U.S. History Unit 5 Notes Slavery, Secession, and Civil War

U.S. HistoryU.S. History

Unit 5 NotesUnit 5 Notes

Slavery, Secession, and Civil Slavery, Secession, and Civil WarWar

Unit 5Unit 5

SSUSH8SSUSH8: Explain the : Explain the relationship between growing relationship between growing north-south divisions and north-south divisions and westward expansion.westward expansion.

Tension Over SlaveryTension Over Slavery

SlaverySlavery – system in which African – system in which African Americans were bought, sold, and owned Americans were bought, sold, and owned like property.like property.– Continued to rise during the mid-19Continued to rise during the mid-19thth century. century.– Southern politicians fought to uphold slavery Southern politicians fought to uphold slavery

because the South’s plantation depended because the South’s plantation depended heavily on agriculture and large plantationsheavily on agriculture and large plantations

– North’s economy was more industrializedNorth’s economy was more industrialized Many northern states had emancipated (freed) Many northern states had emancipated (freed)

their slaves by the mid-1800stheir slaves by the mid-1800s


I.I. State’s RightsState’s Rights– Supporters believed the federal Supporters believed the federal

government should only have powers government should only have powers specified in the Constitution; all other specified in the Constitution; all other powers should be left to the statespowers should be left to the states

II.II. South Carolina Nullification Crisis South Carolina Nullification Crisis – South Carolina protested high tariffs (taxes South Carolina protested high tariffs (taxes

on imports) on British goodson imports) on British goods– Believed tariffs helped rich, northern Believed tariffs helped rich, northern

businessmen, while hurting small businessmen, while hurting small landowners and southern plantationslandowners and southern plantations


South Carolina Nullification Crisis South Carolina Nullification Crisis Cont’d…Cont’d…– John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun (SC senator, former VP for (SC senator, former VP for

Jackson) wrote Jackson) wrote Exposition and ProtestExposition and Protest in which in which he argued for states’ rights and advocated the he argued for states’ rights and advocated the doctrine of nullification doctrine of nullification (belief that states (belief that states could disobey federal laws they believed to be could disobey federal laws they believed to be unconstitutional)unconstitutional)

– South Carolina threatened to South Carolina threatened to secedesecede (leave the (leave the Union) if the tariffs were not repealedUnion) if the tariffs were not repealed

– Pres. Jackson threatened to hang Calhoun and Pres. Jackson threatened to hang Calhoun and send federal troops to SC to prevent secessionsend federal troops to SC to prevent secession

Tension Over SlaveryTension Over Slavery South Carolina Nullification CrisisSouth Carolina Nullification Crisis

– Senator Henry Clay proposed a compromiseSenator Henry Clay proposed a compromise The tariff would be gradually eliminated over ten The tariff would be gradually eliminated over ten

yearsyears This ended the crisis but hardened This ended the crisis but hardened sectionalismsectionalism

(regional differences that divide the country)(regional differences that divide the country) III.III. Slaves and AbolitionistsSlaves and Abolitionists

– Slaves and Free BlacksSlaves and Free Blacks Most blacks were in the antebellum (pre-Civil Most blacks were in the antebellum (pre-Civil

War) South were slaves in the 1800sWar) South were slaves in the 1800s Second Middle PassageSecond Middle Passage – sale of slaves from – sale of slaves from

the Upper South (VA, MD, KY, MO) to the Deep the Upper South (VA, MD, KY, MO) to the Deep South and WestSouth and West


• Slaves and Free Blacks Continued…Slaves and Free Blacks Continued… Families were often separated from each other, Families were often separated from each other,

never to see other againnever to see other again White slaveholders justified slavery by appealing to White slaveholders justified slavery by appealing to paternalismpaternalism: the idea that they were actually : the idea that they were actually caring for and nurturing their slaves – believed caring for and nurturing their slaves – believed blacks needed “care” and “nurturing” and had been blacks needed “care” and “nurturing” and had been “rescued” from “savage” and “uncivilized” societies “rescued” from “savage” and “uncivilized” societies in Africain Africa

There were some free blacks living in slave states There were some free blacks living in slave states who had purchased their freedom or were freed by who had purchased their freedom or were freed by mastersmasters– Still did not enjoy the same rights as whitesStill did not enjoy the same rights as whites


The Abolitionist MovementThe Abolitionist Movement– Advocated the abolition of slaveryAdvocated the abolition of slavery– William Lloyd Garrison – William Lloyd Garrison – founder of founder of

antislavery newspaper antislavery newspaper The LiberatorThe Liberator in in 1831 and established the 1831 and established the American Anti-American Anti-Slavery SocietySlavery Society

