bekko ni siyou suru koto ha, hotondo imi no nai koto darou to kangae rareru kara de aru. Sikasi aruteido no lebelu ( level) made nihongo wo shuutoku sita gakushuusha ga, tsukaikata wo saikakunin sitari, goi wo huyasitari suru tame ni riyou suru koto ha kanou de ari, imi no aru koto kamo sire nai. Sou iu imi deha izure chikai shourai ni, roomaji hyouki dake de naku, nihongo no mojitaikei wo tsukatte hensan suru hitsuyou mo aru darou to, hissha ha kangaete iru. Tomokaku mo, kono jiten no reibun ha, tannaru reibun no rekkyo ni todomarazu, toki niha, reibun jisin ga aruteido monogatarisei no aru monode attari, hitotsu no kaiwa ni natte itari suru node, riyou suru toki ha, joukei nado wo imeeji (image) site, yomi katsu riyou suru koto wo susumeru. Mata korera no reibun wo sozai ni site, monogatarisei no aru kaiwa ya sakubun wo kousei sitari suru nomo hitotsu no riyouhou deha nakarou ka, to omou sidai de aru.

*******

Ei Cohen 2010 nen 6 gatsu

Honsho ni tsukawarete iru onsetsu

Jobun IX

Honsho niha ika no hyou ni hutoji tai de simesu youna nihongo no onsetsu ga tsukawarete iru.Nao [ ] nai no onsetsu ha, gaikoku no chimei, jinmei , gairaigo no katakana-hyouki de siyou sareru. (*) ha hanboin "n" no oto wo imi suru. \ a i u e o \ a i u e o k ka ki ku ke ko ky kya - kyu - Kyo

s sa si su se so sh sha [shi] shu [she] Sho

t ta [ti ] [tu] te to ch cha chi chu che Cho

chi tsu ts [tsa] [tsi] tsu [tse] [tso]

n na ni nu ne no ny nya - nyu - Nyo

h ha hi hu he ho hy hya - hyu - Hyo

m ma mi mu me mo my mya - myu - Myo

y ya - yu - yo - - - - -

r ra ri ru re ro ry rya - ryu - ryo [l] [la] [l i] [lu] [le] [lo] [ly] [lya] - [lyu] - [lyo]

w wa - wu - wo - - - - N (ung)*

g ga gi gu ge go gy gya - gyu - Gyo

z za [zi] zu ze zo j ja ji ju je Jo ji (dja) (dju) (dje) (djo)

d da [di] du de do dz [dza] dzi dzu [dze] [dzo]

b ba bi bu be bo by bya - byu - Byo

p pa pi pu pe po py pya - pyu - Pyo

[(Chuu) : "ja"-gyou no ( ) nai ha nihon go no honrai no oto ni chikai oto wo

arawasu. Tadasi hyoukihou ha juurai doori no kanrei ni sitagatte iru.]

English Preface to the Usage of Japanese Verbs

English Preface - 1

Preface This dictionary firstly is written and edited by Ei Cohen long years ago in early 1990s as a side reference book for a course intended in that time period for phonetic approach to the Japanese language, especially targeted to those in Russia who were desired to be educated as business persons around the period of corruption of the old Russia, i.e. USSR. But that intention didnt take place due to various reasons the author Ei Cohen faced in his economical activities in connection with the collapse of USSR so the first version of the Dictionary was placed in old electronic archives in the authors private office. After passing the confine of the twenty first century, there has newly come up a possibility to utilize that old edition of the Dictionary so called the Usage of Japanese Verbs, a Dictionary with some kind of supplements - the Usage of Japanese Auxiliary Verbs and the Tips in using Japanese verbs which is now separated and published as the Dictionary of Japanese Auxiliary Verbs with Tips in using Japanese Verbs) (these dictionaries are hereinafter collectively referred to the Dictionaries) as a kind of contents of Ei Cohens Web Site mainly intended to publish his fictional stories, so as to be a kind of supplemental items to be published. Many efforts have been made for revision of old edition utilizing narrowest possibility of times given, and reached the targeted aim merely in the end of first quarter of the 2004. Nevertheless, again, the intention of the author didnt take place straightforwardly, then there passed five years, remaining such an intention of Ei Cohen unrealized because of lacking sufficient material readiness of the main items (i.e., many above-mentioned fictions havent been prepared in complete forms as intended) as well as economical possibility afforded to the author. Finally, however, all problems were resolved, and it is authors pleasure to present these Dictionaries to everybody who wishes to take a phonetic approach to Japanese Language, by means of text written in Japanese using so called Rooma-ji (i.e. English characters). (Should be accompanied by real voices for all texts presented, it would be optimal for all learners, but in this moment unfortunately technical and financial problems faced couldnt have been resolved until now. However in the next revised edition expected there could be given some kind of graphical presentation using simple illustrations, even though it takes many times.) Nevertheless, in the process of revision of the contents, the author has found a great deficiency in the contents of both Dictionaries which might be caused by a kind of the authors easy-going intention in those old period when he edited the first version of Dictionaries. Because the author in that time period merely

English Preface to the Usage of Japanese Verbs

English Preface - 2

considered, as told firstly, that all errors and omissions might be corrected in the course of instruction of Japanese Language where he has planed to use the Dictionaries merely for the students who could be joined in. Also the said defectiveness was regarded to the selected contents of the texts referred to, due to the first intention of use merely in the tutorial course for the Russian students. Due to these problems found, the author should have to make a lot of time-consuming effort to review and correct the whole contents of the Dictionaries and to re-review and completely to revise the old editions spending for more than last one year after the first publication of them on his Web Site, adding various possible Japanese writings to every entry word. The author believes that the addition of the different Japanese writings to the same word expressed in English characters (which may present the phonetic signs of such word at the same time) could provide a certain possibility to make learners acquaintance with and to have them understood the possible single or multiple meanings of the same word (or the same sound of word i.e., the different meanings or modes of expressions of the homonym). [e.g.: a word (or sound pronounced) Umu may be express in Japanese writings as either (which means as to bear or to derive)or (to produce(to fester)or (to get tired) ). Author Ei Cohen expects such improvement of contents and construction of the Dictionaries may serve for users to readily comprehend the relationship between Japanese Phonetics and the Japanese manner of writing (i.e. between Japanese voices and the typical Japanese writing system with Kanji and Hiragana (or Katakana as the case may be). Ei Cohen has written and edited this kind of Dictionaries because he believes that the most important thing in learning of any kind of languages is mainly to make acquaintance with the usage of verbs. In learning the Japanese Language, however, it is more important for foreign learners to comprehend the relationship the auxiliary verbs and auxiliary particles, because the latter two linguistic elements play much typical and unique roles in defining the final meanings of the verbs: namely, these three elements of speech in Japanese language serve each other somewhat complementary roles to define the ultimate (i.e. the real in the situations) meanings of the verbs themselves. As such, foreign learners of Japanese should focus their attention to firstly the verbs taking into account the features and functions of auxiliary verbs as well as auxiliary particles. When using this Usage of Japanese Verbs, learners may expect that they could grasp the fine and unique nuances (i.e. the sense of speech or the Japanese language itself) in the meanings, being the effect by the auxiliary verbs and/or auxiliary particle due to their features and functions. In these Dictionaries the users

English Preface to the Usage of Japanese Verbs

English Preface - 3

can find that there are highlighted such linguistic elements as the conjugation parts of verbs and auxiliary verbs, auxiliary verbs themselves and auxiliary particles by use of boldfaced and/or italicized fonts and/or with underlines. [For example like this: > Sono youna yasumono ha kawa nai ga ii. ] [For more exampls see the Dictionary of Japanese Auxiliary Verbs.] In such point of view the author recommends you to have and refer both of Dictionaries taking into account that there you may find more detail information around using Japanese verbs (see Appendix 2 and 3 of the Dictionary of Japanese Auxiliary Verbs). Finally, the author Ei Cohen hopes that every user of these Dictionaries could feel happy in using them and could grasp the real sense of the Japanese especially in the usage of Japanese verbs and auxiliary verbs and auxiliary particles in connection with verbs. The Author welcomes every kind of questions from users that may be come up from using these Dictionaries via E-mail address (eicohen@eikohen.com). Also he welcomes your kind comments and suggestions for further improvement of the Dictionaries. Ei Cohen greatly appreciates you for having interest in and purchasing these Dictionaries.

In Tokyo, June 15, 2010

Ei Cohen Personal Office Telintalk

Configuration of this Dictionary and

How to use it

English Preface - 4

[Configurations of this Dictionary] Now Ill give you brief explanation about this Dictionary. As you see, all words shown as entrys are written first by use of English character (for example, like this: Iku) and followed by so called Hiragana (for example, like this: ())then followed by a Japanese writing with Kanji + Hiragana like this (where the part of Kanji always conforms of the element of the Root for the said word, while the part written by Hiragana conforms of the suffix which may change its form according to the conditions followed by any other word or particle [for example like this: ikanai () (the form of negation followed by auxiliary verb nai ())iki masu () (the form of expression of the will of speaker followed by the auxiliary verb masu())iku ()(the finished form)iku toki () (mainly in connection with nouns)ikeba ()(the form of subjunctive mood followed by auxiliary particle ba ( ) (the form of the imperative mood)ikou ( (the mood of invitation followed by the auxiliary particle u () which indicates the invitation) etc. where the conjugation part of the said verb is shown unerlined) [each form may be pronounced like this: Ika nai ,Iki masu ,Iku,Iku toki ,Ike ba ,Ike,Ikou where nai () is an auxiliary verb of negation; toki () is a noun which means time(i.e. this expression means when one goes); masu () is an auxiliary verb to express ones decision or will; and u () is an auxiliary particle to invite or to prompt someone to an action. As such, there follow some example expressions in which some of these main forms of the same verb may appear. After that follow another homonyms, if any, (in this case like this: *() **()***() as entrys with examples of usage of each different case. None of explanation is presented for any of entry verbs in any of foreign languages. Users should make effort to comprehend the meaning of given verb through the examples of usage presented. Or instructors, if any, should try to give another multiple examples of usage to make learners to comprehend the meanings of the given verbs until the learners have grasped the meaning only by means of Japanese language. The author does not recommend to use bilingual dictionary to have easy-going understand of each word through native language of the user. For the verbs difficult to comprehend (especially for classic word), there are provided some explanation or synonyms in Japanese language referring to, for example like this Inu ()( kaeru; modoru). Also there are given some explanations in the same manner for idiomatic expressions underlined and italicized in the examples of expression so as to let learners reached to their meanings.

