U.S. History Top 100

What every student should know to pass the U.S. History EOC.

Goals 1-12

Goal 1: The New Nation (1789-1820)

• The learner will identify, investigate, and assess the effectiveness of the institutions of the emerging republic.

Suffrage during the Federalist Era

• Who could vote?• White males who

owned property.

• Who could not vote?• White males who did

not own property• Women• African-Americans• Native Americans

Whiskey Rebellion, 1794• Farmers in Pennsylvania

rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey. The army put down the rebellion.

• The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796

• Would not seek a third term• Warned against competing political parties• Warned against complicated

entanglements of Europe

Development of the two-party system

• Democratic Republicans

• Led by Thomas Jefferson• Thought states should

have more power• Wanted to base economy

on farming• Were pro-French• Supported a strict

construction of the Constitution

• Federalists • Led by Alexander

Hamilton• Favored a strong central

government• Wanted to base economy

on industry and trade• Were pro-British• Supported a loose

construction of the Constitution

XYZ Affair, 1797

• Delegates were sent to France to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand.

• The American delegates were told they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a large bribe. They did not pay the bribe.

Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798• These laws were passed by the Federalist Congress and

signed by President Adams.• The Alien Act increased the waiting period for an

immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years and the president could deport dangerous aliens.

• The Sedition Act made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government. It was an attempt to silence opposition.

• The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

Marbury v. Madison, 1803

• The case arose out of Jefferson's refusal to deliver the commissions to the judges appointed by Adams' Midnight Appointments.

• This case established the Supreme Court's right to judicial review.

Louisiana Purchase, 1803• The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River

to the Rocky Mountains from France for $15 million. • Jefferson was interested in the territory because it was

valuable for trade and shipping and provided room to expand.

• The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase.

Goal 2: Expansion and Reform (1801-1850)

• The learner will assess the competing forces of expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism.

Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin

• 1798 - The cotton gin was a machine which could separate cotton from its seeds. Whitney’s invention made cotton a profitable crop. It also reinforced slavery in the economy of the South.

Missouri Compromise, 1820• Admitted Missouri

as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Declared that all territory north of 36°30" would become free states, and all territory south of that latitude would become slave states.

Monroe Doctrine, 1823

• Declared that Europe should not interfere in the Western Hemisphere and any interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S.

• Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until the late 1800s.

Tariff of Abominations

• Tariff of 1828 raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. It protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

Indian Removal, 1838-1839

• During the winter, troops evicted the Cherokee tribe from their homes in Georgia and moved them to Oklahoma. Many died on the trail. The journey became known as the "Trail of Tears".

Hudson River School of Art

• In the 1820s, a group of American painters, painted landscapes.

Nativism• An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the

1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics.

Women’s Reform Movement• In the 1800's, women were not allowed to be involved in

politics or own property, had little legal status and rarely held jobs.

• The women's movement was often overshadowed by the anti-slavery movement. Men who had been working with the women's movement worked for the abolition of slavery once it became a major issue.

Henry Clay

• Clay helped heal the North/South rift by aiding passage of the Compromise of 1850, which served to delay the Civil War.

Goal 3: Crisis, Civil War and Reconstruction (1848-1877)

• The learner will analyze the issues that led to the Civil War, the effects of the war, and the impact of Reconstruction on the nation.

Compromise of 1850• Admitted California as a free state• Organized Utah and N.M. without restrictions on slavery • Adjusted the Texas/N.M. border• Abolished slave trade in D.C. • Established tougher fugitive slave laws. • Its passage was hailed as a solution to the threat of

national division.

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854• This act repealed the Missouri

Compromise. Popular sovereignty (vote of the people) would determine whether Kansas and Nebraska would be slave or free states.

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

• A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in free land had made him a free man. The U.S. Supreme Court decided he could not sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Causes of Secession, 1860

• After Lincoln was elected, seven Southern states seceded. They cited as their reason for seceding the election of a President “whose opinions and purposes are hostile to slavery.”

Emancipation Proclamation, 1862

• Lincoln freed all slaves in states that had seceded. Lincoln had no power to enforce the law.

Battle of Gettysburg, 1863

• 90,000 soldiers under Meade vs. 76,000 under Lee, lasted three days and the North won. Considered a turning point of the Civil War.