– Grimke sistersGrimke sisters (Sarah and Angelina) – (Sarah and Angelina) – members of a prominent slaveholding members of a prominent slaveholding family in South Carolina; gave passionate family in South Carolina; gave passionate anti-slavery speechesanti-slavery speeches

Tension Over SlaveryTension Over Slavery The Abolitionist Movement The Abolitionist Movement

Continued…Continued…– Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass –escaped from –escaped from

slavery, educated himself; became a slavery, educated himself; became a prominent speaker for the abolition of prominent speaker for the abolition of slavery; helped John Brown plan the slavery; helped John Brown plan the Harper’s Ferry raidHarper’s Ferry raid

Nat Turner’s RebellionNat Turner’s Rebellion– Turner was a preacher and slave who Turner was a preacher and slave who

believed he was on a divine mission (from believed he was on a divine mission (from God) to deliver his people from slavery; God) to deliver his people from slavery; organized a revolt in August 1831organized a revolt in August 1831 160 blacks and whites were killed160 blacks and whites were killed Strict slave codes were enacted in the SouthStrict slave codes were enacted in the South Turner was hanged along with 19 othersTurner was hanged along with 19 others

Tension Over SlaveryTension Over Slavery IV.IV. Slavery and New TerritoriesSlavery and New Territories

– Acquiring new western territories Acquiring new western territories intensified the debate over slaveryintensified the debate over slavery

– The Missouri CompromiseThe Missouri Compromise Northern states wanted new states to be free; Northern states wanted new states to be free;

southern states wanted new states to be slave southern states wanted new states to be slave (there was an equal balance in Senate)(there was an equal balance in Senate)

Missouri applied for statehood in 1819 (would Missouri applied for statehood in 1819 (would upset the balance)upset the balance)

The Missouri Compromise The Missouri Compromise – Missouri entered – Missouri entered as a slave state, Maine as a free state; southern as a slave state, Maine as a free state; southern boundary was set at 36 30’ – states north would boundary was set at 36 30’ – states north would be free, states south would be slavebe free, states south would be slave


The Wilmot ProvisoThe Wilmot Proviso– Pennsylvanian congressman David Pennsylvanian congressman David

Wilmot put forth a Wilmot put forth a provisoproviso (condition) (condition) proposing to ban slavery from any land proposing to ban slavery from any land purchased from Mexico after the War purchased from Mexico after the War with Mexicowith Mexico

– Supported by northerners, denounced Supported by northerners, denounced by southerners by southerners

– Voted down in CongressVoted down in Congress


Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850– Admitted California as a free state and Admitted California as a free state and

declared unorganized western territories freedeclared unorganized western territories free– Utah and New Mexico could decide based on Utah and New Mexico could decide based on

the idea of the idea of popular sovereigntypopular sovereignty (the will of (the will of the majority); people living in these territories the majority); people living in these territories could vote to allow or not allow slaverycould vote to allow or not allow slavery

– Included a provision for the Included a provision for the Fugitive Slave Fugitive Slave LawLaw: required northern states to forcibly : required northern states to forcibly return escaped slaves to their owners in the return escaped slaves to their owners in the South (very unpopular in the North so they South (very unpopular in the North so they refused to obey it)refused to obey it)

Tension Over SlaveryTension Over Slavery Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act

– 1854, allowed unorganized territories of 1854, allowed unorganized territories of Kansas and Nebraska to choose to permit or Kansas and Nebraska to choose to permit or not slavery by popular sovereignty; repealed not slavery by popular sovereignty; repealed the Missouri Compromisethe Missouri Compromise

– Supporters of slavery and abolitionists rushed Supporters of slavery and abolitionists rushed to Kansas; there were armed clashes between to Kansas; there were armed clashes between two groups (“Bleeding Kansas”)two groups (“Bleeding Kansas”)

– Sen. Charles Sumner of MA opposed slavery; Sen. Charles Sumner of MA opposed slavery; congressman Preston Brooks of SC supported congressman Preston Brooks of SC supported slaveryslavery Brooks beat Sumner with a cane on the Senate floor Brooks beat Sumner with a cane on the Senate floor

almost killing him – Sumner was out for 3 yearsalmost killing him – Sumner was out for 3 years Beating was an example of the passionate debate Beating was an example of the passionate debate

over slaveryover slavery


The Dred Scott DecisionThe Dred Scott Decision– 1857, Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri 1857, Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri

who traveled with his master to a free state who traveled with his master to a free state and lived there for four years, then was and lived there for four years, then was returned to Missourireturned to Missouri

– His owner died, Scott sued for his freedomHis owner died, Scott sued for his freedom– Supreme Court ruled that Scott had no right Supreme Court ruled that Scott had no right

to sue, slaves are not citizens they are to sue, slaves are not citizens they are propertyproperty

– Struck down the Missouri Compromise as a Struck down the Missouri Compromise as a violation of the Fifth Amendment – due violation of the Fifth Amendment – due processprocess