Configuration of this Dictionary and

How to use it

English Preface - 5

Youll find some Nouns (n:) and/or Adjective-verbs (adjv.:) and or Adverbs (adv.:) deliverable from the given verbs in the manner of authors option, indicating like this: Amaru () [adv. : Amari ; > Amari (/ammari) k itai sare temo, kibou douri ni iku ka dou ka, hakkiri yakusoku ha si kane masu. [n.: Amari : 10 wo 3 de ware ba, amri ha 1 da. > Kare no munensa ha, sassuru ni amariaru ( juubun sassi rareru). / / / > Oya wo utonjite , musuko ha mettani ie ni yoritsuka nai. (adjv. : Utomasii (); > "Otoko ga uchi ni iru to utomasii( )" , to haha wa i tsumo guchi wo koboshite ita. In Japanese language, you could find many cases where are used various so called Complex/Compound Verbs (Fukugou Doushi) which are very important to comprehend the Japanese behaviors that may vividly expressed in the form of Complex Verbs. In this Dictionary you may find various usage of such Complex Verbs, especially for important verbs following to the examples of usage of certain principal verbs. Such Complex Verbs are given after the sign of # > lke this: Kaku () * > Ji (bunshou, tegami, shousetsu , nikki, monogatari, ronbun ,

repooto) wo kaku. > Nihongo (rosiago, eigo, furansugo, italiago, supeingo, hinduugo, arabiago ..) de si (douwa, monogatari, tegami, tayori..) wo kaku .

# > Kono shousetu wo kakiageru noni 5 nen kakatta. > Kono sakuhin ha arata ni kakiaratameru tsumori desu. There arent shown necessarily whole Complex Verbs listed in the annexed hereto the List of Complex Verbs (Hukugou-doushi Listo). Should you be interested in the mode of usage of such Complex Verbs excluded from the List adopted in the main Dictionary, you are advised to consult to your instructors or to contact directly to the author via E-mail at the address: eicohen@eikohen.com. Most of examples are created by the author, but there you may find several short famous expressions taken from well-known Japanese writers including ancient and

Configuration of this Dictionary and

How to use it

English Preface - 6

classic ones, as well as some Japanese maxims, adages or proverbs, which may hear in everyday intellectual life. Such referred expressions might be highlighted by means of italicized and underlined sentences followed by (name of originated sources) like this: Saosasu > Chi ni hatarake ba kado ga tatsu. Jou ni saosase ba nagasareru. (Natsume Souseki: Kusamakura). In this Dictionary there appear not only colloquial words of everyday use, but also modern and classical (or ancient) literary words, and examples of usage for that as well, and then the parallel acquaintance with the Usage of Japanese Auxiliary Verbs and the Tips in using Japanese Verbs, may be quite useful and recommendable for advanced learners who have desire to reach to the correct understandings of classical Japanese literatures. Due to the style of writing Japanese expressions with using English characters, it may be somewhat not so much easy to read and understand properly or exactly. So the author is always please your questions arisen from in using this Dictionaries and will be always ready to answer as sufficiently as possible to clarify your questions. Thanking for your interest in and approach to this Dictionary, the author hopes, you may feel happy in using these dictionaries with Appendices accompanied by.

In Tokyo, June 15, 2010

Ei Cohen Personal Office Telintalk

MOKUJI (Contents)

i

Koumoku Peiji

Mokuji (Contents) i

JOBUN (Japanese Preface) Jobun-I

Kono jiten no kousei to tsukaikata Jobun-II

Honsho ni tsukawarete iru onsetsu Jobun-IX

English Preface to the Usage of Japanese Verbs English Preface 13

Configuration of this Dictionary and How to use it English Preface 46

{Dictionary of Japanese Verbs}

1. A O A-1 A-54

2. Ka Ko Ka-1 Ka-51

3. Sa So Sa-1 Sa-24

4. Ta To Ta-1 Ta-30

5. Na No Na-1 Na-29

6. Ha Ho Ha-1 Ha-21

7. Ma Mo Ma-1 Ma-15

8. Ya Yo YaRaWa-1 YaRaWa-9

9. Ra Ro YaRaWa-10

10. Wa YaRaWa-11 YaRaWa-13

11. Ga Go GaJa -1 GaJa -3

12. Za-Zo GaJa -4 GaJa -6

13. Da Do GaJa -6 GaJa -10

14. Ba Bo GaJa -10 GaJa -14

15. Pa, GaJa -14

16. Kya, GaJa -14

17. Sha GaJa -15 GaJa -16

18. Cha, GaJa -16 GaJa -17

19. Mya GaJa -17

20. Rya, GaJa -17

21. Gya, GaJa -17 GaJa -18

22. Ja/Zya GaJa -18

23. Hukugou Dousi Ichiran Hyou(List of Complex Verbs) Hosoku 4-1~42

24. Henshuu Kouki (Editorial Post Script

Eigo (English) Post Script - 1

Nihongo (Japanese) Post Script - 2

A - 1

[A] Ai suru /> Ano hito ha okusan

to kodomo wo totemo a i s i te I'masu . > "Kimi wo aisi teru yo..." nante iwarete men kuracchatta (men kuratte sima tta) wa . > Konnichi no kankyou mondai no juudaisa wo kangaeru toki , doubutsu ya shokubutsu wo a i s u ru ( ) kokoro wo chi isai koro kara yasinatte iku koto ga , hijouni taisetsuna koto da to omoi masu . > Kare ha sizen wo a i s i te ( ), chisitsugakusha ni nari, jinseki mitou no chi hito ga daremo tachi itta koto no nai tokoro; mikai no kouya wo tanken site mawatte ite, metta ni ie niha modotte ko nai. > Si wo a i s i , sake wo a i s i , sizen no naka de dokusho wo a i s u. Sikasi sore dake jaa marude sennin da .. . onna mo a i s eba, tokai no kensou mo a i s i te koso, hito rasiku naru. > Nanji no rinjin wo a i s e y o ().

A u * () > Kyoo niji ni sensei to a u. > Doko de nanji ni a imashou ka? > Ginza no kissaten de goji ni a i mashou . > Doo, Mitsuo ni a e tano . Uuun, isoide kuukou ni itta kedo, a enakatta . > Kyou gogo hima (desu ka)? Iie, gogo ha zemi no sensei ni awanake reba naranai no (nara nai nda), gomen ne.

** () > Desaki de yuudachi ni a t te ( ) , zubunure ni natta. > Koutsuujiko ni awa nai you ni, ki wo tsukete unten si nasai! > Karuku kateru aite to mi te ita ga, omowanu teikou ni a t te

, kusen sita. > Iwazu mo gana no koto ( iwanaku temo i i koto) wo itte, minna no hukuro dataki ni a t ta( ) ( yousha no nai issei kougeki ni sarasa reta).

*** ( ) > Seikaku (Shumi) ga awa nai to itte, hutari ha wakareta. > Minna to itsumo iken (sori, kangae) ga awa nai de, hitori ukiagatte iru. > Kono tosi kaihatsu keikaku ha, chiiki-juumin no dentouteki na seikatsu kanjou ya, kankyou hozen ni taisuru youbou no, jitsujou ni a wanai. > Yougisha no iu koto ha tsujitsuma ga a t t e ( ) inai. > Kare no shuchou ha, doumo, pinto ga a t te( ) iani you da. > Fuku ni a t ta ( ) nekutai wo kae ba i i noni. > Kami no iro (me no iro) ni a t ta ( ) iro no suutsu (bousi, sukaahu, burausu, seetaa . .) wo erabu. > Konna kitsui sigoto de jikyuu sanbyaku en deha, awanai ( pei sinai, son suru). > Kore i jou makero to iware temo, kochira ha saisan no a wanai (son suru) torihiki ha deki masen node ... > Kessan de oohaba ni shuusi ga awa zu ( saisanware ni naru), hasan senkoku suru hame ni natta. > Sonna wari no awanai sigoto suru kurai nara, ne teru hou ga masi da, yamero yamero!

Ae ru * () > Kono yasai ha miso

de a e ru () to oisi i desu yo. > Touhu wo gomamiso de a e ru () . > Yasai wo goma de a e ru ().

** ( ) >Chikai uchini mata a e ru () to uresii na.

*** Konna tokorode

A - 2

kimi ni a e ru nante kiguuda ne.

Ae gu ( ) () > Zeikin no jyuuatsu ni kokumin ha a e ide() iru. > Bukka daka ni simin ha aoiki toiki de a e ide() iru. > Seihu no keizai seisaku no sippai de kokumin ha infule ni a e ide( ) iru. > Sono kaisha ha keiei no husin ni a e ide( ), shokuin no lei-ofu ha hissi to natta. > Bariki no denai basu ga, joukyaku wo susidzume ni nosete, sakamichi wo a eg i ( )nagara nobotte iku sama ha, kono kuni no onajimi no huukei da.

Ao mu ku ( ) ( ) ( Utsumuku(). > Aomu i te() goran. Hosi ga ippai kagayaite iru daro u . > Aomuku ( ) to chuuten ni minami juuji sei ga kukkiri to mie ta. Koko ha sekidou chokka nanda (nano da) to aratamete kanji ta.

Ao ru ( ) * ()> Hankan wo a o ru ( ) .

