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A'PROPOSAL FOR REESTABLISHMENT OF AQUACULTURE RESEARCH IN THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC COASTAL FISHERIES CENTER

u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Northeast Region

MIDDLE ATLANTIC COASTAL FISHERIES CENTER

SANDY HOOK

CENTER

DIRECTORATE

SANDY HOOK

OXFORD

Informal Report No. 46-A

December 1974

FOREWORD

This document contains a plan to reestablish molluscan aqua-

culture research and development as part of the activities of the

Middle Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Center. It attempts to respond

to a stated industry need by initial reprogramming of existing funds

in the second half of FY 1975 (January to June, 1975) with the hope

for additional funds in FY 1976 and the expectation of additional

funds by FY 1977.

Section I of this document is a summary of the proposal:

Section II is a narrative description of the research required,

Section III contains summarie s of ongoing molluscan aquaculture

re search, and commercial molluscan aquaculture operations in the

United State s, and Section IV contains detailed planning documents

for each of the proposed research areas, for FY 1975, 1976, and 1977.

This proposal supersedes earlier drafts (MACFC Informal

Reports No. 27 and 34) on the same subject.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

SECTION I -- SUMMARY OF PROPOSAL....................... 1

A . Ba ckground info rma ti on . . . . . . • . . • . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . 2

B. Response in FY 1975.. • • . • ... . . • • . • • . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . • • • . 3

c. Response in FY 1976 and FY 1977 ..•..••..•. ~........... 5

D. Guidelines for program reorientation. . • • . • . . •• . . • • . • • . • . 6

SECTION II - MOLLUSCAN AQUACULTURE -- PRESENT AND LONG- TERM REQUIREMENTS .....••.•.........• 8

A. Background information ...•.........•..••.••..••..•.•.. ]9

B. Short-range problems. . • . . • . . . • . . • . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . • •• 12

C. Long-ra.nge problems ....•..••••..•.•......•..•..•..... 14

D. Research emphasis ....•..•..•..••.••..••.••.•••.•..•. , 17

1. Objectives -- FY 1975 and 1976 •.•..•.•..••••••.••.. 11

2. Proposed program -- FY 1975 and 1976 •..•..• '....... 18

3. Objectives -- FY 1977 ••.•••••.••.••..•...•.•..••... 20

4. Objectives after FY 1977 .•.....••.••.....•••.••.•.. 21

SECTION III -- SURVEY OF MOLLUSCAN AQUACULTURE RESEARCH AND OPERA TIONS •. . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . 23

A. Molluscan aquaculture research........................ 25

B .• Commercial molluscan aquaculture operations 28

SECTION IV -- DETAILED PROGRAM PLANNING DOCUMENTS FOR MOLLUSCAN AQUAGULTURE ............. 3a

A. Aquaculture genetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3f4

B.. Nutrition of molluscs. : . . . . . .. . . . . . . . •• . . . . • • . . . . . . • . . . 4'6

C. Control of disease ...................••.•.•....• 0 • • • • • • 5,3

4D. Spawning and rearing of mollusc s ..•...... 0 • ~ •• 0.. • • • • • • • 60

,_ 1

SECTION I

SUMMARY OF

A PROPOSAL FOR REESTABLISHMENT OF

AQUACULTURE RESEARCH AT THE'

MIDDLE ATLANTIC COASTAL FISHERIES CENTER

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A. BACKGROUND INFORMATION RELEVANT TO THE PROPOSED AQUACULTURE R&D AS A MAJOR PROGRAM AREA OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC COASTAL FISHERIES CENTER

Two facilities of the Middle Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Center,

Milford and Oxford, have a long history of involvement in mol1uscan

aquaculture. Much of the basic biological information now used by

oyster hatcheries on Long Island and elsewhere was developed at

Milford over a period of three decades. The new physical plant at

Milford was designed as an experimental molluscan hatchery. Raft

and pond culture methods for oyster s were explored at Oxford, and •

major oyster disease research has been centered there.

Research at Milford was reoriented in 1970 toward studies of

the effects of marine contaminants on marine organtsms. This con-

taminant-oriented research has been productive and is expected to

continue, since problems concerned with effects of ocean pol1ution of

resource species and on aquaculture are increasing. Much of the

expertise in aquaculture research which existed at Milford and

Oxford stilt exists, since many pollution related problems are close

to those i.n aquaculture, and since disease problems in aquaculture

are similar in many ways to those in natural populations. It should

be noted too that some of the stocks of oysters isolated several years

ago for genetic selection studies have been maintained and are stil1

available.

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Several recent events have been suggested that greater attention

should be focused by NMFS on molluscan aquaculture. A nation-

wide aquaculture survey by the Mardela Corporation (1972) identified

disease, genetics, and nutrition as significant needs in molluscan,

and other aquaculture. Then in 1973 the Shellfish Institute of North

America passed a resolution encouraging the reestablishment of

molluscan aquaculture at the Milford facility. A representative group

from that Institute met in October 1973 and identified disease control

as an immediate need, and genetic and nutrition studies as long-term

needs. These events combine to indicate that this ll1ay be propi-. i

tious time to reestablish aquaculture as a ll1ajor program area of the

Middle Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Center. The following sections out-

line how this ll1ight be accomplished within realistic:: funding and staffing

lill1itations.

B. RESPONSE IN FY 1975

As a response to stated industry needs for the second half of

FY 1975 (Jan. 1, 1975 to July 1, 1975) we propose to reprogram on-

going effort into four aquaculture areas: genetics, disease control,

spawning and rearing, and nutrition. This initial reprogramming in

FY 1975 would 1;>e done with the expectation that the reprogrammed

amount would continue in FY 1976 and would be augmented in FY 1977

with increased funds and new positions.

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It should be noted that the ongoing and planned contaminant re search

of the Center is important, and that the reprogramming efforts indicated in

this and the following sections repre sent the extent to which the contaminant-

related work can be reduced. It should also be noted that this reprogram-

ming proposal assumes no further reductions in base funding of the Center.

If further reductions occur (below the FY 1975 level), then reprogrammed

funds must also be reduced.

One new geneticist position is essential to carry out the reprogram-

.med research in selective breeding outlined in our detailed plans for

FY .1975, 1976 and 1977.

We have submitted Task Development Plans for FY 1977 to NMFS

showing reprogramming in the second half of FY 1975 into Molluscan

Aquaculture. The amount of reprogrammed money will be annualized in

FY 1976. The amount of reprogramming would be $125K for the second

half of FY 1975, annualized in FY 1976 to $250K.

For the second half of FY 1975 reprogrammed funds for A qua-

culture are:

$29. 4K from "Contaminant Effects on Algae" (MACOl3) to "Nutrition of Shellfish" (MAC057).

$23. 1K from "Mutagenesis" (MAC014) to "Genetics of Shellfish" (MAC056).

$20. 4K from "Rearing of Indicator Organisms"(MAC012) to "Control of Disease'! (MAC058).

$52. 1K from "Rearing of Indicato~ Organisms" (MAC012) to "Spawning and Rearing of Shellfi shIt (MA C 059).

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For FY 1976 this extent of reprogramming would continue, but for

the full fiscal year, so the amount would be $250K.

Since total FY 1975 funds for Experimental Biology at Milford

were $431. 6K, this proposal represents a reprogramming effort of

almost two thirds of available funds (exclusive of support, and as-

suming no further change s in funding in FY '7 5). Remaining "contaminant-

related studies would be: Physiological Effects of Contaminants, $154. 8K

and Mutagenesis, $14.7K.

c. RESPONSE IN FY 1976, WITH REPROGRAMMED CENTER FUNDS

The proportion of reprogrammed Center funds indicated for FY 1975

would be continued in FY 1976. Total reprogrammed funds for FY 1976

would be $25 OK.

Additionally in FY 1977, $185K is requested as part of the proposed

Aquaculture funding increase to augment the reprogrammed amount of

$250K in the following areas:

FY'76 FY I 77 FY l 77 Total reErogrammed reErogrammed increase FY I 77

MAC-057 (Nutrition) 58.8 58.8 40.0 98.8 MAC -056 (Genetics) 46.2 46.2 42.0 88.2 MAC-058 (Di sea se) 40.8 40.8 83.0 123.8 MAC -059 (Rearing) 104.2 104.2 20.0 124.2

250.0 250.0 185.0 435.0

.New positions would be expected with the new funds in FY 1977.

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Empha sis will initially be placed on molluscan genetic s, di sea se

control, and nutrition, and much of the program will provide for more

effective utilization of the physical plants at Milford, and at Oxford as

well. It should be emphasized, however, that there are other aspects

of aquaculture that are included in the long-range plans of the Center.

The se include, but are not limited to grow- out's ystem s for mo llusks

in natural waters, genetics of aquaculture animals other than mollusks

(crustaceans and fishes), diseases of aquaculture animals other than

mollusks.

D. -GUIDELINES FOR PROGRAM REORIENTATION RESULTING FROM PROPOSED REPROGRAMMING FOR AQUACULTURE

1. We do not plan to reduce contaminant related research at

Milford beyond the actions outlined in previous sections. Thus a sig-

nificant research effort will continue on experimental studies of con-

taminant effects on re source specie s and some work will continue

on mutagenesis.

2. Aquaculture genetics will emphasize,selective breeding of

oysters; Aquaculture nutrition will conc'entrate on definition of algal

nutrients for mollusks. The algology group will continue its service

function of providing food for contaminants studies as well as to aqua-

culture studie s.

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3. Spawning and rearing for aquaculture will emphasize clams

and scallops with some attention to surf clams for contaminant studies;

oyster spawning and holding will continue as a service function to

contaminants and aquaculture.

4. Initial disease efforts in FY 1 75 will concentrate on establish-

ment of a Reference Center and ~egistry of Marine Disease, preparation

of a Manual on"Diagnosis and Control of Marine Aquaculture Disease,

-continuation of disease diagnostic services to 'U. S. aquaculture,

establishment of a larval disease control group at Milford, and studies

of~ater quality effects on marine animal health. Disease control . efforts in FY'76 will continue to concentrate on larval disease control

and improved preventive, diagnostic and trouble - shooting service s.

5. Disease research of the Center will continue to be super-

vised by the Director, Pathobiology Investigations, regardless of where

it is conducted. Larval disease studies will logically be conducted at

Milford, by a group based there. Other aquaculture disease control

efforts will remain at Oxford.

6. Aquaculture funds will be assigned to the Director, Aqua-

culture Investigations, once that group is established. He will, in

the case of larval disease studies, outline problems and indicate needs

in discussion with Director, Pathobiology Investigations, and will re-

assign reasonable portions of new aquacu1tu~e funds to him for disease

studie s.

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SECTION II

MOLLUSCAN AQUACULTURE -- PRESENT AND

LONG-TERM RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS

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A. BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Mollusks, especially oysters, clams, and scallops, have been

valued as a source of food for centuries. Today, although market

trends for the various species of mollusks reflect gradual changes' in

consumer preferences and life styles, certain varieties are more

popu~ar than ever. In many cases, natural production is able to meet

market demand. In other instances, because of shortage of seed stock,

-increasing pollution in estuarine areas, and demands for gourmet foods,

shortages are evident. Because of this, increasing attention has been

givep to the potential of aquaculture to meet specific production/market

needs, particularly in the U. S. market place. An outstanding example

has been the significant advances in producing oyster seed stock for

commercial use.

Beyond these more commonly recognized areas where aquaculture

can meet specific current needs within the industry lies a long-range

potential. The relatively simple food demands and physiology of these

animals, compared with carnivores, together with their relatively rapid

growth and hardy nature, provide intrinsLc value as a high-volume source

of valuable protein and minerals. Not only do they provide good op-

portunities to augment existing natural production for the high-value

gourmet market (such as half-shell style oysters), but ultimate mass

production of secondary protein sources, such as through mussel pro-

duction, is possible. The opportunities for multi-species (polyculture),

involving selected varieties of mollusks, also has considerable potential.

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In order to provide the necessary technical expertise and, ulti-

mately, the enabling technology to encourage sound industry invest-

ments in these areas, it is essential to provide a solid background of

related research, even at a modest level. This would insure orderly

growth and development within the private sector. Such has been pro-

vided in the past through long-term, highly successful basic mollusk

investigations, particularly at the Milford and Oxford Laboratories.

At present, however, NMFS in-house mollusk investigations for aqua-

.culture systems do not exist, having been phased out in 1970. There

is considerable need for reestablishment of such an in-house program

on mollusk aquaculture research to insure that today's critical needs

are being met, while providing the necessary long-term potential for

new systems development.

Although re search in oyster and hard clam (Mercenaria) culture

(by public and private interests) has culminated in a method of general )

biological succe s s for rearing the oyster and clam through all of its life

stages on a commercial scale under controlled conditions, it has yet to

be demonstrated that thi s method, at it s pre sent stage of development,

has widespread economic feasibility. Special scientific skills are now

needed to answer the difficult questions concerning genetics, nutritional

biochemistry and pathology. NMFS has the background and the specialists

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to answer many of the se que stions. Only this approach, coupled

eventually with a sound engineering base, can ensure a new surge

of progress in molluscan aquaculture and eventually a culture systems

that will be competitive in the food industry.

The bay scallop has always enjoyed high consumer acceptance

and the scallop industry w'ould be much larger than it is if the natural

supply of this bivalve were greater and its annual abundance more

predictable. Modest attempts to rear the early stages of the bay

scallop on more than an experimental scale have been encouraging.

Much of the present methodology developed for oyster hatcheries is

applicable with little modification to the large-scale rearing of scallop

larvae. Moreover, it appears that present hatchery techniques for the

care and rearing of so-called "cultchless" oyster seed can be used to

grow po st- set scallops during their sta y in the hatchery.

In the long-term, we s'hould also be looking at other candidate

mollusk species including several species of clams as well as calico

and sea scallops that have (1) potential for multiple species approaches,

and (2) that have potential for supplying economically valuable sources

of protein and minerals. In this regard, we should place emphasis on

mass culture (high density) systems, taking advantage wherever we

can of complementar y na tur al conditions (i. e., oceano gra phic feature s,

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weather, land-\vater configurations, etc.), and existing byproducts

of man's efforts (i. e., thermal effluents, natural byproducts of

fore st industrie s, etc.).

B. SHORT-RANGE PROBLEMS

(1) Oysters and hard clams -- Although the basic problems of

year-round breeding stock, controlled spawning, larval rearing, food

supply and care of post-metamorphosis stages have been solved

pra.gmatically, the resulting culture system is inefficient and costly.

The main reason for this is that the dynamics of survival and growth

of th.¢ oyster and hard clam, particularly their early developmental

stages, are still not well understood. In short, oyster and hard clam

aquaculture has reached the stage ,;""here progress through pragmatic

solution to problems by general practitioners is no longer acceptable.

The following ba sic que stions must be answered. What are the

nutritional requirements of different stage s of development and how

can foods based on this knowledge be prepared? What is the immuno-

logical response of the developing animal in the presence of disease

and how can epizootic mortalities be eliminated in the hatchery

environment? What is the genetic potential of the oyster and hard

clam for producing strains especially suited to the hatchery environ-

ment? Without the answers to these questions and many others,

culture methodology will remain relatively crude,· uninformed,

inefficient and expensive.

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(2) Bay sea 11 0 p s - A m a j 0 r pro b Ie m in ear 1 y a tt e m pt s to

develop s.callop aquaculture on a commercial scale will be the

rearing of post-hatchery scallops (10-15 mm) in large numbers.

Because the scallop is motile in its juvenile stages, it cannot be

farmed in the same manner as can oysters. Juvenile animals may

be reared in outdoor tanks in sufficient numbers to be commercially

feasible. Final growth to market size (75-100 mm) will probably

have to be accomplished in controlled, natural environments where

the scallops can have sufficient room and food for optimum growth,

but where their movements can be confined and their enemie s

controlled.

The development of efficient rnethods for !igrowing out:! hatchery­

reared scallop seed will not automatically insure commercially success­

ftil aquaculture. This accomplishment alone would bring scallop culture

only to the level of development of present~day oyster culture. The

same need to understand the dynamics of survival and growth of scallop

early life stages and to use this knowledge to improve the methodology

of scallop culture exists as it does for the oyster.