John Brown’s RaidJohn Brown’s Raid– October 1859, radical abolitionist John October 1859, radical abolitionist John

Brown attacked the federal arsenal at Brown attacked the federal arsenal at Harper’s FerryHarper’s Ferry

– Wanted to seize weapons and give them Wanted to seize weapons and give them to slaves for an armed rebellionto slaves for an armed rebellion

– Federal troops under Colonel Robert E. Federal troops under Colonel Robert E. Lee surrounded the arsenal and forced Lee surrounded the arsenal and forced Brown to surrenderBrown to surrender

– Brown was hangedBrown was hanged

ReviewReview

1. 1. State’s rights State’s rights is best defined as is best defined as the belief thatthe belief that– A. the federal government should tell A. the federal government should tell

the states what to do.the states what to do.– B. states should not have slaves.B. states should not have slaves.– C. states should oppose tariffs.C. states should oppose tariffs.– D. states should be able to decide most D. states should be able to decide most

matters for themselves.matters for themselves.

ReviewReview 2. John C. Calhoun is best described as2. John C. Calhoun is best described as

– A. a southern hero and supporter of state’s A. a southern hero and supporter of state’s rights.rights.

– B. a southern hero who opposed state’s rights.B. a southern hero who opposed state’s rights.– C. a radical abolitionist.C. a radical abolitionist.– D. the first Southern president.D. the first Southern president.

3. The Missouri Compromise, Wilmot Proviso, 3. The Missouri Compromise, Wilmot Proviso, and Compromise of 1850 were all designed and Compromise of 1850 were all designed toto– A. end slavery in the South.A. end slavery in the South.– B. emancipate slaves.B. emancipate slaves.– C. extend slavery to new US territories.C. extend slavery to new US territories.– D. deal with the issue of slavery in new D. deal with the issue of slavery in new

territories.territories.

ReviewReview

4. What was the abolitionist 4. What was the abolitionist movement and who were some of its movement and who were some of its leaders?leaders?

5. Who was John Brown and what 5. Who was John Brown and what impact did his raid on Harper’s Ferry impact did his raid on Harper’s Ferry have?have?

Secession and Civil WarSecession and Civil War

SSUSH9SSUSH9: Identify key events, issues, : Identify key events, issues, and individuals relating to the and individuals relating to the causes, course, and consequences of causes, course, and consequences of the Civil War.the Civil War.

Secession and Civil WarSecession and Civil War I. Lincoln and the Election of 1860I. Lincoln and the Election of 1860

– Republican Party Republican Party (northern Democrats who (northern Democrats who opposed slavery, Whigs, Free Soilers)opposed slavery, Whigs, Free Soilers) New party opposed the extension of slavery into new New party opposed the extension of slavery into new

territoriesterritories Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln, congressman from Illinois chosen , congressman from Illinois chosen

to run for president in 1860to run for president in 1860– Slavery was a hot-button issueSlavery was a hot-button issue– South Carolina South Carolina seceded seceded (withdrew) from the (withdrew) from the

Union in response to Lincoln’s candidacy; six Union in response to Lincoln’s candidacy; six other states followed: Mississippi, Alabama, other states followed: Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, TexasGeorgia, Florida, Louisiana, Texas

– Seceded states formed the Seceded states formed the Confederate States Confederate States of Americaof America and elected and elected Jefferson Davis Jefferson Davis presidentpresident

Secession and Civil WarSecession and Civil War II. Fort SumterII. Fort Sumter

– the issue of slavery had torn the country apartthe issue of slavery had torn the country apart– War was inevitable, but Lincoln wanted the South War was inevitable, but Lincoln wanted the South

to hit firstto hit first– When Lincoln sent food to Union troops in South When Lincoln sent food to Union troops in South

Carolina – Confederate forces opened fire Carolina – Confederate forces opened fire – This was considered an attack on the Union and This was considered an attack on the Union and

Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteersLincoln called for 75,000 volunteers– Slaves states in the upper South (border states) Slaves states in the upper South (border states)

Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and northwest Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and northwest Virginia stayed in the Union; rest of Virginia, North Virginia stayed in the Union; rest of Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee joined the Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee joined the ConfederacyConfederacy

– The capital of the Confederacy moved from The capital of the Confederacy moved from Montgomery, AL to Richmond, VAMontgomery, AL to Richmond, VA

– The Civil War had begunThe Civil War had begun

Fort SumterFort Sumter

Secession and Civil WarSecession and Civil War III. Key Figures of the Civil WarIII. Key Figures of the Civil War

– Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln: president of the U.S. : president of the U.S. during the Civil War; first Republican during the Civil War; first Republican president in historypresident in history

– Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant: Union general; : Union general; defeated the South and accepted Robert defeated the South and accepted Robert E. Lee’s surrender at Appomattox E. Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Courthouse; later the 18Courthouse; later the 18thth president of president of U.S.U.S.

