U.S. Regents review

U.S. Regents reviewThematic ReviewPRESIDENTSPRESIDENTYEARS IN OFFICEKNOWN FOR:George Washington1789-1797Set precedents such as a cabinet and two termsPut down the Whiskey Rebellion (federal power)Foreign policy of neutrality (no entangling alliances)Thomas Jefferson1801-1809Author of the Declaration of IndependenceOpposed Federalists (limited, decentralized government)Negotiated the Louisiana Purchase from FranceAndrew Jackson1829-1837Opposed Calhoun and nullification of 1828 tariffNative American Removal PolicySpoils system- gave jobs to supportersAbraham Lincoln1861-1869Used war powers to preserve the Union in Civil WarEmancipation Proclamation & Gettysburg AddressAssassinated before he could act on ReconstructionAndrew Johnson1865-1869Impeached by the House over reconstruction policies13th and 14th AmendmentsPRESIDENTSPRESIDENTYEARS IN OFFICEKNOWN FOR:Theodore Roosevelt1901-1909Square Deal programs (conservation, reforms, trust-bust)Roosevelt Corollary- expand influence in Latin AmericaForeign Policy- increase influence in Asia and CaribbeanWilliam H. Taft1909-1913Dollar Diplomacy- military support to Latin AmericaContinued Progressive Era policiesDid not continue with conservation- split the partyWoodrow Wilson1913-1921New Freedom programAnti-trust legislation and lowering of tariffsWWI; supported Treaty of Versailles & League of NationsHerbert Hoover1929-1933Great Depression; opposed direct reliefRugged individualismUsed federal troops vs. WWI veterans Bonus ArmyFranklin D. Roosevelt1933-1945New Deal (Relief Recovery Reform)- federal powerCourt-packing ControversyJapanese-American internment during WWIIOnly president to serve more than 2 termspresidentsPRESIDENTYEARS IN OFFICEKNOWN FOR:Harry S. Truman1945-1953Dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki WWIIPolicy of containment during the Cold WarSupported the Marshall Plan and Truman DoctrineFair Deal (continuum of New Deal)Entered Korean WarDwight D. Eisenhower1953-1961Issued the Eisenhower DoctrineSent troops to Little Rock, Arkansas- integrationAlaska and Hawaii become 49th and 50th statesJohn F. Kennedy1961-1963New Frontier Program (containment)Created the Peace CorpsEnded the Cuban Missile Crisis; but failed Bay of PigsAssassinated in 1963Lyndon B. Johnson1963-1969Great Society Program (antipoverty and civil rights)Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (expand Vietnam war)President during the bulk of Civil Rights MovementPRESIDENTPRESIDENTYEARS IN OFFICEKNOWN FOR:Richard M. Nixon1969-1974Vietnamization policy of increased bombings; cease-fireDtente relaxed tensions with the Soviet Union and ChinaWatergate Scandal led to resignationJimmy Carter1977-1981Supported human rights and Panama Canal treatiesCamp David Accords- attempt at peace in Middle EastIranian Hostage CrisisRonald Reagan1981-1989Supply-side economics govt works vs. individual initiativeWanted to keep communism out of Latin AmericaIran-Contra Scandal weakened popularityGeorge W. Bush2001-2009Close election vs. Gore (ballot recount in Florida)No Child Left Behind & Dept. of Homeland Security9/11 attacks- sent troops to AfghanistanSent troops to Iraq (WMDs)AMENDMENTSAMENDMENTDESCRIPTION1st AmendmentFreedom of religion, speech, and pressRight to peacefully assemble and to petition the government2nd AmendmentRight to posses fire arms

3rd AmendmentGovernment may not require people to house soldiers during peacetime4th AmendmentProtects people from unreasonable search and seizures5th AmendmentProtection against self-incrimination and double jeopardyGuarantees due process of law6th AmendmentGuarantees the right to a speedy, public trialRight to confront witnesses and to legal counsel7th AmendmentGuarantees the right to trial by jury in most civil casesAMENDMENTSAMENDMENTDESCRIPTION8th AmendmentProhibits excessive balls and finesBans cruel and unusual punishments9th AmendmentRights not mentioned in the Constitution belong to the people10th AmendmentPowers not given to the national government belong to the states or the people11th AmendmentGrants state immunity from certain law suits12th AmendmentSeparates voting for President and Vice President13th