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c. LONG-RANGE PROBLEMS

(1) . Oysters and hard clams - Long-range genetic problems are

so intimately related to short-range ones that it is almost impossible

to make a distinction. In the absence of further basic genetic infor-

mation and with no genetic counseling, private selective breeding

programs in industry .. will be mostly wasteful hit-and-miss efforts

with a success rate lower than that if results of experimental breeding

anc:I advice were available through NMFS to hatchery operators. As

'such hatchery-bred lines develop predictable inbreeding problems,

detej:-iorate genetically and are discovered to have too nar~ow a

genetic base, they will be discarded again in favor of wild stocks.

In doing this, considerable private 2.ctivity and funds \viII be ex-

pended, but no real breeding progress will be made. If there is to

be an "improvement" of oyster stocks, a major genetic program will

have to be formulated and implemented.

Related to genetics, and closely allied to improvement of oyster

stocks, is pathology. Although effort has been 'expended in the study

of diseases of adults, little has been done to solve these problems

except to' weakly steer the natural selection process. There has been

little consideration given to or work done to control epizootic s of the,

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various life stages of oysters under aquaculture conditions. Funda-

mental re search must be conducted on the etiology of specific

diseases and their cure. I -14-

Nutritional problems are both short- and long-range. One of

the most pressing problems, however, is the development of "artificial!!

foods. Although the culture of algae for larval food is fairly dependable,

the development of foods which can be stored and used as needed will be

required to establish a viable aquaculture system for bivalves. An

understanding of the nutritional requirements of all stages of develop-

ment may help to minimize the incidence of disease, as well as

prpmote fa ster growth and fatter animals.

Alternative rearing media to natural seawater, such as artificial

seawater and seawater from wells, must be developed for those life

stages which are most sensitive to poor water quality. Effective use

must also be made of w·ater-quality iInpl'ovement techniques, such as

UV irradiation, ion exchange, ozonization and filtration.

Hatchery engineering is a critical key to reducing the unit cost of

the final product. A great deal of engineering effort will ha ve to be

expended during the development of a hatchery to design an efficient

system. Although general designs of a system with a proven output can

be defined, differences in locality and the organism involved will neces-

sitate optimization for a particular problem are"a. Engineering input,

that is, improvement of present designs, must be accomplished with

the as si stance of a competent biologi st.

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Along with optimization studies on a given hatchery, the economic

aspects should be defined. Studies should be based not on the present

static concepts utilized by the industry, but on the normal analysis

performed in other industries (feasibility, marketing studies, etc.).

Shellfisheries business practices, marketing, and supply methods must

be modernized in order to assure a viable industry.

(2) Bay scallops - Long-range problems reported for genetics,

disease, nutrition, culture systems and engineering and economic

analyses of oysters are also of concern with scallops. Hatchery

engiheering, may, however, be a minor problem if the techniques and

systems developed for oyster hatcheries are applicable to scallop

culture. Because the life histories of the oyster- and the scallop are

so similar, especially in their early stages, the expertise that NMFS

scientists can bring to the further development of oyster culture can

also be applied to the solution of problems inherent in scallop culture.

(3) Other species/varieties of mollusks - Screening and systems

development of those species suited for multispecies or mass culture

for economic protein sources will be revealed by subsequent studies.

D. RESEARCH EMPHASIS

1. Objectives -- FY 1975 and 1976 (with reprogrammed funds)

a. Nutrition - Determine the nutritional requirements

for various life stages of the oyster and to develop techniques

for harvesting, storing, and preserving large quantities of

phytoplankton which will be necessary for a viable aquac''ulture

operation.

b. Culture systems - Development of laboratory

techniques for raising the various life stages of the oyster

under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Although con-

tinuous, year-round culture systems exist for the oyster,

there are certain aspects of their early life history, such as

mortality, nutrition, and genetic s, which are not fully under­

stood.

c. Genetics - Specific areas of genetic information will

be obtained that will make possible the development of oyster

stocks with characteristics superior to the normal for wild

stocks.

d. Di sea se - Development and implementaltion of an

inspection system for routine diagnosis and identification of

infectious agents, as well as the development and implemen­

tation of a program for disease prevention, treatment and

control. Emphasis to be on hatchery-level mortalities.

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2. Proposed Program: FY 1975-1976

a. The present time schedule calls for reestablishment,

through reprogrammed funds, of aquaculture research on

mollusks, particularly oysters and bay scallops, in FY 1975

for the 1/2-year starting January 1, 1975.

b. The pl'ogram would include integr.ated studies of

genetic s, nutrition and di sea se s. Engineering analysi sand

economic analysis would be implemented at a later date,

probably under contract, as new funding becomes available.

Although continuous, year-round culture systems exist for

the oyster, for example, various a spects of their life history

are not fully understood. It is necessary to continue to in1-

prove culture systems in order to raise oysters at maximum

production. This will necessitate the use of an experimental

hatchery which can then be utilized in studies of genetics,

nutrition and disease. Genetic studies will include selection

and inbreeding experiments in order to develop a domesticated

strain of oyster adapted to commercial production. Nutri-,

tional requirements of the various life stages of the oyster

must be determined, while the development of artificial foods

is necessary for a viable aquaculture operation. A program

','j •

will be developed and implemented for disease diagnosis,

control and prevention. While biological problems are

pertinent to the development of a viable aquaculture industry,

concurrent engineering analyses during the research process

will permit the design and construction of a highly automated,

smooth-flow system, guaranteeing maximum production a a

minimum cost. Economic analysis, concurrent with and

participating in scientific and engineering re sear ch on

molluscan aquaculture systems, will provide the single-unit

(cost) equivalent, whereby the relative merits of competitive

systems and their individual sub-systems can be compared,

for co st effe cti vene s s.

Studies of nutrition, disease, and culture systems for

oysters can be directly applied to scallops. Studies to

identify and investigate artificial and natural environments

that promote good survival and growth of juvenile scallops

can be conducted concurrently with studies of culture

systems for oysters. Methods for isolating and controlling

stich areas for large-scale rearing o{post-hatchery scallops

will be inve stigated.

3. Objectives -- FY 1977 (with initial increases in funding)

a. Nutrition - Continue maintenance and expand upon a

stock culture collection of unicellular marine algae, purify

strains, and make preliminary identifications of unclassified

species. Continue operation of mass rearing of algae. Develop

techniques fur harvesting, storing and preserving large quanti­

ties of phytoplankton. Develop facilities for studying food

preferences and uptake by oysters and other mollusks.,

Initiate studies on comparative effects of nutrition on cell

composition of phytoplankton and on growth kinetics in the

presence and absence of growth inhibitors.

b. Genetics - Inbreed new lines of oysters and study

cross-incompatibility genes in these crosses. Use X-irratiation

to induce parthenogenesis for pure absolute oyster inbreds in

one generation and measure depression in these inbreeding

lines. Conduct oyster selection experiments for various

characters. Make individual crosses of oysters from various

geographical locations and backcross inter-species hybrids to

local types to introgress desirable genes from the foreign

into the local types. Conduct cryopreservation studi'es of

life male and female gametes.

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c. Disease - Initiate studies of bacterial and other

diseases of larval mollusks in culture systems. Inlplement

diagnostic services of oysters on domestic level with several

state conservation agencies and industrial organizations engaged

in aquaculture operations. Begin diagnostic-histologic services

on foreign and domestic level with oysters and other mollusks

intended for transfer or import. Start major effort in develop­

ment of in vitro tissue and cell culture systems for growth and

cytopathology studies and for further study of fastidious micro­

organisms requiring living cells for their replication. These

-studies will be conducted at the MACFC Milford and Oxford

laboratories and various state, university, federal and private

agencies.

4. Objectives -- after FY 1977 (with further and substantial

increases in funding). _ Continue ea& of statements mentioned

in (3) and add:

a. Engineering Analysis - Develop and perfect generic

concepts of efficient hatchery design as a basis for adaptation

to and ultimate use on several different but commercially

valuable mollusks.

Analyze and test all existing flow-designs for molluscan

aquaculture systems. Determine critical engineering factors

which adversely affect commercial feasibility. Initiate con­

struction of prototype test modules for each critical factor.

Develop one or more conceptual flow diagrams for molluscan

aquaculture (oyster, scallops), emphasizing capital - intensive

methods and covering entire aquaculture spectrum from spawning

to marketing.

b. Economic analysis - Develop concepts and techniques

whereby total of all costs can be determined accurately for all

proposed systems and to utilize cost data to guide advanced

research and engineering ,investments. Developinformation

on optimal commercially feasible molluscan designs by

simulation analysis. Also, utilization of simulation analysis

to demonstrate commercial feasibility of approved systems~

Analyze and prepare total cost figures for available molluscan

aquaculture systems and subsystems. Determine cost-critical

factors in each system for application of scientific and engineering

effort. Initiate cost-effectiveness studies on initial industrial

engineering design proposals. Determine degree of economic

gap between feasibility and failure for all existing systems.

SECTION III

MOLLUSCAN AQUACULTURE RESEARCH

AND COMMERCIAL OPERA TIONS

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Research and development in molluscan aquaculture is being

carried on by universities (with Sea Grant funds), by a number of

states (partly with PL88-309 funds) and (on a very limited scale) by

private aquaculture ventures. A summary of Sea Grant and PL88-309

efforts follows, as does a listing of commercial molluscan aquaculture

operations.

It should be pointed out that commercially successful molluscan

aquaculture today is characterized by high risks and many failures.

An adequate technical base does not exist, and its development will

depend on adequately funded integrated federal support and active

research participation, particularly in achieving solutions to continuing

basic problems of nutrition, genetics and disease. Sea Grant is funding

a number of projects, but until recently there was little attempt at co­

ordination and integra tion. Sea Grant is not funding, or is funding

only marginally, the kinds of research outlined in previous pages.

Coordination at the highest NOAA levels is critical to successful inte­

gration of research efforts in molluscan aqua.;.culture. In the absence

of such coordination it is important that a NOAA i~-house group with

active research in molluscan aquaculture be fully aware of all on­

going research and take whatever steps are reasonable to insure co­

operation and integration. This Center proposes to fulfill this function

on an interim ba si s.

A. MOLLUSCAN AQUACULTURE RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES

Con-siderable past NOAA (NMFS and Sea Grant) effort and funding

have gone into the development of molluscan (principally oysters) aqua-

culture. These funds and activities have gone into several biological

studies related to aquaculture, such as developing methods for in-

ducing spawning, interbreeding, environmental and nutritional aspects

of rearing, and selection for fast growth, early setting, and spat

capture. Federal funds have also supported more applied programs

in harvesting techniques, transplantation operations, preservation,

processin'g and packing methods, mechanization and off-bottom culture

methods, and economics and marketing studies.

At the lTIost recent SINA meeting, it was reported that ap-

proximately 7 million dollars were invested by Sea Grant for molluscan

and crustacean aquaculture projects at several universities. More

recently, information provided by Sea Grant personnel indicates that

for FY ' 74 alone Sea Grant has supplied over $600, 000 of federal funds

with over $275, 000 of matching funds for support of 18 molluscan

aquaculture projects. The largest grants were to the University of

Delaware to study various aspects of closed system aquaculture,

including studi~s on spawning and rearing, feeding, processing,

economics, and system design; to the University of Maine for aqua-

culture work on breeding, genetics, mechanization design for grow-out

systems, and marketing and economics studies; to the Virginia

Institute of Marine Science for spawning and rearing various species

of molluscs, for production of superior strains of oysters, for

developing molluscan foods, and for management studies; to the

University of Washington for improving methods for molluscan

culture, genetic and di'sea se studie s J and for teaching and training

purposes; to Oregon State University for developing shellfish

hatcheries, genetic studies, and for devising methods to use heated

effluents; to Columbia University for ocean aquaculture programs

and energy conversion; and several smaller grants to such universities

as Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Massachusetts,

Florida State University, and the University of Georgia for utilization

of waste materials in aquaculture, genetic and nutrition studies.

Exclusive of past in-house molluscan aquaculture research, the

National Marine Fisheries Service has. supported a large number of

aquaculture projects primarily through PL88-309 and 88-304 funding.

Since 1966, these Federal Aid grants to the States for aquaculture pro-

grams have amounted to over 2.5 million dollars with several of the

projects directly involved with more applied as'pects of molluscan

aquaculture or shellfish farming. Thus, examination of the "Grant:'"

in-Aid for Fisheries Program Activities" 1974 report indicates many

grants to almost every coastal State. The molluscan aquaculture

programs and activities are too varied and extensive to describe

in detail but they include such projects as hatchery construction,

development of disease-resistant oysters, increasing harvesting

efficiency and gear development, disease diagnosis of wild stocks,

studies on environmental degradation and mortalities, economics

and marketing analyses, technical assistance and extension services,

shellfish bed rehabilitation and restoration, reef development, shell-

fish resource surveys, shell planting, spat capture, shellfish products

technology (processing, packaging, byproduct utilization)" sanitation

studies, catch statistics, and operation and maintenanc'e programs.

Other federal funding, such as those contributed by the Econorrlic

Development A uthority and'the U. S. Department of Agriculture, have

also been used for molluscan aquaculture programs carried out by

private industry, universities, and State resource management groups.

Examples of such grant-in-aid programs are those awarded to the

Windmill Point Oyster Company and to the Maryland Department of

Natural Resources and the Maryland Center for Environmental Studies

to develop spawning and rea ring technique s and for hatchery construction.

,- 27:'

I --J

B. SURVEY OF COMMERCIAL MOLLUSCAN AQUACULTURE OPERA TIONS IN THE UNITED STA TES (AS OF NOVEMBER 1974)

Maine - (Herbert Hidu)

Abandoned Farms (Edward A. Myers), Walpole - raft culture

of mussels, no hatchery.

Maine Coast Oyster Corporation (Deane A. Richmond) -

American and European oysters, hatchery and grow-out.

Acadia Aquacultural Enterprises, Inc., Mount Desert - pilot

European oyster grow-out, commercial by 1975, no

hatchery.

Maine Sea Farms, Harborside (Bob Mant) - concentrates on

coho salmon but also grows oysters, no hatchery.

Marcrafts, Inc. (Harold Arndt), Freeport - experimental

hatchery for oyster seed, will go commercial in 1975.

Tern Rock Ocean Products, Inc. (Newbold & Billings), Bass

Harbor - pilot commercial culture of oysters (hatchery?).

Many. of the above firms and several individuals not listed are

growing Budge seed oyster s experime~tally and plan to become

independent if tria Is are succe s sful.

-28- '

New Hampshire

No information requested.

Massachusetts - (George Matthiessen)

Aquadynamics, Inc. & Cotuit Oyster Co., Wareham and Cotuit, Mass. -

oysters, seed from Fishers Island.

Marine Research Institute (Ben Marshall), Duxbury, Mass. -

hard clams.

Environmental Devices (Ed Brainard), Marion, Mass. - bivalves.

Aquacultural Research Corporation, Dennis, Mass. - bivalves.

Rho'de Island

No activity.

Connecticut - (Milford Lab. )

Shellfish Laboratories (Ed Fordham), Stratford, Conn. - oysters,

clams, bay scallops. Main hatchery closed, some scallop

culture in eastern Connecticut may be underway.

Bloom Bros., Oyster Co., Norwalk, Conn. - financed Fordham's

hatchery and grew hatchery oyster seed on leased beds.

New York - (Paul Chanley)

Bluepoints Company, West Sayville, N. Y. - clams and oysters.

Frank M. Flower and Sons, Inc., Bayville, N. Y. - oysters.

Long Island Oyster Farms, Inc., Northport, N. Y. - oysters and clams.

Shellfish, Inc., West Sayville, N. Y. - clams.

Shelter Island Oyster Co., Greenport, N. Y. - oysters, clams and

scallops.

-29-

New Jersey - (Mike Castagna)

COJ?pany name unknown, Richard Crema - manager, Great

Bay, N. J. - oysters and clams.

Three other groups, unlmown names, about to start operations in

Great Ba y area.

Delaware

No activity.

Maryland - (Mike Castagna & George Krantz)

Chesapeake Oyster Farins (Frank Wilde, owner) - mobile hatchery

in the Choptank River - oysters.