– William T. ShermanWilliam T. Sherman: Union general of : Union general of western forces; captured Atlanta in 1864 western forces; captured Atlanta in 1864 and burned city to the ground on his and burned city to the ground on his “march to the sea”“march to the sea”

Union General Ulysses S. Union General Ulysses S. GrantGrant

Union General William T. Union General William T. ShermanSherman

Secession and Civil WarSecession and Civil War Key Figures of the Civil War Key Figures of the Civil War

Continued…Continued…– Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis: first and only president of : first and only president of

the Confederate States of Americathe Confederate States of America– Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee: command of the : command of the

Confederate army; won several victories for Confederate army; won several victories for the South; surrendered to General Grant at the South; surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox CourthouseAppomattox Courthouse

– Thomas “Stonewall” JacksonThomas “Stonewall” Jackson: : Confederate general and right-hand man of Confederate general and right-hand man of Robert E. Lee; won the Battle of Robert E. Lee; won the Battle of Chancellorsville; was later accidentally shot Chancellorsville; was later accidentally shot by one of his own menby one of his own men

Confederate General Robert E. Confederate General Robert E. LeeLee

Confederate General Thomas Confederate General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson“Stonewall” Jackson

Secession and Civil WarSecession and Civil War IV. Lincoln and the War IV. Lincoln and the War

– The Anaconda PlanThe Anaconda Plan The First Battle of Bull Run (aka First Manasses) The First Battle of Bull Run (aka First Manasses)

was the first confrontation between the two was the first confrontation between the two sidessides

Union forces were defeated – war would be Union forces were defeated – war would be longer than expectedlonger than expected

Gen. Winfield Scott’s Gen. Winfield Scott’s Anaconda PlanAnaconda Plan: surround : surround the Confederacy, cutting off supply lines; the Confederacy, cutting off supply lines; restricted southern trade and communications restricted southern trade and communications by seizing control of the Mississippi River, by seizing control of the Mississippi River, cutting Confederate territory in half, instituting cutting Confederate territory in half, instituting coastal blockadescoastal blockades

Smugglers got around the blockade, getting Smugglers got around the blockade, getting supplies to the Southsupplies to the South

Anaconda PlanAnaconda Plan


Lincoln’s Political StrugglesLincoln’s Political Struggles– Declared martial law in Maryland, suspended Declared martial law in Maryland, suspended

habeas corpushabeas corpus (guarantee that a person (guarantee that a person cannot be imprisoned without going before a cannot be imprisoned without going before a judge) jailed strongest supporters of the judge) jailed strongest supporters of the ConfederacyConfederacy Designed to keep Maryland from secedingDesigned to keep Maryland from seceding

– Established a Established a draftdraft: policy in which the : policy in which the government selects individuals for military government selects individuals for military serviceservice Wealthy citizens could pay $300 or hire substitutesWealthy citizens could pay $300 or hire substitutes


Lincoln’s Political Struggles Lincoln’s Political Struggles Continued…Continued…– 100 people killed, 11 African Americans 100 people killed, 11 African Americans

lynched in draft riots in New York Citylynched in draft riots in New York City– Copperheads Copperheads were Union Democrats were Union Democrats

who criticized Lincoln and the war; who criticized Lincoln and the war; encouraged Union soldiers to desert encouraged Union soldiers to desert (abandon) the army(abandon) the army


The Emancipation ProclamationThe Emancipation Proclamation– January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the

Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation: freed slaves : freed slaves in the Confederate States, maintaining in the Confederate States, maintaining slavery in the border statesslavery in the border states Kept border states loyal to the UnionKept border states loyal to the Union Gave the war a moral focus, undermined the Gave the war a moral focus, undermined the

South’s reliance on slave laborSouth’s reliance on slave labor Encouraged free African Americans to serve in the Encouraged free African Americans to serve in the

Union army; integrated on ships, but segregated Union army; integrated on ships, but segregated in the army (54in the army (54thth Massachusetts regiment – all Massachusetts regiment – all black)black)


Election of 1864 and Lincoln’s Election of 1864 and Lincoln’s Second Inaugural AddressSecond Inaugural Address– Sherman’s capture of Atlanta signaled Sherman’s capture of Atlanta signaled

that Union victory was at handthat Union victory was at hand– Lincoln won reelection in 1864Lincoln won reelection in 1864– In his In his second inaugural addresssecond inaugural address

Lincoln expressed that slavery was evil Lincoln expressed that slavery was evil and his desire to reunite the nationand his desire to reunite the nation

Secession and Civil WarSecession and Civil War V. V. Key Battles of the Civil WarKey Battles of the Civil War

