USA Must Return to American System Economics

8/10/2019 USA Must Return to American System Economics

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THE NEW FEDERALIST August 3, 1990 Pages 6-7

American Almanac

The U.S.A. Must Return to

American System Economics!

The Heritage of Friedrich List

Virginia's North Anna nuclear

power station. There have een

no new orers "or U.S. nuclear

plants since #$%& an all thoseorere since #$%( have een

cancele. )nset* +rierich ,ist

the -ermanorn proponent o"

American System economics.


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The section of this article dealing with Friedrich List's fight to counter the

economic policy disasters created by Adam Smith and the British in his own

time, was excerpted from an article titled "Friedrich List, atriot and !orld

iti#en," by $l%e Fimmen, published in the &une (() issue of the *erman+

language maga#ine, Fusion

I! t"e#e is one $an %"o is singu&a#&' #es(onsi)&e !o# t"e $ise#a)&e s"a(e o!

)ot" t"e *S an+ t"e #itis" eono$ies, it is A+a$ S$it", t"e go+!at"e# o!

!#ee ente#(#ise At S$it".s +oo#ste(, %e an a&so &a' t"e (#esent su!!e#ings

o! t"e Po&is" (eo(&e, sine Po&an+.s go/e#n$ent is taing t"e a+/ie o!

S$it" +isi(&e, Ha#/a#+ eono$ist 2e!!#e' Sa"s, on "o% to #un a $a#et

eono$'

It is a g&o#ious i#on' t"at e/en t"e #itis", %"o aount S$it" one o! t"ei#

"e#oes, a#e )eing !o#e+ to #et"in t"e assu$(tions o! "is eono$i +ot#ine,

as t"e' see t"ei# (osition in Eu#o(e sining, %"i&e t"e e#$ans tae t"e &ea+

in "a#ting a ne% ou#se !o# %o#&+ +e/e&o($ent T"us, #eent&', in t"e

o#+ina#i&' /e#' &i)e#a& #itis" ne%s(a(e#, The *uardian, %e see o&u$nist

Wi&& Hutton #itii4e S$it", an+ gi/e (#aise instea+ to "is a#"-ene$'

F#ie+#i" List

5n t"e 17t" o! 2u&', t"e anni/e#sa#' o! S$it".s +eat", Hutton #itii4es A+a$

S$it".s notion t"at t"e se#et o! a "ea&t"', t"#i/ing eono$' is !o# e/e#'one

to )u' "ea( an+ se&& +ea#in t"e so-a&&e+ !#ee $a#et(&ae List, on t"e

ot"e# "an+, un+e#stoo+ t"e (o%e# o!producing %ea&t", e$("asis a++e+8an+ t"e $enta&, o# )#ain%o# o$(onents o! t"e (#oess o! (#o+ution o!

%ea&t" Hutton notes $ou#n!u&&', t"at t"is is (#eise&' t"e (o&i' %"i"

gui+es e#$an eono$i t"ining

It is use!u& to uote !#o$ Hutton.s o&u$n, not on&' )eause %"at "e sa's

a)out t"e ont#ast )et%een List an+ S$it" is au#ate an+ i$(o#tant, )ut

)eause t"e !at t"at t"e a#ti&e a((ea#s in t"e #itis" (#ess is a "a#)inge#

t"at a setion o! t"e #itis" esta)&is"$ent is se#ious&' onsi+e#ing a

o##eti/e s"i!t in t"ei# o%n eono$i (o&i', a%a' !#o$ t"e +isast#ous

Sine t"e (#esent *S a+$inist#ation is "ea/i&' +e(en+ent u(on t"e #itis"

!o# its (o&i' initiati/es, su" a s"i!t in #itain ou&+ "a/e i$(o#tant onse-

uenes in t"e *nite+ States as %e&&

Hutton o$$ents u(on S$it".s !ealth of ations an+ ot"e# eono$i

%#itings:


3/21

;a#ets a#e insu!!iient gua#anto#s o! (#os(e#it', in+ust#ia& st#engt",

o# e/en (o&itia& !#ee+o$, e/en i! t"e' a#e essentia& (#eon+itions !o#

t"e$< an+ t"e %o#&+ %ou&+ )e %ise to (a' attention to ;# S$it".s

o$issions as %e&& as to "is %i+e&' !ete+ suesses

;an' #e/ie%e#s "a/e !ouse+ on S$it".s "a((' "a#ate#i4ation o!t"e $a#et as an in/isi)&e "an+, !e&iitous&' an+ in/isi)&' gui+ing an+

integ#ating t"e se&!-inte#este+ ations o! &ots o! in+i/i+ua&s T"e' $a'

not no% it, )ut in t"ei# uest to )u' "ea( an+ se&& +ea#, t"e' a#e

o$)ining toget"e# to !o#$ an eono$i unit' t"at is t"e g#eate#

soia& goo+< (#o!it, in t"is s"e$e o! t"ings, is t"e !ue& in t"e s'ste$

Wit"out t"e +#i/e !o# se&!-)ette#$ent an+ se&!-inte#est t"at (#o!it

#e(#esents, t"e in/isi)&e "an+ annot %o#

Hutton t"en %#ites:

T"is is a&& %e&& an+ goo+, )ut so$e e#$an #e/ie%e#s, nota)&'

F#ie+#i" List, "a/e +#a%n attention to t"e /e#' &i$ite+ notion o!

(#o!it t"at S$it" "as in $in+< an+ t"e $isgui+e+ t"eo#' o! in+ust#ia&-

i4ation t"at is assoiate+ %it" it

=a(ita&, sa's List, is a $u" $o#e o$(&e> i+ea t"an S$it".s one(t

o! au$u&ate+ (#o!its t"#oug" )u'ing an+ se&&ing %e&&< "e "as taen

t"e %o#+ to $ean, sa's List ausing&', t"e sense in %"i" it is

neessa#i&' taen )' #entie#s an+ $e#"ants in t"ei# )ooee(ing an+

)a&ane s"eets, na$e&' as t"e g#an+ tota& o! t"ei# /a&ues o! e>"ange

ut a(ita& e$)o+ies $enta& as %e&& as $ate#ia& att#i)utes< an+ to

assu$e t"at a(ita& is so$et"ing t"at is aui#e+ t"#oug" e>"ange is

to igno#e t"e !un+a$enta& an+ ua&itati/e +i!!e#ene o! $anu!atu#ing

!#o$ ot"e# !o#$s o! ati/it'