Robertson Resources, Ltd., Salisbury, Md. - oysters and clams.

Dupuy and V{ilkenson, St. Mary's COlliity - cultchless oysters.

Virginia - (Mike C a stagna & Geor ge Krantz)

Windmill Point Hatchery (C. Morgan et al), Urbanna, Va. - oysters.

No name company (Ed Powell, manager) - Rappahannock River - oysters.

L. L. Burton Co., Chincoteague, Va. - oysters and clams.

? Greer Co., Chincoteague, Va. - ?

John G. Warren, Quinby, Va. - clams.

North C'arolina - (Mike Castagna & George Krantz)

Coastal Zone Management (David Adams), Wilmington, N. C. -

oysters, clams and scallops.

Smith Products (Harvey Smith), Beaufort, N. C. - oysters and clams.

-30-

-:' .

South Carolina - (Mike Castagna & George Krantz)

No activity.

Georgia - (Mike Castagna & George Krantz)

No activity.

Florida - (George Krantz and Winston Menzel)

No activity.

Mississippi - (Winston Menzel)

No commercial activity.

State is building a hatchery for oyster culture.

Ala.bama, Louisiana and Texas - (Winston Menzel & Richard Neal)

No activity.

Washington - (vVilliam Budge)

Lummi Aquaculture Project, Bellingham, Wash. - oysters and fish.

Joseph Engman, Paulsbo, Wash. - Japanese oysters.

Bay Center Mariculture, Willapa Bay - Japanese oysters.

Coast Oyster Co., Nahcotta, Wash. - Japanese oysters.

Oregon - (William Budge)

No activity.

California - (Wi lliam Budge)

Tomales Bay Oyster Co., Pt. Reyes St. - oysters.

Pacific Mariculture, Elkhorn Slue - oysters and abalone.

International Shellfish Enterprises, Elkhorn Slue - oysters.

Pacific Ocean Farms, Monterey - abalone.

Marine Research Associates, Morro Bay - abalone.

SECTION IV

DETAILED PLANNING DOCUMENTS

FOR MOLLUSCAN AQUACULTURE

-32-

The following Ta sk Development Plans for Molluscan A qua-

culture in the Middle Atlantic C oa stal Fi sherie s C enter were

submitted for approval by higher offices on December 23, 1974.

-33-

,.."u., ...... -= ...... . - ,-,",,' • ...... "'"~4 ..... ·~""' .......... ,...,.>',~~ ~_ " ... _ .... ~~ ~ .... ~ ... _ ..... .,..,,.. . - . . . 'AA F'OR~ 32- j 4t. U. S. DE PARTMENT Of COMMERCE PAGE 0 1-74) NATIONAL OCEANIC AND PTMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION

1 NMFS TASK DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1. DATE PREF

(Sec Dctoiied Instruc.:tions) December 7, .L , ... _

(Submit liv" cop/ell by Jim. 2) FMC's - Submit a separate Task De\'e!opmenc Plan for each task beginning, continuin~, or

): Director, Nacion:d ~f.lrine c:nding in the current year, budget year, or buJ&cc year + 1. Reimburs."lb Ie funds ;lre

Fisheries Service, .-\TTN: Fx5 noe to bc minblcd wlth 3ppropri:Itcd funds on any r-rogr;lmmatic TOP; separate TDP's National Oceanic and must be prepared. Submit one TDP itemizing the administrative support cost (Man-Atmospheric Administration agement Fund) for the FMC. Washington, D.C. 20235 ..

"'. TOP NUM8ER 3. OBJECT lYE CODES ~. RANK

A Ie Ie 1° BY TARGET lev. 1 INC.

AAC-056-77-AQ i\ -1 III-A TASK NUMBER 6. TASK TITLE

I

~826p 1 Aquacultural Genetic s

.. :>RGANI ZATION CODE 6. ORGANIZATION TITLE (RelSponsible (or execution of this tesk) 9. PRINCIPAL LOCATION

.-Aquaculture Inve stigations

City IStllte

r."'B6300 Mtlford Ct

OBJECT CLASS w CURRENT YEAR FY 19.-25... BUDGET YEAR FY 1926...... BUDGET YEAR + 1 FY 19l1 _,nea 10-18. Entor £111 dollEd vBlues BS Z

thousands and tenths 01 :J TARGET TARGET TARGET thousands. a. ALLOWANCE INCREASE ALLOWANCE INCREASE ALLOWANCE INCREASE

lOS 21-22. Enter 8S marl-years Brld 0 A S C 0 E F

tenths of m81l-yef;rs . IV

• 10. Total Direct Labor 15 19.9 41. 3 41 .. 3 31.6

• Travel 19 . 2 • 6 . 6 -- ,

12 • .R~.~~~.: C0m!1.1l1!!iC('lri0r!~: 1.... i I . f Ulli.i.tlC::;

i~i .' ~

• Contracts (To be let) 51 52

'J A. Grants (Funds ob[j~ated) 58

I ~ Supplies 53 1. 0 . 7 . 7 1. 1

. • Capital Equipment 54 6.5

J.l. Ocher (All other obligations)

2.0 3.6 3.6 2.8 -. Toeal Direct Funds

(Add lines 1 0 throu~1i 17 above.) 23. 1 46.2 46.2 . 42. 0

1" I PosiclOns, full-rune permanen:: (Number applic!'Ible to this Task. Also, 3 3 3 3 complete NOAA Form 32-I4C.)

. ~ Positions, Other 1 1 1 (Number BpplIcable to this T.ssk.)

~ ,Nan-years, Perm:tnent 1. 0 2.3 2.3 3

J,2. Man-years, Other • 5 . 5 . 5

.. ~eimbursable Support -

(ReimburSl!ble ltgreomenilJ only)

REMARKS

-

Reprogrammed FY'75 - - Ref MAC -014

.. OF FICIA L PREPA RIN G REPORT (SI~nLlI:Jro) 25. FMC DIRECTO~~R DESI~TED REPRESENTATIVE (Si;2.)

I -" -. _. -- C2 rf?j-' . ..LmeS E. Hanks -- ~34- . -Ct· ~n..t..(~ . .., - - _.

. -.-.• --- -.. - -- . - .. . - - - ~. - ~ .

. . t

... ,

J t-1 Periodic (about yearly) development of experimental in­formation on the follovJing of use to industry regarding their hatchexy selection: heritability estimates; dura­tionof response to selection; inbreeding in selection; hybridization of selected lines Jar market.

t1 !~ D2If,onstr.ations of 2-\-'/ay model selection experiments .

~ A Inbreeding of lines by traditional means and by par-th2nogenesis. '

I r • I ~ , . ~ I , _~ 1'._ - -'...- _. •

-. f j.\'txpcr--ii11C:i1tdi iijlJr·jl.i1idl..l0ii or ln~r2Gs.

7 A Reciprocal recurrent selection program for selecting inbreds on basis of test hybrids.

8 E Disseinination of information on inbreeding to in0ustry; also demonstrations on.

9 M Regular (upon request) dissemination of information re­garding effects of inbreeding in private selection pro­grams in commercial hatcheries.

10 N Dissemination to industry of exrerimental in·formation regarding radical inbreeding follo~.."ed by hybridization; evaluation of usefulness of such as a commercial tec.h-n i q ue for she'll f ish. •

~7. OUT Y EAR COMMeNTS

r .... . ..

(Chock "ppropriarrt b.:'xe3 tHld

enCer B[>plic •• blo pr-:ccntui$0.)

'1:lcrl:t'~o5 usunllr comtt l:om rffproBrammin~ wlth,n your F.\!C.)

REMA.RKS

2. Conclnued ac same level [J

§J} [J

h. Incrc:lsC' 01 __ % • c. Reduccion of __ %

d. Termjn~1Clon

- 35-'

"X" APPRO'PRIA TE

COLUMN

t--+-+-+-+--+-4-.-I __ .,

~--- ... ~- .. --.-.-.,.-~. -'--', _ .. ' " .. --- ... -~-- -.-.--~--.- ... ----. - --.. - ~.".---'--~~."----"""-'- ~ "--.--~-----.---

3 A

, l E

.6 E

,- / ~1

ricld testing of natural population hybrids.

Demonst.ration of geographic population hybrids; dissemi­nation of information on

Experimental between--species hybridization

Production of wide hybrid seed for industry; demonstra­tion of, dissemination of information on, usefulness of.

Demonstration of results of hybridization of different

I I • ., .J' !' . • ~. fl..' qeo~lraprric fj()Pula.t.jons~ ulSS21111iiatlon 0: ill.onna\,lCli on and usefulness of to industry.

Production of ,,;ide hybrid seed for industry; demonstra~ tion of; dissemination of information" on and usefulness of.

'') A Experimental mutation breeding.

~o A . ;

I E

Isolation of useful induced mutations .

Demonstrations of usefulness of mutation breeding.

Isolation of beneficial nlutations induced by ion,izing r'adiation and chemical mutagens.

,

I ! ! I

In 1·1 DClllonstration to industry of use of Jllutation breeding; dissemination to industry of informntion on & usefulness or. __________ ~_L._L~~~~~+-4_-~~-_+_~~---

7. OUT YEAR COMMErHS (Check ~Jt)p("priDrc b.j)(t:~ Dnd cnttJr Cl.'lplic{Jb/" pt:'.:t."nl(l~(!.)

·/:'lC'~l.:.n.~ u~IJ<.lI)' c"m" from repr"hrm:::lIin~ within ,"our FMC.)

REMARKS

n. Conrinut:J at same levt'l lJ

B} [J

b. Increase of __ % • c. ReJuccion 0( __ %

d. 'fcrmin~tion

-36-

"X" APPROPRJA TE

COLUMN

j J 1 1 i l 1 1

I

- - -- -~ -77-nUDGf:T -Y-['\R

F? [If 6 . t 1 1 2 + 3 -+ 4 I + 5

~i IT; 112 1-2~7. lT21 1 I :: ~~ c1--DY[l~-- -c: ~~.~ -~ L f:'.! r·;

_______ -----------.------1--+-+--+--1 ~\,./ 'L. __ f"=:I--._ Research on experiment.al cryopl"eservation of male and . \--,-r---

female shellfish gametes. l\ #'

~!) A Development of gamete cryopres'ervation techniques suit-able forcomnercial use.

Successful freezing and live recovery of male and fe­male shellfish gametes.

Development of commerc1ally suitable methods for cryo­preser'vation of shellfish male and female gametes.

Conservation of important wild gene pools for future use.

r""l'"\n,lnr-.. "" .. ".....; ~, """ ,-:.; j;.;, ............. U. i

! I i

! i ;:

~-L ____________________________________ . ________________________ ~~-L~~--.L-+-4-~-+--~--~-~~

a. Continued at same level [J • our YEAR COMMENTS (Chock I1pprapriatc. boxe, and Cnfer bppliCl.IJ/e< fI~:.:;cntu8e.)

·lncr~lt'ln5 l/:iulIlly CJme /rom reprotl~.ltrIt.71int! .vII/lin }"our F.\IC.)

REMARKS

b. Increase of_'_% • c. Reduction of __ %

d. T('cmin~lCion

-37- --

D} o []

"X" APPROPRIATE

COLUMN

I I

i

POSIT/OH TIT l.E

... esearch Geneticist

ishery i3iolo~ist (Res.)

Fishery Biologist

eneticist

~ish2ry Dialogist

'J i 0 log i cal Lit bJ rat a ry T e c h n i cia n

GS LfVEL

IIAME OF IHClJ,I.I,BEr<T

11/1 0'11 Sheila (Stiles) Jev,rell

'. 7 / 1 01 9 J ~ me s B. Hug h e s

11/1 Vacant

5/1 Vacant

4/1 Vacant.

..

~~ OF TIME SPEtH Ot, nils T AS~:

75

75

75

100

100

, 100

+ ~

j i I I

I I i t

l l<

. * i I

• , ! ;

r I

f t ,.

i I

OI'iTISUE (1'\ (.t.t!l £,-.;1 ():, f'.1~.t·:, IJ~'I:~lty "l'.I,'.t: ur )I,lr~S" .lId 7S;p~<:~·:T.:~" 1I.· •. I''' .... r rir!ll (';;ro,'r. h"dI"":'.·I:,,,,: ICrT:'>, j,! ':::1:,":::7 h~' n.:.n~.H·r. !r llC"r.\ I:'> ",.t ..lPI'I.i..:.,t :''"' -'0 :lIdil·,.lC: !'j' C'::"I'/lII,: "~,\":

!fj STATE}.I.::~IT or t:Et:D 33: CRITERIA t=0? T,\.S)o: CO.·'~-·~"r:ilOH

c'" .. ,,,,, .. , un ,· .• d. of II ... -1 • ACTIVITY rLM~

;1 TASK OUTPUTS A~1i~ GEN!::FITS

.IMPACT Of T'\~:\' ."JG.~::Hi"\:ION -.• !. C'II tc.:ut ';\,,"

,, ___ h. HI.!'I.'l·~ '!· ... IC -38-

a.lJC"t.·il D:Wllt:'ll'CI:..lti,,·: (:',' '.,,!J Con" ':"nl",.I<.' ,!c!.',~,jl.tJ'}II.) b. P.~[~~":'''' ~."~"': .... !!f~ ; •...•••• ,.L, :,p,,--:' •• !,,!,t~. ",'-In!: I:,o",'I"., .. ,·f. ! rr.,l:'::I(,: che C J",~·:",,;~01",~.1 ~ ll',:i,.l.l(iv!' (f·,'jl..;,,·';\"flC"".

I i j ,

Pu~e of Pll9CS

6 12

MAC-05G-77-AQ-A-l

29. STATEMENT OF NEED

Priv·!.t_~_~_~l~L~~_U~~.r~_ - A general conclusion of the 1972 NOAA Aquaculture SurvcYll),Y r-:iardela Corporat-jon), the Section on Economics, \'!()S that "economic factors in the U.S., combined \',1ith legCll and technica.l inhibitions indicate that technologically intensive closed-cycle systems would eventually provide the best chance for U.S. aquaculture op2rution". To var-ious degrees this conclusion might be argued. Hov/ever,-'that the shellfish industry will be moving in this direction in regard to hatchery production is certain. Rearing successfully the oyster, other shellfish, any animal, under intensive, artificial conditions necessitate$ considerable alteration of the \·,ild genotype. Part of the reason commercial shell­fish hatcheries make no profit, even though basic hatchery techniques are well worked ciut, is the l()ck of organisms truly suited to artificial production. Applied genetic research could well aid industrial initiatives in their development of hatchery profitClble strains. This \lior'k, however, must be sup~orted and conducted along with applied work on nutrition and disease. Its success will be limitej by advances 1n these other two areas. Along with· the applied genetic work must- be the advance of basic genetic krw\'/ledge about shellfish. The idea of continued success­ful application of the fruits of mission-oriented research to the fish industry without an increase in the base of the present limited genetic knowledge about fish is simpl_y i;i~.hful thinkinq. CC'71trast all \.;r2 knm; abGut plants &nd rr;:;i:!::&ls, .:2;"2Ltl) and poultry to \A/hat is knovm about fish to realize \<./11y fish breeders hllve a need to enlarge the hase of information on v~ich they operate - ~hy indeed they have a right to have this work supported.

Public Aquaculture _. Far too little is knm'l'n about the genetics of shellfish for management of public beds to be conducted in such a way as to make maximum use oft h e full g en e t -j c po ten t i a 1 0 f va rio usc 0 mme r cia 1 s p e c i e s . ( F ish i n 9 the s e bed s is still the main profitable enterpris~ of the industry.) This lack of knowledge makes for over-conservatism in attempts at improving v/ild stock beds, or results in simpie neglect of presumed spawning beds. p\t the same time many of the vJild gene pools that breeders \Vill need to call upon for continued domestication of hatchery strains will probably risk loss in the future.