> Uchiwa de konro no hi wo a o ru ( ) . > Choushuu no kouhun wo a o ru ( ) . > Shuui ni a o rare( ) te, tagai ni raibalu isiki wo moyasita. > Keiki (infule, hankan ..) wo a o ru ( ) . > Minshuu no huankan, kikikan wo a o re ( ) ba , naikaku ga taoreru to demo omotta no darou ga, karera no gaitou deno sendou ha, kou wo sousa nakatta. > Mukasi ha kamado no hi wo a ot te ( ). takigi wo moyasi, suiji wo site i ta. > Tsuyoi kaze ni a o ra rete () kousoubilu ga yure te iru. > Nani mo hito no hankan wo a o ra ( ) naku temo yoi daro u . > Kokumin no kikikan

wo a o t te ( ) gunjihi no zougaku wo neratta.

** ()> Ikki ni koppu no uisukii wo a o t ta ( ) .

# > Seihu no kakuryou ga kokumin no huan wo issou a o r i t a te ru ( ) youna hatsugen wosite iru.

Ao gu ( ) * () > Uchiwa (sensu, ougi)

de munamoto wo a ogu ( ). > Zensin kara yuge wo tatete iru bokusaa wo sekondo ha taolu de a o i da().

** () > Ano hito ha watasi ga si to a ogu () (kyousi to site sonkei suru) hito de, jinsei de ooku no koto wo osie te kudasatta kata da. > Ano hito ha sidousha to site a ogu ( ) ni husawasii utsuwa no hito da. > Naganen no kenkyuu no seika wo kono issho ni matome masita. Minasama no socchokuna gohihan, goiken wo a og i ( ) tai ( ukagai tai) to zonji masu. > Kono ken ha sichoku no handan ni a og i ( ) tai to omoi masu. > Sorao a ogu ( ) ( miageru) to, ooki na mangetsu ga koukou to atari wo terasite ita.

# > Hyoushoudai ni tatta senshu ha kokki wo a og im i te () namida wo nagasita.

Ao zame ru ( ) ( ) > Taihojou wo tsukitsuke rareru to, otoko ha shunkan a oz ame ta () huu datta. > Byougo de a oz ame ta () kao ga, kanojo no soso to sita huzei ni isshu sugomi wo soete ita.

Aka su ( ) > Kodomo wo tasukete kureta hito ha namae wo a ka s azu ( iwazu ni) ni tachisatta. > Te no uchi wo a ka s anai ( sakusen wo aite ni wakarase

A - 3

nai) noga koushou-jutsu nan da. > Mune no uchi wo a ka s i ( sukkari shaberu)tara, kibun ga sappari sita. > Shussei no himitsu wo a ka s i ( hanasu) tara, endan ga kowareta. > Shushou ha sukyandalu ni kakawatte inai to, mi no keppaku wo a ka s u (shoumei suru) hitsuyou ga aru.

# > Tomo to hutari aki no yonaga wo k a ta r i -a ka s u . > Gakusei ni atarasii gakusetsu wo tok i -a ka s u . Kareha hukuzatsuna jiken no nazo wo yasuyasu to tok i -a ka s ita. > Sada ha otto no itai no makuramoto de hitobanjuu nak i akasi ta. > Aa, yukai da! Asa made n om i a ka sou.

A k a n u ke r u ( ) ( senren sare te sumaato ni naru) > Itsumade tatte mo a ka n u ke ()nai ne, ano kashu. > Sibaraku gaikoku ni itte ta to omottara, sukkari a ka n u ke ( )te kaette kita.

A k a r a mu ( ( akaruku naru)

( ) > Higasi no soraga ussura to a ka ram i ( ), sibaraku suru to makka na nichirin ga itetsuita setsugen no chiheisen ni sugata wo arawasi, ruri-iro ni somatta. Sore ha, kandouteki na huyu no rosia heigen no asa datta. > Hajime te o-sake wo non dan datte . . kao ga honnori a ka ra nde () .. . mada adoke nakute, uiuisi i nee.

A k a r ame r u ( )/ Aka me ru ( (/)(akaku suru)

> Hiyakasarete kao wo

a ka rame (a kame ) ( / )tenno. Mikake ni yorazu ubuna nda ne, ano ko.

A k a ru mu ( ( akaruku naru)

( ) > Sora ga a ka rum i ( ), kigi ni kotori tachi ga nakisaezuri dasi, sono koe de, me wo samasita. >Erai oshousan no seppou wo ki ite kokoro ga a ka ru n da () ( hareyakani natta).

A k i r a me r u ( dannen suru, houki suru)

( )> Shoubu ha kore made to akirame, chousensha ha touyo sita. > Saigo made a k i r ame ( ) zu ni ganbare ba, shouki ha tsukameru. > Takane no hana to a k i r ame ( ) te itara, hantai ni propoozu sareta ndatte. > Tokoton yaritai you ni yatta nda kara, a k i r ame ( ) rareru yo.

A k i r u ( tsudzukeru no ga iya ni naru)

( ) > Dokusho ni a k i te ( ), sanpo ni detara , warui koto ni shakkin-tori ni dekuwasita. > Kinou no kouen doo datta. Daradarato nagakute, a k i ta () yo. > Konna taikutsuna seikatsu ha mou aki ta(). > Ak i r u ( ) hodo tabete, non de, ne te, zonbun ni eiki wo yasinatta. > Munasii seiji rongi ha a k i ta ( ). Hayaku keizai kaikaku wo kidou ni nosete kure. > Asa kara umi ni moguri, hiru ha tenisu wo si, a k i r e ( ) ba , dekkicheaa de hirune wo tanosimi ... nan nen buri kade, konna kyuuka wo tanosinde imasu.

A k i r e r u ( ) ( )> Aitsu no atsukamasisa niha a k i r e te ( ) mono mo ie nai. > Ak i r e h a t e ta ( )

A - 4

renchuu da. Huseijitsu de, musekinin de, ichido mo yakusoku wo mamotta tamesi ga nai. > Ima kono kuni no kyuujou wo tasuke nakere ba, komaru noha anatagata da nante, mattaku a k i r e ka e ru ( ) yo, kono kuni no sidousha no kankaku ha.

A ku ( ) * ()> Doa ga a i te,

onna no kaoga nozoita. > Nani guzuguzu siteru no? Kono kagi nakanaka a ka ( )nai no yo. > Konderu ne kono densha. Un, dakedo tsugino ekide sekiga a ku ( ) yo. > Itsu nyuuin suru yotei (desuka)? Un, beddo ga a ku ( ) nowo matte runda ( matte iru no desu). > Nihon no ginkou ha heijitsu ha gozen juuji kara gogo sanji made a i te () iru ( eigyou site iru). > Depaato ga a ku ( ) noha juuji kara desu (kaiten suru). **( ) > Te (karada) ga a i ta( )ra , tetsudatte kure nai ka na. > A i ta() kuchi ga husagara nakutte ( akirekaeru), mono mo ie nai, atsukamasii yatsu da yo, mattaku.

** () > (akiru) Kono e ha mou a i ta ()na, hokano to kake kae you. > Mou hutari dake no seikatsu niha a i ta (), seisan siyou. > Aku ( ) naki yokubou ni, kanojo jisin, waga mi wo moteamasite ita.

A ke r u * > Mado wo a ke ru

. > Kagi wo a k e ru . > Heya wo akeru. > Suma nai kedo, kono kandzume wo a ke tekure nai ka? > Kyoukasho no 24 peiji wo a ke tekuda sai. > Kachou ga

tsukaikomi de choubo ni ana wo a ke te, yame sase rareta ndatte. Yarite datta noni nee .. . > Kaikaku-ha ga hoshu-ha ni ookiku mizu wo a ke teiru ( aite wo hiki hanasi te iru).

** ()> Michi wo a k e ru ( ) . > Karada no hujiyuuna kata no tameni seki wo a ke te () kudasai.

*** ()> Yo ga a ke ()( asa ni naru) tara , dekake yoo. > Tosi ga ak e ( )te, sejou mo ichidan to sawagasiku natte kita.

# > Subete no tobira wo a k e han a s i te dete itta. > Heya ni hairu to mado to iu mado wo a ke han a t ta. > Shoubai ni a k e ku re te , mawari wo miru yutori mo nai. > Naganen sun da ie wo hitode ni a ke wa ta s i ta. > Hi ga a k e wa ta r itori ga saezuru.

A kog a r e r u () > Tokai no seikatsu ni a kog a re te dete kita ga, kanojo ha genjitsu ni yume yabure, kuni ni modotta. > Wakai hito ha yoku gaikoku ni a kog a re ru ( ) . > "Ano otoko aa miete mo, wakai toki ha oozei no musumetachi kara a kog a re ( )rareta mono dayo." "Ussoo!! Sinji rare nai!"

A s a r u > Hoomulesu ( home-less) ga gomitame wo a s a ru sugata ha kanasii. > Furuichi de horidasimono wo a s a ru. > Hikidasi no naka wo a s a ru .

A s i r a u ()> Chanpion ni te mo naku a s i r awa ( )reta. > Kodomo no you ni karuku

A - 5

a s i r awa ( )rete simatta. > Kanojo ha Kunio ni taisite ha itsumo tsumetaku a s i r a t te () ita.

A s e r u * ()> Sonna ni a s e ra ( ) naku temo, mada mani au yo. > "Se no takai hansamu ga me no maeni arawareta node, sukkari a s ecchatta() (douyou suru)." > "Moo 25 yo, a s e ru ( ) wa." > "Ase t te() i i koto nai yo, kasu tsukamu nda kara." > Kou wo a s e t te( ), sippai sita . > Kachi wo a s e t te( ) ( isogi sugiru), jimetsu sita ( jibun kara kuzureru).

** ( )> Kono suutu sukkari iro ga a s e te () simatta. > Hana no iro ha utsuroi yasuku, onna no iroka ha a s e ( ) yasui. > Sukyandalu ni renza si, kare no spootsuman to site no eikou mo, iro-a s e te () simatta.