AmendmentAbolishes slaveryReconstruction amendment14th AmendmentDefines citizenshipProhibits states from denying people due process and equal protection under the lawReconstruction amendmentamendmentsAMENDMENTDESCRIPTION15th AmendmentGrants voting rights to African American men16th AmendmentGives Congress power to tax incomes17th AmendmentRequires election of U.S. Senators by people of a state, not the state legislature18th AmendmentProhibits manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beveragesProhibition (temperance movement)19th AmendmentGrants voting rights to women20th AmendmentShortens the amount of time between election of a president and of Congress to start of term in office21st AmendmentRepeals the Eighteenth AmendmentAMENDMENTSAMENDMENTDESCRIPTION22nd AmendmentLimits president to two terms23rd AmendmentGrants electoral votes and right to vote in presidential elections to the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.)24th AmendmentAbolishes poll taxes as a qualification for voting in federal elections24 for the poor!25th AmendmentSets procedure for determining presidential disability and succession and for filling a vice-presidential vacancy26th AmendmentLowers the voting age to 18Due to the Vietnam War27th AmendmentBans mid-term congressional pay raisesSUPREME COURT CASESCOURT CASECONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLESOUTCOME/ IMPORTANCEMarbury v. Madison (1803)Separation of PowersChecks and BalancesEstablished judicial review- the right to determine the constitutionality of laws Strengthened the power of the Supreme CourtMcCullough v. Maryland (1819)FederalismNecessary and Proper ClauseNo state could tax a federally chartered bankEstablished the principle of national supremacy- Constitution and fed. Law overrule state lawsGibbons v. Ogden (1824)FederalismInterstate commerceStates may regulate only what is solely intrastate trade (within their state)Federal government regulates interstate tradeWorchester v. Georgia (1832)FederalismRights of Ethnic/ Racial GroupsFederal government has the jurisdiction over Native American nationsDefied by Jackson- led to Indian Removal ActDred Scott v. Sanford (1857)Civil LibertiesRuled that African Americans were not citizens- but were property of their ownersMade the Missouri Compromise unconstitutionalPlessy v. Ferguson (1896)Rights of Ethnic/ Racial GroupsEqual Protection (14th)Upheld Louisiana law providing for separate but equal accommodations for blacks and whitesMade segregation legal

SUPREME COURT CASESCOURT CASECONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLEOUTCOME/ IMPORTANCESchenck v. United States (1919)Civil Liberties- limited during wartimeLimits on free speech; right is not absoluteDefendants actions (war flyers) posed a clear and present danger to the security of U.S. during warKorematsu v. United States (1944)Civil LibertiesEqual Protection (14th) Upheld the power of the President to limit civil liberties during warJapanese Internment Camps were legalBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas (1954)Equal Protection(14th)FederalismCourt overturns Plessy v. Ferguson separate but equal doctrineRuled segregation illegal (violates 14th Amendment)Mapp v. Ohio (1961)Criminal Procedures4th & 14th Amendments4th&14th Amendments protect against illegal searchesExclusionary rule- evidence found without a warrant cant be used in coutyEngel v. Vitale (1962)Civil Liberties1st & 14th AmendmentsReciting prayer in school violated 1st & 14th AmendmentsGideon v. Wainwright (1963)Criminal Procedures6th & 14th Amendments6th and 14th Amendments require that states provide a lawyer to those who cannot afford oneSUPREME COURTCOURT CASECONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLESOUTCOME/ IMPORTANCEMiranda v. Arizona (1966)Criminal Procedures5th & 14th AmendmentsEstablished requirement prior to questioning to inform those accused of crimes that they have certain rightsEvidence obtained without this warning apply to the exclusionary ruleTinker v. Des Moines (1969)1st AmendmentStudents Rights/ Safe SchoolsNeither students nor teachers shed their rights at the school gate (arm bands)Symbolic, silent expression