T"e (o%e# o! (#o+uing %ea&t" is in!inite&' $o#e i$(o#tant t"an

%ea&t" itse&!, %#ote List It ensu#es not on&' t"e (ossession o! an+

in#ease o! %"at "as )een gaine+, )ut a&so t"e #e(&ae$ent o! %"at

"as )een &ost

An+ to (#o+ue %ea&t", a#gue+ List, is as $u" a soia& an+ sienti!i

issue as one o! !#ee $a#ets =iting ?S$it".s@ e>a$(&e o! t"e (in !a-

to#', t"e (oint is &ess t"at t"e#e %as a +i/ision o! &a)o#< $o#e t"at

t"e#e is at t"e sa$e ti$e a on!e+e#ation o# union o! /a#ious ene#gies,

inte&&igene an+ (o%e#s on )e"a&! o! a o$$on o(e#ation


4/21

A suess!u& (in !ato#' nee+s t#aine+ %o#e#s, ana&s an+ #ai&%a's to

s"i( t"e #a% $ate#ia&s an+ !inis"e+ (#o+utsan+ &ast )ut not &east,

t"e )#ain%o# )e"in+ t"e &e/e# $a"ines t"at $aes t"e (ins None

is natu#a&&' en+o%e+ o# #eate+ )' e>"ange, sa's List< t"e' "a/e

to )e in/ente+ an+ nu#tu#e+ )' a &a#ge# soia& agen't"e state

Hutton on&u+es:

T"e #itis" state "a+ )een +ete#$ine+&' )e"in+ #itain.s in+ust#ia&-

i4ation, "e a#gue+sti$u&ating $anu!atu#e, !o# e>a$(&e, at e/e#'

o((o#tunit'an+, "e u#ges, e#$an' s"ou&+ +o t"e sa$e An+ it +i+e(tion Eng&an+ (#os-

(e#e+ as ?a@ #itis" e$(i#e, as a (a#asite nation It (#os(e#e+ on t"e

)asis o! not on&' on %"at it (#o+ue+ +o$estia&&', )ut o! %"at it sto&e!#o$ ot"e# nations An+ %e see t"at (atte#n in t"e #ise o! o&onia&is$

an+ i$(e#ia&is$ in t"e eig"teent" an+ nineteent" entu#' ?I!@ %e &oo

at %"at is going on "e#e, %e o$e to a /e#' inte#esting (oint #es(et-

ing t"e $ost #eent (ost-193 +e/e&o($ents in (a#tiu&a# in t"e

Weste#n a&&iane

LaRou"e t"en goes on to +e/e&o( t"e +i!!e#ene )et%een "is t#a+ition, t"e

2u+eo-="#istian t#a+ition o! Lei)ni4 an+ List, an+ t"e essentia&&' (agan

+ot#ines o! A+a$ S$it", %"i" a#e $o+e&&e+ u(on t"e e>a$(&e o! t"e

(agan Ro$an e$(i#e

He t"en #e!e#s to t"e s"i!t in (o&i' )' t"e Reagan a+$inist#ation in 193,

%"en a su((ose+ So/iet +e!eto#, 5&eg o#+ie/s' &ai$e+ t"at *S

+e/e&o($ent o! t"e St#ategi De!ense Initiati/e %ou&+ )e /ie%e+ )' t"e

So/iets as a ause !o# %a#, an+ Reagan a&&o%e+ t"e SDI to +e/o&/e !#o$

LaRou"e.s o#igina& one(tion o! a +e!ense s"ie&+ )ui&t on ne% ("'sia&

(#ini(&es an+ sti$u&ating t"e +e/e&o($ent o! !#ontie# te"no&ogies

He %#ites:

No% %e o$e to t"e i#on' T"e "a#ate#isti o! t"e (e#io+ sine t"e

su)$ission o! t"e o#+ie/s' 0-(age "oa>, Ang&o-So/iet "oa>, to

P#esi+ent Reagan in 193, "as )een a +#i!t to%a#+ gene#a& +isa#$a-

$ent o! t"e Ang&o an+ A$e#ian an+ ot"e# Weste#n (o%e#s, t"e

Weste#n a&&iane

W"ene/e# i$(e#ia& Ro$e, !o# #easons o! t"e o&&a(se o! its +o$esti

(o%e#, its (o%e# at "o$e, its (#o+uti/e (o%e#, its eono$i (o%e#,

sees to ut t"e $i&ita#' (o%e#, t"e $i&ita#' su(#e$a' u(on %"i" its

i$(e#ia& st#engt" +e(en+s, t"at is t"e en+ o! Ro$e

W"o %i&& se#/e Ro$e %"o +oes not !ea# itG An+ "o% an Ro$e )e

!ea#e+ i! it a)an+ons t"e on&' $eans )' %"i" its (o%e# %as $ain-

taine+G W"en (eae )#oe out, t"e Ang&o-A$e#ian su(#e$a' in

t"is %o#&+ in t"e i$(e#ia& T"eo+o#e Roose/e&t.s ="u#"i&&ian !o#$ %as

+oo$e+ to o$e to an ea#&' en+


7/21

Aove right a ruine railroa yar in

the English city o" Newcastle a ma7or

coalmining center. Aove le"t an

unemploye 8ritish wor9er. ,e"t*

Aam Smith the "ather o" "ree

enterprise economics which has

turne -reat 8ritain an the Unite

States into rule heaps.

T"e on&' )asis u(on %"i" t"e a&a$it' sei4ing t"e Eng&is"-s(eaing

nations $ig"t )e #e/e#se+ is eit"e# to #esu$e a (o&i' o! $i&ita#'

su(#e$a' %"i" t"e *nite+ States an+ #itain (e#sona&&' &a t"e

$eans to un+e#tae, )eause t"e' o&&a(se+ t"ei# eono$ies an+

#uine+ t"e$, o# es"e%ing t"at to go to t"e eono$i (o&iies, anti-


8/21

#itis" eono$i (o&iies, anti-A+a$ S$it" eono$i (o&iies

e>(#esse+ in e#$an' )' F#ie+#i" List u(on %"i" t"e 'oung

A$e#ian !e+e#a& #e(u)&i un+e# t"e &ea+e#s"i( o! Was"ington,

A&e>an+e# Ha$i&ton, an+ Lino&n a$ong ot"e#s a$e to )e a g#eat

%o#&+ (o%e# %it", ne>t to e#$an' o! t"e nineteent" entu#' an+

t%entiet" entu#', t"e "ig"est #ate o! (#o+uti/it' on t"is (&anet

In ot"e# %o#+s, going to t"e A$e#ian S'ste$ as I "a/e a+/oate+ in

o((osition to $' #i/a&s an+ a+/e#sa#ies in t"e &ea+e#s"i( o! t"e *nite+

States an+ #itain, in (a#tiu&a#, is t"e on&' "o(e !o# t"e *nite+ States

an+ #itain to+a' an+ is t"e on&' (o&i' %"i" ontinenta& Eu#o(e an+

t"e +e/e&o(ing nations ou&+ #ig"t&' a+$i#e o# e/en en+u#e

6ho 6as +rierich ,ist:

F#ie+#i" List %as )o#n in e#$an' in 179, in %"at %as t"en t"e !#ee it'

o! Reut&ingen He %as )#oug"t u( in an en/i#on$ent t"at %as in+e&i)&'

sta$(e+ )' t"e A$e#ian Re/o&ution, an+ )' t"e g#eat e#$an #enaissane,

&e+ )' F#ie+#i" S"i&&e# an+ t"e Hu$)o&+t )#ot"e#s, in s"o#t, )' e#$an

&assiis$

He %as t#aine+ in t"e W#tte$)e#g i/i& se#/ie, %"e#e "e &ea#ne+ t"e

!un+a$enta&s o! Lei)ni4.s t"eo#ies o! (o&itia& eono$', an+ t"e %o#s o! "is

s"oo& o! eono$i t"oug"t, so$eti$es a&&e+ a$e#a&is$

Ao#+ing to t"is t"eo#', t"e int#o+ution o! ne% in/entions an+ te"no&o-

gies into t"e eono$' is (#i$a#', a&ong %it" t"e uestion o! "o% a state

s"ou&+ )e o#gani4e+ on t"e !oun+ation o! te"no&ogia& (#og#ess

T"is t#a+ition %as a&so ino#(o#ate+ )' e#$an (o&itia& &ea+e# F#ei"e## /o$

Stein an+ t"e F#en" !oun+e#s o! t"e Eo&e Po&'te"niue su" as La4a#e

=a#not, %"o$ List stu+ie+

As a i/i& se#/ant, List (#o(ose+ a se#ies o! #e!o#$s to $ae t"e eono$'

an+ a+$inist#ation $o#e e!!eti/e T"en, in 117, "e %as o!!e#e+ a (#o!es-

so#s"i( in (o&itia& siene, t"e !i#st e/e# in t"at su)Bet, at Tu)ingen *ni-

/e#sit'

At t"at ti$e e#$an' %as o#gani4e+ as a se#ies o! in+e(en+ent (#ini(a&i-

ties, an+ t"e#e!o#e, t"en as no%, uni!iation o! e#$an' %as an essentia& tas

un+e#taen )' #e(u)&ians To ao$(&is" t"is, List %o#e+ to !o#$ a us-


9/21

to$s union ?to e&i$inate to&&s an+ ta#i!!s )et%een t"e e#$an (#ini(a&ities

e+@ He %as t"e s(i#it )e"in+ t"e !oun+ing o! t"e e#$an usiness an+

=o$$e#e *nion, on t"e %o# o! %"i" t"e #eation o! t"e e#$an =us-

to$s *nion %as essentia&&' )ase+

He &e+ t"e *nion.s +e&egation t"at o#gani4e+ at t"e e#$an (#ine&' ou#ts!o# t"e +e!ense o! e#$an'.s 'oung in+ust#' T"at in+ust#' "a+ )een #uine+,

!o&&o%ing t"e &i!ting o! t"e ontinenta& ta#i!! )a##ie# against Eng&an+ in 113,

an+ t"e Eng&is" +u$(ing o! "ea( goo+s onto Eu#o(ean $a#ets List.s

ati/it', o! ou#se, +is(&ease+ t"e Aust#ian ="ane&&o# ;ette#ni", so $u"

t"at, in 119, List %as !o#e+ to &ea/e "is aa+e$i (osition

Po&itia& (e#seution against "i$ $ounte+ His atte$(ts to a##' out eo-

no$i an+ onstitutiona& #e!o#$s in t"e W#tte$)e#g "ane&&e#', to %"i"

"e "a+ )een "osen as Reut&ingen #e(#esentati/e in 119, a$e to a su++en

en+ %"en "e +#a!te+ an+ i#u&ate+ a (etition to Reut&ingen.s iti4ens in

%"i" "e s"a#(&' attae+ t"e (#e/ai&ing +e(&o#a)&e state o! a!!ai#s He %as

"a#ge+ %it" l0se ma1est2)ut esa(e+ to F#ane an+ S%it4e#&an+, %"e#e "e

sta'e+ !o# t%o 'ea#sa !ate t"at "e s"a#e+ %it" $an' ot"e# #e(u)&ians a!te#

t"e =ong#ess o! ienna

5n t"e a+/ie o! "is !#ien+s, List #etu#ne+ in 1C, to sit out a $an'-$ont"

a##est in t"e Ho"en As(e#g T"e !at t"at "e %as one#ne+ +u#ing t"is ti$e

%it" (&ans !o# +e/e&o(ing a #ai& net%o# !o# W#tte$)e#g testi!ies to "is

uns"aa)&e o(ti$is$ to ontinua&&' !o#$ ne% (&ans e/en un+e# t"e $ost#e(u&si/e i#u$stanes A!te# (e#sistent negotiations %it" o!!iia&s, a#on

/on =otta, t"e (u)&is"e# o! S"i&&e#.s %o#s, &i)e#ate+ List !#o$ (#ison

Ho%e/e#, List %as !o#e+ to ag#ee to e$ig#ate

W"i&e in e>i&e in 1, List "a+ o$e to no% ene#a& La!a'ette, one o! t"e

&ea+ing $in+s o! t"e A$e#ian Wa# o! In+e(en+ene an+ t"e (e#sona& on!i-

+ant o! eo#ge Was"ington an+ A&e>an+e# Ha$i&ton La!a'ette in/ite+ List

to ao$(an' "i$ to A$e#ia List ae(te+ t"e in/itation, an+ &e!t Eu#o(e

!o# si> 'ea#s !#o$ t"e F#en" (o#t o! Le Ha/#e %it" "is !a$i&' in 1C He

%as su((ose+ to stu+' t"e +e/e&o($ent o! t"e eono$' o! t"e ne% *nite+States %it" "is o%n e'es, %"i" %as to $ae "i$ into t"e &ea+ing (#o(onent

o! t"e A$e#ian S'ste$ o! Po&itia& Eono$' in Eu#o(e a!te# "is #etu#n

,ist in America

At t"e en+ o! t"e eig"teent" entu#' an+ t"e )eginning o! t"e nineteent", t"e

)att&e %as #aging )et%een #itis" inte#ests, an+ t"ose #e(u)&ian net%o#s


10/21

t"at insiste+ on t"e in+ust#ia& an+ sienti!i +e/e&o($ent o! t"ei# o%n na-

tions T"e #itis" inten+e+ to #ea" un&i$ite+ %o#&+ (o%e# an+ i$(e#ia&

&ooting un+e# t"e )anne# o! !#ee t#a+e T"ei# (o&i' %as to +u$( #itis"-

$anu!atu#e+ in+ust#ia& goo+s onto t"e $a#ets o! ot"e# nations at (#ies

)e&o% t"e ost o! (#o+ution, in o#+e# to )an#u(t nati/e in+ust#', in oun-

t#ies %"e#e t"e' %e#e intent u(on a"ie/ing "ege$on'

T"is %as (#eise&' %"' t"e *nite+ States "a+ !oug"t !o# its in+e(en+ene

In e#$an', t"e !ig"t against Na(o&eon "a+ "e&(e+ List.s i#&e, (a#tiu&a#&'

