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US History, March 19 • Entry Task: On your white board -
number from 1-6. • DEFINE: DISLOYAL • Announcements:
– Review: WHY did America join the war??? In partners, explain the # that matches your table # (next slide)
– We are answering questions 7, 8, and will answer 2nd cartoon tomorrow (some background info for it will be today)
– Quiz coming up – next week! – Copies of notes/presentations – on table
Review: Why did America join the Allies in WWI?
1 – US was supplying war materials to the Allies – not a “neutral” move
2 – American public opinion turned against Germany 3 – Sinking of the Lusitania (British liner), declaration of
unrestricted submarine warfare, & sinking of 7 American merchant ships
4 – Zimmerman Telegram 5 – Economic interests & debt (Allies owed $2 billion;
Central Powers owed $27 million) 6 - American military wanted a chance to fight the
“Huns” and Britain’s attempt to sway the US to war
· In 1915, a German submarine torpedoed the Lusitania, a British passenger ship, killing approximately 1,200 people, including 128 Americans.
The 1st U.S. troops arrived via convoy in June 1917 but did not see action until early 1918
April 2, 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war to “make the world safe for democracy”
1. Are you disloyal if you tell someone NOT to enlist in the US military during wartime?
Answer: Yes or No. • Charles Schenck, member of the Socialist Party,
sentenced to 15 years for publishing pamphlets urging citizens to refuse to participate in the draft. He called the draft slavery, among other things.
• Schenck vs. US – upheld by the Supreme Court • Another example: Rev. Clarence Waldron, arrested and
convicted for telling a bible study class the "Christians could take no part in the war." 15 year term.
• Burning draft cards – US vs. O’Brien (1968) during Vietnam
2. During WWI, could 1st or 2nd generation German immigrants
buy a gun? Why/why not?
• Nope. Firearms, aircraft, and wireless apparatus were all restricted. They could not leave the country without permission.
3. Are you disloyal if you are a labor union leader who
encourages workers to go on strike during wartime? Answer: Yes or no.
• National War Labor Board settled labor disputes during WWI - many unions agree to go without raises during war
• During 1920s – Supreme Court outlawed picketing, overturned child labor laws, and abolished minimum wage laws for women
4. If someone does not believe in war or violence (conscientious
objectors), are they exempt from the draft? Does this make them
disloyal? Answer: Yes or No.
• 2,000 absolute CO’s were interned in military camps – Fort Lewis or Alcatraz
• Left – John T. Neufeld – sentenced to 15 years hard labor (served 5 mo)
5. Is a movie producer disloyal if he makes a movie about the American
Revolution, where we fought against the British, but in WWI,
they were our ally? Answer: Yes or No.
• U.S. v. Spirit of ’76 - The producer was fined $10,000 and given a 10-year prison sentence (later commuted to three years).
6. Are you disloyal if you (by word or act) advocate success
for the enemy of the US? - In other words, can you say, “I
hope the US loses the war”? • Pro-German newspapers,
such as “The Fatherland” changed title to “American Weekly” (publisher was run out by a lynch mob)
7. As an immigrant, are you disloyal to voice unpopular
political beliefs? Can you be deported without a hearing or
appeal? • By the end of the war, 687 aliens had been arrested
and 60 deported pursuant to the Espionage and Sedition Acts
• Biggest concern – German-Americans and Irish-Americans
8. Can the President ensure that all Federal employees pass
a “loyalty test”? • Frequent dismissals and 900 rejected from
the Civil Service Commission at Wilson’s Administration’s request.
congress actions
General John J. Pershing, commanding general of the AEF. Referred to as the Doughboys and Yanks.
2 million in France by Sept. 1918
Mobilization • Wilson named John Pershing to head the
American Expeditionary Force (AEF), but despite Wilson’s preparedness campaign, the U.S. was not prepared for full scale war
• Many wanted a volunteer army, but Wilson pressed Congress to pass a Selective Service Act (24 million registered & 2.8 million were drafted to fight in Europe. A total of 1.4 million Americans saw combat) – First, ages 21-30, then 18-45
WWI Alliances & Battlefronts, 1914-1917
When the U.S. entered the war in 1917, the Allies were on the brink of defeat
U-boats effectively
limited Allied
supplies The Russian armistice in 1917 allowed Germany to move its full army to the western front
Mutinies were common in the French army & the British lost at Flanders, Belgium
• To win over there, the U.S. had to effectively mobilize over here – Wilson consolidated federal authority to
organize U.S. war production & distribution – Wilson began a massive propaganda campaign
aimed at winning over the American public to support the war effort
A Bureaucratic War • To coordinate the war effort, 5,000 new
gov’t agencies were created: – War Industries Board (WIB) oversaw all
factories, determined priorities, fixed consumer prices
– Food Administration supplied food to soldiers by appealing to civilians
– Fuel Admin rationed coal & oil – RR Admin, War Shipping Board, & War Trade
Board helped move resources to troops
Imposed “gasless” days & shut down factories for days to divert or conserve fuel
Asked for a spirit of self-sacrifice, imposed “meatless” & “wheat-less” days & encouraged
Americans to plant “victory gardens”
WIB director Bernard Baruch became the “dictator of the American economy”
• The partnership between business and the gov’t – increased business profits by 300%
• Industrial production went up by 20%
War Industries Board
Results of This New Organization of the Economy
Is it a move towards socialism? 1. Unemployment virtually disappeared. 2. Expansion of “big government.” 3. Excessive govt. regulations in economy 4. Close cooperation between public
and private sectors. 5. Unprecedented opportunities for
disadvantaged groups.