A so bu ()> Kodomo to a sobu ( ) toki ga ichiban tanosii. > Aitsu ha, hataraka zu ni, a sonde ( ) bakari iru. > Asobu nomo sigoto no uchi da to i tte, houtou wo tsudzuke te iru yo, ano gei nin ha. > Kikai wo a s ob a se( ) nai you, kouritsu no yoi sagyou-keikaku wo tateru hitsuyou ga aru.

A ta e ru ( )> Nani mo kitai sare zu, kaisha deha sigoto mo a ta e ( )rare nai, to otoko ha nageita. > Kono jiken ha, kuni no keizai ni akueikyou wo a ta e ru ( ) darou . > Keizai ni katsuryoku wo a ta e ru ( )youna, omoikitta seisaku ga nozomareru. > Ata e ( ) rareta chansu wo mono ni si

nakere ba, seikou ha nozome nai. > Hito ni gokai wo a ta e ru ( ) youna koudou ya gendou wo tsutsusimi nasai. > Ten ha nibutsu wo a t a e zu() to iu ga, kare no you ni subete ni sugureta sisitsu wo motte umarete kita mono mo iru.

A ta ta ma r u /A t tama r u /

( )> Atsui udon demo tabe te, a ta tama rou. > Kokoro no a t a tama ru ( ) hanasi da ne. > Itsumo sukanpin de, hutokoro no a ta tama ru ( ) ( yutaka ni naru) koto ga nai yo. > Seki no a t a tama ru ( ) koto ga nai hodo isogasii hito da.

A ta ta meru /A t ta me r u /

( )> Soko no suupu wo a ta tamete ( ) tabete kudasai. > Niwatori ga tamago (hiyoko)wo a ta tamete ( ) iru ( daku). > Yooroppa wo tabisite, hisasiburi ni daigaku jidai no yuujin tachi to kyuukou wo a ta tame ta ( ). > Karera ha deetaa (jouhou, chisiki ..) wo a ta tame te ( ) ( kakusimotsu), nakanaka hanasa nai. > Nagaikoto a ta tame te ( ) kita aidea wo jitugennsite, tsuini yo ni tou toki ga kita.

A ta r u ( ) ( )> Takarakuji ga a ta ru ( ). > Kuizu no kotae ga a ta ru ( ). > Kuruma ga hei ni a ta ru ( ). > Surechigaizama, hitono kata ga a ta t ta(). > Watasi ha kankei naiyo, watasi ni a ta t te() mo... > Hugu ( saba, tabemono) ni a ta ru ( ) ( chuudoku suru). > Kono heya ha hi ga

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yoku a ta t te( ) ( sasikomu), huyu mo tenki no i i hi ha danbou ga i ra nai. > Seikaku to ha i i gatai ga, maa, a ta r a zu( ) to ie domo too kara zu .. . bunan na kaitou da yo, kore ha . .. > Kodomo tachi ga atsusa ni a ta t te( ) ( atsusa make suru) , netsu wo dasita. > A ta ru ( ) bekara zaru ikioi ( mukau toko ro teki nasi no ikioi) de kachi susu mi, yuushou site simatta .. . mattaku osorosii yo sinjin ga ikioidzuku to . .. > Mutsukasii kamo siren ( sire nai) ga, a ta t te() kudakero no seisin de ganbatte koi. > Kono hon no shuppan ni a ta r i ( ), gokyouryoku itadaita minasama ni atsuku orei mousi age masu. > Atarimae( touzen) da yo, hugu no doku ni a ta ru ( ) to sinu ka da nante.. . sonna koto sitte nakere ba okasii yo. > Koushou (settoku, siki) ni a ta ru ( )( no yaku wo hatasu). > Mokuromi ga a ta t te ()( tekichuu suru), jigyou ha tontonbyousi ni hatten sita . > Kono tokoro tenkiyohou ga yoku a ta ru ( ) . ( tekichuu suru)

A t s u ka u ()> Okane wo somatsu ni a t s u ka u ( ) nja nai yo. > Kaisha no keiri no jimu wo a t s u ka t te ( ) sanjuu nen ni naru ndatte, ano hito. > Nenkan ni a t s u ka u ( )kamotsu no ryou ha, hyakuman ton wo koeru. > Onna wo a t s u ka u ( ) koto ni kake teha, kare no migi ni deru mono ha inai.

A t s u ma r u ( ) > Minasan a t s uma t te ()kudasai.

> Chakuriku sita uchuusen kapuselu ni mukatte, murajuu no hito ga a t s uma t te() kita. > A tsuma t ta ()nanmin kyuusai no kihu ha, ichioku en ni natta. > Kono mondai niha hotondo kansin ga a t s uma ra ( ) nakatta. > Umareta bakari no panda no akachan ni, kodomotachi no ninki ga a t s uma t ta().

A t s u me r u ()> Watasi ha kitte wo a t s ume te( )imasu. > Kulasu no kitai wo a t s ume te( ) kyougikai ni shutsujou sita. > Konnichi no kyouiku no mondai de kiji wo kaku tame ni, zairyou wo a t s ume te( ) iru. > Kare no teian ha, seken no chuumoku wo a t s ume te( )iru. > Deetaa wo a t s ume te( ) kaiseki suru.

A t s u r a e r u ( ) > Atarasii huku (kutsu, bousi ..) wo a t s u r a e ru ( ) ( chuumon site tsukuru). > Okyaku ga aru node, susi wo 5 nin mae a t s u r a e te( ) ( chuumon site toriyoseru) kudasai.

(n.: Atsurae( ) > Choudo o-a t s u r a e mu k i n i ( ) ( tanon da you ni yoitokolo ni) aitsu ga yatte kita. > Kono kutsu ha suutsu ni awaseta betsu-a t s u r a e ( ) desu.

A te r u * > Airon wo a t e ru . > Kasei da okane ha kekkonshiki no hiyou ni a te ru yo. > Buchoo ha watasi no kata ni te wo a te te itta, "moo, kaette mo i i yo". > Me mo a te rarenai ( seisi deki nai) sanjou ni,

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gakuzen to natte tachi sukunda. > Hito yama a t e(moukeru) you to, oozei no yamasi tachi ga kiken wo okasite, Arasuka ni nori konda. > Dare ga warui ka, mune ni te wo a t e te ( jikkuri to) kangae te goran yo! > Kono mondai ni shouten (spotto laito) wo a te te tokushuu wo kumou. > Ano huuhu no naka no yoi no niha, a te rareru yo. > Jounai no nekki ni a terareta . ( noboseta)

** () > Nokori no kane ha, kousaihi ni a te ( )you .

*** ()> Kanojo ha, kunimoto no chichi ni a t e t e ( )ennjo wo motomeru tegami wo kaita. > Tomo ni a te te ()tegami wo dasu.

# Atekosuru( ) > Kikoeyogasi ( akarasamani kikoeru youn) ni a tek osu t te ( ) waruku iu na. > Atekomu( )> Kabu no haitou wo a tek onde( ), presento wo katta. > Atetsukeru > Jibun no ochido wo hito ni a te t s u k e ru na yo.> Atehamaru( ) > Kono kotoba ga sonomama a teh ama r i ( ) masen . > Kono housoku ha kono bawai niha a teh ama ra ( )nai. > Kono housoku ga sono mama a teh ama r e ( )ba koto ha kantan nano da ga nee.> Atehamelu( )> Jibun no mi ni a t eh amete( ) kangae te miro.

A te g a u ( )> Kodomo ga sawaga nai you ni, omocha demo a teg a t te ( )( ataeru) okou. > Oreta

asi ni soegi wo a teg a t te ( )oukyuushochi wo site okou.

A toz u s a r u ( ( usiro ni sagaru)

( )> Aite no fowaado no kyouretsu na osikomi ni, mikata no sukuramu ha jiri jiri to a toz u s a t ta().

A n a do r u (karuku miru, baka ni suru)

( )> Aite wo a n a d o r e ( ) ba , jibun no kokoro ni yudan ga shouji, omowa nu haisen ni tsunagaru. > Eesu wo kaite i ru to ha ie, a n a d o r i ( ) gatai aite da kara, kokoro wo hikisimete kakare. > Donna hito demo a n a dot te( ) ha ike nai. Daresimo kanarazu sono hito nari no chousho wo motte iru mono da.

Ah u re r u > Mizu ga kame kara a h u reta. > Ike no mizu ga a h u re te, atari ha mizu-bitasi ni natta. > Kanjou ga a h u r e te, koraeki rezu ni hutari ha dakiatte naita. > Jounetsu ga a h u re te ite, nanigoto mo zenryoku de uchikomu, i i otoko da aitsu ha. > Ryousin no a h u r e ru aijou ni hagukumarete, kodomo tachi ha ooraka ni kaikatsu ni sodatta.

Amae r u () > Kodomo ga oya ni amae te() iru sugata ha ningen demo doubutsu demo jitsuni hohoemasii mono da. > Kokusai shakai no ichi'in ni narou to iu i jou, i tsu made mo amae ( )ta kangae de iru koto ha yurusare nai.

Ama su ( Nokosu, totte oku)

> Kotosi mo ama su

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tokoro ato tooka to nari masita. > Kaeri no denshachin wo ama s i te, zenbu tsukatte simaou. > Sukosi bakari ama s i temo shoo ga nai kara, zenbu tabete simai nasai.

Ama t ta r e ru ( )> Itsumade mo oya ni ama t ta r e ( )te inai de, dokuritsu suru koto wo kangaero. > Ama t ta re ta( ) kuchi wo kiku na, dare ga omae wo sodateta to omotte run da, kono oyahukou mono me ga!

Amaya ka su (wagamama ni sodateru)

( )> Kodomo wo amaya ka s u ( ) oya ga ooi. Hosii mono wo, nedare ba, ataeru. > Itsumo amaya ka s i ( ) teru to, kuse ni natte, kikiwake no nai ko ni naru yo.