– The Eastern Theater The Eastern Theater (fronts)(fronts) Robert E. Lee’s first major victories came at the Robert E. Lee’s first major victories came at the

Second Battle of Bull Run (aka Second Second Battle of Bull Run (aka Second Manassas)Manassas)

Ended Union hopes of invading RichmondEnded Union hopes of invading Richmond

– Antietam (September 17, 1862)Antietam (September 17, 1862) Union Gen. McClellan found a copy of Lee’s Union Gen. McClellan found a copy of Lee’s

orders at an abandoned Confederate camporders at an abandoned Confederate camp Bloodiest single day of the war, halted Bloodiest single day of the war, halted

Confederate advanceConfederate advance McClellan allowed Lee’s army to slip away, gets McClellan allowed Lee’s army to slip away, gets

fired by Lincolnfired by Lincoln

Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam


Key Battles of the Civil War Key Battles of the Civil War Continued…Continued…– Chancellorsville (May 1-5, 1863)Chancellorsville (May 1-5, 1863)

““Lee’s perfect battle” – thanks to Stonewall Lee’s perfect battle” – thanks to Stonewall Jackson, Lee’s army defeated more than 70,000 Jackson, Lee’s army defeated more than 70,000 Union troops with only 40,000 Confederate Union troops with only 40,000 Confederate soldierssoldiers

Jackson was accidentally shot by his own troops Jackson was accidentally shot by his own troops while scouting the enemy’s position at nightwhile scouting the enemy’s position at night

Left Lee without his most talented and reliable Left Lee without his most talented and reliable commandercommander

Secession and Civil WarSecession and Civil War Key Battles of the Civil War Continued…Key Battles of the Civil War Continued…

– Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863)Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) Turning point in the warTurning point in the war Union Gen. Meade defeated Lee’s army and ended any Union Gen. Meade defeated Lee’s army and ended any

hope the South could invade the Northhope the South could invade the North 51,000 soldiers killed, wounded, or missing51,000 soldiers killed, wounded, or missing Gettysburg was the bloodiest battle of the entire Civil Gettysburg was the bloodiest battle of the entire Civil

WarWar

– Lincoln gave his famed Lincoln gave his famed Gettysburg Address Gettysburg Address at at a ceremony dedicating a cemetery on the sighta ceremony dedicating a cemetery on the sight short, powerful affirmation of Lincoln’s desire to reunite short, powerful affirmation of Lincoln’s desire to reunite

the nation the nation

GettysburgGettysburg


The Western TheaterThe Western Theater Vicksburg (May 15 - July 4, 1863)Vicksburg (May 15 - July 4, 1863)

– Vicksburg, MS was the last Confederate Vicksburg, MS was the last Confederate obstacle to total Union control of the obstacle to total Union control of the Mississippi RiverMississippi River

– Grant laid siege to Vicksburg for almost Grant laid siege to Vicksburg for almost two months (cutting supplies, starving two months (cutting supplies, starving enemy)enemy)

– By July 4, residents were eating horses, By July 4, residents were eating horses, mules, dogs, ratsmules, dogs, rats

Battle of VicksburgBattle of Vicksburg


Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign and Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign and March to the Sea (May – March to the Sea (May – December 1864)December 1864)– Grant took command of the eastern forces and Grant took command of the eastern forces and

put Sherman in charge of his western forcesput Sherman in charge of his western forces– May 1864, Sherman began invasion of Georgia May 1864, Sherman began invasion of Georgia

– Atlanta was important because of its railway – Atlanta was important because of its railway hub; could disrupt the South’s major rail lineshub; could disrupt the South’s major rail lines

– Confederate Gen. Johnston tried to halt Confederate Gen. Johnston tried to halt Sherman’s advanceSherman’s advance

Secession and Civil WarSecession and Civil War Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign and Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign and

March to the Sea (May – December March to the Sea (May – December 1864) Continued…1864) Continued…– Johnston and Sherman had a series of small, Johnston and Sherman had a series of small,

bloody fightsbloody fights– July 8, Sherman flanked Johnston’s army, July 8, Sherman flanked Johnston’s army,

crossing over the Chattahoochee Rivercrossing over the Chattahoochee River– Jefferson Davis replaced JohnstonJefferson Davis replaced Johnston– Sherman’s Sherman’s Atlanta campaignAtlanta campaign placed the city placed the city

under Union control and reignited support for under Union control and reignited support for LincolnLincoln

– Sherman began a march from Atlanta to Sherman began a march from Atlanta to Savannah – his Savannah – his march to the seamarch to the sea in which he in which he destroyed the citydestroyed the city

