U.S. History – Goal 12/01/05

• Continue accumulating information.

• Remember to keep track of that information.

• Start organizing – what are you going to discuss and when?

• Highlighters and note cards will be in the library.

• Outlines due at the end of class tomorrow.

U.S. History – Goal 12/02/05• Outline due at the end of the hour• Example• I. Trench Warfare• A. Trenches – a system ditches…• II. Why they developed• A. Used for defense• III. Types of trenches• A. Frontline• IV. Trench Construction• Please type and save you outline. Print out a copy

by the end of the hour.

U.S. History Goal 12/05/05

• Be sure to include all information listed on the board.

• Today is your last day!!

• Use it well.• Go beyond the

minimal requirements.

Causes of WWI

• 1. Nationalism

• 2. Imperialism

• 3. Militarism

• 4. Alliance System

Nationalism

• A fierce pride in one’s ethnicity.

• “My country for My people”

• Super-Patriotism• Examples – Serbia,

Germany forged out of Empires of old.

• Many Slavic groups wanted to be free of Austro-Hungarian rule.

Imperialism – Carving out possessionsin foreign lands to benefityour own economy andprestige as a Nation.

Germany had come late tothe “game”.

Africa was the primary continent that wascarved up.

Militarism

• An explosion of power and technology world wide.

• This new technology was used to exploit military might.

• New inventions are viewed as performing military purposes. Ex – Airplane.

• Strong navies developed to protect shipping routes.

System of AlliancesKeeping a balance of Power in Europe

System of Alliances

• Members of Alliances vowed to protect one another.

• Each country is trying to protect their own interests.

• Alliances are carved out of past conflicts.

• Allies – Serbia – Russia – France – Great Britain

• Central Powers – Austria/Hungary – Germany – Ottoman Empire/Turkey

The spark that disrupts the delicate balance in Europe

Assassination of the Heir to theAustro-Hungarian throne.

Assassination• Archduke Franz

Ferdinand.• Shot in Sarajevo June 28,

1914• A Serbian Nationalist

Gavrilo Princip was the assassin.

• The Serbian government had supported the terrorist organization “The Black Hand”.

• War is declared – July 28, 1914

A bit of luck?!? – Princip happened to be at the right place at the right time. TheArchduke’s car made a wrong turn rightinto where Princip was standing. Shots fired. A future ruler dead.World War I declared!

The Schlieffen Plan

"Let the last man on the right brush the channel with his sleeve."

- Alfred von Schlieffen

The executor of the plan Helmuth Von Moltke did not use the amount of troops needed and kept the right wing of the invasion weak.

Action takes place

• Germany is first to take action.

• Uses Schlieffen plan to prevent a 2-front war.

• Must capture Paris in 6 weeks.

• All sides have difficulty dealing with the new technology, especially machine guns.

• No choice but to fight a defensive war. Trench WAR!

Front-Line Trench

Reserve Trench

Support Trench

Communication Trench

No Man’s Land

• This is an example of trench foot. Trench foot is an infection of the feet caused by cold, wet, and unsanitary conditions.

• Only thing that helped was dry socks and covering there feet with whale-oil.

Stalemate

• By September 1914 a line of stalemate had been drawn across Europe.

• WWI would become a slaughter as men attempted to gain territory, only to be confronted with machine gun fire.

The Christmas Truce of 1914 on the Western and Eastern Fronts may well represent the last time that the face of humanity would been seen in what was rapidly becoming the ultimate nightmare of the industrial revolution. The concept of total war would soon replace any outdated notion of chivalry.

Christmas in the Trenches

by John McCutcheon 

My name is Francis Tolliver, I come from Liverpool.Two years ago the war was waiting for me after school.

To Belgium and to Flanders, to Germany to hereI fought for King and country I love dear.

'Twas Christmas in the trenches, where the frost so bitter hung,The frozen fields of France were still, no Christmas song was sung

Our families back in England were toasting us that dayTheir brave and glorious lads so far away.

 I was lying with my messmate on the cold and rocky groundWhen across the lines of battle came a most peculiar sound

Says I, "Now listen up, me boys!" each soldier strained to hearAs one young German voice sang out so clear.

"He's singing bloody well, you know!" my partner says to meSoon, one by one, each German voice joined in harmonyThe cannons rested silent, the gas clouds rolled no more

As Christmas brought us respite from the warAs soon as they were finished and a reverent pause was spent

"God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen" struck up some lads from KentThe next they sang was "Stille Nacht." "Tis 'Silent Night'," says I

And in two tongues one song filled up that sky"There's someone coming toward us!" the front line sentry criedAll sights were fixed on one long figure trudging from their side

His truce flag, like a Christmas star, shown on that plain so brightAs he, bravely, strode unarmed into the night

Soon one by one on either side walked into No Man's LandWith neither gun nor bayonet we met there hand to hand

We shared some secret brandy and we wished each other wellAnd in a flare-lit soccer game we gave 'em hell

We traded chocolates, cigarettes, and photographs from homeThese sons and fathers far away from families of their own

Young Sanders played his squeezebox and they had a violinThis curious and unlikely band of men

Battle of Verdun

War of Attrition – you couldnot out maneuver yourenemy so you had to out kill him.