~eci~ic Needs - Specific genetic needs of the shellfish industr'y to which this Task is addressed then can be broken down as follows: (1) Dev~lopment of those areas of applied genetic research on shellfish (and other fish as the program evolves) that cOlrullerciul hatchery producers \'/i11 require in selecting their m'ln hatchery strains - strains which will enable them to realize a profit from their hatchery enterprises. Just what will be required.here has been determined on the basis of (a) what \vdS requi red for the deve 1 opment of profi tab 1 e agri c:u 1 tura 1 plants and animals allovling for historic differences in agriculture and fisheries; (b) \-'/hat sort of inform~tion is necessary to answer industry's specific request for infor­mation regar-d-ing their breeding endeavors. Commercial producers are presently mostly concerr,~d about problel1ls "regarding selection and inbreeding. A shellfish

-39-

Page of PJges 7 12

MAC-056-77-AQ-A-l

29. STATEMENT OF NEED (contd)

indust),y relatively unsophisticated in genetics, rCJllains un-enthusiastic about any use of hybrids at all. I'lost Jttention llccordingly h'ould focus on selection and inbreeding. Some attention- thoug,h must be given to ~"icle hybl~icJization. W·1FS \'Jould be in crTor to follm·, industl~Y's mood on hybrids. Almost all of our highly prof­itable food species in the U.S. derived from some or·jginal \</ide hybrid crosses which _prought together the gen2 combinations necessary for their successful com­mercial exploitation, genes highly important as the species passed from \'Jild to domesticated or cultivated state. (Horeover, hybrids are invariably Vlnat attracts most scientific, popular- and sometimes ne\·, rna)~ket attention.) Also an applied program of int~rspecies hybridization would certainly lead to the uncovering of much bas-ic information on shellfish species of yet unpr'edictable but certain prac­tical,application in other breeding stUdies, as well as in industry.

(2) Concomitant with this required development of practical information -is the need to ehlarge the background base of genetic knowledge about shellfish essential to the long-range success of commercial breeding.

(3) There is a furthet~ need to u~derst_and the genetics of \'fild shellfish pop­ulations to open the possibility of mar.in;izin9 profit froin r'2source manaqeincnt that takes into full consideration the genetic potential or different wild population5_

(4) Lastly there is the need- to promote the conservation of wild gene pools of shellfish that \'Iill become increasingly valuable in the future as sources of needed genes for hatchery strains. For example, genes to yet unknovm hatchet'y dis e as est hat will s Ut~e 1 y fin d ex p re s s ion as dome s tic a t ion a d van c e san d hat c her y production takes precedence over the wild fisheries.

30. ACTIVITY PLAN

Methods employed will be those standard for mass selection programs, selection in two directions with randomly breeding control. Attention to population size, inbreeding intensity and selection intensity; computations of selection progress by standard ~enet·~c methods. Inbreeding by full-sib crosses, alld in small closed populations. Also by induced parthenogenesis by radiation follm'/cd by experimental doubling of chrofllosmne numbers. Hybridization, by necessity, by large numbers of single crosses. Some reseat'ch on fertilization inhibition as a means of obtaining large-scale mass hyb!~idizations. Experimental \'Jork aililed at forcing othen·Jise incompatible inter-species crosses. Gackcrosses of \·,ide hybrids to local cOlllmercial adapted types. Som2 use of speciJ1 recirjrocal recurrent selection program in inbreeding and hybridization i1ork. Mutagenesis by gdlluna- and X-irradiation and with lllutag2nic alkylating agents. Some \'/ork on cryopr'cservaiion of live g~metes as a means of fJcilitatinQ gonetic pi'ogt~ess. Cyto~J0nctics to be elilployed in aprrJising cross t'es111ts~ as in inter-species hybrids and intcllsr inbreC'c1in~ and ste!-ility effects. Species, r,lostly oyster's; also sOllie other slle:l1fish, possibly other fish as progral:J evolves.

':40-

Page of Pi.l~1eS 8 12

MAC-056-77-AQ-A-l

31. TASK OUTPUTS AND GENEFITS

1. lI1fo)~illation ._~~~ dCI1lc"~ll_~1r_i'lJ:ions our09teS~_gy~Jectiv_~_JJreeding -1110 S t 1 y 0 y s t ~_~~_g the r she 1 1 f ish

For' a large variety of comn12rcially important traits (including possibly disca·se resistJnce) sound information would he developed for hatchei~Y breeders re­garding the likelihood of i;npro\'eIlK~nt by private selection programs within com:n,er­cial hatcheries. This information would relate to different found~ng individuals, various degrees of inbreeding, and different selection potentials. Once set up, experiments v!ould be continued from generation to gei~eration to obtain continuous information on the presumed limits of improvement by selective breeding. There would also be test hybridizations of selected lines for superior m~rket oysters. Such .mass selection expe)'iments with random breeding controls would ser~e as a continuous source of information to industry, provide scientific data on the oyster, and at the same time be CI very visible demonstration of science at \'Jork for the fi shery tndus try.

There \·/ould be accumulation of sufficient infonllation on all the parameter·s involved in scientifically based selettive breeding so that industry can be advised on their breeding problems ','lithout having to resort to ne\'/ research except in 1 i m i ted i Ii S t 3 it C e s; G 1 soc n c u 9 11 i n f 0 i'!:~ uti on 0 n S 2 1 e c ti veL t e 2 J i ii SJ D f S f f 2 n f ish f 0 (

industry to plan more knowledgeably their own new breeding proyrams. This should take about 10 years viith important mi lestones reached every other' year' on the average along the \'lay. Advisory v/ork based on the information developed and dem­onstrations could continue for years past termination of most of the experimental work on this Specific Task Output. .

2. Informatiol) on and inbreedinq_ demonstration~for industrLa'p'plication; a1so_fundament~J __ 9fnetic information on result? of inbreeding - mostly ~ters; other shellfish

I n b re e din g, bot 11 s eve rea nd rap ida n d mil d . and s 1 0 \'J, 0 f s eve r all i n e s ~'IO u 1 d be conducted for- various purposes.· One of these \'Jould be to estimate hm-; vJell she11-fish that. ar2 natul~al outbreeders can tolerate inbreeding; hmy severe and what form inbreeding depression takes in pelecypod molluscs. I~nother purpose vmuld be to appraise for industry the feasibility of producing superior hatchery lines by in-ten s i ve i n b r e e d i /1 9 f 0 1 1 Oi'/ e c1 by c r 0 s s - b r e e din 9 0 f s e 1 e c tin b r' e d s t r a ins . Fin all y , inbt'ceding should result in the Ilsurfacingll of genes useful in basic vJOrk and uS genetic tags for oth~t .. applied research. Also, it v/Ould make possibJe an in··depth study of c(oss-incompatibility genes \'/hich can determine the level of crossability in hatchery b(ed animals, and between different populdtions and species.

-41-

Pas;e of PL1~es 9 12

MAC-056-77-AQ-A-l

31. TASK OUTPUTS AND BENEFITS (Contd)

Suffici~~nt informat.ion should be generated to evaluate for industry the usefulrl2ss and cost of inbreeding pr'09r~ms for eventual production of hybrids bct\'/een inbred lines for markeL. This should take ahout seven years to cOiilplete, but ben2fits \'Iill acc)~uc along the \:,ay. Advisory \'Jork based on the information developed, and demonstl~ations could continue for years past termination of the experimental part of this Specific Task Output.

3. ·lnformaJJon ~0n(ldemonstrations of the results of wittlin specie~ b.tbt~idi?at.ion of natural oyster populations - mostly oy~ters; other shel1fisll

Diffe~ent·geographic populations of oyst~rs within anyone species would be collected and test hybridized with one another, then the hybrids exp2rimentally or field-tested for specific uses. The pl)rpose of this would be the combination of particular traits in·the hybrid that could result in superior hybrid types for re-stocki"ng on \dld beds or grO\ving for aquaculture. This could include hybriris with increased environmental runge or adaptabi-lity, hybrids that wi.11 thrive better under stress of heavy pollution, particularly the larval .phase, because of heterosis. Also, thps!?· hybtids \'/ould SC:~\/2 6.S·· seed stocK for mass select-ion pro(n~ams jn \·,hirh it Via:> U2t:iiiCD D12St:O, \'/a5 necessary to include an assortment of genes from a wide area, as for examp1e, genes for disease resistance. As the applied aspects of this program develop, it can be expected that considerable basic genetic information on different wild populatfons ~'Iould be uncovered of practical use in other aspects of the genetic program.

Sufficient ·information should be obtained to advise industry on value of hybrid crosses of VJild stocks in hatchery breeding programs, also to advise managers of the wild resour'ce about use of such hybrids on natural beds. Demonstrations and limited information would be presented before the six years ended. Advisory work based on the information developed, and demonstrations could cont-inue for years past termination of the experimental part of this Specific Task Output.

4. Infl)rmation on, demonstration' of, and production of intel~-speci-es hy'brids _ _ of oysters - mostly oysters - include genera other than Crllssostrea; other shellfish

Inter-species hybrids \';ould be experimentally produced, studied and tested for commercial value. This \'Iork \vould involve a \'1iue variety of species of different genera) some distantly related, others su'spect of not having a true species rClnk being merely genetically distinct populations of the same species. Conunercial and non-co:J~mercial types alike \'Jol1ld be explored. Information resulting shoui:1 be of use to commercial hatcheries, and also for managernent and stocking of vlild beds, and for the opening up of ne\'J beds. Probably greatest use of the hybrids ~vould be in backcfossing prograllls \'Jith the favored prevalent COli!illCrcial type, 8ackcro:·jsing

-42-

Pa~te of Pages 10 12

MAC-05G-77-AQ-A-l

31. TASK OUTPUTS AND BENEFITS (Contd)

\\'ould load to the incorporatioi1 of desirable genes (as for' example resistance to larval diseases) from a generally less desirable nOll-commercial or unadapted species into the popular cammer'cial type. The possibility even cannot be excluded that some Fl hybrid \'/ould itse"lf be a sllrerior market type under many circumstances. Some small amounts of especially difficult-to-come-by hybrid seed might be dis­tributed to industry for experimental purposes.

Commercially practical methods should b~ developed to achieve wide species hybri di za t i on vJhi ch cannot occur under norma 1 cond i ti ons of 1 aboratory.or ha tchery fertilization; also a large ehough nunlb~r of hybrid combinations should be tested to get ~ good enough evaluation of"~uch hybrid usefulness. These should'be a demonstration of the role of wide hybrids as one step in a hatchery program involving backtrosses of Fl hybrids to lo~al types with selection. Finally there would be' the production of some initial hard-to-collle-by seed for industry. Advisory vlork and demoflstrations could continue for years' after experimental portion of this Specif·; Task Output is completed. '

5. Studies on experimental mutation breeding ~~~ applicable to unique-.l2J=9)~ms or' she 1 i. !.i_s_ii_,~"~~~_~~j5 n C! _- iliO S t 1 y OYS Le r-s'; 0 t ilf.:'t'" she 11 f ish

Evaluation of the usefulness for applied breeding programs of inducing mutations in shellfish by ionizing radiation ~nd recognized chemical mutagens. At the same time develop a basic understanding of mutations in these groups. Pre-serve any basically useful genetic markers that are induced. (Also use radiation as a means of inducing parthenogenesis by induction of lethal mutations in sperm.) While this is a more radical approach than the ones just li~ted above, it is jus­tified by the primitive nature of shellfish, their enormous fecundity, and paucity of easily handled marker genes. Also, a very rapid domestication of the oyster in the: genetic sense could probably'\':e'll utilize genes }~eadily available nm" in these species only through mutation. For example, a 1l1utation expressing itself in som2 aspect of larval morphology or physiology might broaden the spectrum of micro-algae on Hhich fastidious larvae must be fed in commercial hatcheries. (Such an :1pproach -"induced mutagenesis - has broad public and scientific v'isibility.)

Sufficient knowledge should be generated to 'evaluate mutation breeding as an approach to rapid domestication of \'1ild shellfish for intensive, artificial culture There should be isolation of SOine induced mutations for commercial use and for basic 'research. AJvisory ".fOrk and demonstratiDns could continue for years, after this Specific Task Output is terminated.

Resea rch WOll 1 d be conducted on ex pe ri men ta 1 c ryopres e rva ti on and 1 i ve recovery of both male and female 9zunetes of the shellfish. There \vould be work on the development of gamete preset'\'lItion techniques suitable for commercial use.

- --4~,-

. .-: .. -

Page of Pages 11 12

Nf\C-056-77 -AQ-I\-l

31. TASK OUTPUTS AND BENCFITS (Contd)

7. Conservation of ~ortant vdld gene p~ols of shellfish for future COI1l~le rc i a 1 LIse

. First the more important gene pools needing conservation would be iden-tified in part from results of selectionexperirnents, studies of hybl~ids between different geographic populations within a species, and of inter-species hybrids. Conservation would be by information disseminated to those responsible for the wild resources; by act-jve collection and breeding of specimen groups; lastly poss i b 1y b.y .~ryopreservati on methods.

Summary statement on Task outputs and benefits

ThiS Task will develop the kind of genetic information .nl'~FS nee.ds to anSHer the specific questions industry poses concerning the development of their ovm hatchery strains - str'ains \vhich vdll. enable them to realize a profit from their hatchery enterprises. Such information will also ena~le NMFS to take the

. initiative in advising industry on c2rtain aspects of breeding in advance of industr'_ request for such. Special gene pool'S conserved in Nl'1FS lab,oratories or under the Service's uuspices v!oulc1 directly oEnefit industry. Industr'Y and consumer alikt!

. \','ould D0fk:r·-it from -che·iiilpn;v2d Jfld1id~ernent of \-'lild shellfisr1 beds that \A/ouia be possible with increased knowledge of the genetic potential of different wild shell­fish populations. As well as aid in future hatchet)' production, the information gained from the Task can so be applied by c0n111ercial shellfish gro\'~ers, Nr··1FS, and other federal agencies and state agencies in managing and.protecting econo~ically . valuable shellfish resources.

32. INPACT OF TASK AUGr1ENTATION

Requested increase is essential to accomplish most aspects of milestones out 1 i ned. in TOP.

~44-

Page of Pages 12 12

i~AC-056-77 -I\Q-!\- 1

. 33. CRITERIA FOR TASK CO~irLETIOn

-34. BACIZ-UP DOCUr·iEr-nATION

(a) 1. NO.l\A Aquaculture-Survey, 1972. Report to Participants. I~ardela Corporation, Burlingame, California.

2. Oyster genetics and future role of g-enetics in aquaculture - A review ~anuscript by A. Longwell and S. S. Stiles. Ma1aco1ogical R~view, 1973,) 6: 151-177.

3. The genetic system and bree.ding potential oJ the conllnercial American ·oyster - A revie\'; by A. Longv.'ell' and- S. Stiles .which appeared in Ende~vour,29(107): May 1970.

4. Some impressions regarding genetics and the fisheries of Japan -A manuscript by A. Longv)ell - published ()S NHFS Circular' 388, p . 1 23- 1 3 3 ~' asp a~:-, t 0 f the Pro c e e din 9 S 0 f. the Fir-s t r~ e c t i r. 9 0 f the US/Japan j~quacultllre Pane'l of the Naturai Resources-Council,'Tokyo, Japan, November 1971. ..

5. Oyster Genetics: Research and commercial application.- RevieyJ by A. Crosby Longwell. Proc. Conf. Shellfish Culture~ Selden, Long Island, April 1960, p. 91-104.

6. - Evaluation of thE m~tagenfcity'of ~arine contaminants for marine speci~s as affectfng in-shore and off-shore fisheries. Informal, in-house report by A. Crosby Longwell, 1974.

-45-

.:~ ~:-.

)-74' NATIONA.L OCEA.NIC AND ATMO!iPHERIC ADMINISTRATION 1 I

NMFS TASK DEVELOPMENT PLAN ~--------~----1. OATE PREPARED

December 9, .1'174 (See Detailed Instructions)

I (Submit live copie~ by Jan. 2)

-1: Director, Nati ana 1 ~bri ne Fisheries Service, A TT~: Fx5 National Oceanic and

I Atmospheric Administration Washington, O.C. 20235

TOP NUMBER

FMC's -Submit a separate Task Development Plan for each task beginning, continuing, or c:nding in the current year, ~uJgct year, or buJ~.et year + 1. RcilT'.bursable funds are not to be mingled with appropriaced funds on any programmatic TOP; separate TDP's

must be prepared. Submit one TDP itemizing the administrative support cost (Man­agement Fund) for the FMC.

