US History, October 27 • Entry Task: Talk with your table -

what are examples of acceptable LIES (white lies)? • Announcements:

–Take notes today – movie about Lewis & Clark tomorrow

–Don’t forget to turn in your poster! – LETTERS DUE BY FRIDAY!!! – Correction from yesterday: 25,000 French

in just Philadelphia! And Luther Baldwin

What do you think?

• The lesson: In a deep sense, then, politicians break their promises because the public tolerates dishonesty.

• Yes, you can blame politicians for lying; but as a wise, old saying goes, "Fool me once, shame on you. Fool me twice, shame on me."

Think About… Was the Anti-French sentiment enough of a concern to eliminate freedom of speech, press, and protest? Should the US have rights to silence protesters during time of war? Did this become a “Federalist WITCH HUNT” since only D-Rs were convicted/punished? - Example: Congressman Matthew Lyon became famous for spitting in the face of a Federalist (4 months in jail for writing negatively about Adams).

Thomas Jefferson

(President 1801-1809)

As if compelled by an evil twin, Jefferson was forced to reverse many political principles he had vigorously championed (practical politics)

The U.S. Economy in 1800 By 1810, 84% of

Americans were directly involved in agriculture

The Southern economy was dominated by rice & tobacco cultivation

Eli Whitney’s cotton gin in 1793 allowed for a

cotton boom in the South

Cotton quickly became the dominant Southern crop of the 19th century Cotton production entrenched the

South’s “need” for slaves & expedited Northern industrialism

The U.S. Economy in 1800

By 1810, 84% of Americans were directly involved in agriculture

The Northern economy was more diverse than the South, but most Americans were involved in cultivating livestock & grains

Boston, NY, Philadelphia relied on international trade,

otherwise cities played a marginal role (only 5% of Americans lived in cities)

By 1800, industrialization was just

beginning in America

Samuel Slater designed cotton-spinning factories in NE; but most textiles were homemade

Thomas Jefferson (73 Electoral votes)

Virginia Democratic-Republican 10 62.5%

Aaron Burr (73 Electoral votes)

New York Democratic-Republican 4 25.0%

Blank ------- 2 12.5%

1800 Election Results (TIE = Into the House of

Representatives!!)

Amendment 12 (1804) • Changes Presidential Elections – “The

electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for the President and Vice President…they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted as Vice-President…”

Significance of Election of 1800 • peaceful transfer of power from one

political party to another • “revolutionary” achievement

John Adams Thomas Jefferson Federalist Democratic-Republican

Why do Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton hate each other?

• 1800 Election (H’s influence = VP)

• 1804 – Burr runs for Governor of New York (Hamilton’s influence = loss of election)

Jefferson as President • Jefferson entered office after the

“revolution of 1800” with a clear political ideology & goals: – To reduce size & cost of gov’t & promote

republican agrarianism (farming) – To repeal key Federalist policies (esp Alien &

Sedition Acts) – To maintain international peace

However, Jefferson would have to compromise many of his ideological principles to be an effective president

Jeffersonian Reforms

• Jefferson’s priority was to reduce the role of the national gov’t & return key decisions to the states • Jefferson worked with Congress to

– Repeal all excise taxes (whiskey) – Reduce military spending – Eliminate all national debt – Did not renew the charter of the BUS (The

bank will die in 1811, but he retained it during most of his Presidency)

Marbury v. Madison • John Adams appointed new judges

under the Judiciary Act of 1801 the night before his term was over – “Midnight Appointments” of Federalists – This act flooded the federal courts with

Federalists, including John Marbury – Controversy leads to Marbury v.

Madison (1803), which establishes the concept of “Judicial Review”

– Part of the Judiciary Act of 1801 was declared “unconstitutional”

JEFFERSON: Supreme Court should not have the exclusive right to interpret the Constitution! STATES should. Pushed for impeachment through Congress (failed)

The United States in 1800

From 1800 to 1810, the U.S. had major population growth; Grew by 2 million people

Kentucky (1792)

Ohio (1803)

Tennessee (1796)

Intense migration to the trans-Appalachian West

after 1790 led to new states

•Great Britain after the Revolution.