#e!o#$e#s in P#ussia, to (us" t"#oug" #e(u)&ian #e!o#$s, in o#+e# to +e!en+

against t"e F#en" in/a+e#

T"e =ong#ess o! ienna in 11, "o%e/e#, +est#o'e+ a&& t"ese e!!o#ts #eat

#itain !o#$e+ t"e Ho&' A&&iane %it" Aust#ia an+ Russia in o#+e# to "oe

o!! an' e!!o#t to #e(eat t"e A$e#ian Re/o&ution in Eu#o(e T"e &ea+ingt"ine# o! t"e #e(u)&ian e!!o#ts in Eu#o(e %as ene#a& La!a'ette, %"ose

=ininnatus Soiet'a union o! &ea+ing *S an+ F#en" o!!ie#s !#o$ t"e

A$e#ian Re/o&utiona#' Wa#!untione+ as t"e oo#+inating ente#

)et%een Eu#o(e an+ t"e *nite+ States

In 1, La!a'ette !a$i&ia#i4e+ List %it" t"e *S si+e o! t"is t#ansat&anti

ons(i#a' List t#a/e&e+, ao$(an'ing )' La!a'ette, !o# t"#ee $ont"s in

t"e easte#n (a#t o! t"e *nite+ States He $et t"e eono$ist ;at"e% =a#e',

%"o "a+ )een a (e#sona& !#ien+ o! enBa$in F#an&in< t"e &ate# Se#eta#' o!

State Hen#' =&a'< t"e t"en Se#eta#' o! State an+ &ate# P#esi+ent 2o"nJuin' A+a$s< an+ T#easu#' Se#eta#' Rus", to na$e on&' t"e $ost

i$(o#tant

List a$e to t"e *nite+ States at a ti$e %"en t"e A$e#ian S'ste$ "a+ Bust

#egaine+ t"e u((e# "an+ in eono$i (o&i' F#o$ 101-1, #itis" an+

S%iss !inania& inte#ests(e#soni!ie+ in T#easu#' Se#eta#' a&&atin an+

P#esi+ent ;a+ison"a+ +est#o'e+ t"e *S eono$' a&&atin "a+ #uine+

t"e *S eono$' %it" "is !#ee t#a+e (o&i' !a/o#ing o! #itis" $anu!atu#-

ing i$(o#ts, an+ t"en "a+ insiste+ t"at t"e +e!iit "a+ to )e )#oug"t +o%n )'

auste#it' (o&iies T"e *S !&eet !e&& /iti$ to t"is (o&i'$u" to t"e

Bo' o! t"e #itis"


11/21

,ist "ought "or "i"teen years "or the elimination o" tari"" arriers etween the

-erman states an the creation o" a -erman 0ustoms Union ;& #&(? an #&@?. The

cartoon aove showing a merchant with a wagonloa o" goos oun "or

mar9etwhich "alls into three separately tari""e Bonesriicules the tari""

system e"ore the avent o" ,ist's


12/21

5n&' a!te# t"e +ete#$ine+ inte#/ention !#o$ su" #e(u)&ians as Hen#' =&a'

an+ ;at"e% =a#e', %"o a##ie+ out t"e seon+ Wa# o! In+e(en+ene against

Eng&an+ in 11, %e#e t"e (#ini(&es o! t"e *S eono$', %"i" "a+ )een

!oun+e+ )' A&e>an+e# Ha$i&ton, suess!u&&' #eesta)&is"e+ Ha$i&ton.s

(#og#a$ onsiste+ in (#o$oting t"e +e/e&o($ent o! in+ust#' an+ ag#iu&tu#e

t"#oug" &o%-inte#est #e+it an+ +e/e&o(ing t"e ount#' %it" &a#ge-sa&e

in!#ast#utu#e (#og#a$s

T"e ne%&' !oun+e+ Nationa& an o! t"e *nite+ States !u#nis"e+ t"ese

#e+its< si$u&taneous&', (#oteti/e ta#i!!s e(t out un"ea&t"' !o#eign o$-

(etition, (#i$a#i&' #itis", so t"at +o$esti in+ust#' ou&+ +e/e&o( T"e !i#st

*S P#esi+ent, eo#ge Was"ington, "a+ s'$)o&ia&&' e$)o+ie+ t"is (o&i'

on t"e +a' o! "is inaugu#ation )' +e$onst#ati/e&' %ea#ing a suit t"at "a+

)een se%n out o! *S &ot"

In 13, 2a$es ;on#oe %as P#esi+ent an+ 2o"n Juin' A+a$s %as "is

Se#eta#' o! State T"e seon+ *S Nationa& an %as o(ene+ in 13, an+

in t"e sa$e 'ea# =ong#ess o#+e#e+ an in#ease o! t"e ta#i!!s (&ae+ on

!o#eign goo+s T"e *S nation !oun+ itse&! again in an eono$i u(s%ing

I$$e+iate&', List inte#/ene+ ati/e&' in t"e !o#tunes o! t"e ount#' %"e#e "e

%as a guest< "e %as %o#ing ("i&oso("ia&&' an+ (#og#a$atia&&' on !a$i&-

ia# g#oun+ F#ee !#o$ enso#s"i(, "e %o#e+ !#o$ 16 as t"e e+ito# in

"ie! o! t"e in!&uentia& e#$an-&anguage %ee&' ne%s(a(e#, t"e/eadinger

Adler3 He taug"t t"e (#e+o$inant&' e#$an +esen+ants in Rea+ing, Penn-s'&/ania a)out %o#&+ (o&itia& e/ents, %it" s(eia& #e!e#ene to t"e (o&i' o!

t"e (o%e#s o! t"e Ho&' A&&iane, %"i" #e(#esente+ a se#ious t"#eat to t"e

'oung *nite+ States

In "is a#ti&es, "e e>a$ine+ #itis" (o&i' in Sout" A$e#ia, %"e#e t"e'

%e#e t#'ing to gain a !oot"o&+ P#esi+ent ;on#oe "a+ Bust announe+ t"e

;on#oe Dot#ine in 13, %"i" gua#antee+ (#otetion o! t"e so/e#eignt' o!