3. OBJECTIVE CODES .t. RANK

BY TARGET I 'fA C - G 5 7 - 77 - A Q _ A _AI III-A IBY .. I INC.

TASK NUMBER 6. TASK TITLE

L 8826P2 A spects of Nutritional Requirements of Molluscs

ORGANIZATION CODE 8. ORGANIZATION TITLE (Responsible (or execution o( this task) 9. PRltlCIPAL LOCATION

I State c...itr Milford Ct ~ FB6300 Aquaculture·Investigations

OBJECT CLASS w CURRENT YEAR FY 1975 BUDG ET YEAR FY 1976 BUDGET YEAR + 1 FY 192..! ~. 10-18. Entorall dollar values a~ Z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i-~~~~~~~~~~~

thousands lmd tenths 01

I thousands.

r :nea 21-22. Enter 8S man-years and tenths 01 mBn-vcers.

I '.

~ .0. Total Direct Labor

I .~ Travel i

l ~2. ~e.~~s .• C0rnmuni('acion~, l. ;. ~~~:;:~:s (To b. let) -

~ • .(. Grants (Fund. obIiB0ted)

_ Supplies.

1~_ Capital Equipment

. _. Other (AIl other obIiBations)

1.- -. Total Direct Funds I ; (Add lines 10 throu~/1 17 IIbove.)

! .- PosHIOns, Full-tlme permanent i J.9. (Number nppJicBble to this Tn;:k. AJs". i complete ,\'OAA Fo:-m 32-14C.)

:. • Positions, Other ! . (Nur.lbcr lJppliclIble to this Task.)

; :". Man-years I Permanent

I.. Man-years t Other

, • ~eimburs:J.ble Support (RelmburSlJblo I1RrOOOlonts only)

EMARKS

::; Q.

o ,U

15

19

121

51 52

58

53

54

TARGET ALLOWANCE

A

23.6

• 1

3.0

2.7

29.4

2 .

1

1. 1

. 5

Reprogrammed FY'75 Ref MAC013

, . OFFICIAL PREPARING REPORT (SISn"t",e)

Jame s E. Hanks, Dir. of Inve stigations

INCREASE

B

TARGET ALLOWANCE

C

51.0

1. 0

2.2

4.5

58.8

2

1

2. 3

. 5

INCREASE

o

TARGET ALLOWANCE

E

51.0

1. 1

2.2

4.5

·58. 8

2

1

. 2. 3

. 5

INCREA.SE

F

34.5

1. 5

4.0

40.0

3

3

L5. ~C DIRECTOR OR D~GNATEO REPRESEN I ATiVE (Sl~.)

/ /,~ DO ( ) l_C-t. FL-d"~~l...U-~

Carl J. Sinder~~-g::J Center Director

." ___ • M ". __ _ -_.. • '~" ,~."- - •• - •• --.- ... ---....... '-.-~~~--.~ .... - ".,-.~-" .,.-- "._-- -."~-.~ ..... _ .. _-- •• --.----...... .- ------- ... ...-.

HATlOtlAL oceANIC MlD A'11.IOSt'Hr.nIC APMII~ISTnl\TION I ~t\\FS T /\SK DEVELOP},\ENT rL/J\,~~ ._._~_--L __ ?_-.-. 101' tHl!WCR

26. I.Crl VITY I EY E ~~T I !.,.tiD MllES TO~~ E seH EDU L E r·l/\C-OS7-ii'-!\CLI\-1 ...J-.-, _______ l_C!. __ _

i ." -- . "

3 A Cand uct studies evaluation ~f feeding effi ciency in ...

on . '-

t different stages of the molluscan liJe cyc 1 e.

.. ..~ - -' --~ AIExperiment with the utilization -of 1 i vi n9 food sour'ces I 1-

by molluscs under controlled conditions. .. I I 5 A Experilllent on th2 utilization of 'non-living f oods by .'!'-,

molluscs under contl~o 11 ed conditions. •

.. i , I I- I I

., '{

6! [\.!Coilduct nut i~ i t i 0 fa a 1 ,.... + 1I..-i'; r. c- on molluscs Iln.--l.~\"' n:lt-!!Y'::.l I I

• t

~ .,) I.-l-IU 11.....1 I...t 1 :'-J, '- t • , ...... ~ u: ~~ , I ! I ! !

I I

I i I I , i

conditions. I I i i i I i I f

7 A Maintenance of stock culture collection of nicellular '/ I a u marine algae.

8 A Expansion of collection of unicellular algae c ollection , f

b'y P u :~ i f i cat ion , isolation and identification of speci es.

A Investigation of methods for the long ... term sto and " rage .... - " .-

preservation of cultured species .

. 1 A r·1a; ntenance of algal mass culture systems. -<

I" I

ft. Stud; es on the physiological pa ramete rs of phy torlankton I I

'1 ·growth.

A Stud-ics the nutritional parameters of phyto plankton ,J

1 on _","-~u:utl t h ,

a. Continued at same lc-vel ~_J

121. OUT YEAR COMMEtlTS

(Ch~ck llpprOpr;lJle bnxtl:J and cnl~r lJppliClIb/e p",~cenllJJ1c.)

. J

I _-:_ J

.[:lcre-D;JfJ3 Illi1l81ly comtJ from tcprO~r(.lrrL71jn~ Wdflil/ your FMC,)

REMARKS

h. Increase oT ____ ~~ • [J } c. Reduction of __ % []

d. Termination []

.. 47.;;;

fiX" APPROPf"\IATE

COLUMN

NMFS TASi( ULVELOP/,\LJ:T PLAN T 0 I-' " U ).\ U r: f\

f . -----------_.----- .. _--_._--_._------_.-

NU).\~Ef' E"Ct~ ACTt\'iTY r [VEt~T, f'L/d~NltlG PFI{IULJ - IIl.lie,He hi" t.'IH,'ring ;111 "X" :l( the b('l:ill:ainr: ani] complt.'cion

I (j!~ ~~L~:~:~;.~!~__________ oj ~,ld:t.".k C': ~."!(l:(r~J o['~r:\tiC>!l.\l ,1Cli\'itit"; rh.\t col!c.:c.tivf'\;' dcfiw: fh': [;1:;k flIt t~~

_ 7 yc:tr rhnnin,', 1'~'li()J. Connc(t "X' ... " with a ~oliJ b.le. "Events" OlI1,1 "MiI:,:sl\)[I~"'" ID[tillf-,( ~\y [~nr~I!JG 'J',' ror~ { ~ (ACTI','ITY, 't:' f(;r: LVi.:/-iT, Of{ (\C.(,.l:(.~; .Sl'r:('i~IC poines in (il:1<". InJiC.l(C (bc~c :.;i£;lliiicant :lchicve'l!lCIIC; by r bein,:.

'}.\' FCJR 1-\1!...t:STO~ir:. ..\11 X III a ~.!ni;'" column.

I ~ Y,,:i

o

-----------------.... lll-A....I..'L-~\.f.~l\TI\!I~--·------------.---~-- '-1"7 -nUDGETY[,'0{ -.... 1,\ • _ jY .1 G._ + 1 t 2 + ~ I + -i -1 -!-:.-~ .i (iJrief descriptive phr.,;c of acti,-ily, c\'cnl, or milestone) 2.. 2 _ll~ Jl2 . 1· 2 1 2 1-1 I 11..2!-

<,' . ____________ -+_1_, n .£1~ cTI _ G H I J I K ~_~L' ti3 A Investigate effects of pollutC1nts on phytoplankton to

sure a good response of food spec i es in cu 1 tuY'e (lnd (l hea.lthy marine environment.

14 A Jevelop the potential of microscopic algae for a new sou~ce of protein.

'15 "[ Evaluat~ potential for phytopiankton preservation and storage as a new source of protein particularly for

I aquucu 1 tu re.

16 E Evaluate.the best cost efficiency for algal food pro-t duction.·

a. Conrinued ~[ s~mc level [J

en-

27. OUT YEAR COMMENTS

(Ch(tck 'nppto;>,ilJld b,~xtu Dnd cnre<t b:'pllCfllJlel pr:rc~·llltlt<O.)

.lncrt:lf:'c.~ U:'lwlIy <':0.71<'1 Irom l~prO~'ornn1/f).] wrlliln j"ou~ FMC.)

b. Incrc asl' of _5il. % • 0 } c. Reduction of __ % Cl d. J~rmill.1Cion [J. .

REMARKS

\.

I·

I j i j

"X" APPROPRIATE

COLUMt~

~

I i

Fundin~ of this Investi~Jation lIlust be increased in order to provide the inforll1Jtion fundamental to the success of Illolluscan (lquJcultun~. 'You are \'/hat you cat' is a dictum that is most apt for species in aquaculture.

.

'I

, i i

'.

i

I t

f 1 i i l

I i I

I I

t

! I I

~ I ! l )

! I -48-

~_1_~.:-. ____ ----------. _________________________ 4 ___ '

7 -1 HMFS TASK D [\![LOPME;{"( PLf.N TDP NUw,l1cn •

2D. FULL .. rI!.1!:: rEt~MANENl I"'()SITIO}~S f MA C - 057 - 7 7 -A Q-J.~ i .

ncicccnc-l:-.. -';-O-A-A--I-:-o-rr-n--:-,:::-l,;,\, ltt.?lII 1~. IJcncity alf full-lillie: pcrr:'I~~Cle!:l positions [(.-]at"eli t~) this 'l':tSk {oc----­

the budt;ct year and ~ll po:;ition-:; requested for ouugd YCM + 1 ir,CfL'iise;,. Do not incluJc support pcrStlftnel;

dlc\' ::hollLI 'lppC:U in [hI:' appropri.1tc !->uppon Ta!d: Dcvcl"pmcnr: Phn. ------- --------------T-----CS ttla.~·.E OF INCUJ.~~ Ern

POSITION TITLE LEVEL (II 00 Incwnhctlt, ontuf "Voc"nt")

Personnel In, rease Required

I Microbiologist 11/1 Vacant 100

Microbiologist .1 . . 7/1 Vacant 100

Biologist 5/1 Vacant 100

.L (

r 'I

I.

'.' , ,

---

,

L' I,,:C.WII.HU~ on pl~ifl t:~1~~2 p3pcr. IJcnrify."l'.,!;C of P"ge~" .IflJ "T!)/J.Numbcr" in u'ppe~,rif,!;; corller. Commellt on t.:i~ch of the

: . .follol'r'lnr Item!;, IdcnufYJlig bi' number. If Item IS not appllcnblt:. so IndiCate bj' c:ntC:C1ng NA :

:~. STATEMCin OF NEED 33. CHITr:~IA ro~ TASK COMI"':"ETION

J 10. ACTIVITY PLAN

I. T AS K 0 U T PUT SAN 0 n E I'~ E FiT S

L,. IIl1lle.<'! y,",lt C. n'Lli:'!t Ye::r + 1

34 •. DACK·UP DOCUMENTATICt~ R. Detail Dt l '_1I11H:Ilf'ltion (1':"I'idc ono senter-co a( :;cd;Jtlon.)

t--. }1."\",,,,1 rncl·" ;>r\l~ '~'<;">1r('h pr'~~f'n'l}' hl inl: 'f\nd')i,,.ri. c. Indicate the Cor:pc::;";ll)n.ll 1,."i~Lltjvc rt-:;:luir"!,l('n,!:.

, d. In" iC;l t(: 1: . ..:: En':i',ulll:1L Ilt.11 1,;p.lCt Stal t'II\:: nt , F IS) (f"'llli:cl1lcrlts.

SUPL::r(::;CDES F'Rt::VIOU~ t:0I110H. --4"g--=---------------------------.• .J~?~_A r'or'M 3~-I"C 110-7-'1

J

Page of Pages 5 7

MAC-OS7-77-AQ-A-l

29. STATEr·1ENT OF nEED

Pressures on land fooel resources demand that there be also an increased productivity from aquat";c environmf;:nts. The pctential fOi~ increasing Clquatic productivity through controlled aquaculture has been largely untapped because of funclamental problems in the methodology .. The consensus of op"inion is that an

. i nc rea s e ina q lid tic p"r 0 d u c t i vi t y t h ro ugh a qua c u 1 t u res h 0 U 1 d be pro v ide d b'y the private sector but assistJnce in problem solvinQ and the introduction of innovative procedures can best be pl~ovided by government scientific labol~atories as a public service,

.-Commercial shellfish operators consistently urge that high priority emphasis

be plated upon the problem of providing nutrition to the animals in aquaculture. Obviously, the'ability to feed animals nutrients that \'Iil1 support grov/th, that are non-toxic and are economical is fundamental to the success of any aquaculture efforts "

At present unicellular marine Glgae are cultured for use as molluscan foods along the lines developed in the past at the t':ilfoi~d laboratory. The method has numerous inherent benefits to achieving the end gO(ll but also presents many prob­lems to the comrnei"ciLll aquC1cultUl~e producer', The possibility of developing othel' food sources should be pUl"sued. This information should be based upon irlfonnation on the nut r i t i on a 1 re qui r e rtl9 n t S 0 f th e sea n i mal S (l S far- as i tis po s sib 1 e to d e­termine thcr.J. Allied to the need for providing commercial aquaculture \·Jith infor­mation on nutr"itionar requirements and hm" to provide this nutrition are other factors, such as cost, ,engineering of feeding system, acceptability of food material at different life cycle stages, and monitoring fOi~ the invasion of pathogens.

The intent of this Task is to provide information on the cultivation of marine ph.yt.oplankton for molluscan foods that \·Jill improve the method currently available and will provide an immediate benefit to the.industry \'Jhile a more ideal food is being sought. To accomplish this Task research \'Ii 11 be conducted on the chemical and physical factot~s that affect phytoplankton 9ro\l'th~ Nutl~itional requirements of molluscs will be investigated'as they relate to living and non-living food Sources,

30. ACTIVITY PLAN

This Task It/ill utilize basic Illethods for studying the nutrition and physiology of marine phytoplankton food-chain organisms. This informJtion will be applied to the developnlent and impl~OVellJent of existing largo-scale culture methods. l1ethods for efficient harvesting and for long-torill stol~age of this product will be sought to increase efficiency of mass culturE: operc1tion. Activities \'Jil1 then !Jroceed to experiments on rcplacinS) lhe living food v/ith a pdrtiCllly or ~'Jholly sYI~t!jetic food product. Simultaneollsly (} critical SystC!ll for evaluation of nutritiona~ SUpplCil~Cllts will need to be developed.

Page of Pa~Jcs 6 7

r"1AC- 057 -77 -AQ-f\ -1

·31. TASK OUTPUTS AND BENEFITS

1. Information on the maintenance of a collection of marine unicellular algae under controlled conditions will become available.

2. Methods of obtaining and maintaining axenic phytoplankton cultures will be available.

3. Production of large quantities of algal foods for utilization by moll uscs.·

4. Infor;mation on the effects of various pollutants on algal gro',.;th \.'Jill become available for detennining potential productivity of natural bodies of water.

5.: Information on certain aspects of nutrition and physiology of pure cultures of marine algae will be published .

• 6. Methods for obtaining axenic molluscan larvae for use ih critical

nutrition studies \'/il1 be developed to support c('itical evaluation of molluscan nutrition.

7. Infoi-;i:o i i on VII U \:.1 11 Ld L Ion of iii-: c"'oscopi c the current options available in aquaculture.

.... , .-' -.. -. -..-Ql':jOt: a::> food soutces

8. Information on utilization of, synthetic nutritional formulations as food sources to extend the current options available in_ aquaculture.

9. Consultation on best methods of providing nutrients for molluscan aqua­culture \·Ji11 be available to industry.

32. IMPACT OF TASK AUGMENTATION

At the present level of funding work can contin~e on maintenance of the stock culture collection and maintenance of the algal mass cultut~e food production unit ~'/ith a minimum amount of experimentation in algal nutritional and physi~logical requirements. \4ith the estimated potential increase in funding, 'in addition to the above work, il1vestigations into methodology for evaluating nutritional food require­ments in' molluscan larvae ca.n be conducted, e.g., the culture of axenic larvae, testing of algal species for \vhich no information on food value is avai.lable, testing of synthetic nutritional formulation for evalua.ting nutritional requirements in larvae, and vlork can also be initiated into determining nutritional requirements for other life cycle stages.