Civil War Amendments• 13th - Freed all slaves, abolished slavery. • 14th - It granted full citizenship to all native-born

or naturalized Americans, including former slaves and immigrants. No state shall deny a person life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

• 15th - No one could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color or having been a slave. It was to prevent states from amending their constitutions to deny black suffrage.

Reconstruction Plans• Presidential Plans• Lincoln offered the

“Ten Percent Plan.”• Johnson’s plan was

similar to Lincoln’s, but required wealthy planters to request pardons and did not support voting rights for African-Americans.

• Congressional Plan• “Radical Republicans”

passed the Wade-Davis Bill. Lincoln pocket vetoed the bill.

• Established Freedmen’s Bureau and passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

• Prohibited abridgement of rights of blacks or any other citizens.

Compromise of 1877

• Hayes promised to show concern for Southern interests and end Reconstruction in exchange for the Democrats accepting the fraudulent election results. He took Union troops out of the South.

Goal 4: The Great West and the Rise of the Debtor (1860-1896)

• The learner will evaluate the great westward movement and assess the impact of the agricultural revolution on the nation.

Motivation for Westward Movement

• Government Incentives

• Pacific Railway Acts• Morrill Land-Grant Act• Homestead Act

• Private Property• Miners• Cattle ranchers• Farmers

Challenges of Westward Movement

• Lack of resources; wood and water• Severe weather, bugs, floods, prairie fires,

dust storms, drought• Conflicts with Native Americans

Improvements in Agriculture

• Mechanized reaper – reduced labor force• Steel plow – cut through dense sod• Barbed wire – kept cattle off crops• Windmills – powers irrigation systems• Hybridization – allowed greater yields

Transcontinental Railroad, 1869

• Union Pacific began in Omaha in 1865 and went west. Central Pacific went east from Sacramento and met the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory Point, Utah.

Dawes Act, 1887

• It tried to dissolve Indian tribes by redistributing the land. Designed to forestall growing Indian poverty, it resulted in many Indians losing their lands to speculators.

Helen Hunt Jackson

• A muckraker whose book exposed the unjust manner in which the U.S. government had treated the Indians. Protested the Dawes Severalty Act.

Cross of Gold Speech, 1896• Given by William

Jennings Bryan, he said people must not be "crucified on a cross of gold", referring to the Republican proposal to eliminate silver coinage and adopt a strict gold standard.

Goal 5: Becoming an Industrial Society (1877-1900)

• The learner will describe innovations in technology and business practices and assess their impact on economic, political, and social life in America.

Influence of Big Business

• Larger pools of capital• Wider geographic span• Broader range of operations• Revised role of ownership• New methods of

management

Laissez-faire

• A theory that the economy does better without government intervention in business.

Credit Mobilier Scandal, 1872 • Union Pacific received a government

contract to build the transcontinental railroad

• It "hired" Credit Mobilier to do the actual construction, charging nearly twice the actual cost of the project.

• The scheme was discovered and the company tried to bribe Congress with gifts of stock to stop the investigation.

• This was the biggest bribery scandal in U.S. history, and led to greater public awareness of government corruption.

Jane Addams’ Hull House, 1889• Social reformer who worked to improve

the lives of the working class. She founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English.

Social Darwinism

• Applied Darwin's theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society -- the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor.

Gospel of Wealth, 1889

• Andrew Carnegie was an American millionaire and philanthropist who donated large sums of money for public works. His book argued that the wealthy have an obligation to give something back to society.

Labor Practices

• Collective Bargaining - Discussions held between workers and their employers over wages, hours, and conditions.

• Labor Unions – organization of workers• Strikes – refusal to perform work until

demands are met.

Labor Unions

• Knights of Labor• An American labor

union originally established as a secret fraternal order and noted as the first union of all workers. It was founded in 1869.

• American Federation of Labor

• Began in 1886 with about 140,000 members; by 1917 it had 2.5 million members. It is a federation of different unions.

Thomas Nast

• Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed.

Jacob Riis

• Early 1900's writer who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. Muckraker novel.

Goal 6: The emergence of the United States in World Affairs (1890-1914)

• The learner will analyze causes and effects of the United States emergence as a world power.