a&& t"e Sout" A$e#ian nations against Eu#o(ean inte#/ention

List sai+, a$ong ot"e# t"ings, t"at t"e #e/o&ution in Po#tuga& an+ S(ain

%it" t"e su)seuent te##i)&e %a# )et%een S(ain an+ F#ane"a+ )een

ins(i#e+ )' Eng&an+, in o#+e# to %eaen S(ain.s in!&uene in Sout" A$e#ia

an+ to a&&o% Eng&an+ itse&! to gain a !oot"o&+ To+a', Eng&an+ is uniting

%it" #e/o&utionists, %it" &i)e#a& (#ini(&es, %it" a&& t"ose %"o a#e +issatis-

!ie+, !i#st to te##i!' t"e ings an+, in ase t"is s"ou&+ not suee+, to !o#e

t"e$ to its %i&&


13/21

In anot"e# a#ti&e, "e (o&e$ii4e+ against t"e Russian 4a#, +esignate+ as t"e

Po&ie$an o! Eu#o(e )' t"e Ho&' A&&iane He #e(o#te+ to "is #ea+e#s

a)out t"e 4a#.s o#onation, an+ e>(&aine+ %"at a #o%n is: A #oun+ t"ing

t"at 'ou an (ut on 'ou# "ea+, )eneat" %it" a #i$ &ie a oin, )ut o! go&+

an+ Be%e&s, an+ a)o/e o(en an+ !u#nis"e+ %it" a&& so#ts o! a+o#n$ents

T"us, it gi/es (#otetion neit"e# against t"e #ain no# t"e sun an+ neit"e#

oo&s no# %a#$s, an+ no one no%s %"at it.s goo+ !o#

A++itiona&&', t"eAdler a#ti&es #e(o#te+ a)out e/e#' i$agina)&e a+/ane in

siene an+ te"no&og' T"e onst#ution (o&i' t"at %as (#og#essing

#a(i+&' in t"e *nite+ States !asinate+ List, an+ "e stu+ie+ e/e#'t"ing /e#'

a#e!u&&' Late#, "e +esignate+ t"ese 'ea#s as "is ti$e o! a((#enties"i(

He#e "e ou&+ stu+' "o% an eono$' a$e into e>istene

He $isse+ e#$an soiet' an+ &o/e o! &i!e, es(eia&&' %ine, (oet#', an+

$usi, an+ so List, %it" "is o%n ente#(#ising s(i#it, un+e#too to sti$u&ate

t"e u&ti/ation o! %ine in Penns'&/ania an+ enou#age+ suess!u& inn-

ee(e#s to use t"e ne%&' (#o+ue+ %ines in t"ei# (u)&i "ouses In "is

o(inion, t"e u&ti/ation o! %ine %as (a#tiu&a#&' suite+ to st#engt"en t"e

$o#a&it' o! t"e A$e#ian (o(u&ation Instea+ o! "a#+ &iuo#, %"i" on&'

+u&&e+ t"e $in+ an+ $a+e (eo(&e agg#essi/e, t"e enno)&ing e!!et o! %ine

s"ou&+ sti$u&ate $in+s an+ ins(i#e (eo(&e to ne% ations

,ist Versus Smith

List.s %#itings "a/e "a+ an en+u#ing e!!et, (a#tiu&a#&' in e#$an' List is"ig"&' #e&e/ant to+a' T"e su)stane o! t"e ont#o/e#s' t"at "e a##ie+ on

%it" t"e t"en +e!en+e#s o! t"e !#ee $a#et eono$' is as /a&i+ to+a' as it

%as a entu#' ago

At t"at ti$e, #itis" t"eo#etiians su" as A+a$ S$it"an e$(&o'ee o! t"e

#itis" East In+ia =o$(an'!oug"t against inte#!e#ene )' t"e state in

t"e eono$', an+ asse#te+ t"at t#ue %ea&t" o$es on&' !#o$ t"e e>"ange

o! /a&ues, t"e (ossession o! &an+ g#oun+ #ent8, o# t"e e>(&oitation o!

/a&ua)&e #a% $ate#ia&s T"ei# $ottoes %e#e, u' "ea( an+ se&& +ea# an+

Laisse4-!ai#eK

In o((osition to t"is #itis" S'ste$, %"i" !oun+ e>(#ession in t"e )#uta&

&ooting (o&i' o! t"e #itis" o&onia& e$(i#e, List (ut !o#%a#+ t"e A$e#ian

S'ste$ o! Po&itia& Eono$': t"e one(t o! t"e u&ti/ation o! (#o+uti/e

!o#es


14/21

List.s "a#ate#i4ation o! t"e !inania& an+ $e#"ant e&ite o! t"ose +a's, %"o

%it" t"ei# giganti s(eu&ati/e )usinesses )#oug"t a)out t"e +o%n!a&& o!

enti#e nations, to+a' au#ate&' +es#i)es t"e $enta&it' o! t"e Inte#nationa&

;oneta#' Fun+, t"e Wo#&+ an, an+ a#te&s su" as D%a'ne An+#eas.s

A#"e# Danie&s ;i+&an+ T"e' t"in t"at t"e' an (#o!it !#o$ t"e o&&a(se

o! t"e %o#&+ eono$', an+ atte$(t to (#e/ent an' +i#igisti #e!o#$ o! t"ei#

)an#u(t %o#&+ eono$' an+ !inania& s'ste$ t"at %ou&+ t"#eaten t"e so-

a&&e+ !#ee $a#et eono$'

List #e$o/e+ t"e santi$onious "a&o !#o$ t"ese a(ost&es o! t"e !#ee $a#et

eono$', %"o s#ea$ i! t"ei# inte#ests a#e to )e &i$ite+ to )ene!it t"e

nationa& inte#est His +es#i(tion o! t"ese usu#e#s, %"i" %e no% uote, is

Bust as a(t no% as %"en "e %#ote it:

T"e $ost #e$a#a)&e "a#ate#isti o! t"is $e#"ant is t"at "e

t"e s%o#n ene$', t"e +ea+&' ene$' o! an' $ono(o&', an' (#i/i&ege,

an' #est#ition, an' nationa& (#otetion in !a/o# o! t"at %"i" "e a&&s

(#i/ate in+ust#'t"at "e "i$se&! is t"e $ost 4ea&ous an+ intense

suito# !o# t"is (#i/i&ege, $ono(o&', #est#ition, an+ (#oteti/e $ea-

su#es i! t"e' "a#$oni4e %it" "is o%n (#i/ate inte#ests

He +es#i)es t"e uns#u(u&ousness o! t"e $e#"ant as !o&&o%s:

I! "e annot $ae $one' o!! t"e (#os(e#it' o! a ount#', "e s(eu&ates

on its eono$i (#o)&e$s Hunge#, %a#, t"e sa&e o! t"e ani$a& sto

neessa#' !o# ag#iu&tu#e, an+ e/en t"e !e#ti&i4e#s, t"e sa&e o! t"e$ate#ia& eui($ent o! o&&a(se+ !ato#' )usinesses, t"e e$ig#ation o!