of opinion is protected under 1st AmendmentNew York Times Co. v. United States (1971)1st AmendmentNational PowerUpheld 1st Amendment- freedom of press (Pentagon Papers)Roe v. Wade (1973)Rights of Women/ PrivacyState laws making abortions illegal were unconstitutional (with certain limits)New Jersey v. T.L.O.4th AmendmentStudents Rights/ Safe SchoolsSchools must have reasonable grounds to search students possessionsVernonia School District v. Acton4th AmendmentStudents Rights/ Safe SchoolsDrug-testing student athletes does not violate the 4th or 14th AmendmentIMPORTANT PEOPLEPERSONERAKNOWN FORJane AddamsProgressive (1890-1920)Social settlement house movement (Hull House in Chicago)Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1931- helped found NAACPSusan B. AnthonyProgressive (1890-1920)Womens rights leader from 1851-1906Seneca Falls Womens ConventionYasir ArafatModern (1950s- present)Leader of the Palestinian Liberation OrganizationNegotiated peace with the Clinton administrationOsama bin LadenModern (1990s-2000s)Leader of Al-Qaeda- responsible for 9/11 terrorist attacksKilled in 2011John C. Calhoun1820s and 1830sResigned as Vice President under Jackson due to nullification issueAndrew CarnegieProgressive (1890-1920)Built Carnegie Steel CompanyBelieved in Social Darwinism- robber baron/ philanthropistFidel CastroModern (1950s- present)Leader of Communist Cuba from 1951-2008Cuban Missile Crisis; allied with the Soviet UnionCesar ChavezModern (1960s- present)Latino leader of California farm workers- formed UFWIMPORTANT PEOPLEPERSONERAKNOWN FORDorothea DixProgressive (1890-1920)Reformer who revolutionized mental health reformFrederick Douglass1800sFormer slave and abolitionist involved in the Underground RailroadW.E.B. Du Bois1800sAfrican American civil rights leaderFounder of the NAACPDuke Ellington1920sSongwriter, band leader, and figure of Harlem RenaissanceSongs include Take the A Train and Mood IndigoF. Scott Fitzgerald1920sNovelist whose works reflect the Roaring TwentiesThe Great GasbyHenry FordProgressive (1890-1920s)Industrialist who headed the Ford Motor CompanyAssembly line- mass-produced automobilesBenjamin Franklin1770sServed on Declaration of Independence committeeHelped negotiate the end of American RevolutionBetty FriedanModern (1960s- present)Womens rights activist- wrote The Feminine MystiqueHelped found NOW and National Womens Political CaucusIMPORTANT PEOPLEPERSONERAKNOWN FORSamuel GompersIndustrial (1800s)Founded the American Federation of Labor (craft union)Bread and Butter unionismAl GoreModern (1990- present)Vice President from 1993-2001- lost presidential election 2000Nobel Peace Prize for work on Global WarmingAlexander HamiltonColonial (1700s)Wrote The Federalist Papers supporting ratifying ConstitutionFirst Secretary of Treasury (supported a National Bank)Langston Hughes1920sLeading figure of the Harlem RenaissancePoet, playwright, and novelist- wrote about African AmericansSaddam HusseinModern (1990-2000s)Iraqi dictator who invaded Kuwait causing Persian Gulf WarHanged in 2006 for crimes against humanityMartin Luther King, Jr.1950s and 1960sCivil rights leader who used non-violence/ civil disobedienceMontgomery bus boycott, I Have A Dream; assassinatedLewis and ClarkEarly 1800sExplorers sent out to search the lands of Louisiana PurchaseDouglas MacArthur1940s and 1950sLed troops during WWIIRelieved of command after arguing with Truman over Korea15IMPORTANT PEOPLEPERSONERAKNOWN FORMalcolm X1950s and 1960sLeader of the 1960s Black Power movement; opposite of MLKAssassinated in 1965Joseph McCarthy1940s and 1950sLed a campaign to root out suspected Communists in AmericaMcCarthyism- investigating into private lives of public/entertainmentFrank NorrisProgressive (1890-1920)Wrote The Octopus to expose the unjust railroad industry MuckrakerThomas PaineColonial (1700s)Wrote the pamphlet Common Sense to gain support for independence from Great BritainRosa Parks1950s and 1960sCivil Rights leader who refused to give up her bus seatSparked the Montgomery bus boycott and launched movementJacob RiisProgressive (1890-1920)Book How the Other Half Lives exposed tenement housingMuckrakerJohn