German OffensiveFebruary 1916- December 1916Goal: Focus and knock out FranceVerdun was chosen for its psychological impact. A defeat here would crush the French.

Casualties 435, 000 German 550,000 French

Battle of the SommeFrench/BritishOffensiveIntended to takePressure ofVerdun.

July – November1916

CasualtiesGerman – 500,000British – 410,000French – 190,000

The Battle of Tannenberg, 1914

• Russia invaded Germany.

• Battle takes place on August 17, 1914.

• Battle ends on September 2, 1914

• Konigsberg is the goal of Russian army.

• German Victory.

Battle of Tannenberg (1914)

• Commanders for Germany – field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg

• Strength- 210,000• Casualties- 20,000

Battle of Tannenberg

• Commanders for Russia- General Alexander Samsonov

• Strength- 150,000• Casualties- 30,000

killed or wounded;

95,000 captured

Battle of Tannenberg

Ottoman Empire

• Today known as Turkey.

• Previous to WWI had encompassed most of the middle east.

• The defeat of the Ottoman empire would create countries in the middle east that will have conflicts to present day!

Battle of Gallipoli

• Britain, France, India, Australia, New Zealand invaded Ottoman Empire.

• Battle takes place on February 19, 1915.

• Battle ends on January 9, 1916.

• Ottoman Victory until Lawrence of Arabia arrives uniting the Arabs against the Turks.

Battle of Gallipoli

• The Gallipolis Peninsula lies in Turkey, forming one land side of the Dardanelle Straits, a historic waterway that links the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea.

• Allied leaders, including Winston Churchill and Lord Kitcheners, scoured their maps to find a way around the impasse

• The Dardanelle's Strait leading from the Mediterranean to Istanbul caught their eye.

• A successful attack in this area could open a sea lane to the Russians through the black sea

The Battle of Gallipoli

The failed campaign gained little and badly tarnished both Churchill's and Kitcheners reputations.

• British and French were never able to attack the soft underbelly of Europe and divert enemy attention from the Western Front

• Casualties were high - approximately 252,000 or 52% for the British/French while the Ottoman Turks suffered about 300,000 casualties or a rate of 60%

U.S. Involvement

• U.S. declares its neutrality in 1914.

• Conditions will be created which pull the U.S. into war on the side of the Allies.

• Primarily merchant and passenger shipping.

U.S. Foreign Trade During WWI

To the Allied Countries: England, Russia, France and Italy

Dollars

1914 824,860,237

1915 1,991,747,493

1916 3,214,480,547

To the Central Powers: Austria-Hungary, and Germany

Dollars

1914 169,289,775

1915 11,878,153

1916 1,159,653

To the Northern Neutral Countries: Denmark, Holland, Norway and Sweden

Dollars

1914 187,667, 040

1915 330,100,646

1916 276,786,219

U.S. Involvement

• By 1916 incidents on the high seas are swaying public opinion against the Central Powers.

• The Sinking of Merchant and Passenger ships.

U.S. Involvement

• Lusitania - May 1915• German U-boat sank

off the coast of Ireland• 128 Americans on

board.• Changes public

opinion of German threat.

U.S. Involvement

U.S. Involvement• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare – declared 1915,

1916, 1917.• Germany is risking war with the U.S.• Do the British “set us up”?

Allied and neutral ships lost during the war

1914 1915 1916 1917 1918

To submarines 3 396 964 2,439 1,035

To surface craft 55 23 32 64 3

To mines 42 97 161 170 27

To aircraft - - - 3 1

U.S. Involvement

• Zimmermann Telegram

• An unusual Alliance between Mexico and Germany.

• Mexico to invade U.S.• Overt Action???• War declared April 6,

1917.

American Expeditionary Force

How to raise an army??

1. Passage of Selective Service Act 1917.

2. Men Ages 21- 303. By 1918 almost

24,000,000 registered.4. Around 4 Million men

were ultimately drafted into WWI to serve in the Expeditionary Force.

Gearing up for Battle

• 4 regiments of 4,000 each made up a division(28,000)

• 2-3 division = Corps(50,000-60,000)

• 2 Corps = Army(120,000)

32nd Division Arriving in France

Johnnie, get your gun,Get your gun, get your gun,

Johnnie show the HunWho's a son of a gun.

Hoist the flag and let her fly,Yankee Doodle do or die.

Pack your little kit,Show your grit, do your bit.

Yankee to the ranks,From the towns and the tanks.

Make your mother proud of you,And the old Red, White and Blue.

(chorus sung twice)

ChorusOver there, over there,

Send the word, send the word over there -That the Yanks are coming,

The Yanks are coming,The drums rum-tumming

Ev'rywhere.So prepare, say a pray'r,

Send the word, send the word to beware.We'll be over, we're coming over,

And we won't come back till it's overOver there.

Gearing up for Battle

• By May 1918 500,000 U.S. soldiers in France

• July was the busiest month with 313,000 U.S. troops arriving in France.

• By October 2,000,000

• Many arrived too late to see any action.

• 180,000 AEF were Black Americans.