Ama ru > Zen'in ni ikiwatatte, hitotsu mo ama ranai hazu desu. > Ama r e ba, amatta de, nan toka hoka de ureru to omoi masu. > Ama ra nai youni, kazu ha pittari ninzuubun aru hazu desu. > Okane ga ama r e ba , Yunisefu ni kihu si you to omoi masu. > Kono sigoto ha watasi no chikara (te, giryou) ni ama ru( nouryoku wo haruka ni koete i ru). > Aitsu no ranbou ha me ni ama ru ( taegatai hodo da).

[adv.: Amari ; > Ama r i (/ammari) kitai sare temo, kibou douri ni iku ka dou ka, hakkiri yakusoku ha si kane masu. Ama r i to ie ba, amarini hidoi hanasi de, ki ita dake de munakuso ga waruku naru huyukaini

naru. > Kare no hatsugen ha ama r i nimo kageki sugiru. > Ama r i seme nai hou ga i i , honnin mo kiochi site i ru nda kara.]

[n.: Amari : 10 wo 3 de ware ba, am r i ha 1 da. > Kare no munensa ha, sassuru ni ama r i aru ( juubun). > Kawase no saeki ga ookiku deta node, keijou akaji wo oginatte ama r i atta ( oginatte nao amaru). > Kanasimi no ama r i, kanojo ha otto no ato wo otte jisatsu sita.

Aman j i r u / z u /z u ru /

(//)> Sugureta saikaku no mochinusi datta ga, tsune ni hosayaku ni aman j i te( ), omotedatsu koto ha nakatta. > Human ha tata aru ga, konnichi okareta joukyou deha, genjou ni aman j i r u (/ )(gaman suru) igai ni nai. > Yowai tachiba dakara, aman j i te( )( gaman suru), senpou no youkyuu wo noma zaru wo e nai.

A mu ( ) ( )> Seetaa (kutsusita, kaadegan, vesto, mahulaa, tebukuro ..) wo amu . ( ) > Sengo mamonaku no koro ha, jibun de nawa wo natte, zouri wo a nda mon da. > Take wo tsukatte, kago (kakine ..) wo amu ( ) . > Kami wo a nde ponii-teelu (osage gami) ni suru. > Kono keikaku wo a nda() no ha dare da? > Zenshuu(/sishuu/ nendaiki) wo amu ( ). ( hensan suru).

# > Atarasii gijutsu wo am ida s i ta ( ) ( kouan suru).

A ya ka r u ( jibun o sou nari tai to negau

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~wo tanomi ni sulu) > Ano hito no sainou (bibou, bisei, kouun, meisei . .) ni a ya ka r i tai mono da. > Ichioku en no takarakuji wo tsudzukete nido mo atatta hito ga iru ndatte. Aya ka r i tai mon da yo. Kocchi ha nando katte mo kasu bakkari da.

Aya s i mu () > Kare no gendou wo a ya s i n ( ) de, dare mo sinyou si nakatta. > Hin sure do, hito kara a ya s ima re( ) nai youna hin'i wo motte iki yo to, yoku chichi kara iwareta. > Nani, kasita mono wo torareta!? ... sonna koto a ya s imu ( )hodo no koto deha nai ( odoroku ni atai si nai) yo. Kono kuni deha sore ga atari mae, to omotte ire ba i i .

A ya s u > Nakisakebu akanbou wo a ya s i tenadameru. > Ko wo a ya s i te , nekasetsukeru.

Aya t s u r u ( sousa suru, soujuu suru)

()> Kono jiken niha, ura de a ya t s u t te( ) iru yatsu ga iru yo. > Kono kuni deha, kawa ga seikatsu no inochi da. Osanai uchi kara kobune wo takumi ni a ya t s u t te( ) shoubai wo i tonamu koto wo oboeru. > Hito wo a ya t s u ru ( ) (umai koto wo itte omoidouri ni ugokasu) koto wo moppara ni suru .. . kitanai yatsu da yo, aitsu ha. > Kare no kikai (hune, hikouki ..) wo a ya t s u ru ( ) ( sousa surusoujuu suru) gijutsu ha ichiryuu da.

Ayama t s u > Jinsei wo a yama t ta na. Ichi kara

denaosi tai yo. > Ayama t te , kurebasu ni tenraku si, moji doori kaeranu hito to natta. > Kare ha shageki no meishu da. Neratta mato ha jucchu hakku ( hotondo zenbu) a yama ts u ( hazusu) koto ga nai.

Ayama ru ( ) * ()> Jikyoku no handan

wo a yama ra ( ) nu you, tsune ni jouhou no bunseki ga taisetsu da. > Shijou no doukou no mitoosi wo a yama t te(), taihen na son wo sita. > Sentaku (shori, tai'ou . .) wo a yama ra ( ) nai you, nyuunen ni shumileeshon wo site, saizen wo tsukusite kure tamae. > Sono you na yari kata ha kake ni hitosii. Ippo a yama re ( )ba ( makari machigae ba), kontei kara hatan suru.

** ( )> Yotei doori no sinamono ga dase naitte!? Joudan jaa nai yo, a yama re ( )ba sumu mondai jaa, nai! Kyakusaki kara doerai songai baishou wo youkyuu sareru! > Yakusoku wo tagaete heizen to site iru. Koitsu ra no dosigatai atsukamasisa niha a yama t ta() nee ( mairu, oteage da), mattaku! > Aa, sono hanasi nara a yama ru ( ) yo ( kotowaru), kanben site!

Aya me r u ( kizutsukeru, korosu)

() > Sake wo non de hito wo a yame ( ), keimusho ni ire rare teru yo aitsu . . kenkappayai nda kara, nanisiro ...

A ya bu mu ( )> Mada yuki ga naku te alupen no taikai no kaisai ga a yabuma rete () iru. > Hoshuha no yokogamiyaburi de, sono houan no seiritus ga

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a yabuma reru( ). > Kare no sokou wo a yabumu koe ha ooi.

A yu mu ( ) ( aruku) ( )> Jinsei no ibara no michi wo a yu n de ( ) kita. > Nagai kunan no michi wo a yu n de( ) ru to, nanigoto mo takkan site mi rareru youni naru. > Nagai dou tei wo a yu nde( ), yatto kore made no giryou ni naru. Shokunin-gei ( senmon teki na waza) ha icchou isseki niha mi ni tsuka nai nda yo.

A r a u ( ) ( ) > Kao wo a ra i ( ) nasai.. makkuroda yo! > Shokuji no mae niha, te wo a ra e ( )! > Kisibe ni deru to soko ha Taiheiyou no nami ga a ra u ( ) sirahama datta. > Iyaa, maitta yo! Renkyuu ni kourakuchi nanzo iku mon jaa nai. Imo no ko wo a r a u ( )you na konzatsu de, kodomo hutari kakae te kutakuta da! > Kono otoko no mimoto wo a ra t te() kure!( koto komaka ni sirabe-ageru) > Minzoku kousou ha chi de chi wo a r a t te( ) hatesi ga nai. > Moo konna wari ni awa nai sigoto kara asi wo a r a u ( ) ka naa ( kippari to yameru, mi wo hiku ) .. unzari da yo, konna renchuu! > Sono gakusha ha sekihin a r a u () ga gotoki kyuujou ( kyokudono mazusii joutai) ni taete, taisouna gyouseki wo ageta.

A r a su ()> Gunshuu ha seihu no niekiranai taido ni gou wo niyasi te, bouto to kasite, shouten wo a ra s i ( ) mawatta. > Karasu ni hatake wo a ra s a reta ().

A ra s o u ( )> "Nani wo mata a ra s o t te runda!" "Oniichan ga watasi no chokoleeto wo tocchatta nda mon!" "Tabemono no koto de a ra s ou n ( )jaa nai yo! chanto onnaji ni wakete ageta rou!" > Kore ha akiraka ni mukou ga rihujin da. Houtei de a ra s oeba , kateru yo. > Uridasi ga aru to, saki wo a ra s o t te, muragatte kuru. > Nou ni juudai na sonshou ga arimasu. Shujutsu ha, ikkoku wo a ra s o t te , si nakere ba nari masen.

A r a ta ma r u ( ) > Aitsu no kishou (konjou) ha nakanaka a ra tama ra ( ) nai yo ( naoru, kawaru). > Ara tama t te ( sikatsumerasiku, orime tadasi te), mata nan no hanasi ka ne. > Tosi ga a r a t ama r e ( )ba ( kawaru) , sukosi ha keiki mo ochitsuku ka naa. > Kono hanasi ha mata aratamatta( ) tokoro de ( seisiki ni basho wo eran de) sase te itadaki masu.

A r a t me r u ( kaeru, henkou suru)

( ) > A ra tame te( ) ( mou ichido; saido) ukagai tai no desu ga . .. > Hi wo a ra tame te( ) ( kaeru) oukagai si masu. > Kimi no sono taido, a ra tame ( )nai to, dare kara mo sin'you sare nai yo. > Jidai no genjitsu ni awa naku natta kangae kata (sisou) wo a ra tamenai to, masumasu hatten ga okureru yo. > Kinai he mochikomu tenimotsu wo a ra tame ( ) ( kensasuru,

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siraberu) sasete i tadaki masu. A r a wa s u ( ) *( )> Ano otoko nakanaka

sugata wo a rawa s a ( ) nai ne. > Kono shochi ga kouka wo a rawa su noha moo sukosi tatte kara( ) desu. > Ano otoko saikin seikai de mekimeki toukaku wo a rawa s i ( ) ( yuuryoku na chii ni tsuku) te kita ne. > Na ha tai wo a rawa su ( ) ( shouchou suru), to itte ne, naijitsu dake de naku, hyoumen mo juuyou nan da yo.