#uine+ $anu!atu#e#s, %o#e#s, an+ !a#$e#s, e/en t"e (#o/ision o! t"e

ene$' %it" $unitionse/e#'t"ing )eo$es !o# "i$ t"e o)Bet o!

s(eu&ation an+ (#o!it Wit" "is "a#+ &iuo#, "e (oisons enti#e nations

an+ t"e no)&est #aes, %it"out )eo$ing ti#e+ o! #'ing out again an+

o/e# again, Let us +o it, +o not inte#!e#e Laisse# faire et laisse#

passer4

No one s"ou&+ sa' t"at t"is +es#i(tion a((&ies on&' to t"e (ast entu#'

To+a', nations a#e not (oisone+ )' "a#+ &iuo#, )ut #at"e# %it" +#ugsa

$a#et t"at %it" its "un+#e+s o! )i&&ions o! +o&&a#s is &a#ge# t"an t"e

eono$' o! $an' nations T"e $ani(u&ation o! #a% $ate#ia& (#ies "as

e!!eti/e&' #uine+ a nu$)e# o! nations in t"e T"i#+ Wo#&+, an+ &ie%ise t"e

(o&i' o! +e)t o&&etion, %"i" "as in#easing&' %#ee+ t"e (#o+uti/e

)asis o! t"e nations a!!ete+


15/21

List ont#asts t"e (#o+uti/e ent#e(#eneu# to t"ese s(eu&ato#s:

T"e $anu!atu#e#u#ge+ !a# $o#e st#ong&' )' t"e natu#e o! "is

ati/it' to go to t"e !oun+ations o! t"ingsis !o#e+ to e+uate "is

inte&&et an+ to stu+' natu#e He is t"e#e!o#e +i#et&' inte#este+ in t"e

(#og#ess in t"e sienes, a#ts, an+ in/entions T"e $e#"ant, "o%e/e#,stis %it" a#it"$eti instea+, %it" +ou)&e-ent#' )ooee(ing, %it"

t"e o$$o+it' an+ e>"ange $a#et, an+ t"us %it" t"ings t"at a#e

"a#+&' suite+ to e+uate t"e "ea#t an+ t"e $in+

Fa#$e#s an+ $anu!atu#e#s an on&' (#o!it t"#oug" t"e #eation o!

ne% /a&ues T"ei# (#o+ution is t"e#e!o#e $ost neessa#i&' a&%a's

use!u& !o# t"e uni/e#sa& Not so %it" t"e $e#"ant Fo# "i$, it

is $e#e&' a $atte# o! (#o!it !#o$ t"e e>"ange o! o$$o+ities ?to+a',

%e an a++ !inania& s(eu&ation, %"i" a$ounts to a g#eat +ea& $o#e

in !at t"an t"e e>isting uantit' o! goo+sEF@ I! t"e nation o#

$anin+ su!!e#s a &oss o! (o%e# as t"e #esu&t o! t"is e>"ange, t"at is

in+i!!e#ent to "i$ His $otto is, u' %"e#e 'ou an )u' "ea(&'(o#t t"e

!ie&+s t"e$se&/es o# at &east t"e ea#t" t"e' o/e# I! a&& t"e e>isting

&an+ in&u+ing t"e soi& on %"i" "is o%n !eet stan+ %e#e s"i((e+a)#oa+ in t"is %a', "e %ou&+ &i$) into "is s"i( an+ "i$se&! go to

anot"e# ount#'

List state+ t"at t"e #ea& %ea&t" o! nations onsists in t"e inte&&etua& a(ita&

o! t"ei# (o(u&ations List o$(a#e+ inte&&etua& %o# in soiet' %it" t"at o!

t"e sou& in t"e )o+', %"i" onstant&' in#eases t"e (o%e#s o! "u$an )eings

t"#oug" ne% in/entions In t"is onnetion, sienti!i )#eat"#oug"s a#e o!

singu&a# i$(o#tane, sine t"e' e!!et te"no&ogia& #e/o&utions an+ (#og#ess

!o# a&& $anin+

He %#ote:

T"e (#esent on+ition o! nations is a #esu&t o! t"e au$u&ation o! a&&

t"e +iso/e#ies, in/entions, i$(#o/e$ents, #e!ine$ents, an+ e!!o#ts o!

a&& t"e gene#ations t"at &i/e+ )e!o#e us< t"e' !o#$ t"eintellectual

capital of li-ing $anin+, an+ e/e#' nation is on&' (#o+uti/e to t"e


16/21

e>tent t"at t"e' "a/e no%n "o% tae u( into t"e$se&/es t"e a"ie/e-

$ents o! ea#&ie# gene#ations an+ to in#ease t"ose t"#oug" t"ei# o%n

auisitions

As an e>a$(&e o! t"ese o%n auisitions, List se&ets t"e stea$ engine:

Let us #ea&& "e#e t"e (#o+utions o! t"e !e% %"ose %o# is #es(onsi)&e !o#t"e in/ention an+ i$(#o/e$ent o! t"e stea$ engine T"e' "a/e gi/en to

a s$a&& nu$)e# o! $en t"e (o%e# to (e#!o#$ %o# !o# %"ose ao$(&is"-

$ent (#e/ious&' $i&&ions o! $en %ou&+ "a/e )een neessa#' T"is in/en-

tion a&one $eant, "e sai+, as $u" !o# (#o+ution in t"e nineteent" entu#'

as a&& t"e in/entions an+ +iso/e#ies o! t"e !i!teent" entu#' taen toget"e#

Ao#+ing to List, t"e state $ust inte#/ene in t"e eono$' to !oste# g#o%t",

(a#tiu&a#&' in t"e a#ea o! in!#ast#utu#e in/est$ent T"e te#$ !o# t"is,

+i#igisti, is taen !#o$ t"e F#en", %"e#e it is i+enti!ie+ %it" t"e si$i&a#

eono$i (o&iies a+/oate+ )' La4a#e =a#not T"is is so, i! a nation %is"es

to seu#e its (#os(e#it' in t"e &ong #un, an+ "o&+ its o%n %it" ot"e# nations

5n&' t"#oug" t"e ontinua& )ui&+u( o! t"e (o%e#s o! $anu!atu#ing, ao#+-

ing to List, an a (#og#essi/e g#o%t" in in+ust#' an+ ag#iu&tu#e )e ensu#e+

!o# t"e !utu#e T"is is t"e )est gua#antee against an' #et#og#a+e +e/e&o(-

$ent T"us, "e sai+, %e s"ou&+ $aintain a g#o%t" o! t"e (#o+uti/e (o%e#s

t"at in#eases geo$et#ia&&' #at"e# t"an a#it"$etia&&' 5n&' in t"at %a'

%i&& a su!!iient +e!ense )e gua#antee+ sine, i! t"e in+ust#' o! a ount#' is

#uine+, it %ou&+ )eo$e an i$(otent to' !o# ot"e# (o%e#sa t"eo#' t"at(#esent +a' (o&itiians s"ou&+ tae a#e!u& note o!

