US IMPERIALISM

Warm Up Read about the “Square Deal”-

summarize what it is, how does it represent a progressive president?

Objectives & Questions

Explain why and how America acquired Hawaii using a timeline.

Summarize the Open Door policy in a paragraph.

Questions to answer: Why did the U.S. abandon her traditional

isolationist foreign policy? How did the U.S. expand its influence in the

world? Why did the United States go to war with Spain in 1898

and what resulted from the American victory?

Isolationism vs. Imperialism

Isolationism: avoiding involvement in the affairs of other nations In his 1796 Farewell Address, George Washington

advised the US to not get in foreign alliances US leaders followed this advice, however

Americans wanted to improve the American economy with foreign trade

Imperialism: The practice of extending a nation’s power by gaining territories for a colonial empire Between 1870-1914 Europeans took control of

much of Africa and Southeast Asia for raw materials for their industrialization and for new markets for their products

Expansionist Stirrings and War with Spain, 1878-1901

Roots of Expansionist Sentiment In the late 19th century the U.S.A. showed

heightened interest in overseas empires Example of European nations and Japan, which were seizing

colonies in Asia and Africa During the depression of 1893-1897, American

businessmen and politicians argued that the U.S.A. must capture overseas markets to maintain prosperity

Roots of Expansionist Sentiment

Republican politicians claimed that to be a great power the U.S. must: build up its navy obtain far-flung colonies

to establish fueling stations and bases Show its influence in the world as a superior county

Inspired by: Alfred T. Mahan’s The Influence of Sea Power upon History Social Darwinist ideas

Leading Republicans were: Theodore Roosevelt Henry Cabot Lodge John Hay

Annexing Hawaii The planters established a new government and declared Hawaii to

be under U.S. control Congress annexed Hawaii on July 7, 1898 By the 1840s 80% of the ships arriving in Hawaii were American

owned, as were shops, warehouses, and shipyards The planters revolted and 150 US marines came ashore to help with

the revolt, which succeeded without any shots being fired An 1875 treaty allowed Hawaiian sugar to be shipped without taxes

to the US if Hawaii did not grant territory or special privileges to any other foreign nation

US ships began stopping in Hawaii for supplies and US missionaries began creating farms and businesses

US Sugar planters forced King Kalakaua to sign a constitution grating more power to themselves

The Hawaiian people first came in contact with Europeans in 1778 In 1893 Queen Liliuokalani got power and signed a new constitution

taking away power from the plantation owners

Annexing Hawaii The Hawaiian people first came in contact with Europeans in 1778 US ships began stopping in Hawaii for supplies and US missionaries

began creating farms and businesses By the 1840s 80% of the ships arriving in Hawaii were American

owned, as were shops, warehouses, and shipyards An 1875 treaty allowed Hawaiian sugar to be shipped without taxes

to the US if Hawaii did not grant territory or special privileges to any other foreign nation

US Sugar planters forced King Kalakaua to sign a constitution granting more power to themselves

In 1893 Queen Liliuokalani got power and signed a new constitution taking away power from the plantation owners

The planters revolted and 150 US marines came ashore to help with the revolt, which succeeded without any shots being fired

The planters established a new government and declared Hawaii to be un U.S. control

Congress annexed Hawaii on July 7, 1898

Open Door Policy Read pg. 472 from “The Unfinished

Nation,” and summarize in your own words what the Open Door Policy was, why it was important for America, and how it was accomplished.

Explain who is in this picture and what is being

represented by the cartoon.

•What countries do you see?

•What objects do you see?

•What do these things represent?

•What facial expressions do you see? Why?

Uncle Sam restrains the militaristic aggression of the European Great Powers—France, Russia, Germany, and Italy—while China eyes an American-made train engine, sewing machine, and other U.S. commercial products. 

In the left-background, Britain tips his hat approvingly at Uncle Sam’s behavior.  