Alfred Mahan

• As Americans increased business overseas it became necessary to protect those investments. In order to protect those investments America built the "great white fleet" that had been requested by Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan.

Josiah Strong• One of the leading

proponents of imperialism was Minister Josiah Strong.

• Strong claimed that America as the leading nation in the world it was our destiny to acquire new lands. This idea sounds a lot like Manifest Destiny because it is the same idea.

Seward’s Folly, 1867

• An eager expansionist, Seward was the energetic supporter of the Alaskan purchase and negotiator of the deal often called "Seward's Folly" because Alaska was not fit for settlement or farming.

Annexation of Hawaii, 1898

• By the late 1800s, U.S. had exclusive use of Pearl Harbor. In July 1898, Congress made Hawaii a U.S. territory, for the use of the islands as naval ports.

Causes of Spanish-American War, 1898

• An explosion from a mine in the Bay of Havana crippled the warship Maine. The U.S. blamed Spain for the incident and used it as an excuse to go to war with Spain.

Open Door Policy, 1899

• Hay sent imperialist nations a note asking them to offer assurance that they would respect the principle of equal trade opportunities, specifically in the China market.

Roosevelt Corollary, 1904

• U.S. would act as international policemen. An addition to the Monroe Doctrine.

Goal 7: The Progressive Movement (1890-1914)

• The learner will analyze the economic, political, and social reforms of the Progressive Period.

Causes of Progressivism• Ineffectiveness of government• Poor working conditions• Emergence of Social Gospel• Unequal distribution of wealth• Immigration• Urban poor• Corruption

Progressive Party Platform

• The platform called for women's suffrage, recall of judicial decisions, easier amendment of the U.S. Constitution, social welfare legislation for women and children, workers' compensation, limited injunctions in strikes, farm relief, revision of banking to assure an elastic currency.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911• A fire in New York's

Triangle Shirtwaist Company killed 146 people, mostly women. The doors were locked and the windows were too high for them to get to the ground. Highlighted the poor working conditions and led to federal regulations to protect workers.

Muckrakers

• Journalists who searched for and publicized real or alleged acts of corruption of public officials, businessmen.

Robert LaFollette

• Political leader who believed in libertarian reforms, he was a major leader of the Progressive movement from Wisconsin.

Federal Reserve Act, 1913

• Regulated banking to help small banks stay in business. A move away from laissez-faire policies, it was passed by Wilson.

Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896

• The Supreme Court ruled against Plessy, saying that segregated facilities for whites and blacks were legal as long as the facilities were of equal quality.

Disenfranchisement

• The Mississippi supreme court ruled that poll taxes and literacy tests, which took away blacks' right to vote (a practice known as "disenfranchisement"), were legal.

Booker T. Washington• Washington believed that African

Americans had to achieve economic independence before civil rights. In 1881, he founded the first formal school for blacks, the Tuskegee Institute.

W.E.B. DuBois

• DuBois believed that black Americans had to demand their social and civil rights or else become permanent victims of racism. Helped found the NAACP. He disagreed with Booker T. Washington's theories.

New Marketing Techniques

• Advertising• Mail order catalogs• Consumerism

Goal 8: The Great War and Its Aftermath (1914-1930)

• The learner will analyze United States involvement in World War I and the war’s influence on international affairs during the 1920s.

U.S. - Neutrality to Involvement• May 1915 – U-boats sink the Lusitania• Sept. 1915 – Germany promises not to sink unarmed ships• March 1916 – Germany sinks the Sussex• May 1916 – Germany promises not to sink unarmed ships• Jan. 1917 – Zimmerman note is intercepted• Feb. 1917 – Germany resumes unrestricted submarine

warfare• April 1917 – U.S. declares war on Germany

Russian Revolution, 1917

• Instituted a Communist government lead by the Bolshevik party under Lenin. Lenin pulled Russia out of WWI.

Fourteen Points, 1918

• Wilson's idea that he wanted included in the WWI peace treaty, including freedom of the seas and the League of Nations.

League of Nations, 1919

• Devised by President Wilson, it comprised of delegates from many countries, the U.S. did not join. It was designed to be run by a council of the five largest countries. It also included a provision for a world court.