Sherman’s Atlanta Sherman’s Atlanta CampaignCampaign


VI. Union VictoryVI. Union Victory– Grant began a campaign to crush the Grant began a campaign to crush the

Confederate army in a series of head-to-Confederate army in a series of head-to-head confrontationshead confrontations

– Engaged Lee in a number of bloody battlesEngaged Lee in a number of bloody battles– Lee’s army was surrounded in VirginiaLee’s army was surrounded in Virginia– April 9, 1865, Robert E. Lee surrendered to April 9, 1865, Robert E. Lee surrendered to

Ulysses S. Grant at Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Appomattox CourthouseCourthouse

– This ended the warThis ended the war


Union Victory Union Victory – The Union had several advantagesThe Union had several advantages

Larger Larger population population – more men, labor force to – more men, labor force to produce supplies and keep economy runningproduce supplies and keep economy running

More More railroads railroads – to move supplies efficiently, – to move supplies efficiently, quicklyquickly

More More industry industry – factories produced weapons, – factories produced weapons, ammunition, clothes, blankets in larger supply ammunition, clothes, blankets in larger supply than souththan south

– The South had a fiery determination and The South had a fiery determination and excellent military leadersexcellent military leaders

ReviewReview

1. Why did the South fear the election 1. Why did the South fear the election of Abraham Lincoln?of Abraham Lincoln?– A. They knew that Lincoln was an adamant A. They knew that Lincoln was an adamant

supporter of “popular sovereignty.”supporter of “popular sovereignty.”– B. Lincoln had run a platform of abolishing B. Lincoln had run a platform of abolishing

slavery throughout the nation.slavery throughout the nation.– C. Lincoln openly supported the Dred Scott C. Lincoln openly supported the Dred Scott

decision.decision.– D. They feared that he would seek not only D. They feared that he would seek not only

to prevent slavery in new territories, but to to prevent slavery in new territories, but to end it in the South also.end it in the South also.

ReviewReview 2. It was a major turning point in the 2. It was a major turning point in the

war that ended the South’s hopes of war that ended the South’s hopes of successfully invading the North. In successfully invading the North. In addition, many believe that had Gen. addition, many believe that had Gen. “Stonewall” Jackson been alive the “Stonewall” Jackson been alive the South would have won this battle and South would have won this battle and quite possible, the war. Which battle quite possible, the war. Which battle was it?was it?– A. GettysburgA. Gettysburg– B. AntietamB. Antietam– C. VicksburgC. Vicksburg– D. ChancellorsvilleD. Chancellorsville

ReviewReview 3. How did Sherman’s taking Atlanta 3. How did Sherman’s taking Atlanta

greatly impact the election of 1864?greatly impact the election of 1864?– A. It allowed Lincoln to suspend the A. It allowed Lincoln to suspend the writ of writ of

habeas corpushabeas corpus in Georgia, thereby assuring in Georgia, thereby assuring that only Lincoln’s supporters went to the that only Lincoln’s supporters went to the polls.polls.

– B. It inspired faith in military generals, thereby B. It inspired faith in military generals, thereby leading to Gen. McClellan being nominated for leading to Gen. McClellan being nominated for president.president.

– C. It assured people in the North that victory C. It assured people in the North that victory was in sight, thereby increasing the popularity was in sight, thereby increasing the popularity of Pres. Lincoln and allowing him to win re-of Pres. Lincoln and allowing him to win re-election.election.

– D. It led to Lincoln’s defeat because he lost D. It led to Lincoln’s defeat because he lost the support of Southerners whom Sherman the support of Southerners whom Sherman had abused.had abused.

ReviewReview

4. What was the Emancipation 4. What was the Emancipation Proclamation, what impact did it have on Proclamation, what impact did it have on the role of African Americans in the Civil the role of African Americans in the Civil War, and why did it have this impact?War, and why did it have this impact?

5. Describe some of the advantages the 5. Describe some of the advantages the Union had during the war and explain Union had during the war and explain how they contributed to the how they contributed to the Confederacy’s defeat.Confederacy’s defeat.

Southern ReconstructionSouthern Reconstruction

SSUSH10SSUSH10: Identify legal, political, : Identify legal, political, and social dimensions of and social dimensions of Reconstruction.Reconstruction.