Open Door Policy After China’s 1895 defeat by Japan other nations took

advantage of China’s weakness to seize spheres of influence areas where foreign nations control trade and natural resources Germany, England, Russia, and France all took territory

were forcing the weak Chinese govt. to lease that country’s ports to them, Then they closed those ports to trade and investment by business of any country but their own

The US feared that it would be kept out of Chinese markets, but the nation lacked the naval power to take over territory in China

In 1899 Secretary of State John Hay proposed a policy that would give all nations equal trading rights in China. Known as the Open Door Policy Urged all foreigners in China to obey Chinese law, observe fair

competition Other countries did not accept or reject the policy, so Hay

announced that they accepted it

The “Open Door”: Competing for the China Market

After the policy was “accepted,” the United States joined the European countries involved in China in putting down a Chinese uprising against foreign imperialists- The Boxer Rebellion some of the countries wanted to use the rebellion as an excuse for

carving China into colonies for themselves Hay announced U.S. opposition to this plan in his 1900 Open Door

notes He asked all countries to respect the territorial integrity of China

Repeated the demand for equal trading and investment opportunities there The Open Door notes became a cornerstone of U.S. policy in

Asia Helped shape the U.S.’s response to the Japanese drive to conquer

China in the 1930‘s

Yellow Journalism Watch Yellow Journalism video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0mjkLPvrQM&safet

y_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active Answer the following questions:

Who is Hearst? What is yellow journalism? How is it different than other journalism?

Use page 646 of your article to help you add to your answers

Yellow Journalism Two newspapers, one by Pulitzer (New York World) and

one by William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal) were competing for readers. They were very critical of the Spanish Their harsh words and stories were part of their

competition for readers This use of sensational and exaggerated stories to

attract readers is known as Yellow Journalism Pulitzer began the practice of yellow journalism, but

Hearst became better at exaggerating the stories to sell papers

Beginning of American tabloids

Yellow Journalism

Objectives & Questions

Explain how Yellow Journalism impacted the Spanish American in a paragraph

Summarize the Spanish American War and its impacts on America.

Summarize how and why the Panama Canal was built in a paragraph.

Questions to answer: Why did the U.S. abandon her traditional

isolationist foreign policy? How did the U.S. expand its influence in the world? What objectives underlay U.S. foreign policy in Asia and Latin

America?

Crisis over Cuba Cuba was a colony of Spain and was struggling to

gain its independence from Spain The Cubans revolted against Spanish rule in 1895 Spanish authorities brutally attempted to stop the rebellion Many Americans sympathized with Cuba’s struggle thinking it

was similar to the American Revolution Monroe Doctrine opposed European colonies in the Americas

Public opinion in the U.S. turned against the Spanish because of yellow-journalism The American press widely reported on the conflict b/w America

and Spain The Press often sided with the Cubans and attempted to

convince the American public to side with the rebels William Randolph Hearst=Journal Joseph Pulitzer=World Both featured daily accounts of Spanish atrocities

President McKinley did not want to intervene in Cuba He sent the battleship Maine to Havana to protect the lives and property of

Americans on Cuba

Spanish American War Events that led to war:

Hearst published a private letter the Spanish minister to the US had written to a friend that called the president “weak”- this outraged many Americans

US sent the battleship Maine to Havana to protect Americans On February 15, 1898 the Maine exploded and sank with a

loss of 266 men The cause of the explosion was unclear, many Americans

blamed Spain and “Remember the Maine,” quickly became a rallying cry for angry Americans

President McKinley requested $50 million to prepare for war and Congress approved

April 20, Congress declared Cuba independent and demanded Spain leave the island in 3 days

Spain declared war on April 24, 1898

USS Maine

Crisis over Cuba The yellow press immediately accused the Spanish of

blowing up the ship The public demanded revenge

Congress passed the Teller Amendment Proclaimed that the U.S. had no desire to overtake Cuba

and would leave the island as soon as its independence was ensured

Teller Amendment

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Abzd41k_OhQ&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

Spanish American War Read the article/front page of the USS Maine Answer the following questions:

How long after the explosion of the Maine was this article written?

What does the headline of the article suggest about the Newspaper’s point of view?

Upon what type of evidence does the New York Journal base its claims?

Spanish American War Details of the war:

Most expected victory in Cuba to come quickly US army was unprepared to train/supply the soldiers

needed for the war Teddy Roosevelt organized a group of soldiers- Rough

Riders American newspapers made him a hero

First battle was in the Philippines- Spanish surrendered the Philippines 2 months later

US blockaded the Cuban harbor, allowing US troops to come ashore and help the Cuban rebels

The US soldiers were able to defeat Spanish forces on the ground, and the blockade destroyed every Spanish ship, leading to the Spanish to surrender August 12, 1898.

Spanish American War Results of the War:

The treaty b/w Spain and America placed Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba, and the Philippines under US control Philippines: Annexed after the Spanish American War

America agreed to pay $20 million in return for the Philippines Puerto Rico was annexed by the United States.