D. RockefellerProgressive (1890-1920)Founder of the Standard Oil Company (monopoly)Robber baron/ philanthropistJulius and Ethel Rosenberg1950sConvicted and executed for treason during the McCarthy EraIMPORTANT PEOPLEPERSONERAKNOWN FORSacco and Vanzetti1920sItalian immigrant/anarchists charged with robbery and murderAnti-radical, anti-immigrant feelings led to their executionMargaret SangerProgressive (1890-1920)Advocate for birth control and womens rightsFounded Planned Parenthood (very controversial at the time)Upton SinclairProgressive (1890-1920)Wrote The Jungle exposing the meat packing industryMuckrakerJohn Steinbeck1930sWrote novels dealing with the problems of Great DepressionThe Grapes of Wrath dealt with the Dust BowlHarriet Beecher Stowe1850sAbolitionist whose book Uncle Toms Cabin focused on slavery and contributed to the start of the Civil WarBooker T. WashingtonProgressive (1890-1920)African American leaderFounded the Tuskegee Institute- vocational trainingJohn Peter ZengerColonialGerman immigrant, printer and journalistTried for criminal libel- found not guilty- freedom of the pressGEOGRAPHYFEATURE HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCESIMPORTANCE TO U.S.Louisiana PurchasePurchased from France by Thomas Jefferson for 15 million dollarsPart of Manifest DestinyDoubled size of U.S.Gained control of MississippiNew territories in the PlainsErie CanalConnected the Atlantic Ocean (at NYC) through the Great Lakes into the interior of the U.S.Lowered shipping costsNew York became major portCalifornia 1840sAcquired as part of Mexican Cession (Mexican War)Part of Manifest DestinyCompleted Manifest DestinyDiscovery of goldPanama CanalAcquired in 1903 with a treaty with PanamaWanted to build a canal across the piece of land connecting North and South AmericaAble to move ships from Atlantic to Pacific easilyCanal was returned to Panama in 1999Lewis & Clark ExpeditionTwo explorers were sent out to observe the lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase and to find a water route to the PacificTheir data and maps were contributed to the nations expansionGEOGRAPHYFEATUREHISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCESIMPORTANCE TO THE U.S.Interstate Highway SystemWidespread use of the automobile and the growth of suburbs led to a need for highwaysEisenhower passed Federal Highway Act of 195644,000 mile network of interstate highways created in the U.S.Cities were better connected to the suburbs and transportation was made easierMonroe Doctrine U.S. wanted control of the Western HemisphereWarned foreign powers to stay out of Latin AmericaUsed to support the Mexican WarShowed U.S. policy of isolationism was overHomestead Act The newly acquired lands of the West needed to be settledOffered 160 acres to anyone wanting to settle in the WestHelp to expand the United States and de-crowd cities of the EastAcquisition of PhilippinesU.S. policy of imperialismThe Spanish-American War- Spain gave U.S. the Philippines for $20 millionU.S. seen as a major world powerPolicy of imperialism increasesPort in Southeast AsiaTranscontinental RailroadGrowth of industryNeed to connect the North to the South to the East and WestPacific Railway Act of 1862United States was connected across the countryMade industry much easierREFORM MOVEMENTSMOVEMENTPROBLEMACTIONS AFRICAN AMERICANSUnfair treatment (before and after slavery)DiscriminationSegregationCivil Rights Movement (DuBois, Washington, MLK, Malcolm X, Parks)Brown v. Board of EducationMontgomery Bus BoycottABOLITIONISTUnfair treatment of blacksFight to end slaveryAssociated with the underground railroadDouglass, Tubman, TruthASIAN AMERICANSImmigration laws preventing Asian immigration into the U.S.Japanese Internment Camps WWIIKorematsu v. United StatesLATINOSIllegal immigration laws preventing immigration from MexicoWorking discrimination (low wages/ poor conditions)Cesar ChavezUnited Farm Workers- better wagesNATIVE AMERICANSIndian Removal Act (Jackson)Dawes Act (Americanization)ReservationsCreation of the American Indian Movement to make decisionsREFORM MOVEMENTSMOVEMENTPROBLEMSACTIONSWOMENDidnt have the right to voteWork discriminationStereotypesSeneca Falls