Eugene V. Debs• Debs repeatedly ran for president as a

socialist, he was imprisoned after he gave a speech protesting WWI in violation of the Sedition Act.

Schenck v. U.S., 1919

• United States Supreme Court decision concerning the question of whether the defendant possessed a First Amendment right to free speech against the draft during World War I. During wartime, utterances tolerable in peacetime can be punished.

Sacco and Vanzetti

• Sacco and Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory.

• Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

Goal 9: Prosperity and Depression (1919-1939)

• The learner will appraise the economic, social, and political changes of the decades of “The Twenties” and “The Thirties.”

Assembly Line

• Arrangement of equipment and workers in which work passes from operation to operation in a direct line until the product is assembled.

Impact of Mass Media

• Radio• Marketing• Advertising• Jazz• Silent & “talkie” films• “The Jazz Singer”• “Fireside Chats”

Lost Generation

• Writer Gertrude Stein told Hemingway, "You are all a lost generation," referring to the many restless young writers who gathered in Paris after WW I. They thought the U.S. was materialistic and they criticized conformity.

Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes

• Hughes was a gifted writer who wrote humorous poems, stories, essays and poetry. Harlem was a center for black writers, musicians, and intellectuals.

Flappers, 1920’s

• Women started wearing short skirts and bobbed hair, and had more sexual freedom. They began to abandon traditional female roles and take jobs usually reserved for men.

Fundamentalism

• Movement or attitude stressing strict and literal adherence to a set of basic principles.

Scopes Trial, 1925• Prosecution of school teacher, John

Scopes, for violation of a Tennessee law forbidding public schools from teaching about evolution. Scopes was convicted and fined $100, but the trial started a shift of public opinion away from Fundamentalism.

Stock Market Crash, 1929• On October 24, 1929, panic selling occurred as

investors realized the stock boom had been an over inflated bubble. Margin investors were being decimated as every stock holder tried to liquidate. Millionaire margin investors became bankrupt instantly, as the stock market crashed on October 28 and 29.

Dust Bowl, 1930s• A series of catastrophic dust storms caused

major ecological and agricultural damage to American prairie lands in the 1930s, caused by decades of inappropriate farming techniques.

Bonus Army, 1932• Facing the financial crisis of

the Depression, WW I veterans asked Congress to pay their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army.

Bank Failures• During the first 10 months of 1930, 744

banks failed. In all, 9,000 banks failed during the decade of the 1930s. By 1933, depositors saw $140 billion disappear through bank failures.

Causes of Great Depression

• Much debt, stock prices spiraling up, over-production and under-consuming, the stock market crashed. Germany's default on reparations caused European bank failures, which spread to the U.S.

New Deal Agencies

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)• Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)• Works Progress Administration (WPA)• Public Works Administration (PWA)• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)• Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)• Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Long Term Effects of New Deal Programs

• Expansion of the role of federal government

• Government responsibility for the welfare of its citizens

• Expanding government role in the economy

• Deficit spending

U.S. History Top 100

What every student should know to pass the U.S. History EOC

Goal 10

Goal 10: World War II and the Beginning of the Cold War (1930s-

1963)• The learner will analyze

United States involvement in World War II and the war’s influence on international affairs in following decades.

Lend-lease Act, 1941• Authorized the president to transfer, lend,

or lease any article of defense equipment to any government whose defense was deemed vital to the defense of the U.S. Allowed the U.S. to send supplies and ammunition to the Allies.

Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941

• Surprise attack by Japanese on U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

D-Day, June 6, 1944

• Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

War Posters• The radio, print, and

film industries reminded Americans that they were in a struggle between dictatorship and democracy.

Rosie the Riveter

• Women found jobs, especially in heavy industry, that fell outside the traditional realm of women’s work.

Korematsu v. U.S., 1944

• Upheld the U.S. government's decision to put Japanese-Americans in internment camps during World War II.

G.I. Bill, 1944• Servicemen's

Readjustment Act, also called the G.I. Bill of Rights. Granted $13 billion in aid for former servicemen, ranging from educational grants to housing and other services to assist with the readjustment to society.

Marshall Plan, 1947

• Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall, he proposed massive economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism.