1st Division Officers

AEF - Training

• Led by General John J. Pershing

• Pledged that U.S. troops would not be used to “fill in” the lines of the French and British.

• Wanted the troops to fight independently as their own divisions.

Battle of Meuse-Argonne

• Biggest operation by American Troops on the Western Front.

• Intent was to break through the German defenses and capture the railroad hub at Sedan to cut off German supplies.

• Wooded, rough, hilly terrain.

Battle of Meuse-Argonne

• Last Major engagement on the Western Front.

• U.S. casualties – 26,277 killed and 95,786 wounded

• Germans diplomats begin to discuss the conditions of the Armistice.

Battle of Meuse-Argonne

The Meuse-Argonne Offensive was the greatest American battle of the First World War. In six weeks the AEF lost 26,277 killed and 95,786 wounded. It was a very complex operation involving a majority of the AEF ground forces fighting through rough, hilly terrain the German Army had spent four years fortifying. Its objective was the capture of the railroad hub at Sedan which would break the rail net supporting the German Army in France and Flanders and force the enemy's withdrawal from the occupied territories.

WWI – Home Front

• Propaganda – using various forms of the Media to sway public opinion.

• During WWI – Posters were primarily used

WWI – Home Front• How to pay for America’s

involvement in WWI?

• Liberty Bonds – basically a type of savings bond.

• Everyone was encouraged to buy.

WWI – Home Front

• Not everyone agreed with the war.

• Pacifists – objected for religious and ethical reasons

• Certain religious groups such as Mennonites and Quakers were given active duty exemptions but would still serve in other capacities.

• In WWI 3,989 conscientious objectors went through a court of inquiry to explain their position.

WWI – Home Front

• 11,000 women registered for military service.

• They served as nurses, clerical support and in communications posts.

• Many played key roles in the recruitment process.

• Replaced men in the factories and on the farm.

Killed and Wounded

Total Killed 116,708

     Battle Deaths 53,513

          Gas Deaths [incl. above] 1,462*

     Other Causes 63,195

Total WoundsNot Mortal

204,002**

     Gassed [incl. above] 71,345

Total Killed &Wounded

320,710

* This number understates the fatal consequences of gas warfare on the Doughboy population. First, being gassed made an individual much more vulnerable to the Spanish Influenza of 1918 which assaulted the lungs. Fatalities from "Other Causes" include some indeterminate number of men who were gassed then caught the flu and subsequently died. Also, being gassed weakened individuals in the long term against all types of respiratory illness including tuberculosis and pneumonia. Baseball greaty Christy Mathewson was just the most famous case of premature death from the gassing - respiratory illness sequence. This number is potentially very great.

** Does not include psychiatric cases. As of 1921, 5,016 cases of "Shell Shock" were reported for AEF members according to the Surgeon General's office.

Casualties: First World War

Two Views of the Post War World

United States – a Peacewith out Victory

France and Great Britain – Punishment for the perpetratorsof war!

End of war on Eastern Front

• Russia signed an early treaty with Germany ending the war.

• Treaty of Brest – Litovsk March 3, 1918.

• The Russian Revolution made it impossible to fight the war.

Armistice – November 11, 1918

The armistice was formally signed in Foch's railway carriage on 11 November (in 1940 Hitler exacted revenge by forcing the French to sign an armistice - on German terms - in the same railway carriage).The armistice initially ran for 30 days but was regularly renewed until the formal peace treaty was signed at Versailles the following year.  Should the Germans have deviated in any way from the terms of the armistice the Allies warned that a resumption of hostilities would begin within 48 hours.

The term "armistice" means a cessation of hostilities as a prelude to peace negotiations.

U.S. History• Textbooks!!

• Page 234

• How does WWI bring about WWII?

• Answer - the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles.

Wilson’s 14 points

• A proposal for “A Peace with out victory”

• 1. Removal of main causes of war.

• 2. Self-determination of people.

• 3. League of Nations – international organization intended to prevent war.

Treaty of Versailles

The opulent palace at Versailles France just south-west of Paris.

Architects of the Peace

French Premier Georges Clemenceau

Italian Premier Vittorio Orlando

British Prime Minister David Lloyd George

[Arguments between Lloyd George and myself were]... so violent that Wilson had to interpose between us with outstretched arms, saying (pleasantly), 'I have never come across two such unreasonable men.'

French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau

US President Woodrow Wilson

Who is Missing?

Resentment? The Final Treaty.

2. Germany forced to payReparations/ money damages.

3. Germany loses territory.

4. Germany has severe Limitations placed on its Military.

1. War guilt clause – blamesGermany for the war.

5. League of Nations Created.

German Territory Lost!

The final nail in the coffin!

• The U.S. does not sign the Treaty of Versailles.

• We do not want to be a part of the League of Nations.

• The U.S. is turning its back on its new leadership role in the world.

• No Country will step up to this position allowing for Hitler to reign by the 1930’s!!!

Versailles allows for WWIIMajor Mistake of World

Leadership!!!

The End!

• Now it is time to see what you know.

• A chance to organize before the test.

• YES• A Quiz!!• You may use you

notes.