Convention (Stanton, Anthony)19th AmendmentTitle IXEqual Rights Amendment?PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIESExcluded from everyday lifeNo education rightsNo workplace rightsDorothea DixEducation for All Handicapped Child ActAmericans with Disabilities Act 1990PROGRESSIVECorruption in governmentUnsanitary conditionsCrowded tenementsSinclair, Riis, Tarbell, and NorrisMuckrakers exposed the truthsTEMPERANCEToo many people were abusing alcoholReligious fundamentalism18th AmendmentRepealed by the 21st- no one followed the lawLABORPoor working conditionsLong hoursLittle payCreation of unions (AFL and Knights of Labor)Strikes for betting conditionsTECHNOLOGYINVENTIONPOSITIVE/ NEGATIVE EFFECTSCotton GinEli WhitneyMade picking cotton more efficient (faster/ cheaper/ easier)Promoted cotton industry in the SouthSteam EnginesSteamships and steam power helped American industryCould run factories and ships by the power of steamAssembly LineHenry Ford- Model T CarsUniform products made quicker and sold for less= more salesNuclear PowerControversial due to the storage of nuclear wasteAutomobileHenry Fords Model TTransportation Revolution- creation of the suburbs and new freedomTelevisionConnection to the world (news)Idolizing movie starsComputerCommunication RevolutionInternetINDUSTRIALIZATIONCHARACTERISTICPOSITIVE/ NEGATIVE EFFECTSGovernment CorruptionWilliam Boss TweedBribes for government decisionsPolitical machines control government decisionsNegatively impacts workers and conditionsExploitation of WorkersLong working hoursLittle payPoor conditions (working and living)Leads to the establishment of unionsOvercrowdingTenements are stuffed with familiesUnsanitary and unsafeToo many workers in one placeMonopolies/ TrustsWhen one company controls an entire industry- can regulate pricesExample: Rockefellers Standard OilUnfair business practicesUnfair conditions for workersUnsafe consumer goodsRats/ feces in meatUnregulated goodsNeed for the government to step inMuckrakersINDUSTRIALIZATIONCHARACTERISTICPOSITIVE/ NEGATICE EFFECTSDestruction of natural environmentTo build cities- natural environment had to be sparedLoss of trees and beautyAttempts at conservation (T. Roosevelt)Increased immigration1800s marked a time of increased immigrationNew laws limiting immigrants from certain area (S+E Europe, Asia)NativismIncreased discriminationNew inventionsSubways, trains, street cars better transportationElevators rise of skyscrapersGas and electric lightsNew water and sewage systems- improved quality of lifeLabor UnionsAmerican Federation of Labor and Knights of LaborFought for better wages and shorter work weekBread and butter unionismOpposed by big business- yellow dog contracts and black listsUrbanizationMovement of people to citiesCrowded tenementsPollutionJob opportunitiesMOVEMENT OF PEOPLEMIGRATIONHISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCESIMPACTColonial 1600s-1700sWanted religious/ political freedomsJob opportunitiesAdventure to new landsSettle on the East CoastSettlement of the United StatesUnder mercantile policyDesire for independenceWestward Expansion 1800sManifest DestinyLouisiana PurchaseLewis and Clark Expedition

Conflict with the Native Americans, Mexico, FranceNew lands and resources (gold)Rural to Urban1870-1920sIndustrialization led to urbanizationJob opportunitiesEscape isolationPollutionCrowded tenementsPoor conditionsEuropean Immigration1880-1910Immigrants came over for industrial jobsSettled on the East coast

Increased nativismQuota Acts- limiting immigration from certain areasDust Bowl 1930sExtreme drought and overuse of the land left the Great Plains in ruins

People head out to California in search of GoldThe Grapes of WrathMOVEMENT OF PEOPLEMIGRATIONHISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCESIMPACTSuburbanization1950s-1960sAs cities grew- people needed more spaceInvention of automobile and creation of highway led to houses being built outside of the cityMore people lived outside of the city and commuted to workLess crowded citiesHousing boom- new lifestyleIllegal immigration 1990- presentMostly people from Mexico crossing over the border to find jobs in the U.S.