I. Andrew Johnson and the I. Andrew Johnson and the Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans

Presidential ReconstructionPresidential Reconstruction– Lincoln proposed a plan for rebuilding Lincoln proposed a plan for rebuilding

rather than punishing the Southrather than punishing the South– Before he could put his plan into place, Before he could put his plan into place,

Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865 by John Wilkes Booth while 1865 by John Wilkes Booth while watching a play at Ford’s Theaterwatching a play at Ford’s Theater

Southern ReconstructionSouthern Reconstruction Presidential Reconstruction Continued…Presidential Reconstruction Continued…

– Vice President Andrew Johnson became presidentVice President Andrew Johnson became president Southerner, one-time slave owner, loyal to UnionSoutherner, one-time slave owner, loyal to Union Put his own plan for reconstruction into placePut his own plan for reconstruction into place

– Johnson’s Johnson’s Presidential Reconstruction Presidential Reconstruction plan:plan: Southerners who swore allegiance to the Union were Southerners who swore allegiance to the Union were

pardonedpardoned Former Confederate states could hold constitutional Former Confederate states could hold constitutional

conventions and set up state governmentsconventions and set up state governments States had to void secession and ratify the States had to void secession and ratify the Thirteenth Thirteenth

AmendmentAmendment to the Constitution, which ended slavery to the Constitution, which ended slavery Once the amendment was ratified, states could hold Once the amendment was ratified, states could hold

elections and be part of the Unionelections and be part of the Union


Presidential Reconstruction Presidential Reconstruction Continued…Continued…– The plan left the same Southerners who led The plan left the same Southerners who led

the Confederacy in positions of influencethe Confederacy in positions of influence– Southern states enacted Southern states enacted black codesblack codes to to

limit the rights of freed blacks to points limit the rights of freed blacks to points similar to slaverysimilar to slavery Had curfews, could be forced into labor for Had curfews, could be forced into labor for

vagrancy, had to work for whites for at least a vagrancy, had to work for whites for at least a yearyear


Radical ReconstructionRadical Reconstruction– Radical Republicans Radical Republicans were members of were members of

the Republican party who favored much the Republican party who favored much tougher stance with former Confederate tougher stance with former Confederate states states believed Johnson did not do enough to offer believed Johnson did not do enough to offer

blacks full citizenship rightsblacks full citizenship rights Felt Congress should oversee Reconstruction Felt Congress should oversee Reconstruction

not the presidentnot the president


Radical Reconstruction Continued…Radical Reconstruction Continued…– Under Radical Reconstruction:Under Radical Reconstruction:

1. Southern states were put under military rule.1. Southern states were put under military rule. 2. Southern states had to hold new constitutional 2. Southern states had to hold new constitutional

conventions.conventions. 3. African Americans were allowed to vote.3. African Americans were allowed to vote. 4. Southerners who had supported the Confederacy 4. Southerners who had supported the Confederacy

were not allowed to vote (temporarily).were not allowed to vote (temporarily). 5. Southern states had to guarantee equal rights to 5. Southern states had to guarantee equal rights to

African Americans.African Americans. 6. Southern states had to ratify the 6. Southern states had to ratify the Fourteenth Fourteenth

Amendment Amendment which made African Americans which made African Americans citizens of the U.S.citizens of the U.S.

Southern ReconstructionSouthern Reconstruction Federal LegislationFederal Legislation

– Prior to Lincoln’s death, Congress passed the Prior to Lincoln’s death, Congress passed the Thirteenth AmendmentThirteenth Amendment, ending slavery , ending slavery throughout the U.S.throughout the U.S.

– Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 to Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 to give citizenship rights to freed slavesgive citizenship rights to freed slaves Johnson vetoed, Congress overrode the vetoJohnson vetoed, Congress overrode the veto

– Congress passed the Congress passed the Fourteenth AmendmentFourteenth Amendment to prevent the courts from overturning the Civil to prevent the courts from overturning the Civil Rights Act – guaranteed life, liberty, propertyRights Act – guaranteed life, liberty, property

– Finally, Congress passed the Finally, Congress passed the Fifteenth Fifteenth AmendmentAmendment which granted the right to vote to which granted the right to vote to African American menAfrican American men


Johnson’s ImpeachmentJohnson’s Impeachment– Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act

when he tried to fire Sec. of War Edwin when he tried to fire Sec. of War Edwin Stanton because he was closely tied to Stanton because he was closely tied to the Radical Republicansthe Radical Republicans

– Congress, led by Thaddeus Stevens, Congress, led by Thaddeus Stevens, voted to voted to impeachimpeach (charge with (charge with wrongdoing) President Johnsonwrongdoing) President Johnson

– Johnson’s presidency was spared by one Johnson’s presidency was spared by one vote in the Senatevote in the Senate

Southern ReconstructionSouthern Reconstruction II. African Americans and II. African Americans and

ReconstructionReconstruction Farming and the Freedmen’s BureauFarming and the Freedmen’s Bureau

– Blacks had to adjust to life after slaveryBlacks had to adjust to life after slavery– With no land or money, many had to turn to With no land or money, many had to turn to

sharecroppingsharecropping – farming a portion of a – farming a portion of a white landowner’s land in return for housing white landowner’s land in return for housing a share of the cropa share of the crop

– Others turned to Others turned to tenant farmingtenant farming – paid rent – paid rent to farm land and owned crops they grewto farm land and owned crops they grew