•United States after War

•Spanish land after Revolution

Spanish Land 1800

New Orleans

•Great Britain after the Revolution.

•United States after War

•Spanish land

French Land in 1801

New Orleans

• France acquired Spanish Louisiana & New Orleans

• Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France for $10 million – if sale failed, instructed to seek alliance with England (his old foe)

•Great Britain after the Revolution.

•United States after War

•Spanish land

French Land in 1801

New Orleans

• Toussaint L’Ouverture, former slave, led a slave rebellion in French Haiti.

• Haiti – supposed to be a stepping stone to America… • This event forced him to abandon his dream of a French

America

• Since Napoleon was at war with Great Britain he offered the entire Louisiana territory to the US for $15 million • Turns out to be around 3

cents an acre • Doubled the size of the

US • Considered Jefferson’s

greatest accomplishment – WHY???

Expansion of the United States

Louisiana Purchase includes all or part of 13 states and comprises 23% of US today

Anti-War and Anti-Navy (Pacifist) •Kept the Navy strong to fight against Barbary

Pirates in North Africa Anti-British/Pro-French

•Almost allied with England and went to war with France to force Napoleon out of New Orleans.

Against slavery – “all men are created equal”

•Owned 200 slaves, published ugly remarks about race and wanted to deport African/African-

Americans Strict Construction of Constitution •Used loose construction of Constitution over

purchase of Louisiana territory

Jefferson and Contradictions

Champion of Free Speech •Yet he suggested that prosecution on Federalist newspapers would have a “wholesome effect in

restoring the integrity of the press” Believed in equal rights

•But insisted that “the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail”

Jefferson realized that “ideas” are often hard to put into practice in a “realistic world”.

Jefferson and Contradictions

– Review: What were some of Jefferson’s Contradictions? Did the people seem to mind/care?

US History, October 28 • Entry Task: Movie today – Lewis and

Clark –Have your notes from yesterday ready

afterwards.

• Announcements: –Have you turned in your poster? –Letters – due by Friday!

Lewis & Clark Journey • Jefferson sent quiet plans to

Congress to send an expedition, asking for only $2500 (ends up costing $38,722)

• Jefferson chooses Meriwether Lewis, who invites William Clark to partner in the expedition as co-commanders

• The Corps of 33-50 travels 8,000 miles to the Pacific & back on a 2-yr journey

President Jefferson’s Instructions

• Map a new route to the Pacific Ocean • Make contact with the Native Americans • Obtain specimens for further study • Keep a full record of activities during the

Expedition

What do you already know about L&C’s journey?

What were particular challenges during this expedition?

• July 20, 1804 • For a month past the party have been troubled with

boils, and occasionally with the dysentery. These boils were large tomours which broke out under the arms, on the legs, and, generally, in the parts most exposed to action, which sometimes became to painful to permit the men to work. This disorder....has not affected the general health of the party, which is quite as good, if not better, than that of the same number of men in any other situation.

• October 26, 1805 - William Clark • The Flees which the party got on them at the upper &

great falls, are very troublesom and dificuelt to get rid of, perticularly as the me[n] have not a Change of Clothes to put on, they strip off their Clothes and kill the flees, dureing which time they remain nakid.

February 7 and February 22, 1806

Meriwether Lewis • This evening we had what I call an excellent supper it

consisted of a marrowbone a piece and a brisket of boiled Elk that had the appearance of a little fat on it. this for Fort Clatsop is living in high stile.

• The small pox has distroyed a great number of the natives in this quarter. it prevailed about 4 years since among the Clatsops and destroy[ed] several hundred of them, four of their chiefs fell victyms to it's ravages.

• our sick consisting of Gibson, Bratton, Sergt. Ordway, Willard and McNeal are all on the recovery. we have not had as ma[n]y sick at any one time since we left Wood River. the general complaint seams to be bad colds and fevers, something I beleive of the influenza.