The United States asserted her right to intervene in Cuban affairs Platt Amendment- limited Cuba’s freedom to make

treaties, required Cuba to sell or lease land to the US for naval bases, and authorized the US to intervene in Cuban affairs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IU5l4yQCpMM&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

The Spanish-American War

Contrary to the Teller Amendment, the U.S. occupied Cuba from 1898 to 1902

The U.S. withdrew its forces only after Cuba agreed to the conditions set forth in the 1901 Platt Amendment It limited Cuba’s sovereignty by:

Reserving to the U.S. the right to intervene in Cuba The U.S. could maintain a naval base on Cuba

Although the Platt Amendment was abrogated in 1934, the United States still retains the base at Guantanamo Bay in Cuba

Critics of Empire Some Americans were horrified by their nation’s actions in the Spanish-

American War

They founded the Anti-Imperialist League Pointed out that imposing U.S. rule on other peoples by military force violated the

principles of human equality and liberty championed in our own Declaration of Independence

Some members of the Anti-Imperialist League: Carl Schurz (civil-service reformer) E.L. Godkin (civil-service reformer) William Jennings Bryan (ag. spokesman) Jane Addams (settlement house founder) Mark Twain (writer) William James (writer)

Despite the League’s efforts, the Senate ratified the treaty annexing the Philippines

In 1900 pro-expansionist McKinley again defeated anti-imperialist Bryan for the presidency

Panama Canal Using pg. 511-512 from the article I gave you at

the beginning of last class, take notes explaining how Teddy Roosevelt helped get the Panama Canal built, and why he wanted to build it.

Define “Dollar Diplomacy” and how/why it was used by America.

The Panama Canal: Hardball U.S. Diplomacy

For commercial and strategic reasons, the U.S. wanted to build a canal across Panama

Panama Canal A canal would cut 8,000 miles off the voyage and

join the Atlantic & Pacific Roosevelt was a strong supporter of a Central

American canal Tried to organize a treaty with Colombia, where the

US would pay $10 million plus $250,000 a year for a 99-year lease on a five-mile-wide strip of land

Colombia refused- Hoped for more $$$$

Pres. Roosevelt then conspired with the directors of a bankrupt French company that had been trying earlier to build a canal The company hoped to profit from the U.S.’s taking over its land

lease Together they helped support Panama gain their

independence from Columbia

The Panama Canal Roosevelt sent a U.S. warship in 1903 to see to it that

the uprising succeeded

The U.S. then recognized Panama’s independence and negotiated a treaty leasing the land Negotiated a treaty to build the canal, adding another 10

miles

The U.S. Army was in charge of engineering the canal Canal opened August 15, 1914

The imperialist methods Roosevelt used to seize the area created lasting ill toward the U.S. in Latin America

Panama Canal

Canal Today

Roosevelt and Taft Assert U.S. Power in Latin America and Asia

Roosevelt and Taft believed that the U.S. had to play an active role in world affairs They believed that they had to protect American

interests in Latin America and Asia

Dollar Diplomacy Taft concentrated particularly on promoting U.S.

commercial interests abroad

Dollar Diplomacy President Taft urged American banks and

businesses to invest in Latin America. He promised that the United States would step in if unrest threatened their investments.

Taft thought he could influence events and encourage stability

In 1911 the US helped Nicaragua get private loans from American banks in order to pay its national debt

The US also helped Honduras get out of Debt

Roosevelt and Taft Assert U.S. Power in Latin America and Asia

Roosevelt Corollary- Read article An addition to the Monroe Doctrine Was given in response to a threat that European

nations might invade Dominican Republic to collect debts

1904 The Corollary warned European nations not to

intervene in the Western Hemisphere The U.S. would act as policeman in Latin America

Keeping order there and seeing that finances were handled properly and debts repaid

Roosevelt and Taft Assert U.S. Power in Latin America and Asia

Citing his corollary, Roosevelt had U.S. officials take over the Dominican Republic’s customs service and manage its foreign debt

Taft, also using the corollary, sent marines into Nicaragua to protect U.S. investors there He also keep in power a govt. friendly to U.S.

business interests The marines occupied Nicaragua from 1912-1933

Conclusion U.S. foreign policy in Asia and Latin America

from 1900 to 1914 showed that the U.S. was willing to become involved in foreign affairs to: keep order Encourage the kinds of govts. the U.S. approved Protect U.S. economic interests

These same tendencies would later pull the country into WWI

Homework Read AMSCO ch. 21 Answer the following FRQ question- you have 35

minutes. Write the time it took you do it on your paper. Analyze the extent to which the Spanish-

American War was a turning point in American foreign policy.