8uiling the -erman Nation

=onseuent&', it is t"e o)&igation o! t"e state to #eate t"e (#eon+itions !o#

g#o%t" an+ t"e (#otetion o! +o$esti in+ust#ies T"at $eant in List.s ti$e

t"e #eation o! a uni!ie+ to&& s'ste$ !o# t"e e#$an states #at"e# t"an

unneessa#i&' "a$(e#ing e#$an in+ust#' %it" 3 +i!!e#ent +o$esti

e#$an to&& )oun+a#ies, an+ #en+e#ing t"e goo+s (#o+ue+ at "o$e unne-

essa#i&' e>(ensi/e e#$an', List sai+, s"ou&+ %o# on !o#eign t#a+e,

es(eia&&' on )ui&+ing u( !o#eign t#a+e %it" t"e o&onies, !o# %"at is a

nation %it"out %o#&+ t#a+e, an+ si$u&taneous&' to seu#e t"e o&onies %it"

a na/a& !&eet

T"is (o&i' #e(#esente+ a +e&a#ation o! %a# against Eng&an+, %"i" +o$i-

nate+ t#a+e on t"e ontinent as %e&& as %o#&+ t#a+e %it" its su(e#io# sea

(o%e#


17/21

,ist propose the construction o" a ense railroa networ9 throughout

Europe incluing a lin9 "rom Cstene a seaport in northeast 8elgium to

8omay )nia. Shown here is his own s9etch "or a -erman railway system

pulishe in an #&(( pamphlet.

T"e seon+ #uia& tas t"at List as#i)e+ to t"e state onsiste+ in (#o/i+ing

!o# an in#ease in t"e nation.s (#o+uti/it' t"#oug" t"e #eation o! a !untion-

ing in!#ast#utu#e List +ese#/es t"e #e+it as none ot"e# !o# "a/ing #eog-

ni4e+ t"e eono$i an+ (o&itia& i$(o#tane o! ana&s an+ #oa+s, an+ o! t"e

esta)&is"$ent o! a #ai& s'ste$ !o# t"e #eation o! a nation

ut t"at is not enoug": t"e state $ust a&so ont#i)ute to an a%aening o! an

a((#eiation o! in+ust#' an+ t"e a#ts t"#oug" nationa& in+ust#ia& e>"i)its an+

nationa& institutions o! &ea#ning T"us List +e$an+e+ t"e esta)&is"$ent o! a

nationa& s"oo& !o# in+ust#' an+ a gene#a& e#$an t#a+e-an+-)usiness

ouni& t"at %ou&+ assist t"e nationa& asse$)&' *n+e# its &ea+e#s"i(, a


18/21

nationa& in+ust#ia& e>"i)it %ou&+ tae (&ae at e/e#' $a#et< it %ou&+ a&so

a%a#+ (#i4es !o# use!u& in/entions, an+ +ist#i)ute (atents

Fina&&', it is t"e o)&igation o! t"e state to #eate a goo+ onstitution, at t"e

ente# o! %"i" stan+s t"e /a&ue o! e/e#' in+i/i+ua& "u$an )eing an+ "is

ont#i)ution to t"e i$(#o/e$ent o! t"e state List ne% t"at t"e &e/e& o!u&tu#e, e+uation, an+ $o#a&it' u&ti$ate&' +ete#$ines t"e (#o+uti/it' o! a

soiet' T"#oug" &a%s, institutions, an+ a goo+ a+$inist#ation, %e $ust (ut

an en+ to !anatiis$, su(e#stition, &et"a#g', igno#ane, an+ e>t#a/agane< %e

$ust !oste# e+uation, t"e sienes, $o#a&it', an+ t"e +e/e&o($ent o!

sensiti/it'

In 17, List $et ="a#&es Inge#so&&, t"e ie P#esi+ent o! t"e Penns'&/ania

Soiet' !o# t"e P#o$otion o! ;anu!atu#ing an+ t"e ;e"ania& A#ts, at t"e

Ha##is)u#g =on/ention, %"i" "a+ )een a&&e+ to %in o/e# =ong#ess to an

in#ease in (#oteti/e ta#i!!s T"is enounte#e+ )itte# #esistane !#o$ t"e

#itis" &o))' in t"e *nite+ States, a)o/e a&& !#o$ t"e s&a/e"o&+e#s on t"e

g#eat otton (&antations in t"e Sout", %"o %ante+ to se&& t"ei# otton in

Eng&an+, an+ !#o$ t"e )&ue-)&oo+s o! Ang&o("i&i !inania& i#&es in

oston

T"e (#ini(a& i+eo&ogue o! t"ese i#&es %as t"e #itis"-)o#n D# T"o$as

=oo(e# o! Sout" =a#o&ina =o&&ege, %"o %an+e#e+ a)out %it" t"e i)&e o!

!#ee t#a+e, A+a$ S$it".s !ealth of ations3 As List !itting&' #e$a#e+, t"e

uestion %as, %"' +i+ t"is )oo "a/e t"is (a#tiu&a# tit&eG *&ti$ate&',e/e#'one %"o !o&&o%e+ its t"eo#ies )ea$e, soone# o# &ate#, )an#u(t

=oo(e# asse#te+ t"at in+ust#ia&i4ation o! t"e No#t" %ou&+ tae (&ae at t"e

e>(ense o! t"e Sout"< a&& t"e %ea&t" t"at t"e Sout" %as (#o+uing %ou&+ )e

s%a&&o%e+ u( )' t"e in+ust#ia&i4ation o! t"e No#t" In 17, "e )ea$e t"e

!i#st to o(en&' t"#eaten seession

;at"e% =a#e' "a#ate#i4e+ t"e g#ou(ing a#oun+ =oo(e# as an o!!s"oot o!

t"e #itis" se#et se#/ie, %"i" in !at it %as =oo(e# "a+ )een a $e$)e#

o! Pa#&ia$ent in Eng&an+, an+ "a+ )een sent to F#ane as t"e o!!iia& #e(#e-

sentati/e o! t"e #itis" 2ao)in =&u)s to in!&a$e t"e #e/o&ution t"e#e In t"e

*nite+ States, "e %as (&ae+ as tea"e# )' t"e S%iss !a$i&' +e Saussu#e in

Sout" =a#o&ina =o&&ege, a!te# "e "a+ )een #eBete+ )' t"e go/e#n$ent

nu$e#ous ti$es as ino$(etent an+ o##u(t

In "is !a$ous t%e&/e &ette#s to ="a#&es Inge#so&&, List Boine+ t"e !ig"t against

t"e seessionists =oo(e# %as an a/i+ su((o#te# o! A+a$ S$it" T"ese


19/21

&ette#s a((ea#e+ un+e# t"e tit&e 5utlines of olitical $conomy in P"i&a+e&-

("ia.s&a#gest ne%s(a(e#, t"eational *a#ette, as %e&& as in 0 ot"e# *S

ne%s(a(e#s, an+ set o!! an e>ite+ +e)ate

In &ette#s, a$ong ot"e#s to o/e#no# i&es o! i#ginia, $an' a#ti&es, an+ a

s(ee" to )ot" "ouses o! t"e Penns'&/ania Legis&atu#e in Ha##is)u#g, Liste>(&aine+ "is (osition He a&so %#ote, on +e$an+ !#o$ Inge#so&&, a$ong