New laws trying to limit/ catch illegal immigrantsDebate over whether a wall should be built at the borderTrail of TearsForced migration of Native Americans to reservations west of the Mississippi RiverIndian Removal PolicyWorcester v. GeorgiaCherokee and Seminole Indians were forced to move from their homesGovernment had control over Native Americans African Americans to North 1860sAfter the Civil War, Africans wanted to escape the memories of slaveryLooked to the North for job opportunities and decreased discriminationKnown as the Great MigrationFound job opportunitiesStill faced discrimination in the NorthFOREIGN POLICYACTIONHISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCESSUCCESS/ FAILUREWashingtons NeutralityThe United States was a newly formed country- werent strong enough yetWashington wanted no entangling alliancesSuccess for a short whileRoosevelt CorollaryExtension of the Monroe Dontrine- wanted to keep foreign influence out of Latin AmericaU.S. acts as international police powerSuccess- associated with Big Stick Policy Wilsons Fourteen PointsAfter WWI, Wilson wanted to establish peace to ensure no other world warAll about self-determinationFailure- Congress does not allow U.S. to join League of NationsWWII begins within 20 yearsLend-Lease ActU.S. was in its foreign policy of isolationism This act allowed the U.S. to sell or lend war materials to any country whose defense was vital to the defense of the U.S.Failure- helped to bring the U.S. into WWIIMarshall PlanPolicy of containment during Cold WarGave aid to Western Europe to rebuildSuccessBlockade of CubaPolicy of containment during Cold WarTrade embargo with CubaSuccessFOREIGN POLICYACTIONHISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCESSUCCESS/ FAILURESALT agreementsCold War policy of dtenteNixon wanted to decrease tensions with USSRSomewhat successfulPersian Gulf WarFought because Iraq invade KuwaitKuwait was the home of important U.S. oil fieldsOperation Desert Storm ended in a cease fire and Iraq accepting all of the UNs demandsKorean WarCold War conflict- North Korea was communist, US helps SouthEnds in a cease-fire,Korea is still divided today with North Korea being communistVietnam WarCold War conflict- North Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh) was communist, US helps SouthUnpopular war in the U.S.Failure for US- Vietnam all communistLeads to 26th amendmentCold WarNo direct conflict between the US and USSRSurrogate wars (Korea, Vietnam, Cuba)Success for the U.S.Soviet Union becomes Russia (non communist in 1990s)Camp David AccordsPeace agreement between Israel and Egypt under the leadership of Jimmy CarterSuccessful at first, but peace still does not exist in the Middle EastTURNING POINTSEVENTHISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCESIMPACTDeclaration of Independence 1776The colonies wanted to be free from British mercantile policiesThomas Paines Common Sense promoted independenceLeads to the fighting of the American RevolutionAfter which the United States becomes a free countryEnd of Reconstruction 1877After the Civil War, the South needed to be restructured and restoredNew amendments were added (13, 14, 15)Southern states had to be readmittedThe United States becomes united againAfrican Americans continued to face discrimination in the SouthThe Great MigrationFords Assembly Line 1913The United States was industrializing at a rapid rateThere was a need to produce things at a uniform, fast pace and to sell for cheap pricesFords assembly line changed the way that industry worksWas able to make Model T cars that his workers could affordU.S. entry into WWI 1917The United States was under a policy of neutrality and wanted to stay out of the European WWIZimmerman note, sinking of Lusitania, and German U-BoatsThe US helps the Allies win the warUS is a major world power and helps to outline the Treaty of VersaillesTURNING POINTSEVENTHISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCESIMPACTBrown v. Board of Education 1954Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) stated that segregation was legal as long as separate but equal Little Brown girl wanted to go to the closer white school but was deniedRuled that segregation was illegal (overturned Plessy v. Ferguson) based on 14th amendment rightsForced integration of schools (Little Rock)Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 1964Empowered the President as commander in chief, to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the US to prevent further aggressionUsed during the Vietnam war (Johnson)Gave the president increased powers in terms of the war in VietnamMade the war even more unpopular in the U.S.Fall of the Berlin Wall 1989The Berlin Wall separated non-communist West Berlin (Germany) from communist East BerlinSymbolized the end of the Cold WarSoviet Union became Russia again9/11 attacks2001Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon

Troops sent to Afghanistan to fight the Taliban and al-Qaeda (Osama bin Laden)War on Terrorism