– Both systems kept blacks working on white-Both systems kept blacks working on white-owned landowned land


Farming and the Freedmen’s Farming and the Freedmen’s Bureau Cont’d…Bureau Cont’d…– Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau was created in was created in

1865 to help freed slaves1865 to help freed slaves First federal relief agency in US historyFirst federal relief agency in US history Provided clothes, medical attention, food, Provided clothes, medical attention, food,

education, and landeducation, and land Ended in 1869 because of lack of supportEnded in 1869 because of lack of support

Southern ReconstructionSouthern Reconstruction Education and the ChurchEducation and the Church

– African American churches African American churches were one of the were one of the few institutions truly owned and controlled by few institutions truly owned and controlled by African AmericansAfrican Americans Centers for social and political life; ministers became Centers for social and political life; ministers became

leaders of communityleaders of community

– Blacks sought Blacks sought educationeducation With the help of the Freedmen’s With the help of the Freedmen’s Bureau the first black schools were Bureau the first black schools were establishedestablished Children and adults attendedChildren and adults attended Morehouse College Morehouse College was founded first as Atlanta was founded first as Atlanta

Baptist Seminary in 1867 – called the “black Harvard”Baptist Seminary in 1867 – called the “black Harvard”


Politics and Social DebatePolitics and Social Debate– 600 African Americans served in 600 African Americans served in

southern state legislatures, a few were southern state legislatures, a few were elected as lieutenant-governors, one elected as lieutenant-governors, one served as acting governor of Louisianaserved as acting governor of Louisiana


White ResistanceWhite Resistance– Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan secretive organization whose secretive organization whose

members often dressed in hooded white robesmembers often dressed in hooded white robes Used violence, murder, and threats to intimidate Used violence, murder, and threats to intimidate

blacks and keep them from exercising newly blacks and keep them from exercising newly acquired rightsacquired rights

– CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers were northerners who came were northerners who came South to do business; they were resented by South to do business; they were resented by SouthernersSoutherners

– Scalawags Scalawags were southern Republicans who were southern Republicans who supported Reconstruction; targeted by the supported Reconstruction; targeted by the KKKKKK

Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan


The End of ReconstructionThe End of Reconstruction– In the controversial election of 1876, In the controversial election of 1876,

Democrats agreed to give the presidency to Democrats agreed to give the presidency to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes in exchange Republican Rutherford B. Hayes in exchange for loosening its grip on the southern states for loosening its grip on the southern states and removing troops from the Southand removing troops from the South

– This ended Reconstruction and gave rise to This ended Reconstruction and gave rise to the KKKthe KKK

– Southern states passed Southern states passed Jim Crow lawsJim Crow laws that that required blacks and whites to use separate required blacks and whites to use separate public facilitiespublic facilities

Jim CrowJim Crow


The End of Reconstruction The End of Reconstruction Continued…Continued…– To avoid upholding the Fifteenth Amendment, To avoid upholding the Fifteenth Amendment,

many states enacted many states enacted literacy testsliteracy tests and and poll poll taxestaxes

– Blacks were also subjected to Blacks were also subjected to grandfather grandfather clausesclauses

– With these measures the With these measures the “solid South“solid South” prevailed” prevailed Nearly a century after Reconstruction, only Nearly a century after Reconstruction, only

Democrats tended to win important political Democrats tended to win important political offices in southern statesoffices in southern states

ReviewReview 1. Describe the differences between 1. Describe the differences between

Presidential Reconstruction and Radical Presidential Reconstruction and Radical Reconstruction. Who backed each view Reconstruction. Who backed each view and which one eventually won?and which one eventually won?

2. The purpose of the Fourteenth 2. The purpose of the Fourteenth Amendment was toAmendment was to– A. end slavery.A. end slavery.– B. ensure African Americans had the right to B. ensure African Americans had the right to

vote.vote.– C. make sure that African Americans were C. make sure that African Americans were

recognized as citizens.recognized as citizens.– D. place military rule over southern states D. place military rule over southern states

during Reconstruction.during Reconstruction.

ReviewReview

3. The Amendment to the Constitution 3. The Amendment to the Constitution that was intended to give African that was intended to give African Americans the right to vote was theAmericans the right to vote was the– A. Thirteenth Amendment.A. Thirteenth Amendment.– B. Fourteenth Amendment.B. Fourteenth Amendment.– C. Fifteenth Amendment.C. Fifteenth Amendment.– D. Reconstruction Act of 1867.D. Reconstruction Act of 1867.

4. Describe ways that southern whites 4. Describe ways that southern whites tried to resist giving equal rights to tried to resist giving equal rights to blacks during and after Reconstruction.blacks during and after Reconstruction.

Documents

U.S. History Unit 5 Notes Slavery, Secession, and Civil War