~51-

P age 0 f P u ~1 e s 7 7

MAC-057-77-AQ-A-l

33. CRITERIA FOR TASK COMPLCTION

34. BACK-UP DOCUMENTATION

a) 1. NOAA Regional Aquaculture Horkshop Project f.lA/a-Ol, t""111rdela Corp.

b)

c)

d)

e)

Report.

2. Informal Report No.4 - f'1iddle Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Center, r!~f="S Investigation Surr!llaries - A sumlllJry of research in on-going progi~ams ~ithin the Middle Atlantic COl1stal Fisheries Center.

3. NOAA ~·Jeek. Nr1FS f'1ilford scientists develop algae culture"for shell­fish food.

44. NOAA Technical Report~ Nf·1FS Circular 388. Proc. First US/Japan me~ting on Aquaculture at Tokyo, J~pan.

5. ~1onograph - "Continuous culture - a lilethod for the production of uni-cellular alonl fonds!! - R. lik~l('.~. in: Hnnrfhook of Phycolonic.)i Me~hods, J.~R. Stein (ed:), Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 233-~54, 1973.

6. ~1onograph - "Nutritional ,requirements in shellfish culture" - R. Ukeles. In: Proc. Conference on Artificial Propagation of Commercially Valuable Shellfish, pp. 43-64, 1971.

7. rt,onograph - IlCu1tivation of unicellular algae" - R. Ukeles. To appear in a five-volume series in Marine Ecology.

8. Mass culture of phytoplankton as foods for metazoans - H. C. D~vis and R. Ukeles. Science, 134: 562-564, '1961.

9. Dr:ied unicellular algae as food for larvae of the hard shell clam, ~lercE.'nar;c1 rnercenaria - H. Hidu and R. Ukeles. Proc. fiat!.' Shellfish. Assoc~53:· -85-1-6r~-T964.

10. A simple r:lethod for the mass culture of Iilarine algae - R. Ukeles. Limnol. OccJnogr., 10(3): 492-495, 1965.

11. Influence of dinoflagellate trichocysts and other' factors on the feeding of ~_r~~,s_~os_trg}_ 'yj~~)_~i~i!. lat~vae all !19J.l_q_~_hr:l~is_ ~u_theri-R. Ukeles and B. S\--Icency. Lii!ll101. Occunogr.', 14r3): 403-410,1969.

Thi s Task wi 11 have no advefsc i1lpact on tile ellvironlllent.

,..52-

~

:i/~ .. h ~ Q ;::.N~ ..... : --- ~ .... i-t,; "j. $. Di::.FAHTMENT OF CONdrilRCE' PAGE OF PA

0-74) NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION 1 I I NMFS T ASK DEVELOPI.\Et~T PLAN I. OATE PREPARED'

(See Detailed Instructions) December 9, 1974 I I (Submit live cop/e. by Jen. 2) FMC's. Submit a separate Task Development Plan (oe each task beginning, continuing, or

. "T"~: Director, National ,\{acine c:nding in the current year, bueget year, or budget year + 1. Reimbursable funds are I Fisheries Service, ATT~: Fx5 not to be mingled with appropriated funds on any programmatic TDP; sep:lrate TDP's i National Oceanic and must be prepared. Submit one TDP itemizing the administrative suppOrt cOSt (Man-

I Atmospheric Administration agemem Fund) for the FMC. Washington, D.C. 20235

I

i TOP NUMBER 3. OBJECTIVE CODES .c. RANK

1l>.1AC -058-77 -AQ-A A

IB IC 1

0 BY TARGET I.BY + I INC.

TASK NUMBER 6. 1 ASK TITLE

l 8826P3 Aquaculture: Control of Molluscan Di sea se

I ORGAN I ZATION CODE 6. ORGANIZATION TITLE (R~spon$iblc for execution of this task) 9. PRINCI PAL LOCATION

City IStDte

~FB641 0 - Pathobiology· Inve stigations . Milford Ct

OBJECT CLASS w CURRENT YEAR FY 19( ~ BUDGET YEAR FY 19 I I) BUDGET YEAR + 1 FY 19~ :ne. 10-18. Enter all dollar values as Z

thousands lind tenths of :::; TARGET TARGET TARGET

thousands. a. ALLOVIANCE INCREASE ALLOWANCE INCREASE ALLOWANCE INCREA.SE I.lne. 21-22. Enter as man-years and 0

A B C 0 E F tenths of m.'ln-years.

.U

v. Total Direct Lc'1bor 15 18.2 37.5 37.5 27.0

t. Travel 19 9.6 - - -- --".-

... 2. Rems, Cor!1mu~icarions, 21 f Ulilitic.:;.; -- -- --r-~. Concra cts (To be let) 51 - - -- -- 5.0

52 14. Grams (Funds ob1i2ated) - - -- - -58 -

• Supplies 53 0.6 -- -- 20.0

1". Capical Equipment 54 -- -- -- IS. 0

'. Ocher (All other ob1i~etionB) 1. 6 3. 3 3.3 6.4

• n. Tocal Direct Funds ; (Add lines 10 throujJh 17 above.) 20.4 40.8 40.8 83.0

r PosHlons, fUll-tIme perr.lanent 2 2 2 I 19. {Number Dpplicable 10 this T{.s le. A Iso,

I complete NOAA Form 32-1.JC.) ~

I • Positions, Other ! 1 1 3 1 (I'-Iumber sppticablo to this Task.) .• .'1. Man-years, Permanent

1. 0 2.0 2.0

~. Man-years, Ocher • 5 1.0 2.0 1. 0

; . tR,eimbursablc Support -. (Relmburlf able D~rdcmen/. on Iy) -- --

:MARKS . Reprogrammed FY'75 - Ref. MACof2

. ? OF'rlCIAL PRcrAR:tlC nErOfrj (Si£nuturo)

25. C;:;CJ2:1):~("".) !

,;.jron Rosenfield' "

~~J.!. ~ C; tor of Investigations . - S,3''= Carl J . Sinciermann, Center Director

2 . I 3

. 4 ·1

5 A

Develop methods to reduce pathogen entty or activity in bivalve-hatcheries prevention/treatment -+

AssesS effectiv~ness prophylactic curative methods Pre~ent reports to scientific meetings and workshops

Publish results

x x y

.. Continue to provide consultative and research services

to Sea Grant, universities, industrial institutions engaged in aquaculture resriarch

d00ve- .'

Begin isolations of protozoan pathogens from larval bivalve hatchery systems --

Present reports to scientific meetings/workshops

Publish findings Begin studies of diseases in grow out systems; bi­

valve juveniles/adults fish, crustaceans

{'.'l17

7. OUT YEA R COMMEt~TS (c::Leck epploprill1t! buxe3 and c:-al.r appIIC/J.')/e pcr.:en(b~~.)

·~cr,"QleJ u3u.1l1r cumo (rem .el'rO~rtHrVT"n~ within yuur FMC.)

~EMAP.KS

'---_._---

8. Coorinued at sJ.me level o b. Increase 0(_" _f. • c. Reduction of __ 70 d. Termination B}

.. 54-

x x

"X" APPROPRIATE

COLUMN

x x x x v

/,

~~L~ ~~--4--f t-'-i t---~ --f-f-- - T J ~L-' I

____ ---.JI

DeveJop methods to reduce p'athogen·entry or a,ct'ivity . (preventioll/treatm2nt) in bivCllve hatchery/nursery

systems •

Assess effectiveness prophyla~tic/curative methods

Present reports to scientific mcetings/work~hops

Pub 1 ish <Or e s u 1 t s :

Provide consultutive a,nd research se'fvices to Sea Grant un i ve r sit i e s, i n d u s t r -j ali n s tit uti 011 sen 9 og 2 din

Publish joint reports and papers with SA above Begin isolations of protozoan pathogens from labor­

atory and hatchery cultures larval bivalve~

'E Present reports: Scientific meetings/workshops

;.1' [!',Publ ish findings

I

I I OUT Y E I .. Reo M MEN T S (Chock lj:>"'rof.'ritJ/~ t.,oxc~ and .ntel c.ppf/c/J!J(o pcrccllrlJ~tt.)

-Iller",., tJ3 ulutJlly como (rom 6WprO,r,.r::mln~ wllflln your F:'IC.)

-

I'

n. Coocinucd ac same level Ed"

§} b. Iocren~c of_·_~ • c. Reduction o£_/o

d. TC'Imin,:uion

~- 55-·

'.~ I { i ___ ... ___ 1-______ -r 0 P ti U 1-1 il t:: R

x V 1\

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x - _. _. -' -~I-X

x X x x

If 1\

._- -X

\' ,\

," -,- -"- '- ~ ---.--'-----r-'- /, X X X Ix tx X

! X X ~

"X" APPROPRIATE

COLUMN

x x

I,

x

, t I

, I.

I ............,"'--- ..... -....--------------------.. ----1 ~ Res ~ u i' C h :,1 i c rob i (I 1 J 9 i s t '

. ,

"')'iolcq':c~\l : BY 1~ - ,1 )

,~

"':"

(*) 50% in

,. :;

f

. : . i l ahara tory Tech::i c ian

.'

......... ,.

: ~

l

" .

F/Y 75; 1 OO~!,

. .

.. ." " i" I .'. :: •• ' . f

• 0. ~" ..

, " .' .. -

.. : ....

.:

. .

....

I ~ !

thereafter

12/1

9/2

7/1

.......

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I

f_( "I .';-~-, .... ~.~-.. -.~ .. " .~--~-.,~- ~ -.. , ..... -~~ .. _-,....",._-- -- -~

81 ogos 12':';sk i ~ \'!a 1 ter J.

Vacant . '-. '" '~, .... , -. . ' .

, ." ' ..

' .... '.' , .

. .. -.. :-

.'

... ".

. ".".

'. ". ': ..

' ..

,'100% (~;

1 OO~; (~:'

1 OO~~

i j i ! ,f

j

'i i j

i ·~HJE ;):'1 pl.\in S:r:!LJ:,: faye". IJe:l.Cliy "P.l~C' ol i'.l~~~!.·' .\Cd "TDP .'\u:::~er" In.U;-rcr or,he corncr. COCimc:nc v.l c.lch of~; Illo\,ii'1f i,ems, iJc:",:dying by numb~(. !! i:c:o loS DO: ~f·pltc;lbI".so iodicau: b, (CI( I1O Z ";U,,": ~,i',"

,.i. ~YJ,T[,'r'.EST OF H~£i) _ ~3. CiHT£RIA fOR T/,SK CCMPlETlOH f ,

f iI

-,~ L. r;uJ~~t y,.~r , c. n'.JI",~t 'y'eJC +

-------_.------------.---------------

of d~iC:S 7 l ,. '\ !~,

- l ..... ~,_.'-',' ,~;"'" -,\,~-:\

FUC,1iO - /\qu(lcl:ltul"c - Cont:~ol of r'1011uscan Disease - FY 1977

Incrcasrd exp1oitation of the nation's estuaries and cOustal zones for industrial and residential developm2nt and recreationJl activities has markedly reduced the areas c;vailaole for th(:.~ prodllctiofl and harvest of fish (lnd shellfish. r·iore efficient and effective r;1:2a!lS to enhance U.S. seafood production must be found. J\quaculture methods reqpire: 1) an adquate supply of genctica"lly desirable brood' stocks; 2) methods to incr'ease larval survival and normal development; 3) ml2thoc.ls to promote rapid S]Y'O\vth. Disease is often a limiting factor to successful aqua­culture opctatioTis. vJith incrcClsing interest in aquacultur-c, Idilere populations reach nl(lxirnL!m density and the transfer of susceptibl(~ stocks (as eggs, larvae, fry, fingerlings) becomes a routine procedure, it is necessary to conduct scientific studies on the role of disease so that its effects can be prevented, minimized, . or eliminated.

The successful application of disease research to the irltcnsive propagation of ·fish and shellfish in controlled environments VJould increase industrial initiatives for com~ercial aquaculture. A program of disease resc~rch would involve: 1) the deyelo~xr:ent ~nd implementation of· a research program for disease prevention and control ~ particularly in hatchery a~d nursery systems; 2) the development and implementation of an inspection systEm for routine diagnosis a~d identification of infectious agents; 3) contr~cts and interdisciplinary research

·prn:lt?t:"ts ,in C0"!"!Bh0r·?:.tio~ \A!ith 1.::r2Ustr"!, ~:li':~rsi'ties, $:atc 1 6.i;;~ ;2d2r~1 ~;;~:·:...:;es -~n('- other research ins-t-ftutions; 4) legislution pr"oviding a favorable climate for aquacultL1r'C reseurch; e.g., spEcific NOAI\ appropriations, "coastal zone legislation," "OCEan dumping act5 11 and fish disease legislation, thus leading to coordinated programs with other NOAA elements such as Sea Grant and Federal Aid (88-309) projects. Information gene~ated would be disseminated to'all user gruups and others interested in aquaculture operations, particulorly industry, state, and some university laborator'ies vl'ho cannot do the Hork themselves.

30. 8ctivity Plan

As far as possible, research vlill be integrated \'tith ongoing Pathobiology Investigations novi dealin<] pril1larily with diseuses of wild fish arid shellfish. Research emphasis vlill focus on prophyiaxis and treatment of infectious arid non­infectious diseases of 'larvae and juveniles of selected shellfish species produced under hatchery systems. Subsequently, diseases occurring in nursery systems and in adult and reproducinSJ populations, both foreign and doniestic, vii 1 1 be studied. Fie 1 d and 1 a bora tory exp€t~i ments Hi 11 be imp 1 emented to to s t hypothes es on dis ca se control and to test fishery management practices as they apply to various phases of aquaculture operations; particularly in hatchery systems. Techniques \'Ii11 be developed to: 1) monitor', isolate, identify, culture, and diagnose micropathogen presence; 2) determine the mechanisms of microDathogen transmission, penetration, i n fee t i v i t y, h 0 s t s pee i fie i t y; 3) qua 1 ita t i v c: 1.Y and q u (l f) tit c1 t i vel y III cas u r e OJ i c r 0 -

pathogcn activity and host responses via biochemical, cytological, physiological, i mrn uno 1 00 i cal, and b i 0 ph:.' sic a °1 s t 0 die s . .

-57-

30. (ont i nued

LOllg-t'2nge p1ans c(l.11 fal A inJplclllenting research activities as described above . to include spec~es of crustaceans and finfish.

31. Task Outputs and Benc:fi ts

1. Outputs

A. Successful implementation of this task and consequent productivity therefrom \'/ill ~2rmit the N;":FS to serve as a national and i!lternat~onal clearing house and diss(::l1inator of technical informution on disease control in aquaculture systems, including establishment of disease registries and publication of manuals,

·bulletins, brochures on diseases encountered in ~qu~culture and methods for disease control and prevention. It vlill permit Nt·1FS to integrate inhouse rEsearch projects \'/ i t h Fed era 1, S tat e, un i v (; r sit y, and 0 the r res ear c h 1 abo r a to r' i e sin 0 r de r to provid~ training facilities and to implement and augment programs to prevent diseases in hatch~ry and nursery systems.

B·. Research productivity and termination of task elements will be measured through successful operati6n Qf.aqu~culture programs of cooperating units and through cor~unication of results in the scientific literature and in industry pub l-j Cil ti OTIS.

2. Benefits

Task outputs would substRntially benefit those llser groups whose success in various aquaculture operations are precluded bec?use of problerns related to disease. Examples are: . inability to bring mollllscan species through larval and juvenile stages on a nla~s scale to a point where they can be transplanted successfully; spreading of diseases through indiscriminate transfer of animals for farming or for use as brood stocks \·Jhich may hJrbor infectious agents; inability to recognize signs of abnonnCll \'/atcr quality conditions or the presence of infectious disease entities in the environment in \vlJicTI the animals are grov/n and inability to distinguish these organisms from innocuous ones; lack of reliable, objective, readily usable information for' solving problems in disease related moll uscan aqul:<:ul ture.