July 12, 1804 William Clark

• The Commanding officers, Capts. M. Lewis & W. Clark constituted themselves a Court Martial for the trial of such persons as are Guilty of Capatal Crimes, and under the rules and articles of War punishable by DEATH.

• Alexander Willard was brought forward Charged with "Lying down and Sleeping on his post" whilst a Sentinal...

• To this Charge the prisoner pleads Guilty of Lying Down, and Not Guilty, of Going to Sleep

• The court after Duly Considering the evidence aduced, are of oppinion that the Prisoner Alexdr. Willard is guilty of every part of the Charge exhibited against him. it being a breach of the rules and articles of War do Sentence him to receive One hundred lashes, on his bear back, at four different times in equal proportion. and Order that the punishment Commence this evening at Sunset, and Continue to be inflicted every evening until Completed.

Native American Tribes Encountered

• Introduction: Land was now America and a man far in the east – President Thomas Jefferson – was their new “great father.”

• Brought Presents: – 12 dozen pocket mirrors - 4,600 sewing needles – 144 small scissors - 10 pounds of sewing thread – 130 rolls of tobacco - 288 knives – tomahawks that doubled as pipes – 8 brass kettles - vermilion face paint – silk ribbons, handkerchiefs, bright-colored cloth – 33 pounds of tiny beads of assorted colors

Bear's Belly (Arikara)

October 10, 1804 William Clark

• ... after the Council was over we Shot the air guns which astonished them much, the[y] then Departed and we rested Secure all night, Those Indians wer much astonished at my Servent, they never Saw a black man before, all flocked around him & examind him from top to toe, he Carried on the joke and made himself more turribal than we wished him to doe. Those Indians are not fond of Spirts Licquer. of any kind... Supposing that it was as agreeable to them as to the other Indians, we had at first offered them whiskey; but they refused it with this sensible remark, that they were surprised that their father should present to them a liquor which would make them fools. On another occasion they observed to Mr. Tabeau, that no man could be their friend who tried to lead them into such follies.

October 29, 1805 William Clark (Skamania County,

WA) • The Chief then directed his wife to hand

him his medison bag which he opened and Showed us 14 fingers [different fingers not little or middle fingers] which he said was the fingers of his enemies which he had taken in war, ... this is the first Instance I ever knew of the Indians takeing any other trofea of their exploits off the dead bodies of their Enimies except the Scalp.

• The flattening of the head was practiced by at least ten or twelve distinct tribes of the lower country, the Klikatats, Kalapooyahs, and Multnomahs, of the Willamette, and its vicinity; the Chinooks, Klatsaps, Klatstonis, Kowalitsks, Katlammets, Killemooks, and Chekalis of the lower Columbia and its tributaries, and probably by others both north and south. The tribe called Flatheads, or Salish, who reside near the sources of the Oregon, have long since abolished this custom.

Journal Excerpt: Encounters with Grizzly Bears

• Clark — Sunday, May 5, 1805 "In the evening we saw a Brown or Grisley beare on a sand beech, I went out with one man Geo Drewyer & Killed the bear, which was verry large and a turrible looking animal, which we found verry hard to kill we Shot ten Balls into him before we killed him, & 5 of those Balls through his lights This animal is the largest of the carnivorous kind I ever saw we had nothing that could way him, I think his weight may be stated at 500 pounds [227 kilograms].... we had him skined and divided, the oile tried up & put in Kegs for use."

September 7, 1804 • As we descended from this dome, we arrived at a spot, on the

gradual descent of the hill, nearly four acres in extent, and covered with small holes: these are the residence of a little animal [prairie dog], called by the French petit chien (little dog), who sit erect near the mouth, and make a whistling noise, but when alarmed take refuge in their holes. In order to bring them out, we poured into one of the holes five barrels of water without filling it, but we dislodged and caught the owner. After digging down another of the holes for six feet, we found, on running a pole into it, that we had not yet dug half way to the bottom: we discovered, however, two frogs in the hole, and near it we killed a dark rattlesnake, which had swallowed a small prairie dog: we were also informed, though we never witnessed the fact, that a sort of lizard, and a snake, live habitually with these animals. The petit chien are justly named, as they resemble a small dog in some particulars, though they have also some points of similarity to the squirrel. The head resembles the squirrel in every respect, except that the ear is shorter, the tail like that of the ground-squirrel, the toe-nails are long, the fur is fine, and the long hair is gray.