** ()> Subete ni oite ano otoko no orokasa (kenmeisa, seijitsusa . .) wo a rawa s i te ita ( shoumei suru).

*** () > Chosho (jiten) wo a rawa su ( ) .

**** (> Ano otoko ha, saikin mekimekito toukaku wo a rawa s i t e kita.

A r awa r e r u ( )> Oo, yatto a rawa re ( )ta ka. Dou siteru ka to omotteta. > Kono ichiji nimo, koto no honsitsu (seisitsu, seikaku) ga tanteki ni a rawa r e te () iru to ie masu. > Umi ni kaesita iruka ha, namima ni a rawa re ( ) teha kie, kie teha araware site, dandan too-zakatte i tta. > Shakai-huan wo bakku ni, kuudetaa no kizasi (choukou, kiun, kiken) ga a rawa r e ( )te iru. > Kono seisaku no kouka ga a rawa r e ru ( )made niha, mada ma ga aru.

A r a g a u ( ) ( teikou suru) > Oya ni araga tte() , ie wo tobidasita. > Kare ha, ensei (kenryoku, ken'i ) ni a ra g a i ( ) , dakyou

suru koto ga nai. > Hotondo no nouka ga seihu no an ni dakyou sita ga, 10 ko bakari no nouka ha saigo made a ra g a u ( ) sisei wo kuzusite i nai.

A r a da t s u ()> Reisei ni hanasi wo suru dokoro ka otoko no taido ya kotoba ha, masumasu a ra da t te ( ) itta. > Taihuu no sekkin ni tomonai, nami mo kaze mo a ra da t te() kita. > Kusubutte ita kokumin no human ha hyoumenka si, shakai no kiun ha aradatsu( ) ippou datta.

A r a da t e r u ( jitai wo sawagaseru )

> Sonnani koto wo a r a da tezu ni, onbin ni hunsou no shori wo siyou. > Koto wo a ra da t e te , donna ri ga aru noka, mata sorede seisan ha aru noka? > Otoko ha, koe wo issou a ra da te te makusitateta.

A r u * ()> Sono hon ha shosai no

tsukue no ue ni a ru ( ). > Uchi niha kuruma ga 2-dai a ru . > Kare no bunshou niha shi ga a ru ( ). > Kono mizuumi niha shima ga mittsu a ru (). > Tokyo niha 23 no ku ga a ru ( ). > Kokuren ha Nyuu Yooku ni a ru ( ) . > Doko ni sono hon'ya ha a r i ( ) masu ka? > Anohito no egao niha miryoku ga a ru () . > Watasi no kokyoo niha yama mo umi mo a ru (). > Koto mo arou ( )ni ( yori ni yotte), kono ore wo utagau yatsu ga a ru () ka! > Sore bakari no kane ha atte( ) nai you na ( nai ni hitosii) gaku da. > Aru ( ) koto nai koto i ihurasite

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aruite i ru yo, ano kichigai onna ha. > Kimi no tanomi to a re ( )ba , kotowaru wake niha ika nai. Nantoka siyou. > Aru () tokoro niha a ru () mon da, kono ie no sisan ha hyakuoku wo koeru sou da. > Ara () nu hou wo mi te, dou sita ndai? > Onaji mono ga a re () ba watasi mo kaou. > Sono you na koto ha ano otoko ni kagitte ha a r i ( ) e nai koto da. > Ano otoko niha hanase nai zo. A ru ( ) koto nai koto minna hito ni shabette simau kara ne.

** ( )> Sono kaisha no tatemono ha, koudaina sikichi no nakani a t ta ().

A ru ku ( )> Machi wo sukosi a ru kou( ). > Shoutengai wo a ru i te mi you. > Yama wo a ru i te( ) kuru ( yamanobori wo suru). > Jiken ha, asi de a ru i te(), sousa suru mon da. > Kiji ha, asi de a ru i te( ), kaku mono da. > A ru ku ( ) koto ha mottomo kihonteki na kenkouhou da. > Noyama wo a rukeba( ) kibun soukai konoue nasi da. > Sonna huuni daradara a ruka( ) nai de, motto ki wo irete aruke( ).

# > Huruhon'ya wo a ru k i mawa t te ( - ), sagasite ita hon wo mitsuketa.

A re r u ( )> Umi (sora, yama, tenki) ha a re ru ( ) deshou. > Kourakukyaku no husimatsu de, sizen (yama, umi) ha are() houdai ( areru( ) ni makasu) ni natte kita. > Nodo ga a r e ( )te ( enshou wo okosu), koe ga de nai. > Sita (hada, kami no ke) ga a r e ru (

)( zarazara, kasakasa ni naru). > Saiai no hito wo usinatte, kare no kimochi ha a re ( ) ni a r e ( ) ta . > Kokkai no ronsen ha ooini a re ( ) ta ( shuusi ga tsuka nai hodo momeru).

# > A re ku ru u ( ) umi ni hune wo dasita. > Mura ha sukkari a r eh a te ( ) ta.

Awa s a r u ( hitotsu ni naru, kuttsuku)

> Hutatsu no kuni ga awa s a t te , renpou wo keisei sita. > Kono hutatsu no buhin ga pittari to awa s a t te iru koto wo, kakunin site kudasai.

Awa s e r u ( hitotsu ni suru, kuttsukeru)

> Hutari wo awa se you . > I i hito ga iru. Kimi ni awase you . > Shafuto no kei ni awa se tesuli ibu no naikei wo mikuron tan'i no seido de kakou suru. > Minasan, chikara wo a wa se te ( icchi kyouryoku suru), ganbari mashou. > Prosesu A ni taimingu wo awa sete, prosesu B wo seigyo suru. > Tokei wo juuniji ni o'awa s e kudasai. > Minna de chie wo awa se te ( dasiau), nan toka tsukuri age masita. > Konna jitai ni natte, kimi ni awa s e ru kao ga nai ( memmoku sidai mo nai, benkai si you mo nai). > Sochirano gotugou ni awa s e mashou .

# > Kare ha tairyoku to kiryou ( nouryoku) wo awa se -mot te iru otoko da.

Awa da t s u

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* > Namisibuki de umi ga awada t te ita. > Kousitsu no mizu ga wazawai site, sekken ga yoku awada ta nai.

** > Kyouhu (samusa, kouhun) no amari , kanojo no hada ha zensin awada t t eita.

Awa te r u (aseru, isogu, seku, torimidasu)

( ) > Awa te ( )nai demo, yukkuri mani au yo. > Keikan no sugata wo miru to, otoko ha awa te te ( ) ( sosokusa to) nigedasita. > Awa te ru ( ) kojiki ha morai ga sukunai . . gatsugatsu sinai de, ochitsuite zengo wo yoku mikiwamete kara, koudou wo okosi nasai. > Iyaa, awa t e ta ( ) naa, chikatetsu ni notte ite, totsuzen jisin de densha ga tomaru nda mon .. . > Awate( )nai, awate( )nai, mada jikan ha tappuri aru yo, seite ha koto wo sisonjiru tte ne.

Awa re mu > Nokosareta rouba to osanai kodomo hutari no kyuujou wo awa ren de ( doujou suru), kare ha mizeni wo kitte sewa wo sita. > Itsu made mo omoraishugi de .. . kono hitotachi no konjou ha awa remu ( keibetsu suru) beki iyasisa da.

An j i r u > Aruki kata (kutsu oto, koe) kara a n j i r uni (to), uchi no nyoubou ga kaette kita youda. > Ikkei wo, a n j ite ( keikaku wo kangaedasu), kyuuba wo sinoida.

A n z u r u anjiru / > Aunzu ru ( )koto ha nai yo. Karera narini juubun umaku yareru yo.

> Sou sinpai sita mono de mo nai, saisho dake da yo, chuui ga hitsuyou nano ha .. . "a n z u ru ( ) yori umu ga yasu si" da, konjou dase!

Ag a ku > Jitabata a g a i te mo sikata ga nai. Ochitsuite kangae you. > Aga keba a g a kuhodo, nawa ha kanojo no karada ni kuikonde itta.

Ag a n a u (kau: eleganto na hyougen)

( kau) > Kekkon kinenbi ni tsuma no tame ni kooka na kaki wo a g a n a t ta. > Aki no yonaga ni, kosho wo a g a n a i te himotoke ( peiji wo kutte yomu) ba, haya akebono ni tsuki no sirameru wo si ru.

Ag a me r u > Kamigakatta koto wo i iaruite iru otoko wo kyouso to site a g ametatematsutte iru. Honto ni hito no kokoro ha wakara nai ne. > Sono syouryo ha sima de ha kami tomo a g amerareru sonzai datta.

Ag a r u > Zasiki ni agatte hanasi-kon de, nakanaka kaera naiyo, anohito. > "Osaki ni a g a r imasu . ( sigoto wo oete kaeru) " "Doomo gokurousan!". > Kaidan wo a g a t ta oku ga sinsitsu desu. > Oka ni a g a t ta kappa mo douzen , nare nai sigoto de kurou mo hitosio da. > Koo shocchuu bukka, zeikin, unchin ga tsugitsugi a g a t ta njaa, motto oohaba ni kyuuryou wo agete morawa nakyaa, tamatta mon jaa nai, yarikiren yo, mattaku. > Bounen kai mo, kou keiki ga warui to, doomo kisei ga

A - 14

a g a ra nai yo. > Kimi, kono goro ude ga a g a t ta ne ( supootsu, geinou nado joutatsu suru). > Kiiroi kansei ga a g a t te , okkake-gyalu tachi ga ninki staa no ato wo otte dete kita. > Nani kise temo, ikkouni huusai no a g a ra nai ( mibae ga si nai) otoko da yo, aitsu ha. > Kono ai da osime wo siteta ka to omottara, mou gakkou ni a g a t ta no kai, kiminchi no bouya!? > Hitomae de sugu a g a ru tachi de ne, monomonosii no ha suki de nai. > Oo, yoku kita na. Maa, a g a re. > Nikai ni a g a re ba , soko ha mou hutari dake no bettennchi datta.