32. Impact of Task Augmentation

FY 1975: This TOP represents a modified submission in \·Jhich funds for the 1 as t h a 1 f 0 f F Y 7 5 are to be rep r 0 9 r 2. (mn cd.. S p e c i fie act ion s for F Y 7 5 inc 1 u d c reprogrcmming part of the current C·o!l1p2rative Pathooiology tusk to the control of aquaculture diseases. The totol fY 7S funding for this task is 20K. Of this 20K and 1 man year \·/i1l be reprogrammed beginning J.anullry 1, 197? This will G!Jviously reduce the arllount of avai1able funds; activlty, and output for Cornpurativf2 Pathobiology I~vcstigations at Oxford.

-58-

.LtJ_~{l_~_: Sp~:ciflc rcp;~(i~lr.Jrnrning action fOl' fY 76 include the Sllm(? proportion of fiJr:J::; dnd pers(Jnr:21 I-CprO~)1'~!!1';1;0c1 the previous jictlr; i.e., 40K tlnd 2 man yeJrs. The Cs:"p2r(}i:i\'c: Pdthob-jolo9,Y Investigllt-jon will d:;c)"'(lase corr~espondingly in terms of fund.:;) personnel, dncl output.

EJ.-l977: An additionCll' 83!< increase for' this task is anticipated along with 3 new ceilings.

33. Criteria for Task Comoletion !

,

34. Back-up Docunent0tion

A. 1. Shellfish Institute of North America - resolution to reactivate molluscan aquaculture studies - genetics, disease, nut~ition.

2. ~1ardela Corporat-ion report to NOl\;\ - includes NHFS needs to study molluscan aquaculture - disease, nutrition, genetics.

B. Related tasks - none on diseases

Inhouse (Nr·lFS) aquaculture (hatcherie5, nurseries) Center, Milford, Conn. - Oxford to do coopefative disease studies Sea Grant-University of Delaware - Oxford to do cooperative disease studies; 8S-309/Federal Aid-Stat~ of Maryland - Oxford to do_ cooperative disease studies.

c. Legislation not required

D. No environmental impact statement needed.

:. 59-

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE PAGE OF PAGE::

NATIONAL OCEANIC ~ND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION 1 I 6

I !

NMFS TASK DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1. OATE PREPARED

December 9, (Sec Detailed Instructjons) 1974

r (Submit /iVff copie~ by jtJn. 2)

!

I

! I

!

0: Director, ~::1cional :'f;ulne Fisherit:s Service, ATTN: Fx5 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administr:Hion Washington, D.C. 20235

FMC's - Submit a separ;;1te Task Development Plan for each task beginning, conrinuing, or

t."nding in the current year, budget year, or budget year + 1. Reimbursable funds arc not co be minslcd with appropriated funds on any programmatic TDPi separate TDP's

must be prepared. Submit one TDP itemizing the administrative support cost (Man­agement 'Fund) for the FMC.

'1,-, . TD P N U M S E R ~A _____ ..,.. ___ 3_._0_~BJ E_C_,--TIV_E_C_O_D_E_S __ -r--______ -+ ______ .c._R,....A_N_K _____ -t

B IC 10 BY TARGET ISY+lINC. LO\C -059-77 -AQ-A - 1 III-A TASK NUMBER 6. T ASK TIT LE

Lg26P4 Spa~.vning and Rearing of Molluscs • ORGAN I ZATION CODE 8. ORGANIZATION TITLE (Responsible fOT execution of this task) 9. PRINCIPAL LOCATION

I State

Ct fi4'B6300 Aquaculture Inve stigations City

Milford . ! i OBJECT CLASS

f ,.ine. 10-18. Enter alI dollBr values 8S

W CURRENT YEAR FY 19~ BUDGET YEAR FY 19~ BUDGET YEAR + 1 FY 19.:?~ z~~~~~~~~~~==~--~~~~~~~~~==~~~~~~_r------~~

thousands and tenths of thousBnds.

t fnea 21-22. Enter as man-years and tenth s of men-venrs,

flO. Total Direct L:bor

J I_l. Travel

J 12. Reuts. Ccrnmun.ic<'lLlons, ~ Utili tie::; i I ~. Contra CtS (To bo let)

1'14. Grams (Funds obli~ated)

! .J. Supplies

I ;. Capital Equipment

-J

a. o u

, 15

19

51 '52

58

53

54

TARGET ALLOWANCE INCREASE

A B

37.7

1.2

I I

4.0

TARGET TARGET ALLOWANCE INCREASE ALLOWANCE INCREASE

C 0 E F

84.4 84.4 15. 8

2-.2 2.2 2.5

7.2 7.2 . 3

2.5 2.5

7.9 7.9 l-7• O,her (All 0<." obli •• lion.)

, :. Tota 1 Direct Funds 9.2 1.4

J (Add lines 10 throu(;n 17 860vo.) 52.1 104.2 104.2 20.0

5 5 " POSltions, fulI-cl~m-e--p-e-r-m-a-n-c-n-t----~~--------~----------~-----------r----------1-----------~--------_;

1Q. (Number Drp1ico~J/e to this Task. Also. 5 2 I eomplct~ NOAA Form J2-14C.) I I J. Positions, Ocher I (Number lippI/cable to this Task.)

! • Man-years, Permanent I I 1

i ,,2. Man-years, Ocher I

• ,Reimbursable Support (Re/mhuTlub/e lt~retJmtJntr. only)

REMAHKS

2

1. 5

1. 2

Rep r 0 g r a rn me d FyI 75 Ref. lviA COl 2

3 3

3.2 4.0 2.0

3.0 3.0

, OFFICIAL PREPARING f-'t:YOH r (Sli:f1lJture) 125 • ?\C DIRECTO~R OEf'\NATEO REPRE5EriTATIVi:: ',i't).j J :,lrrCn S.Lanciers, Investigation Chief, _ L.uo.rW/'~,-i~()L.l,<Ct~

J/~m,cs, E __ Hanks" Director_ .. .oLmv.estigation~.6Q~rl J. Sindermann, Center Director

Cl ~ A. t- (l H ,'I J.:.- 1 ~ ~) ,;-".<:),

.-.---.~~-~-- .... - ~---.---~-.--•. -- _.-...... --~-~. «.,- ---- .. " ~.--.-~-.-- ------·--I·--·~--..... -·-~·-·----·-----------·-----U. !>. [l L I' /, I; 1 H~: Ii I C [ C () Ii q:... T': eLl' I. Co L :::n 1',\ l; L;j

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IDE It T ! ;: '( t; Y !.: In U: fl-l (; , A' F 0 f,'

{~ ~ T J/ ~ T '(: . ~: :_: 0 R t: y [H T. 0 ~ .4 fOr. 1,1, l. ,_:, I 0 ~l [ -

PLAt-:StHG PEi~tLJLJ .- 111l!ic.\~c I'i' ("(11".i:l:;:ln "X" O1C rhe bq;ill;. in8 ::Id cU!llp!ctiI1:. r>f !-.U!.'::l:;\: u: !,cl,"C(C'd ()!)~[;'rif):l.d .\ui,·iti~ ... Ill.\[ collectivcly definc the t.hk {or t~'" 7 Y(,,\f p!:lnnint; r(=rio'.l. C('nrH.'Ct ":\'c;" -"lith a ~(Jli:! b.lc. "I-.vcn~~.1J .\n,l "~!iJ"::,,onr .. • c)(.c\!! at src"cific I',)in::; ill timC'. illc!ic.1u: these si.:-;nific:\nt achir::vemt:nr .. by phcinl:

-'= ~ o

,'\/1 I' X" 1n :l 5 ill}; It: cuh:mn, ----------------_._. _ ... _-----------------

NARR.ATIVE (llrief dC5cripcive pn':'2se of acti~'itYI c\'cnt, or milc!:>tone)

Cy GY 7 7 -, ~ + 1

--1. - -1J,}- - -. 1 ;> 1=1 2 1 2

_________ > ______ j-A-I--f-4.\ C, 0 E r I ~ LU~

-.~.~----,--------------------

,-

t t

'A

All activities, events and milestones contribute to Objective 3, Subgoal A, Goal III of the P.E.D.

Developing method for rearing sUl~f clams to minimum nldrket size in_ controlled labol~atory environment. Case fundinq

~ A Deve lop i n'g· <;ormnerc i ally pract i ca 1, 1 a r'ge- sea 1 e rea ri ng of the surf clam to market si ze. Fundi!],.,SL i nct=-~.9_~~

J A DevelopiRg method for rearing the bay scallop through the juvenile stage in controlled laboratory environment. Sa s e -.:Q.~n.9j!l9.

i --f 4 A I Developinfl method for pilot hJtchery level l-e . a ri n9 of I I I ~~~r~~!l;P t::: t!~::' field "g:'c,,';-o~t" stJ92 ,

r:­i· I'~~";-" l.i;;;";;~

I ! !

x

XI

xl- ------X -

I I I i I ! I ! ! I I

I -,Ix t-txl I

I I \

1 I i , I i r I I r. A bay

)~ . I---. ~ __ L, Developing field methods for growing juvenile scallops to mai~ket size. Fundina increase

J

f 5 A

t 1·- A

Determining amenability of the calico scallop trolled culture through the juvenile stage in laboratory,· Funding inct:..eas_~

to CO:1-

the

funct.i on Base fundine

I 0 E

Rearing bivalve larvae and seed as a service for other Aquaculture Investigations Tasks. ---_._. - -.-

I \. I q E

I

Complete. laboratory method ·.for rearing surf c minililulll market size by December' 1976. Base f

Complete laboratory method. for rearing bay s-c through the juveni 1 e stage by Dcceti1bel~ 1978.

L_.~--...a.. ______ -----___ - ___ _

lam to undinq

allop Base fundit -----_.- -- -- !_9.

I I

J< -- "-1 .' j

K .- - .- .- -- -'- ----- -_. ~- .. -'-'" '-- - .. -

A r

X -'

I ~~. OUT Y EJ.i{ COMMENTS

! (Cll&c;: 1.;.;:.(~.;lfi(H" bJxtI!J "nd enter CJ:'i)II~{I,'>l,. f'(·(.:ent"~fJ.)

&1. Cone inueJ at same levc: 1

b. Incrc;lse of . __ ~ • c. T\cduccion oL_ .. 70

[J D} "X" . ·F~="=I-C] APPROPRrATE -- -c- ---d---'

"

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Complete a method for large-s~ale rearing of the bay scal'lop to the field "grow.-out" stage by Decembor 1979. Fu nd i nl! -in,c rease .

Cornp12te fie'ld methods for growing juvenile bay scallops to market size on a commercial 3cale by June 1981. Funding increase

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(Ch"c;: ,.pprnpf'it1f,' b..,.>CC'., nnd h. Increase of ___ % • enfer lJPpll~/,bl" F~r,cntL<£l&.) c. Rcduceion of. __ % ·I.,cr~n.;~$ u.,uI>lI/ com" from r"pf0tir,.."' ..... rr;ni! ..... ,:tlin }'OUI' F.\fC.) d. Tcrmill.Hion

REM,\R KS

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"X" APpr~OPRIATE

COLUMH

POSITION TITLE

I >irector of Investigations

:ech. Publ. Editor (Fish. BioI. )

'- Fishery Biologist (Res.)

1-,,'iShery Biologist _

~ishery Biologist

GS LEveL

15/6

9/8

13/6

11/1

9/1

NAJ.iC OF It~CUMBEHT

(If no incU'lllJc-nf, t'tIl/('f "\'11':/1111")

001 James E. Hanks

014 Rita H.iccio

003 -VVarren S. Landers

009 Edwin W. Rhodes, Jr.

018 Wayhe D. Cable

Persor:nel In:rease Required

~ishery Biologist ~ -

f , ~ishc:ry Technician

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... 9. STATE;,'.EHT or- HErv 33. CRITERIA FOR TASK COMPLETION

• ACTIVITY PLAH

1. TASK OUTPUTS At~D [3Et~EFlrS 34. -BACK·UP DO:U1I.~NTATIGN

I ~? IMP/~CT OF TASr. AI)Gi.\EtITAT!Ot~

,• a. Cu,·",:: Itt y,.1'

b. DlIJj;cL '{car c. ~ 1.'\"1/: e t Y (~a r + l

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MAC-O~9-77-AQ-A-l

29. STATEMENT OF NEED

This Task will contribut.e to Objective 3, Subgo2l A, GOal III of the P.E.D.

As th2 \,IOl~ld demand for food, including that from thE' sea, incrc:C1ses, it becomes apparent that the cont.ribution from the \'~ild stocks of marine fish and sllellfish is limited by natural ,restrictions on th2 populations over \'Jhich man has little control. A new approach to fish and shellfish production which will supp 1 emen t the \'Ji 1 d ha rve s t IilUS t be deve loped. The mos t p ronri s i r,lg a ppea rs to be aqu2.culture - the rearing of aqu?tic a;'-dmuls for human consumption under the com­plete control of the culturist. To be successful, the life history of the species being co"nsidered for commorciai culture must be completely understoCld and the physiological, nutritional and ecological requirements of each stage of development determined and satisfied.

The most dependable, year-round culture systems for molluscs that no\'/ exist are for several species of oysters and the hurd clam, f.iercenaria- mercenaria; but even \',ith theSe species) there are aSRccts of their ear-Yy-'-i fe--h-istory , such as nutritional requirements and s~lsceptibility to disease, that are not fully under­stood. t~ith other sp(~cip.c;;~ sllch oS the bay scallop~ much llJor'e life history \'Iork is fleeded.

The i n te n t 0 f t his T ask -j s tad eve lop 1 abo f(1 tory t e c h n i que s f 0 I~ ma -j n t a i n i n 9 and spa\·ming commercially valuable and potentially valuable n1o.rine molluscs a:'ld rearing their embryos, larvae and juven"iles in the laboratot~y. These investigations will be directed toward the development of aquaculture systems which can be used by the industry fot", commercial-level production. -

30. ACTIVITY PLAN

Standard methods available at this laboratory and in the literC1t0re which have proven sllccessful for culturing the oyster and the hard clam It/ill be llsed -initially in attempts to develop hatchery culture methods for other bivcJ.l ve species of knO'r'in or potential con~rne!cial value. Because each species has certain uniqL~e require­ments, these n~thods may have to be modified or new technical approaches developed. Attempts \.Ji 11 'be made in logical sequence (inducing gametogenesis) spa\·ming the adults, rearing the larval stages, grov/ing the post-set stage immediately after

-metamorphosis and finally rearing the juveniles to thp. IIgrOl·:-out" stage in the field) to adapt proven techniques, nJany of Hhich originated at t'1ilford Laboratory, to the culture of new aquacultw'e candidates, modifying these techniques when necessary .

..;64-

~ __ J

\ :

Pu5]C 0 f Pages 6 G

MAC-059-77-AQ-A-l

31. TASK OUTPUTS AnD f3UJ[FITS

The reproductive h0bits and cal'ly develorJlllent of commer'cially valuable nlarine mollliscs will b9 determined 'in the laboratory. Subsequently, environments in which various mar'inc molluscs Ccln he SPi:1\·.TI~d and their C?fnbryos, larvae and juveniles con be reufcd to the adult stage \'/i11 be developed in the hutchery and in the field at comnlet'cial levels of production.

I

The, information obtained frail] this Task \'-lil1 be of direct benefit to the development of aquacultUl'e in general in the United States and to molluscan aqua­culture in particular. Life history data vli11 be useful in the rr.anagement of wild st.ocks of the species invo:ved and \·lill be an aid to the nationv/id2 Nr,1FS effort to protect our living marine resources.

32 •. U1PACT OF TASK 'AUGHENTATIO:~

C. • An i nc t~ease 'i n funds for BY + 1 \.Ji 11 all 0\'; thi s Tas k .to expand its activity, ~vlJich \'lil1 be ccmn'ltted exclusively to the development 'of laboratory culture methods during the Current Year and thc.~ 8udget Year, 'to the pl~oblems of scaling liP culture methods to the pilot hatchel'Y level and to field "gfm'J-out" mpt.hcvis,

33. CRITERIA FOR TASI( CO[·IPLETIOU

34. BACK-UP DOCUMENTATION

(a) Informal Report r~o. 4 - r~'iddle Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Center, Nr~FS -Investigation Summaries.