ot"e#s, a #e(o#t to t"e Wa's an+ ;eans =o$$ittee, %"i" &egis&ati/e

in!&uene+ t"e ong#essiona& +e)ate on "ig"e# ta#i!!s In 17, t"e Penns'&-

/ania Soiet' "ono#e+ List.s se#/ies %it" a )anuet in P"i&a+e&("ia

5utlines is a s'ste$ati on!#ontation %it" t"e t"eo#ies o! t"e #itis" !#ee-

t#a+e# A+a$ S$it" an+ "is a(o&ogist =oo(e# T"e (#ini(a& a#gu$ent o! t"is

s"oo& #an a((#o>i$ate&' as !o&&o%s: i! "ig" i$(o#t ta#i!!s on #itis" $anu-

!atu#ing goo+s %e#e a+o(te+, as No#t"e#n !a#$e#s an+ in+ust#ia&ists

a+/oate+, t"at %ou&+ tu#n Eng&an+, %"i" is t"e (#ini(a& $a#et !o#

A$e#ian otton, into an ene$'

A++itiona&&', in+ust#ia& goo+s, %"i" $ust )e i$(o#te+ !#o$ Eng&an+ %it"

"ig"e# ta#i!!s, %i&& )eo$e $o#e e>(ensi/e It is $u" $o#e #easona)&e to

)u' %"e#e it is "ea(est, an+ sine A$e#ia annot (#o+ue as "ea(&' as

Eng&an+, goo+s $ust )e o)taine+ !#o$ Eng&an+, in t"e inte#est o! t"e enti#e

(o(u&ation A&& t"at %as gua#antee+ %it" ("i&ant"#o(i assu#anes t"at it is

a&so "a#$!u& !#o$ t"e ("i&oso("ia& (oint o! /ie% i! in+i/i+ua& states, using

(o&itia& $easu#es, +issoiate+ !#o$ ot"e#s< !a# )ette#, t"e t"eo#' ontinue+,is a os$o(o&itanis$ t"at %i&& $ae (ossi)&e t"e "a((' uni!iation o! a&&

$anin+

T"is +ot#ine o! !#ee t#a+e, as List sai+ in "is 5utlines, is $eant on&' !o# an

e>(o#t !#o$ t"e #itis" E$(i#e: ot"e# nations s"ou&+ a)o&is" t"ei# (#ote-

tion against Eng&an+< Eng&an+ itse&!, "o%e/e#, a+o(te+ ta#i!!s on t"e %"eat

an+ $anu!atu#e+ goo+s o! ot"e# nations List "a+ )een a)&e to gat"e#

su!!iient e>(e#iene %it" t"is (o&i' t"#oug" "is ati/ities in onnetion

%it" t"e =usto$s *nion in e#$an' As "e again an+ again e$("asi4e+,

t"e on&' +e/ie !o# st#engt"ening Eu#o(ean in+ust#' "a+ )een t"e ontinenta&)an t"at Na(o&eon "a+ i$(ose+ on Eng&an+ A!te# its a)o&ition, in+ust#'

#a(i+&' %ent +o%n"i&& sine t"e $a#et stoo+ o(en to, an+ %as %it"out

(#otetion against, #itis" goo+s

List &ea#&' sa% t"at in A$e#ia, t"e sa$e uestion ontinue+ to )e i$-

(o#tant in a $o#e +#a$ati %a' T"e #itis" E$(i#e %it" its !#ee-t#a+e


20/21

(#o(agan+a an+ its +u$(ing (o&i' inten+e+ not on&' to +est#o' Eu#o(ean

in+ust#' )ut a&so to #eonue# A$e#ia

,ist's -ran Design

In 130, List )ea$e a *S iti4en, an+ i$$e+iate&' #etu#ne+ to Eu#o(e:!i#st to F#ane, %"e#e "e a##ie+ out negotiations on a t#a+e ag#ee$ent

)et%een F#ane an+ t"e *nite+ States on )e"a&! o! t"e *S go/e#n$ent

T"e Re/o&ution o! 130 "a+ #eent&' )#oug"t t"e iti4en ing Louis

P"i&i((e Due o! 5#&eans to (o%e#, an+ La!a'ette atte$(te+ to gain in-

!&uene %it" t"e ne% go/e#n$ent

List %as %e&& auainte+ %it" t"e F#en" +i#igisti eono$i s"oo& o!

=o&)e#t an+ "is !o&&o%e#s In "is 5utlines of Po&itia& Eono$', "e "a+

!#euent&' #e!e##e+ to =o&)e#t, in %"ose t#a+ition su" onte$(o#a#ies o!

List as ="a(ta& an+ as(a#+ ;onge stoo+ In 179C, =a#not "a+ esta)&is"e+t"e Eo&e Po&'te"niue an+ t"us, as List sai+, "a+ +eisi/e&' ont#i)ute+ to

t"e g#eatness o! F#ane In 119, ="a(ta&, F#en" ;iniste# o! t"e Inte#io#

!#o$ 100 to 10C, %#ote a )oo, 5n French .ndustry3 A&so in 119, t"e

sientist an+ eono$ist De##ie#, %"o$ List o!ten uote+, %#ote a $ani!esto

against A+a$ S$it", %"i" )ea$e t"e !oun+ation o! F#en" in+ust#ia&

(o&i' In F#ane, a one(tion o! t"e eono$' t"at a((#oa"e+ t"at o! List

%as "ege$oni

List e/entua&&' #etu#ne+ %it" "is !a$i&' to Eu#o(e in 13 His a((oint$ent

as *S onsu& to Ha$)u#g an+ a+en %as sa)otage+ !o# (o&itia& #easons,an+ "e one#ne+ "i$se&! %it" t"e onsu&a# (osition in Lei(4ig, %"i" "e

#eei/e+ in 13C a!te# a +i!!iu&t st#ugg&e T"e (osition %as e>t#e$e&'

)ene!iia& !o# List.s (&ans: Lei(4ig %as t"e ente# o! a &a#ge t#a+e !ai#, an+

%as a $eeting (&ae o! e#$an in+ust#' an+ si$u&taneous&' a ente# o!

u&tu#e List "a+ a %a#$ !#ien+s"i( %it" =&a#a Wie an+ Ro)e#t S"u-

$ann, %"o &i/e+ t"e#e

5n 2anua#' 1, 13C, t"e e#$an o&&/e#ein =usto$s *nion8 !o# %"i" List

"a+ !oug"t %ent into e!!et At !i#st, t"e P#ussian-Hessian an+ t"e a/a#ian-

W#tte$)e#g =usto$s A&&iane )e&onge+ to t"e o&&/e#ein< in 136, a+en,

Nassau, an+ F#an!u#t a$ ;ain Boine+ In 1C, #auns"%eig an+ Lu>e$-

)ou#g %e#e a+$itte+, an+ )et%een 11 an+ 1C, Hano/e# an+ 5&+en)u#g

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