Ag umu > Otosita kontakuto lenzu wo sagasi-a g u nde, tohou ni kureta. > Mouri-gatano kengona mamori to hagesii teikouno maeni, Hideyosi ha semeagundeita.

Ag u n e r u / ( Agu mu) > Yakusoku no basho ni tsuma ga araware zu, machia g u n e te, ie ni kaetta. Tsuma ha yakusoku no hi ha asu da to itte, waratta. > Kuizu no mondai wo kangaea g u n e te-, nete simatta. > Kyoudaina gunjiryoku wo hokoru beigun mo, minshuu no nedzuyoi teikou ni semea g u n e te ita .

Ag e r u * > Kono kagu ha nikai

ni agete kudasai. > Kono hon kimi ni a g e ru yo. > Kami wo a g e te mage wo yuu. > Supiido

(kaitensuu) wo a g e ru . > Zeikin (unchin, koukyou-ryoukin, chingin, bukka ) wo a g e ru. > Nouritsu (kouka, gyouseki, uriagedaka, rieki, ri jun . .) wo a g e ru (takameru; eru). > Tsumara nai onna (otoko) ni chimichi wo a g e ru ( muchuu ni naru) nayo. > Zenryoku wo a g e te tatakau. > Kimochi bakari ga saki ni itte, chikara ga karamawari site omotta you na kouka wo a g e te inai.

** > Senkyosen ni shutsuba no norosi (adobaluun) wo a g e ru . > Kekkonsiki wo a g e ru > Kimi no dokuritsu wo morote wo a g e te ( ooi ni, monku nasi ni) sansei (sien) suru yo.

*** > Tempura (yasai, sakana, hurai ) wo a g e ru . > Kawara deha oozei no hitotachi ga tako wo a g e te ita . > Yuuhan niha yasai to sakana no tennpura wo a g emashou ka. . > Moo sukosi rei wo a g e te setsumei si mashou.

A z a mu ku ( ( damasu, hontou rasiku uso

wo iu) > Shuu wo a z amuku seisaku wo kakagete tousen si ta ga, kouyaku ha migoto ni hat sare nakatta. > Toukyou no yoru no machi ha hiru wo a z amuku ( hiru to mi machigaeru hodo no) hikari ni michi ahurete iru. > Ano hito ha hana wo a z amuku ( hana mo miotori suru) you na bijin da.

A j i r u > Katsute ha sayoku ga gaitou de a j i t te ita ga, ima ha uyoku ga gaitou

A - 15

no ajisenden no shuyaku da. A j i wa u

( )> Jinsei no hotondo no kurusimi wo a j i wa t ta( ) ( keiken suru). > Motto a j i wa t t e ( ) tabe nasai. > Seikatsu ha konnan ni natta ga, kokumin ha kaihoukan wo a j i wa t te() i ru (kanjitoru).

A z u ka r u ( ) * ()> Kakei wo azukaru. > Hito no ko wo a z u ka ru ( ) ( doukyo sase, mendou wo miru). > Shoubu (kenka) wo a z u ka ru ( ) ( kecchaku wo horyuu ni suru). **( ) > Oshouban ni a z u ka r i ( )masu ( tsuide ni gochisou ni naru). > Kaisha no hatten ha gen shachou no doryoku to saikaku ni a z u ka t te( ) iru ( kouken si te iru). > Omaneki ni a z u ka r i ( )masite (ukeru), arigatou gozaimasu.

A z u ke r u > Ginkou ni okane wo a z u ke ru. > Ryokou chuu ni, petto wo tonari ni a z u ke ru . > Kanjin na koto ha hito ni geta wo a z u ke te oite ( sekinin wo ositsukeru), jibun ha siranu hanbei wo kime konde i ru siranai kao wo site sekinin wo oou to sinai... zurui yatsu da.

Ab a ku > Husei wo a b a ku no ga kensatsu no sigoto de, zainin wo tsukuru koto deha nai. > Dan'atsu to gyakusatsu no jittai ga a b a ka reru toki ga kita.

Ab a re r u > Yopparai ga a b a re teiru, sugu kite kudasai. > Shokuryou nan ga human de, gunshuu ga

a b a re ta. # > Uma ga a b a remawa ru

to omo ttara, hebi ga sinnyuu site ita.

Ab i s e r u > Hinan wo a b i s e ru. > Atama kara mizu wo a b i s erareta . > Surudoi hihan ga kare no sakuhin ni a b i s e rareta. > Kare ha tsuma ni kuchigitanai basei wo a b i s e ta .

# > Toori wo aruite i te, atama kara mizu wo a b i s e - k a ke rareta.

Ab i r u > Yu (mizu, huro, shawaa) wo a b i r u . > Ima ya esunikku na sakuhin ga kyakkou wo a b i r u jidai da. > Hihan wo a b i te , sirigomi suru you jaa dame da. > Huyoui na hatsugen de gougoutaru hinan wo a b i ta . > Oosutoraria no kaigan de, sanzento kagayaku natsu no taiyou wo a b i te , shougatsu no kyuuka wo tanosinde imasu.

Ab u r u > Hosizakana (kusaya, nori ..) wo hi ni a b u ru. > Nureta shatsu wo sutoobu de a b u tte kawakasu.

# > Haigo de ayatsuru ningen wo a b u r i da s u hitsuyou ga aru.

Ab u re r u > Sigoto ni a b u re te ( tsuke naku naru) simatta.

[ I] I u

> I u beki koto ha iwase te morai masu

A - 16

yo. Mono i w a nu ha hara hukururu waza to i i masu kara ne. > I i tai dake i t te, kaette itta. > Yoku wo i e ba kiri ga nai. Kono hen no tokoro de kime te okou. > Hitokuchi ni i e ba daiku da ga, ichininmae ni naru noha, kuchi de i u hodo kantan jaa nai. > Ano otoko ha kessite honne de mono wo i w anai. > Nani ka to iu to ( nani ka ni tsuke te), gouben-gaisha wo yarou to i u , sore de ite jigyou-keikaku wo dase to i u to, aa demo nai koo demo nai to i t te , kekkyoku rachi ga aka nai. Akirete mono mo i e nai renchuu da yo. > Baka no hitotsu oboe to i t te simae ba, mi mo huta mo nai ( sore made da ga), motto hoka ni i i you mo aru da rou ni. > Omae no i u koto (shuchou) ha wakatta yo, dakedo sukosi ha oya no i ukoto ( chuukoku) ni mimi wo katamuke nasai tte i t te ru deshou! > Shumi toha i e , kore ha honshoku hadasi no e da. > I t te mire ba, tsumari yatsura ha i no naka no kawazu de seken sirazu nanda yo. > Aa i u no wo shouhin to i t te habakara nai. Kotoba deha i i ' t s u ku s e nai dosigatasa da.

# Ii 'ateru> Kanojo ha, otto no kangaete iru koto wo itomo kantan ni i i a t e r u kan no surudoi hito datta.

# Ii 'eru > Akashatsu toha i i e te() myou( zetsumyouna hyougen, meimei) dana.

# I i 'arasou> I i a r a s ou

koe ga site i ta. > Kore wo tekikaku ni i i a r awa su ( ) noha muzukasii. > Mata kuru to, i i ' o i t e kaette itta. > Hito no kotoba wo i i ' o k u ru. > Hitotsu i i ' o t os i t a. > Oya no chuukoku ni ichi ichi i i ' k a e s u . > I i ' k a e ru to, kare ha gudon da. > I i ' k a k e te , kuchi wo tsugun da. > Kare nara sonna koto ha i i ' k a n en yo. > Kanojo niha i i ' k awa s i t a otoko ga ita. > I i ' k i k a s etemo, aitsu niha wakara nai. > Kippari to i i ' k i r u. > Haha ha itsu mo binbou ha iya da to i i ' k u r a s i te ita. > Oya wo i i ' k u r ume te kane wo dasaseta. > Oya wo i i ' k ome te, uresii noka?! > I i ' s a s i te, damari kon da. > Otoko ha nani ka i i ' s i b u ru yousu datta. > I i ' s u g i ta , ayamaru. > I i ' s ok on a t t e sidoro modoro ni natta. > Itsuka iou to omotte ite, i i ' s ob i r e tesimatta. > Konna toki ni konna koto i i ' d a s unoha tsurai nda ga... > Sakanni hito no hi wo i i ' t a t e ru noha, nani ka wake ga aru. > I i ' t s u k a t te , yatte kita. > I i ' t s u g u mamo naku yaji ga ton da. > Nyoubou ni i itsukurou noni kurou sita yo. > Oya ni i i ' t s u ke teyaru! > Sensou no hisansa ha sison ni I i ' t s u ta e ru hitsuyou ga aru. > Kare ha jibun no shuchou wo hagesiku i i ' t s u n ot t a .

A - 17

> Ayamatta kotoba wo i i ' n a os u. > Koko deha sono youni i i ' n a r awa su . > Kibisiku tsuikyuu sareta ga, nantoka i i ' n u ke ru koto ga dekita. > Koko made shouko ga sorou to mohaya i i ' n og a re ru koto ha deki mai. > Nani mo i i ' n okosu koto naku, sin da. > Norowareta kakei da, to i i ' h a ya s a r e te iru. > Jibun ha kanchi site inai to i i ' h a r u . > Aitsu niha zaisan ha watasan to, yoku i i ' h u kume te oke. > Hurin wo i i ' h u r a s a re tekomatte i ru yo, ano otoko. > I i ' h u ru s a r e ta( ) kotoba desuga ... > Aitsu wo i i 'ma ka s u koto ha deki nai. Nani siro kuchi ga tassha nan da kara.. . > Kanjin na koto ha mogomogo to i i 'mag i r a s u nda, aitsu ha. > I i 'ma ku t te, aite ni mono wo iwase nai. > I i ' mo ra s i tanda ga, aitsu kuni he kaerutte yo. > Nando mo i i ' y o don de , yatto no omoi de hanasita. > I i ' y o ru otoko ha kotogotoku ketta. > Hanketsu wo I i 'w a ta s u.