Homefront Propaganda • Wilson formed the Committee on Public
Information (CPI) & hired muckraker George Creel to publicize the U.S. war effort: – Voluntary censorship in press – 75,000 “4-minute men” gave speeches (facts
or emotions?) – Average American heard 3 speeches in just 19 months
– Propaganda motion picture films • Led to sweeping anti-German sentiment &
some vigilantism
“Why We Are Fighting” & “The Meaning of America”
The Prussian Cur & The Kaiser, the Beast of Berlin
Sauerkraut was renamed “Liberty Cabbage” & pretzels were no longer served in bars
Bach, Beethoven, & Brahms were not played in symphonies
“The Flag of Liberty represents us all”
“Emotional” Wartime Propaganda
Pillaging & Kidnapping
Emotional Appeals
Demonization, name calling
(Huns)
U. S. Food Administration
Sacrifices like the victory garden helped food exports to TRIPLE. Director:
Herbert Hoover
congress actions
Financing the war:
•Sale of war bonds.
•Liberty and victory loans
raised $21 billion.
•Raised income taxes
A Bureaucratic War • WWI was expensive, costing the U.S. $32
billion, but was paid for by – Liberty Bonds (raised $23 billion) – A boost in personal & corporate income taxes (led
to $10 billion) • The partnership between business & the gov’t
met the war demand & increased business profits 300%
An unprecedented alliance
A $50 bond will buy: • 14 rifle grenades. • 160 first-aid packages to dress wounds. • Truck knives for an entire rifle company. A $100 bond will: • Clothe a soldier. • Buy 5 rifles. • Feed a soldier for 8 months. A $1,000 bond will buy: • An X-ray apparatus outfit. • Pistols for an entire company.
How Your Liberty Bond Will Fight
$5,000 worth of bonds will buy: • 1 Liberty truck. • 7 Lewis machine guns. $50,000 worth of bonds will: • Maintain a submarine for over a year. • Construct a base hospital with 500 beds. $100,000 Will buy 5 fighting airplanes. $1,000,000 worth of bonds will maintain a battleship for a year. $1,800,000 worth of bonds will build one destroyer. $28,000,000 worth of bonds will build one new battleship complete.
National Security vs. Civil Liberties
forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or efforts to promote insubordination in the military.
fines of up to $10,000 and/or up to 20 years in prison.
Espionage Act – 1917
It was a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds or willfully utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about this form of US Govt., the US Constitution, or the US armed forces or to willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of production of things necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war…
Sedition Act – 1918
There was great concern with the loyalty of German- and Irish-Americans, the so called “hyphenateds.” There were so many foreign-born Americans at this time (1/3 of US population, the highest ever) that a European War could cause a civil war in the US.
US History, March 20 • Entry Task: Please take out your papers
from yesterday – primary sources and study guide.
• Announcements: – We are answering question 7 and MAYBE 2nd
cartoon (depending on time) – Time to regroup – 5-10 minutes – Quiz coming up – next week! – Copies of notes/presentations – on table
PRIMARY SOURCE Reading
• Take a minute to figure out who will be: – Speaker/presenter - #1, 4, 5, 6 – Leader/facilitator – keep an eye on the time,
too – Recorder (everyone should take brief notes) – Reader – Researcher – Summarizer/Editor
“Get the Rope!” and “Nobody Would Eat Kraut!”
• “Get the Rope!” - John Deml (Wisconsin) • “Nobody Would Eat Kraut!” – Lola Gamble
Clyde (Idaho)
“Get the Rope!” and “Nobody Would Eat Kraut!”
• According to records from the National Civil Liberties Bureau, there were 164 incidents of mob violence against political dissidents from April 1917 to April 1919.
• Attorney General Gregory encouraged Americans ―to report their suspicions [of disloyalty] directly to the Department of Justice – patriotic groups formed, like the American Protective League.
Find image of vigilantism IWW anti-war critic
Frank Little was dragged through the
streets, Robert Prager was forced to kiss a US flag, sing patriotic songs, and
was still lynched
Anti-German Vigilantism
"It's all right, pal; just tell
them he was a traitor"
Schenck’s Circular, 1917 • Charles Schenck – Secretary of the
Socialist Party of America • Schenck appealed his case to the
Supreme Court • “Clear and Present Danger” – set a limit to
1st Amendment rights • Result: Schenck sentenced to 10 years in
prison; serves 6 months
Excerpt from Eugene V. Debs, 1918 • Debs ran for president in 1900 as a Social
Democrat and in 1904, 1908 and 1912 (6% of popular vote) on the Socialist Party of America ticket.