Korean War, 1950• On June 25, 1950, the

Communist North invaded the Democratic South. The United Nations created an international army, lead by the U.S. to fight for the South and China joined the war on the side of North Korea. This was the first time the United Nations had intervened militarily.

Post-war Organizations• United Nations, 1945 - Founded after WWII by

victorious Allied Powers to intervene in conflicts between nations and avoid war.

• NATO, 1949 - The member nations agreed to fight for each other if attacked. It is an international military force.

• SEATO, 1954 - Alliance of non-Communist Asian nations modeled after NATO. Unlike NATO, it didn't establish a military force.

Containment, George F. Keenan

• A member of the State Department, he felt that the best way to keep Communism out of Europe was to confront the Russians wherever they tried to spread their power.

Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962• After discovering the

Russians were building nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba, the U.S. announced a quarantine of Cuba. After six days of confrontation that almost led to nuclear war, Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the launch sites.

U.S. History Top 100

What every student should know to pass the U.S. History EOC

Goal 11

Goal 11: Recovery, Prosperity, and Turmoil (1945-1980)

• The learner will trace economic, political, and social developments and assess their significance for the lives of Americans during this time period.

McCarthyism, 1950-1953

• Senator who began sensational campaign by asserting that the U.S. State Department had been infiltrated by Communists. He accused the Army of covering up foreign espionage. The Army-McCarthy Hearings made McCarthy look so foolish that further investigations were halted.

Domino Theory, 1957

• It stated that if one country fell to Communism, it would undermine another and that one would fall, producing a domino effect.

Sputnik, 1957

• The first artificial satellite sent into space, launched by the Soviets.

Brown v. Board of Education, 1954

• The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

• The leader of the Civil Rights Movement and President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, promoted non-violent protest.

Malcolm X

• Malcolm X expressed the feelings of many African American activists who had grown impatient with King’s nonviolent methods. Malcolm X preached a message of self-reliance and self-determination.

Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan, 1963

• Depicted how difficult a woman's life is because she doesn't think about herself, only her family. It said that middle-class society stifled women and didn't let them use their talents. Attacked the "cult of domesticity."

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 1964

• After a U.S. Navy ship reportedly was fired on, Congress passed this resolution which gave the president power to send troops to Vietnam to protect against further North Vietnamese aggression.

My Lai Incident, 1968

• An American unit destroyed the village of My Lai, killing many women and children. The incident was not revealed to the public until 20 months later.

War Powers Act, 1973

• Gave any president the power to go to war under certain circumstances, but required that he could only do so for 90 days before being required to officially bring the matter before Congress.

Détente• A lessening of tensions between U.S. and

Soviet Union and China. Besides disarming missiles to insure a lasting peace between superpowers, Nixon pressed for trade relations and a limited military budget.

Watergate Scandal, 1972-1974

• In 1972, five men were arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee's executive quarters in the Watergate Hotel. Nixon admitted to complicity in the burglary. In 1974, as Nixon's impeachment began, he resigned.

Cesar Chavez• Non-violent leader of the United Farm

Workers from 1963-1970. Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers.

U.S. History Top 100

What every student should know to pass the U.S. History EOC

Goal 12

Goal 12: The United States since the Vietnam War (1973-present)

• The learner will identify and analyze trends in domestic and foreign affairs of the United States during this time period.

Camp David Accords, 1978

• Peace talks between Egypt and Israel mediated by President Carter.

Title IX, 1972

• "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."

Affirmative Action

• Policy that gives special consideration to women and minorities to make up for past discrimination.

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 1978

• Barred colleges from admitting students solely on the basis of race, but allowed them to include race along with other considerations when deciding which students to admit.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 1992

• The North American Free Trade Area is the trade bloc created by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), whose members are Canada, Mexico and the United States.

Election of 2000

• In the presidential election of 2000 Republican George W. Bush was elected over Democrat Al Gore in one of the closest and most controversial presidential elections in the history of the United States.

September 11, 2001

• The September 11, 2001 attacks consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist suicide attacks by Islamic extremists on the United States on September 11, 2001.

No Child Left Behind, 2002

• President Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act. The law helps schools improve by focusing on accountability for results, freedom for states and communities, proven education methods, and choices for parents.