I e r u * > Sono teido no

konkyo deha, sonna koto ha i e nai. > Un, tasika ni i e teru ne ( iu koto ga atatte iru.). > Sou to mo i e r usi, mata sou de nai tomo i e r u. Handan no wakareru tokoro da. **> Byooki ga sukkari i e te (naora nai), genkisou ni natta ja nai ka. > Kokorono kizumo i e nai mama, kanojo ha

kowarete kekkon sita . I k a s u * > Nee, ano hito

i k a s i teiru to omowa nai? Naanii , anna yabottai otoko, anata douka sitenja nai? Chotto netsu demo arunja nai? Mega urunderu yo. I k a s anai hanasi da yo.

** > Kono seika wo i k a s u mo korosu mo, kimi sidai da . > Sizen no aji wo i k a s u you ni ryouri suru noga, ima torendii na (mote hayasarete iru) ryouri hou desu. > Jibun no sainou (nouryoku, tokuchou ) wo i k a s i ta sigoto ni tsuki tai to omou noha, dare simo onaji da. > Chansu wo i k a s i te ( mono ni suru) kakan ni seme nai to, siai no nagare ga kawatte simau. > Jinsei no keiken wo i k a s i te, seinen no kyouiku ni atari tai.

I k a r a s e r u / > Tsumaranai goujou wo hatte, chichi wo i k a r a s e tesimatta. > Ano hito ha itsumo kata wo i k a r a s e te ( sobiyakasu), arutte iru.

I k a r u ( okoru) > Sore wo ki ite kare ha rekka no gotoku (hagesi ku) i k a t ta. > Uwasa ni i k a r u . > Chichi ha kodomo no uso ni i k a t ta. > Kata ga i k a t te iru.

(n: Ikari (); * > Ne mo ha mo nai uwasa ni i k a r i wo oboeru. > I k a r i ( )ni moeta me wo site otoko ha heya ni haitte kita.) > Sore wo ki ite otoko ha i k a r i () wo arawa ni sita.

I k a r e r u

> Uuun, umaku i k a r e ta! ( si te yarareru) > Ano otoko

A - 18

sukosi atama ga i k a r e te ( okasii) nja nai? > Fasunaa ga i k a r e chatte ( kowareru) buruzon ga nuge naai!

I k i do o r u ( hagesiku okoru/ikaru)

> Kokumin no kurusimi wo yoso ni, itazura ni seisou wo kurikaesite iru iseisha ni i k i do o ru .

(n.: Ikidoori. > Shakai no hukousei ni i k i d oo r i wo kinji e nai. > Jakusha kirisute no seisaku ni hukai i k i d oo r i wo oboeru.)

I k i r u () > I k i r u ( )tame ni hataraku. > Hitori de i k i te ( ) ikutte taihen dayo. > Musuko ha "moo ore ha kodomoja nai, hitori de i k i r u ( ). . . " tte, ie wo de-te itta. > Hataraka nai de i k i te ( ) ikerutte?! kekkoo na gomibun ja nai ka. > Hoochou ippon de i k i te () kita, ude mo namanaka no itamae jaa nai yo, ano otoko. > Shakaishugi no sisou ha, musiro sihonshugi shakai no naka de tayou na katachi de i k i te () iru ( eikyou wo hakki site iru).

# > Sinda hazu no otoko ga i k i ' k a e t ta( ). > I k i ' g onde( )ite mo, aitsu ha mada chikarabusoku da. > Kono tosi made i k i ' n a g a ra e ru ( )toha na. > Kono konnan na jidai wo i k i ' n u ku ( )noha youi deha nai. > Oozei sinde, kare dake ga i k i ' n ok o t t a ( ). > Nan to site mo i k i ' n ob i r u ( )zo. > Konran no naka oya to i k i ' w a ka r e t a ().

I ku /Y u ku ) / * > Yama (umi, gaikoku)

ni i k u.> Gakkou ni i k u. > Ousaka ni i k u . > Doko he i k u no? Ee, chotto sokono suupaa made. > Kuruma ga tachioujou site, i k u mo modoru mo nara nai. > Iyada naa, kyono butsuri no jisshuu. I k azu ni sumu nara, i k i taku nai yo.

** > ( ikiru>) Jinsei ika ni i k u beki ka, seinenki ni ichido ha sian suru koto ga atte i i . > I k u beki ka i k azaru beki ka , soko ga sian no sidokoro da (Sheekusupia: ).

*** ( nakunaru, sinu>) > Sou desu ne, chichiga i t tekara mou juu nen ni nari masu. > Kare ha yama ni tukare (yama no toliko ni naru), kekkyoku Alupusu no yama ni i t ta.

I ke ru * > Hana wo i k e r u

. (Adj)

> Aitsu ha itsumo i k e r u sikabane no you ni hunuke ta kao wo site iru. > I k i tosi i k e r u mono ni taisuru aiseki no kokoro wo taisetsu ni .

** > Kakine wo i k e r u . > Daikon ya ninjin ha tsuchi no naka ni i k e teoke ba , nagamochi suru yo. > Nogiku wo niwa ni i k e tayo.

*** > Kimi ha i k e r u kuchi daro, osake? > Eigo no hoka ni furansugo to supeingo mo i k e r u ( tannou da) ndatte, aitsu. > I k enai, machigae ta. > Uchi no ko ha warusa bakari site, i k e nai ko da. > "Sonna koto wo itte, i k e nai hito ne" to i i nagara, onna ha Kouji no katani mune wo

A - 19

suriyosete kita. (n: Ike ; * > I k ebana

ha nihon no dentou geijutsu desu. > Kono maguro ha Ennkainada de toreta no wo i k ede hakonde kitanda.)

I s a mu > Kodomo-tachi kyou no siai ha katsu to itte, i s a ndedete itta yo.

# > Shujin ha kyou no goluhu ha nyuushou wo neraunda to, i s am i ' t a t te asa hayaku dekaketa wa.

I s ame ru ( )> Sonna abunai hasi wo wataru ( kiken wo okasu) koto ha nai to, shachou wo i s ame ta ( ) ga, kiki-ire rare nakatta. > Watasi no youna wakazou ga i s ame te( ) kiki-ireru you nara, anna muhunbetsu ha sinai darou.

I s os i mu (hagemu, sei wo dasu)

> Kagyou ni i s o s imu katawara, hyouron wo sinbun ni kikou site iru. > Nichiya kenkyuu ni i s o s i nde iru .

I s o gu > I s og e ba , mada mani au yo. > I s og anai to ma ni awa nai yo! > Sonna ni i s o idedoko he iku no? > Awateru koto ha ai, " I s og a ba, maware" tte, iu kara ne. > I s o idekita node, iki ga kireta. > Motto yukkuri kande tabe nasai, i s o idetaberu to, shooka ni yoku nai yo. > I s o ide koto wo sisonjiru. > Shokuryou kiki da to i i nagara, i s o i detaisaku wo tateru wake demo naku, musiro sore wo riyou site i ru.

I s s u / s u ru / (

nogasu) > Kikai wo i s s i te , au koto ga deki nakatta. > Nando mo kouki (chansu, tokuten-ki) wo i s s i te , katsu koto ga deki naka tta. > I s s i ta ( nogasita) sakana ha ookii. > Kare no gendou ha jouki wo i s s teita ( seijou na iki wo koeru).

I t a s u ( suru) > Sekkaku kita noni atte moraenai node ha i t a s i kata nai, koko ha hitomazu, hikiage mashou. > Soko made goissho i t a s i mashou . > Tooi kuni no kiga ni kurusimu kodomo tachi ni omoi wo i t a s i, mune ga itaku nari masu. > Jinsei kore de yoi noka to, kosikata ni omoi wo i t a s i teimasu.

I t a mu > Sensou no naka de ue to kyouhu ni ononoite iru kodomo tachi no koto wo omou to, mune ( kokoro) ga i t amu . > Asa taita gohan ga mou it a nde( sueru; kusaru; waruku naru) iru. > Kyouri kara okurarete kita mikan ha zenbu i t a ndeita ( kusaru). > Kasha ni tsumareta sakumotsu ga, shouhisha ni todoke rareru koto mo naku i t amu ni maka sarete iru, nado to iu koto ha, kono kuni de sika okora nai koto da. **() > Sisha wo i t amu ().

I t a me r u *> Gohan ni kizanda niku, yasai wo maze, abura de i t ame , guri in-piisu, benishouga, tamago nado wo soeru to chaahan (pilahu) no dekiagari da. **()> Jibun no hara wo

A - 20

i t ame ta () (umu) ko ga kawaiku nai wake ga nai. Sikaru noha tadasiku sodatte hosii to omou kara da yo. > Nanmon no kaiketsu ni nichiya atama wo i t amete() iru ( kusin suru).

I t a r u () > Kono michi wo tadore ba, Kawadzu ni i t a r u ( ) ( iki tsuku). > I t a r u ( )tokoro ( doko mo kasiko mo) hito, hito, hito no nami datta. > I t a r u () tokoro ( doko he itte mo) seizan ari. > Ital ia yori Suisu alupusu wo koete, Furansu, Belugii, sarani Sukandzinabia-hantou ni i t a r u ( ) ( tassuru) koosu wo souha sita. > Kono keikaku ha saisan ga tore nai to wakari, chuusi no yamu naki ni i t a t ta( ). > "Si ni i t a r u ( )yamai" ha, Shoopenhauwaa no tetsugakusho desu. > Shakaishugi no risou ha genzai (kon nichi, ima) ni i t a r u () mo nao nedzuyoi eikyouryoku wo mochi tsuzukete iru. > Kouki i t a r e ba, kaisha no hatten mo kanou da. > Koto koko ni i t a t te() ha, wagasha no tousan mo yamu wo