April 13, 1806 Meriwether Lewis

• The loss of one of our perogues rendered it necessary to distribute her crew and cargo among the 2 remaining perogues and 2 canoes, ... rendered our vessels extreemly inconvenient to mannage and in short reather unsafe in the event of high winds; ... I soon obtained two small canoes from them for which I gave two robes and four elkskins. I also purchased four paddles and three dogs from them with deerskins. the dog now constitutes a considerable part of our subsistence and with most of the party has become a favorite food; certain I am that it is a healthy strong diet, and from habit it has become by no means disagreeable to me, I prefer it to lean venison or Elk, and it is very far superior to the horse in any state.

Sacagawea

• Daughter of a Shoshone chief, kidnapped by the Hidatsa tribe

• Wed to Toussaint Charbonneau, a French Canadian fur trapper – baby, Jean Baptist (Pomp)

• Reunion with brother, Cameahwait

February 11, 1805 Meriwether Lewis

• about five Oclock this evening one of the wives of Charbono was delivered of a fine boy. it is worthy of remark that this was the first child which this woman had boarn, and as is common in such cases her labour was tedious and the pain violent; Mr. Jessome informed me that he had freequently admininstered a small portion of the rattle of the rattle-snake, which he assured me had never failed to produce the desired effect, that of hastening the birth of the child; having the rattle of a snake by me I gave it to him and he administered two rings of it to the woman broken in small pieces with the fingers and added to a small quantity of water. Whether this medicine was truly the cause or not I shall not undertake to determine, but I was informed that she had not taken it more than ten minutes before she brought forth perhaps this remedy may be worthy of future experiments, but I must confess that I want faith as to it's efficacy.

August 17, 1805 Meriwether Lewis

• ... Capt. Clark arrived with the Interpreter Charbono, and the Indian woman, who proved to be a sister of the Chief Cameahwait. the meeting of those people was really affecting, particularly between Sah-cah-gar-we-ah and an Indian woman, who had been taken prisoner at the same time with her and who, had afterwards escaped from the Minnetares and rejoined her nation.

Crossing the Rockies…

• September 20, 1805 - Joseph Whitehouse • A cold frosty morning. we eat a fiew peas & a

little greece which was the verry last kind of eatables of any kind we had except a little portable Soup.... dined Sumptiously on our horse meat. ... the mountains not So high as back but verry broken. Came about 14 miles this day. the plains appear Some distance off yet. it is twice as far as we expected where we first discovred it from a high mountain.

“Ocian in View! Oh the joy!”

• Nov. 7, 1805 – Clark wrote, HOWEVER, they were about 20 miles from the coast

• Columbia River estuary – fierce storms kept them from reaching the ocean for three more weeks

• Winter on the Coast – Ft. Clatsop

Legacy of the Expedition

• L&C were heroes • Only one death, Sgt. Floyd, appendicitis • Discovery of 178 plants & 122 animals unknown to

science and mapped out the geography of the west • Encountered nearly 50 Indian tribes • Opened new avenues of trade

The Louisiana Purchase & the Lewis & Clark Expedition The report from the Lewis & Clark

expedition reaffirmed faith in the future economic prosperity of the U.S.

Native American Resistance

• The Louisiana Purchase increased tensions with Indians: – Americans rejected

coexistence with Indians – Tecumseh swayed the

Shawnee & other tribes to stop selling land & to avoid contact with whites

– Jefferson hoped to “civilize” Indians into yeoman farmers & planned for a vast reservation west of the Mississippi River