Report of the ~1l-1rdelu Corporation, January 1973.

Sea G ran t stu die son re a r i n 9 0 f ma r i n ~ 0 r 9 Cl n i. ~ rns c1 t n u me r 0 U sun i vcr sit i e s .

A Draft Outline for the National Fisheries 'Plan, Dept. Commerce, NOAA, NMFS, August 1974.

Aquaculture in the NationC)1 Oceanic and Atmospheric /\dministration, Special Emphasis Document Harold L. Good~"in, Program f-1.a'nager, Sep-tember' 1973. '

A Cor:-,i.n9 of Age David H. Vlallace. In IIAquacultul'e Section", NOAll., Vo 1. 1, No. 4 ~ 1971.

-65.:.

_J

Page of raSes 6a G

MAC-059-77-AQ-A-l

34. G/\C~~-UP DOCU;~ENTATION (Conid)

Ocean tlnr'vests: Prorn-ise and Practicality - C. P. Idyll. In IIAquaculture Section l

', NC1!\A, Vol. 1, No.4, 197"1.

Aquaculture in New Eng12nd - Gates, Matthiessen and Griscom, Univ. of Rhode Island Sea Grant f1arinc Technical Report Series No. 18, 1974.

I

Aq u a c u 1 t u r e: A N e vJ Eng 1 and P e rs pe c t i ve - T. A. G a u c her (E d . ) . NevI England r"larinc Resoutces Information Program, 1971.

The Status and Potential of Aquaculture, Vol. 1 - John H. Ryther, 1968. Clearinghouse, Springfield, Va.

Narinc Aquic111ture, ~'!illic\111 rlid~eil (Ed.). Selected Papers from Ccn-ference on Harine Aquiculture, 1970, Oregon State Univcrsity Press., •

Shellfish i:atcheries: Present and Future - H. C. Davis. Trans. Arney'. F ish. Soc i e ty, Vo 1. 98, No. '4, 1 969 .

(b) No related Ni-iFS TdSks. Sea Gr'dfl'L s~ons(Jrinq reI aced n:~sc~arcn_

(c) No additional Congressional Legislation needed to complete Task.

(d) This Task \-;ill have no advef~se impact on the environment.

(e) This Task will not contribute to the Extended Jurisdiction initiative.

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1-. Aquaculture Research and Technology; Engineering

Ana.lysis; Capi tal':intensive Flow of Materials and Products

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F33300 - AQuACULTURE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY: ENGINEERING ANALYSIS -CAPITAL-INTENSIVE FLOW OF ~~TERIALS AND PRODUCTS - FY 75

A. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Increased exploitation of the nation's estuaries and coastal zones for industrial and residential development and recreational activities has markedly reduced the areas available for the production and harvest of fish and shellfish. More efficient and effective means to enhance U. S~.

seafood production must be found. Aquaculture methods require: 1) an adequate supply of genetically desirable brood stocks; 2) methods to increase larval survival and normal development; 3) methods to promote rapid growth; 4) smooth flow of raw materials and products, with a minimum of manual labor, and 5) identification and resolution of cost­critical factors in the aquaculture system. '. Many aquaculture feasibility trials have been unsuccessful for reason of failure to provide capital­intensive substitutes for manual labor, particularly for slow-growing stationary animals such as oysters, clams and scallops.

B. PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS

Concurrent contract engineering analyses during the research process will permit the design and construction of a highly automated, smooth­flow system--guaranteeting maximum production at a minimum cost. Such a system, ensuring lost costs and adequate supply to the consumer public is in the public interest and would do much to recapture the domestic markets from foreign suppliers. These and follow-on studies, coupled with concurrent biological and contractual econometric studies will permit the early design and demonstration of a commercially viable molluscan shellfish hatchery.

c. TASK OBJECTIVES

1. Long Range

Develop and perfect generic concepts of efficient hatchery design as basis for adaptation to and ultimate use on several different but commercially attractive molluscs. Duration (approximate) of Task: 3 years.

Criteria for Task termination will be submission of final system-designs ~vhich have been tested successfully against prototype systems. Progress will be csasured against 1) completeness of design concepts; 2) provlslon of capital-intensive substitutes for labor-intensive stages and/or phases of long-duration; 3) demonstrations, or prototypes, of feasibility of eJch substitute; 4) adaptation of systems unjer development to take advantage of all useful results of other research and 5) demonstration, by simulation analyses), of the relative merits of all proposed systems and subsystems.

#" F33300 AQUACULTURE RESL4RCH AND TECHNOLOGY: ENGINEERING ANALYSIS CAPITAL- INTENSIVE FLOH OF MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS - FY 75

2. For Budget Year

a. Analyze and test all existing flow~designs for molluscan maricultures.

b. Determine critical engineering factors for each which adversely affect commercial feasibility

c. Initiate construction of prototype test modules for each criticia1 factor.

d. Develop one or more i,nitia1 conceptual flow diagrams for molluscan mariculture (oysters, scallops), emphasizing capit2l-intensive methods and covering entire maricu1ture spectrum from spawning to marketing)

This i~ a task to be initiated in 1975. No accomplishments realized in '73 or 174. Preliminary steps totvard" implementation planned for FY 74:

a. Assemblage of complete set of scientific and engineering litera­ture on molluscan mariculture.

b. Contractual engirieering proposals will have been solicited, received and """evaluated to permit award early in FY 75.

D. WORK PLAN

Initial activities will utilize the industrial engineering approach. After analysis of time-units, energy (electrical, mechanical, human) inputs, and of capital costs of the several available systems, all units, with assistance of concurrent econometric studies, will be reduced to equivalent costs in dollars and equated against 1) current costs for "wild" molluscs and against dollar-elasticity of consumers.

Best aspects of each existing system and of results of concurrent biological research will be incorporated into generic conceptual systems, each to have effective subsystems fer cost-efficient treatment of effluent pollution.

E~ch syste~ will be analyz~d for the possibility of autoffiation,for installation of c2silY-ffiaintained sanitary and disease-preventative subsysteffis, for incorporation of growth-prosoting nutritional sub­SYStSffiS and for the degree to which large-scale, high-density commercial operators could be facilitated. Incorporate data in data-bank for later retrieval and simulation testing.

Studies will include the development of partial systems for use by those in~t.:rest(;d in l'c.i..ltchl8SSIt or in spoL and juve.nile culture only.

. .' ~

,01' .. _

F33300 - AQUACULTURE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY: ENGINEERING ANALYSIS -CAPITAL- INTENSIVE FLOW OF MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS - FY 75' .

Test critical aspects of all systems against prototype systemic modules for feasibility.

Improve modules and retest.

Incorporate all pilot-test. data in data-bank and devise best system through simulation studies.

Recommend best system for full-scale design and demonstration of a commerciallY"viable molluscan shellfish hatchery.

E. JUSTIFICATION

F.

1. The successful culmination of this Task, in collaboration with concurrent economic studies, will afford the information necessary to resolve two of the five major factors militating against successful co~mercial molluscan aquaculture operations. Hopefully, concurrent findings in related biological and contractual economics studies will resolve the other three factors in the same time-frame.

2. Benefits (ranked in priority order)

a. Abatement of pollution (public health hazards).

·b. Allocation of environmental uses among competing demands.

c. Commercial fishermen.

d. Knowledge

3. The Task outputs will reduce the public health hazards associated with consumption of raw molluscs, vlhich hazards have closed dmvn many existing beds and limited the market supply of molluscs. Increased emphasis on molluscan aquaculture would reduce the com­petitive dEmand for commercial use of certain very desirable on­shore, environments.

4. This s.:::udY "\'~~1i"1d initial.1y affect the oyster fishery and secondly, the bay-scallop industry; possibly other molluscan resources.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FUNDiNG LEVELS.

l. This work 'o:;vou ld be delayed from 2 to 4 years at 75% of reque'sted funds.

2. This work could not be effectively compl.eted at 50%.' of requested funds.

3. This t~.7c'r 1·: could nc.·t be initii:.l.tec1 at 25%, of requested funds.

' ... ~ .. " .:-~ ; ~.

F33300 - AQUACULTURE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY: ENGINEERING ANALYSIS -CAPITAL-INTENSIVE FLOW OF MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS - FY 75

G. BACK-UP DOCUHENTATION

1. Aquaculture, Support Paper No. 7l-le. NMFS Program Memorandum (7/29/69)

2. The Role of NOAA in Aquaculture, Recommendations of NMFS Standing Committee on Mariculture, La Jolla, California, August 1970.

3. NOAA Aquaculture Workshops, Mardela Corporation, Burlingame, Calif. Held at Milford, Conn., Summer 1972.

4. NOAA-Nl'-1FS Program Statement, Fiscal Year 1974-78, February 1972.

5. The Potential of the Estuary for Shellfish Production. John B. Ryther, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Science 1971.

We know of no directly related systems-oriented aquaculture economic engineering analyses underway in other agencies or institutions. Some attempts to clarify the degree to which current commercial practices are handicapped by an enormously complex, labor-intensive, biological­environmental-hydrographic-human system, have been made under Sea Grant.

a. Systems Engineering for Shellfish Production, Sea Grant Project R/M-4, University of Delaware, 1972 CF.A. Costello).

, . . -r" .. :

P I AN . _ .. ,., 1975

F33.300 .:-\quaculturc Investigations 22

~. ~.::!.~:.: ~::::~ _-;CU2CLlltLlre i{f-~se2rch a11d recl1nolog~r;

Econornic _-\nalysis - Ident';.fy Cost-critical Factors

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F33300 - AQUACULTURE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS - IDENTIFY COST-CRITICAL FACTORS IN HOLLUSCAN SYSTEMS - FY 75

A. STATEHENT OF THE PROBLEH

Increased exploitation of the nation's estuaries and coastal zones for industrial and residential development and recreational activities has markedly reduced the areas available for the production and harvest of fish and shellfish. More efficient and effective meanS to enhance U.S. seafood production must be found. Aquaculture methods require: 1) an adequate supply of genetically desirable brood stocks; 2) methods to increase larval survival and normal development; 3) methods to promote rapid growth; 4) smooth flow of raw materials and products, with a minimum of manual labor; and 5) identification and resolution of cost­critical factors in molluscan aquaculture systems. Manyaqu,aculture feasibility trials have been unsuccessful for failure to determine the individual cost-critical factors in the system and to initiate remedial cost-cu tting rese.areh on :engineering':.studies.

B. PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS

Contractual economic analysis, concurrent with and participating in scientific and engineering research on molluscan aquaculture systems will provide the single-unit (cost) equivalents whereby the relative merits of competitive systems and th~ir individual sub-systems can be compared for cost effectiveness (in addition to productivity). No systems research proposals should be carried beyond the bench-level stage without, at least, an overall cost-effectiveness analysis. In the last analysis, this task is necessary to 1) provide the concrete evidence of commercial feasibility (maximum productivity at minimal cost), 2) give guidance on where and when to invest dollars and effort in research and engineering and collaborate with concurrent engineering analysis to effect simulation studies on relative impacts of proposed subsystems on the feasibility of the overall system(s).

C. TASK OBJECTIVES

1. Long Range

a. Develop concepts 'and techniques whereby total of all costs can be determined accurately for all proposed systems and subsystems.

b. Utilize cost data to guide advanced research and engineering inve strner;, ts.

c. Develop in£orrr.aticn on optimal cOffimercially-feasible molluscan aquaculture designs by simulation analyses, also utilizing simulation analysis to demonstrate commercial feasibility of approved syste~s.

,. l

:.: ~

F33300 - AQUACULTURE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS - IDENTIFY COST-CRITICAL FACTORS IN MOLLUSCAN SYSTEMS - FY 75

d. Provide the economic basis for recommendations to industry on useful and feasible systems.

e. Duration of task (approximate:) 3 years.

Criteria for Task completion will be submission of final economic and econometric data which, together with scientific and engineering data, will afford a base for Federal recommendations to industry.

Progress will be measured against 1) completion of cost-assessments on available overall systems; 2) completion of cost-assessments against individual proposed subsystems; 3) submission of data for simulation analyses; 4) demonstrations, by iterative simulation analyses, the optimal economic mix of competitive systems and subsystems.

2. For Budget Year

a. Analyze and prepare total cost figures for all available molluscan aquaculture systems and subsystems.

b. Determine cost-critical factors in each system for application of scientific and engineering effort.

c. Initiate cost-effectiveness studies on initial industrial en­gineering design proposals.

d. Determine degree of economic gap between feasibility and failure for all existing systems.

This is a Task to be initiated in 1975. No accomplishments to be realized in '73 or 174. Preliminary steps toward implementa­tion planned for FY 74:

a. Solicit contractual economic research proposal for review and evaluation \\7ith a view to\vard award early in FY 75.

D. I-,'OR K PLAN

Initial activities will, in collaboration with ~oncurrent industrial engineer-in:; analysis, identify all inputs into available systems and subsystei'.s, translating such inputs into cost-dollar's. Evaluate, through econorr.etric techniques, relative cost-effectiveness of each system and subsystem. Inform all interested parties of findings and indicate areas meriting special research effort. Develop data for data-bank with view to subsequent retrieval and use in sirr.ulation analyses. Evaluate r~lative cost-c[fectiv(~ncss of proposed remedial sybsystems. lnitiatl?, ard cOiTl?lc,te sifT.~_l1.:lti()n studies f()T ortjrr,al mix of su.bsystems. ~~:.<=::~.i ,'':' fi~:,'-l r-')\;~'~'. d'.,i: if'. ~l':'4 by (-CC':l();;"_;~l"i"'_' Lt',ch!liqu(:s, the econc)mic

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F33300 - AQUACULTURE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS - IDENTIFY COST-CRITICAL FACTORS IN MOLLUSCAN SYSTEMS - FY 75.

E. JUSTIFICATION

1. The successful conclusion of this Task, in collaboration with concurrent scientific and engineering studies, will afford the information necessary to resolve two of the 2 major factors militating against successful commercial molluscan aquaculture operations. The remaining three critical factors are amenable to solution by scientific research.

2. Benefits

a. Abatement of pollution (~ublic health hazards).

b. Allocation of environmental uses among competirig demands.

c. Commercial fishermen.

d. Knowledge

3. The Task outputs will reduce the public health hazards associated with consumption of raw molusscs; which hazards have closed down many existing beds and limited the market supply of molluscs. Increased emphasis on molluscan aquaculture would reduce the com­petitive demand for commercial use of certain very desirable on­shore environments.

4. This5tudy would initially affect the oyster fishery and secondly, the bay-scallop industry; possibly other molluscan resources.

F. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FUNDING LEVELS

1. This work would be delayed by from 2 to 4 years at 75% of requested funds.

2. This work could not be effectively completed at 50% of requested funds.

3. This work could not be initiated at 25% of requested funds.

G. Bf~~CK-UP DOCU:·IE\Tc·\ TrON

1. Aquaculture, Support Paper No. 71-1e. NHFS Program Hemorandum (7/29/69)

2. The Ro Ie of NOAA in Aquacu 1 ture, Recommendations of NMFS Standing Committee on Nariculture, La Jolla, California, August 1970.

3 .. NOAA Aquaculture· ~vorkshops~ M.s.rdela Corporation, Burlingame, Calif .

. "

F33300 - AQUACULTURE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY: ECONOHIC ANALYSIS - IDENTIFY COST-CRITICAL FACTORS IN NOLLUSCAN SYSTEMS - FY 75

4. NOAA-Nr~S Program Statement, Fiscal Year 1974-78, February 1972.

5. The Potential of the Estuary for Shellfish Production. John B. Ryther, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Science ,1971.

We know of no directly related systems-oriented aquaculture economic engineering analyses unden\7ay in other agencies or insti tutions. Some attempts to clarify the degree to which current commercial practices are handicapped by an enormously complex, labor-intensive, biologica1-environmental-hydrographic-human system, have been made under Sea Grant.

a. Systems Engineering for Shellfish Production, Sea Grant Project R/M-4, University of Delaware, 1972 (F.A. Costello) .

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