Result: Debs is sentenced to 10 years in prison
Debs runs for President in 1920 from jail! President Warren G. Harding commutes his sentence in 1921
The Red Scare
“Put Them Out & Keep Them Out”
Philadelphia Inquirer
Photo of Suffragist • Silent Sentinals –
Alice Paul – more than 1,000 women picketed day and night for 2.5 years!
• Women suffered violence and jail time for their efforts!
league cartoon1
league cartoon1
8 million women found new, better-paying jobs in war industry
Women Helped Recruit & Sell War Bonds
Women Joined the Red Cross
“To the Colored Soldiers of the US Army.”
• 370,000 African Americans served in WWI: segregated – 200,000 sent to Europe – African Americans: 10%
population, 13% draftees – Limitations: Marines, Navy,
Coast Guard • Why did the Germans drop
this leaflet for African American soldiers?
The True Sons of Freedom
Returning black soldiers: “I’m glad I went. I done my
part & I’m going to fight right here until Uncle Sam
does his.”
Du Bois’ New Negro: “We return. We return
from fighting. We return fighting.”
The African American “Migration” Northward, 1910-1920
“Rescuing a Negro during the race riots in Chicago, 1919”
War Bond Poster • How does a poster like
this shape the attitudes of people?
• Did ads appeal more to the heart or the mind?
• Target audience of this campaign? - 1/3 pop.
• Do you agree that the wartime propaganda could be called a manipulation of collective attitudes?
US History, March 23 • Entry Task: Read over your textbook – p.
590-591 (bottom section). Also, please take out your study guide.
• Announcements: – Quiz coming up – Thursday! – Study guide – cross off #14 and PLEASE
ADD: What was Big Stick Diplomacy, Dollar Diplomacy, and Moral Diplomacy?
– Copies of notes/presentations – on table
• flamethrower – spread fire by launching burning fuel
MISCELLANEOUS WEAPONS
• grenade – detonate two different ways: impact or timed-
fuse
• bayonet – had more of a psychological use
• mortar – could be fired from inside a trench
Artillery
• Played a prominent role in trench warfare
• “Big Bertha” effective range: 8 miles (but could shell 74 miles away)
TIMELINE RACE
• Find a partner (you can work by yourself if you prefer)
• Use your book (page #s are on the word bank) and/or your knowledge
WWI Alliances & Battlefronts, 1914-1917
When the U.S. entered the war in 1917, the Allies were on the brink of defeat
U-boats effectively
limited Allied
supplies The Russian armistice in 1917 allowed Germany to move its full army to the western front
Mutinies were common in the French army & the British lost at Flanders, Belgium
The U.S. on the Western Front, 1918 * Objective:
cut off German RR lines
feeding the western front
* Meuse-Argonne
offensive – largest battle in American history (up to that point) – 47 days, 1.2 million US
troops
•German offensive in the summer of 1918
to capture Paris, France and win the
war.
•With the help of the U.S., the French and British were able to
stop the German advance.
•Germans surrender and sign an armistice
on Nov. 11, 1918 to end the war.
Alvin C. York • Pacifist, semi-literate
soldier from Pall Mall, TN • Most celebrated hero of the war - October 1918 (Meuse-
Argonne) – shot 17 gunners (sniping) and eventually captured 132 German prisoners
Eddie Rickenbacker • America’s top-scoring
fighter pilot, with 26 victories (including 4 observation balloons)
• Had been one of the world’s top racing car drivers
• Parachutes not issued to American pilots until 1919; life expectancy was only several weeks, or 40-60 flying hours
• The “Great War” was a total war but the U.S. effort paled in comparison to other Allied forces: – The U.S. reluctantly entered WWI after 3
years of neutrality & played a supportive (not a central) military role in the war
– But, WWI had a huge impact on the American economic, political, & cultural homefront
Homefront: The Red Scare • Make a list at your table - why do you
think people are so afraid of Communism/ Socialism?
• A “red scare” hit America as a result of the Russian Revolution – Americans feared Lenin’s anti-capitalist
revolution & were angry over Russia’s pullout on the Eastern Front
– Wilson sent troops to the USSR, refused to recognize the new gov’t, & did not allow Russia to attend the post-war conference
- After a series of bombings by anarchists were carried out in April and June 1919, Mitchell Palmer used his connections with officials in the Labor Department and Bureau of Immigration to establish probable cause on those affiliated with any labor, socialist, anarchist, or Russian immigrant groups. - The main purpose of the raids was to purge the United States of anarchists and radical socialists.
The Red Scare
“What a year has brought forth”
NY World
The Red Scare
“Put Them Out & Keep Them Out”
Philadelphia Inquirer
approximately 10,000 people were arrested, of which 3,500 were held in detention. Of those held in detention, 556 resident aliens were eventually deported
• What is the meaning of this cartoon?